IoT-One Mark

Define IoT

A dynamic global network infrastructure with self- configuring

capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication
protocols, where physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical
attributes, and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly
integrated into information network that communicate data with
users and environments

Red coloured-Characteristics
What is a thing in IoT?

IOT thing is an item having an embedded and connected computing device.

Examples of things are sensors, actuators.

Define Sensor and give examples

a device which detects or measures a physical property and records,

indicates, or otherwise responds to it.

OR

A sensor is a device that measures physical input from its environment

and converts it into data that can be interpreted by either a human or a

machine

 Smoke sensor
 Temperature sensors
 Pressure sensor
 Motion detection sensors
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  Gas sensor
 Proximity sensor
 IR sensors

Define Actuator and give examples

Actuators in a sense are the opposite of sensors. They receive a signal or feel a
force or change of state (in a non-IoT context this can also be a manual actions),
which makes them set in motion an operation in the physical world.

By definition, the actuator is actually a device that transforms a certain form of

energy into motion

Examples: Stepper Motor, AC Motor, Servo Motor

Define Transducer and give examples

Both sensors and actuators are what is called transducers. A transducer

converts a specific signal which comes in a specific form of energy into another
signal in a different form of energy.

Examples of both sensors and actuators are transducers

What are the fundamental components of IoT?

 Sensors/Devices: Sensors or devices are a key component that helps you

to collect live data from the surrounding environment. All this data may
have various levels of complexities. It could be a simple temperature
monitoring sensor, or it may be in the form of the video feed.
 Connectivity: All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure. The
sensors should be connected to the cloud using various mediums of
communications. These communication mediums include mobile or
satellite networks, Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, etc.
 Data Processing: Once that data is collected, and it gets to the cloud, the
software product performs processing on the gathered data. This process
can be just checking the temperature, reading on devices like AC or
heaters. However, it can sometimes also be very complex, like identifying
objects, using computer vision on video.
 User Interface: The information needs to be available to the end-user in
some way, which can be achieved by triggering alarms on their phones
or sending them notification through email or text message. The user
sometimes might need an interface which actively checks their IoT
system.

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 List layers of IoT protocol stack

Layers of IoT protocol stack are: 1) Sensing and information, 2) Network

connectivity, 3) Information processing layer, 4) Application layer.

What is the difference between M2M and IoT?

M2M IoT

Communication is done within an embedded Communication is done for grand-scale

software at the client site. projects.

It uses isolated systems of devices having the It uses integrated devices, applications, and
same standards. data across varying standards.

M2M offers limited scalability options. IoT is inherently more scalable.

A cellular network or wired network is used It uses an active Internet connection for device
for device connectivity. connectivity.

Machines can communicate with one machine Many machines can communicate with each
at a time. other over the Internet.

What is the difference between IoT and IIoT?

IoT IIoT

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The full form of IoT is the Internet of Things. The full form of IIoT is the Industrial Internet
of Things.

A service model is human-centric. A service model is machine-centric.

It supports customer-oriented applications. It supports industry-oriented applications.

Communication transportation is done Communication transportation is done

through wireless devices. through both wired and wireless devices.

The quality of data is medium to high. The quality of data is high to very high.

Criticality is not severe. Criticality is severe.

What are the disadvantages or challenges of IoT?

The disadvantages of IoT are:

 Security: IoT technology creates an ecosystem of connected devices.

However, during this process, the system may offer little authentication
control despite sufficient cybersecurity measures.
 Privacy: The use of IoT, exposes a substantial amount of personal data,
in extreme detail, without the user's active participation. This creates
lots of privacy issues.
 Flexibility: There is a huge concern regarding the flexibility of an IoT
system. It is mainly regarding integrating with another system as there
are many diverse systems involved in the process.
 Complexity: The design of the IoT system is also quite complicated.
Moreover, it's deployment and maintenance also not very easy.
 Compliance: IoT has its own set of rules and regulations. However,
because of its complexity, the task of compliance is quite challenging.

Define GPIO
 GPIO is a programmable pin that can be used to control input or output
pins programmatically. Full form General Purpose Input and Output

What is MQTT?

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 The full form of MQTT is Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol. It is a
messaging (Communication) protocol that is used for tracking devices in IoT.
It is developed especially for IoT.

What are the operating systems supported by Raspberry Pi?

