A presentation on

INTERNET OF
THINGS
By:-
ARISHA FATIMA
ECE 4TH YEAR
180013125024
What is Internet?
• The word internet comes from combination of words interconnection &
network, which means, it is a network of networks. It is largest network in
the world, connecting billions of computer users

• A network is a collection of computers & devices, connected via

communication channels& transmission media, allowing to share resources
(hardware, software, data, information)

• The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single
huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can
be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world.
What are the Things?
A thing, in the context of the Internet of things (IoT), is an entity or physical
object that has a unique identifier, an embedded system and the ability to
transfer data over a network.

Things can be

Objects Appliances Vehicles Plants

People Machines
 What is Internet of Things?
• The IoT can be described as an extension of
the internet and other network connections to
different sensors and devices — or “things” —
affording even simple objects, such as
lightbulbs, locks, and vents, a higher degree
of computing and analytical capabilities.

• Connecting up all these different objects and

adding sensors to them adds a level of digital
intelligence to devices that would be
otherwise dumb, enabling them to
communicate real-time data without
involving a human being. The Internet of
Things is making the fabric of the world
around us more smarter and more responsive,
merging the digital and physical universe.
Architecture of IoT

Application Layer – Responsible for

delivering specific services to users

Network Layer – Responsible for connecting things,

Devices, sensors, servers etc using wired & wireless
technology

Perseption Layer – Responsible for sensing &

gathering of information from the environment through
Sensors
How IoT Functions?

Data Data Data Data Data Analysis

Ingestion Transmission Processing Visualisation & Prediction
 Introduction Of Microcontrollers
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to
govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical
microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output
(I/O) peripherals on a single chip.

MCUs(Microcontroller Units) don’t require operating systems to

function, and are easy to interface with external devices such as
sensors and motors.

➢ Their lack of external dependencies also makes them easy to set

up. You can simply turn them on, upload firmware, and they work.

➢ Additionally, the coding required to program an MCU is

minimal

❖ The IoT requires sensors and actuators to form the link between
the physical and digital worlds. A sensor converts a physical
state into an analogue or digital signal, while an actuator turns a
digital signal into some physical effect.

❖ The next step in the IoT architecture is the computing system

which processes or generates the digital signals.

Microcontrollers can perform these operations.

About Arduino Platform
• Arduino is open source Embedded system hardware so that hobbyists
as well as professionals can assemble the simplest Arduino modules
themselves by hand. Arduino consists of both a physical
programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller)
and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) that runs on the computer, used to write and upload
computer code to the physical board. Atmega328 is sub-category of
AVR series of microcontrollers developed by Atmel Company.
• The Uno is one of the more popular boards in the Arduino family and
a great choice for beginners. Programming on Arduino IDE follows C
Language concepts. ATmega328p is an AVR series of microcontroller
used in Arduino Boards.
 Arduino Board
Arduino board is an opensource platform used
to make electronics projects. It consists of both
a microcontroller and a part of the software or
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
that runs on your PC, used to write & upload
computer code to the physical board. Arduino
board has been used for making different
engineering projects and different
applications. There are many varieties of
Arduino boards that can be used for different
purposes. The Arduino Uno is one of the more
popular boards in the Arduino family and a
great choice for beginners and making basic
project.
 Arduino IDE
• The Arduino integrated
development environment (IDE)
contains a text editor for writing
code, a message area, a text console,
a toolbar with buttons for common
functions, and a series of menus.
• These sketches are written in the
text editor. It has features for
cutting/pasting and for
searching/replacing text. The
message area gives feedback while
saving and exporting and also
displays errors.
• The software can be downloaded
from Arduino official website
www.arduino.cc
 Uploading The Sketch
Serial Monitor is one of the tools in
Arduino IDE. It is used for two purposes:
• Arduino → PC: Receives data from
Arduino and display data on screen. This
is usually used for debugging and
monitoring
• PC → Arduino: Sends data (command)
from PC to Arduino.
Data is exchanged between Serial
Monitor and Arduino via USB cable,
which is also used to upload the code to
Arduino. Therefore, To use Serial
Monitor, we MUST connect Arduino and
PC via this cable.
Breadboard
• Breadboards are an
essential tool for
prototyping and building
temporary circuits. These
boards contain holes for
inserting wire and
components. Because of
their temporary nature,
they allow you to create
circuits without soldering.
The holes in a breadboard
are connected in rows both
horizontally and vertically
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
• A light-emitting diode (LED)
is a semiconductor device
that emits visible light when
an electric current passes
through it.
• • Led blinking is the most
beginner & easy step to start
your experiment with
Arduino.
PUSHBUTTON (Switch)
The switch enables you to control the LED
and motor, switching the digital output pin
between two states, HIGH (5V) and LOW
(0V).

