Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Electromagnetic Waves
CHAPTER OUTLINE
OQ34.1 (i) Answer (c). Both the light intensity and the gravitational force
follow inverse-square laws.
(ii) Answer (a). The smaller grain presents less face area and feels a
smaller force due to light pressure.
OQ34.2 (i) Answer (c). (ii) Answer (c). (iii) Answer (c). (iv) Answer (b). (v)
Answer (b). The same amount of energy passes through concentric
spheres of increasing area as the wave travels outward from its
source, so the amplitude and the intensity, which is proportional to
the square of the amplitude, decrease.
OQ34.3 Answer (b). Frequency, wavelength, and the speed of light are
related:
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
fλ = c → λ= = = 0.122 m = 12.2 cm
f 2.45 × 109 Hz
572
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 573
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
574 Electromagnetic Waves
CQ34.1 The entire room and its contents have a soft glow. Incandescent light
bulbs shine brightly in the infrared, but fluorescent lights do not. The
top of a computer monitor glows brighter than the screen, which
glows faintly. Windowpanes appear dark if they are cool, and a
patch of wall where sunlight falls glows brighter than where the
sunlight does not fall. Heating resistors or warm air outlets shine,
and the air near to them has a faint glow, but cold air outlets are
dark, and the nearby air has no glow.
CQ34.2 Electromagnetic waves carry momentum. Recalling what we learned
in Chapter 9, the impulse imparted by a particle that bounces
elastically off a wall is twice that imparted by an object that sticks to
a wall. Similarly, the impulse, and hence the pressure exerted by a
wave reflecting from a surface, must be twice that exerted by a wave
that is absorbed.
CQ34.3 No. Radio waves travel at a finite speed, the speed of light. Radio
waves can travel around the curved surface of the Earth, bouncing
between the ground and the ionosphere, which has an altitude that is
small when compared to the radius of the Earth. The distance across
the lower forty-eight states is approximately 5 000 km, requiring a
5 × 106 m
transit time of ~ 10−2 s.
3 × 10 m/s
8
CQ34.4
Sound Light
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 575
CQ34.5 The changing magnetic field of the solenoid induces eddy currents in
the conducting core. This is accompanied by I2 R conversion by
heating of electrically-transmitted energy into internal energy in the
conductor.
CQ34.6 (a) The electric and magnetic fields of the light wave oscillate in
time at each point in space, like sports fans in a grandstand
when the crowd does “the wave.”
(b) The wave transports energy.
CQ34.7 An infrared photograph records the infrared light reflected, but also
emitted by a person’s face. When a person blushes or exercises or
becomes excited, warmer areas glow brighter in the infrared. A
person’s nostrils and the openings of the ear canals are bright;
brighter still are just the pupils of the eyes.
CQ34.8 No, they do not. Specifically, Gauss’s law in magnetism prohibits
magnetic monopoles. If magnetic monopoles existed, then the
magnetic field lines would not have to be closed loops, but could
begin or terminate on a magnetic monopole, as they can in Gauss’s
law in electrostatics.
CQ34.9 Different stations have transmitting antennas at different locations.
For best reception align your rabbit ears perpendicular to the
straight-line path from your TV to the transmitting antenna. The
transmitted signals are also polarized. The polarization direction of
the wave can be changed by reflection from surfaces—including the
atmosphere—and through Kerr rotation—a change in polarization
axis when passing through an organic substance. In your home, the
plane of polarization is determined by your surroundings, so
antennas need to be adjusted to align with the polarization of the
wave.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
576 Electromagnetic Waves
CQ34.10 Consider a typical metal rod antenna for a car radio. Charges in the
rod respond to the electric field portion of the carrier wave.
Variations in the amplitude of the incoming radio wave cause the
electrons in the rod to vibrate with amplitudes emulating those of the
carrier wave. Likewise, for frequency modulation, the variations of
the frequency of the carrier wave cause constant-amplitude
vibrations of the electrons in the rod but at frequencies that imitate
those of the carrier.
CQ34.11 The Poynting vector S describes the energy flow associated with an
electromagnetic wave. The direction of S is along the direction of
propagation and the magnitude of S is the rate at which
electromagnetic energy crosses a unit surface area perpendicular to
the direction of S.
CQ24.12 The frequency of EM waves in a microwave oven, typically 2.45
GHz, is chosen to be in a band of frequencies absorbed by water
molecules. The plastic and the glass contain no water molecules.
Plastic and glass have very different absorption frequencies from
water, so they may not absorb any significant microwave energy and
remain cool to the touch.
CQ34.13 Maxwell included a term in Ampère’s law to account for the
contributions to the magnetic field by changing electric fields, by
treating those changing electric fields as “displacement currents.”