 Raspbian
 Open ELEC (Open Embedded Linux Entertainment center)
 RISC OS
 Lakka
 OSMC (Open Source Media Centre)
 Windows IoT Core

Arduino-Pin Description

14(0-13) Digital Pins and 6(0-5) Analog Pins

Pin Category Pin Name Details

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Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an external
power source.
5V: Regulated power supply used to power
microcontroller and other components on the board.
3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-board voltage
regulator. Maximum current draw is 50mA.
GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the range of 0-5V

Input/Output Digital Pins 0 - 13 Can be used as input or output pins.

Pins

Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.

External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.

Interrupts

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.

SPI 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 Used for SPI communication.

(MISO) and 13 (SCK)

Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.

TWI A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA) Used for TWI communication.

AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

Overview
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on 8-bit ATmega328P
microcontroller. Along with ATmega328P, it consists other components such as
crystal oscillator, serial communication, voltage regulator, etc. to support the
microcontroller. Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins (out of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog input pins, a USB connection, A Power
barrel jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

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How to use Arduino Board
The 14 digital input/output pins can be used as input or output pins by using
pinMode(), digitalRead() and digitalWrite() functions in arduino programming.
Each pin operate at 5V and can provide or receive a maximum of 40mA current,
and has an internal pull-up resistor of 20-50 KOhms which are disconnected by
default. Out of these 14 pins, some pins have specific functions as listed below:

 Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (Tx): Rx and Tx pins are used to receive and transmit
TTL serial data. They are connected with the corresponding ATmega328P USB
to TTL serial chip.
 External Interrupt Pins 2 and 3: These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM Pins 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11: These pins provide an 8-bit PWM output by using
analogWrite() function.
 SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK): These pins are used for
SPI communication.
 In-built LED Pin 13: This pin is connected with an built-in LED, when pin 13 is
HIGH – LED is on and when pin 13 is LOW, its off.

Along with 14 Digital pins, there are 6 analog input pins, each of which provide
10 bits of resolution, i.e. 1024 different values. They measure from 0 to 5 volts
but this limit can be increased by using AREF pin with analog Reference()
function.

 Analog pin 4 (SDA) and pin 5 (SCA) also used for TWI communication using
Wire library.

Arduino Uno has a couple of other pins as explained below:

 AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs with

analogReference() function.
 Reset Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller.

Raspberry Pi-Pin Description

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ELURIRAMESH_IOT 8
Here is the Raspberry Pi 4 default GPIO
pinout for the 40 pin. This is the
configuration of the pins as you'll receive it
when you first boot up Raspbian, or
NOOBS with Raspbian.

 8 out of the 40 GPIOs are connected to the ground.

 4 out of the 40 GPIOs are Power Pins. You can find 2 pins bringing 3.3V
and 2 pins bringing 5V

 The pins 27 and 28 are reserved pins. They are usually used for I2C
communication with an EEPROM.

 26 GPIOs are used for communication

Different Communication Models in IoT

 Request-Response communication model
 Publish-Subscribe communication model
 Push-Pull communication model
 Exclusive Pair communication model

Two APIs
 REST(Representational State Transfer) Based
 Websocket Based

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IoTArchitecture(Application Orientation)
At below we are discussing Architecture of IoT in detail:

1. The lowest & middle a part of IoT software is the sensors and electronic
gadgets this is in a position to connect with things & grasp the facts from
it.
2. Sensor gathers the records however that we need to convert it into
understandable format & join the one’s sensor device using some
protocol that we want to configure right here in layer two and also clear
out statistics i.e. placed a few thresholds on your information for taking
smart selection. The architecture of Internet of Things
3. Network connectivity, join your tool with wi-fi connectivity or net
stressed connection. This connectivity is changed based on context &
area.

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4. We are able to say this sediment as protection layer or software
abstraction layer or facts abstraction in which we can apply security to our
product. This accretion role should be changeable based on the domain &
How we want to apply abstraction to our software.
5. At this level, we are able to persist our good judgment, use this
information for taking clever selection or for reporting purpose. That is
the important layer, in which our definite product & business common
sense comes into the image.
6. This residue wherein we are able to say its presentation layer or choice
taken layer. Primarily based on the requirement we will display reviews
or applying system learning or some custom common sense and takes
clever choice and ship signal again to the sensors.
7. That is in which our God exists. For whom we’re layout this whole
product. The consumer engages with this sediment that is the UI layer.

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