• With Arduino Uno, you can assign any of

the pins D0 to D13, originally used for
digital output, as digital input.

• The input is “LOW” at 0V or “HIGH” at

5V. The program reads “0” as LOW and “1”
as HIGH
Potentiometer
• A potentiometer is a simple knob
that provides a variable resistance,
which we can read into the Arduino
board as an analog value. The value
obtained from potentiometer controls
the rate at which an LED blinks.

• By turning the shaft of the

potentiometer, we change the amount
of resistance on either side of the
wiper which is connected to the center
pin of the potentiometer.
Hex Keypad
• Keypad is used as an input device
to read the key pressed by the user
and to process it.

• 4x4 keypad consists of 4 rows and

4 columns. Switches are placed
between the rows and columns.

• A key press establishes a

connection between the
corresponding row and column,
between which the switch is placed.
LCD 16x2 Display
An LCD is an electronic display module which uses liquid crystal to
produce a visible image. The 16×2 LCD display is a very basic module
commonly used in DIYs and circuits. The 16×2 translates o a display 16
characters per line in 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is
displayed in a 5×7 pixel matrix.
RFID Technology
• RFID tagging is an ID system that uses
small radio frequency identification devices
for identification and tracking purposes. An
RFID tagging system includes the tag itself,
a read/write device

• RFID is useful to identify people, to make

transactions, etc

• You can use an RFID system to open a door.

For example, only the person with the right
information on his card is allowed to enter.
An RFID system uses tags attached to the
object to be identified.

• Each tag has its own identification (UID).

Servo motor
➢ A Servo is a small device that incorporates a
two wire DC motor, a gear train, a
potentiometer, an integrated circuit, and a
shaft (output spine). The shaft can be
positioned to specific angular positions by
sending the servo a coded signal. Of the three
wires that stick out from the servo casing, one
is for power, one is for ground, and one is a
control input line.
➢ When a control signal is applied to a Servo
that represents a desired output position of the
servo shaft, it (servo) applies power to its DC
motor until its shaft turns to that position. It
uses the position-sensing device to determine
the rotational position of the shaft, so it knows
which way the motor must turn to move the
shaft to the commanded position.
 Introduction to Sensors
• Sensor is a electronic device
which detect and response to some
type of input from physical
environment and covert this
output signal to human readable
displaying or by an electronic
instrument
• Sensors are used in everyday
object such as touch sensitive
elevator buttons (tactile sensor)
and lamps which are dim or
brighten by touching the base.
Actuator
Actuators convert an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity
such as movement, force, sound etc. An actuator is also classed as a
transducer because it changes one type of physical quantity into another and
is usually activated or operated by a low voltage command signal.

Imagine the situation in which the water pump should be switched off and
halt on irrigation of some area in the farming plantation. In this case, the
design of the system would probably have looked like measuring the soil
moisture sensors set on the plant. By configuring the system, the sensors are
configured or in operation using some of the machine learning methods that if
a certain level of soil moisture has been met, they then generate data that will
send to some microcontroller which activates an event on the irrigation pumps
and stop the water supply. In this case, the water pump is, in fact, the
actuator in our IoT ecosystem.
 HC-05 (Bluetooth) Module
➢ There are several ways for wireless
communication such as NFC, ZigBee, Wi-
Fi, and Bluetooth.

➢ Bluetooth protocol is an affordable

communication method in PAN network,
with a maximum data rate of 1Mb/S,
working in a nominal range of 100
meters using 2.4 GHz frequency is a
common way of wireless communicating.

➢ HC05 module is a Bluetooth module

using serial communication, mostly used
in electronics/IoT (Arduino)projects.

➢ Working voltage: 3.6V – 5V

Ethernet Shield
• The Arduino Ethernet Shield allows
you to easily connect your Arduino to
the internet through Ethernet cable.
• This shield enables your Arduino to
send and receive data from anywhere
in the world with an internet
connection.
• Users can remotely control their home
appliances using Ethernet shields and
browser on your phone
 Node MCU
• The NodeMCU (node microcontroller unit) is an
open source software and hardware development
environment that is built around a inexpensive
system on a chip (SoC) called the NodeMCU

• NodeMCU is the development board that helps

you to prototype or build IoT product

➢ NodeMCU Dev Kit has Arduino like Analog (i.e.

A0) and Digital (D0-D8) pins on its board.

➢ It supports serial communication protocols i.e.

UART, SPI, I2C etc.

Advantages of NodeMCU platform relative to

the Arduino

• Low cost

• Integrated support for WIFI network

• Reduced size of the board

• Low energy consumption