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 577
dΦE ⎛ π d 2 ⎞ dE
=⎜
dt ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ dt
⎜ π d ⎟ dE
⎛ 2⎞
µ0 ∈0 d 2 dE
Thus, ∫ B ⋅ d = 2π RB = µ ∈
0 0 ⎜
⎝
⎟
⎜ 4 ⎟ dt
⎠
→ B =
8 R dt
Substituting numerical values,
B=
( 4π × 10 −7
T ⋅ m/A ) ( 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N ⋅ m 2 ) ( 0.100 m )
2
8 ( 0.150 m )
× ( 20.0 V/m ⋅ s )
= 1.85 × 10−18 T
P34.2 For the capacitor,
dΦE d dQ dt I
= ( EA ) = =
dt dt ∈0 ∈0
dE I 0.200 A
(a) = =
dt ∈0 A ( 8.85 × 10 C /N ⋅ m 2 ) ⎡π ( 10.0 × 10−2 m ) ⎤
−12 2
⎣ ⎦
= 7.19 × 1011 V m ⋅ s
dΦE d⎡ Q ⎤
(b) ∫ B ⋅ ds = ∈0 µ0 : 2π rB = ∈0 µ0 ⎢ ⋅ π r2 ⎥
dt dt ⎢⎣ ∈ 0 A ⎥⎦
µ0 Ir µ0 ( 0.200 A ) ( 5.00 × 10 m )
−2
B= = = 2.00 × 10−7 T
2A 2 ⎡π ( 10.0 × 10 m ) ⎤
−2 2
⎣ ⎦
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
578 Electromagnetic Waves
σ Q
P34.3 The electric field in the space between the plates is E = = .
∈0 ∈0 A
⎛ Q ⎞ Q
The flux of this field is ΦE = E ⋅ A = ⎜ ⎟ A cos 0 = .
⎝ ∈0 A ⎠ ∈0
(a) The rate of change of flux is
dΦE dQ dt I 0.100 A
= = =
dt ∈0 ∈0 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N ⋅ m 2
= 11.3 × 109 V ⋅ m/s
î ĵ k̂
v × B = 10.0 0 0 = − ( 4.00 T ⋅ m/s ) ĵ
0 0 0.400
Then
⎛ −1.60 × 10−19 C ⎞
a=⎜
⎝ 9.11 × 10 kg ⎟⎠
−31
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 579
P34.5 The net force on the proton is the Lorentz force, as described by
e
∑ F = ma = qE + qv × B so that a = ⎡E + v × B ⎤⎦
m⎣
Taking the cross product of v and B,
î ĵ k̂
v×B= 200 0 0 = –200(0.400) ĵ + 200(0.300)k̂
0.200 0.300 0.400
e ⎛ 1.60 × 10 –19 ⎞
⎡ 50.0 ĵ – 80.0 ĵ + 60.0 k̂ ⎤ m/s 2
Then, a = ⎡⎣E + v × B ⎤⎦ = ⎜ –27 ⎟ ⎣ ⎦
m ⎝ 1.67 × 10 ⎠
(
= –2.87 × 109 ĵ + 5.75 × 109 k̂ m/s 2 )
P34.6 (a) The very long rod creates the same electric
field that it would if stationary. We apply
Gauss’s law to a cylinder, concentric with
the rod, of radius r = 20.0 cm and length :
qinside
∫ ⋅ dA = ∈
E
0 ANS. FIG. P34.6
λ
E ( 2π r ) cos 0° =
∈0
λ
E= radially outward
2π ∈0 r
=
( 4π × 10 −7
T ⋅ m/A ) ( 0.525 A )
k̂ = 5.25k̂ × 10−7 T
2π ( 0.200 m )
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
580 Electromagnetic Waves
(c) The Lorentz force on the electron is F = qE + qv × B.
(
F = ( −1.60 × 10−19 C ) 3.15 × 103 ĵ N/C )
(
+ ( −1.60 × 10−19 C ) 240 × 106 î m/s )
(
× 5.25 × 10−7 k̂ T )
( )
F = 5.04 × 10−16 − ĵ N + 2.02 × 10−17 + ĵ N ( )
( )
= 4.83 − ĵ × 10−16 N
P34.9 (a) Since the light from this star travels at 3.00 × 108 m/s, the last bit
of light will hit the Earth in
d 6.44 × 1018 m
t= = = 2.15 × 1010 s = 681 years
c 2.998 × 108 m s
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 581
(b) From Table C.4 (in Appendix C of the textbook), the average
Earth-Sun distance is d = 1.496 × 1011 m, giving the transit time as
d ⎛ 1.496 × 1011 m ⎞ ⎛ 1 min ⎞
t= = ⎜ ⎟ = 8.32 min
c ⎜⎝ 2.998 × 108 m/s ⎟⎠ ⎝ 60 s ⎠
(c) Also from Table C.4, the average Earth-Moon distance is
d = 3.84 × 108 m, giving the time for the round trip as
2d 2 ( 3.84 × 10 m )
8
t= = = 2.56 s
c 2.998 × 108 m/s
P34.10 From f λ = c, we have
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
582 Electromagnetic Waves
B must be directed along negative z direction when E is in the
negative y direction, so that S = E × B/µ0 will propagate in the
( ) ( )
direction – ĵ × –k̂ = + î. So,
Bmax = −73.3k̂ nT
2π 2π
(c) k= = = 0.126 m −1
λ 50.0 m
(
and ω = 2π f = 2π 6.00 × 106 s −1 = 3.77 × 107 rad/s. )
Then,
B = Bmax cos ( kx − ω t ) = −73.3k̂ cos ( 0.126x − 3.77 × 107 t ) nT
∂E ∂2E
= −Emax sin ( kx − ω t ) ( k ) → = −Emax cos ( kx − ω t ) ( k 2 )
∂x ∂x 2
∂E ∂2E
= −Emax sin ( kx − ω t ) ( −ω ) → = −Emax cos ( kx − ω t ) ( −ω )
2
∂t ∂t 2
∂2E ∂2E
We must show: = µ 0 ∈0
∂x 2 ∂t 2
( )
That is, − k 2 Emax cos ( kx − ω t ) = − µ0 ∈0 ( −ω ) Emax cos ( kx − ω t ) .
2
2
k2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
But this is true, because 2 = ⎜ = = µ0 ∈0 .
ω ⎝ f λ ⎟⎠ c2
The proof for the wave of the magnetic field follows precisely the same
steps.
λ
P34.17 Since the separation of the burn marks is dA to A = 6 cm ± 5% = , then
2
λ = 12 cm ± 5% and
v = λ f = ( 0.12 m ± 5% )( 2.45 × 109 s −1 )
= 2.9 × 108 m/s ± 5%
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 583
P34.18 The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields are in the correct
ratio so that Emax/Bmax = c. The ratio of ω to k, however, must also equal
the speed of light:
ω 3.00 × 1015 s −1
= −1
= 3.33 × 108 m/s
k 9.00 × 10 m
6
This value is higher than the speed of light in a vacuum, so the wave as
described is impossible.
P34.19 The wave is of the form Ey = Emax sin ( kx − ω t ) .
(a) 100 V/m is the amplitude of the electric field, so the amplitude of
the magnetic field is
Emax 100 V/m
Bmax = = = 3.33 × 10−7 T = 0.333 µT
c 3.00 × 10 m/s
8
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
584 Electromagnetic Waves
P34.21 In time interval Δt, sunlight travels distance Δx = cΔt. The intensity of
the sunlight passing into a volume ΔV = AΔx in time Δt is
U U Uc
S= I = = = = uc
AΔt A Δx c V
⎛ gal ⎞
The car uses gasoline at the rate of ( 55 mi/h ) ⎜ . Its rate of
⎝ 25 mi ⎟⎠
(b)
energy conversion is
⎛ 2.54 kg ⎞ gal ⎞ ⎛ 1 h ⎞
P = 44.0 × 106 J/kg ⎜ ⎟ ( 55 mi/h ) ⎛⎜⎝ ⎟
⎝ 1 gal ⎠ 25 mi ⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 600 s ⎟⎠
= 6.83 × 10 4 W
Its power-per-footprint-area is
P 6.83 × 10 4 W
= = 6.64 × 103 W/m 2
area ( 2.10 m ) ( 4.90 m )
(d) Agriculture and forestry for food and fuels, space heating of
large and small buildings, water heating, and heating for drying
and many other processes are current and potential applications
of solar energy.
( ) ( )
P34.24 (a) E ⋅ B = 80.0î + 32.0 ĵ − 64.0k̂ ( N/C ) ⋅ 0.200î + 0.080 0 ĵ + 0.290k̂ µT
E ⋅ B = ( 16.0 + 2.56 − 18.56 ) µT ⋅ N/C2 = 0
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 585
1
(b) S= E×B
µ0
⎛
=⎜
1 ⎞⎡
⎝ 4π × 10 T ⋅ m/A ⎟⎠ ⎣
−7 (
80.0î + 32.0 ĵ − 64.0k̂ N/C ⎤
⎦ )
(
× ⎡ 0.200î + 0.080 0 ĵ + 0.290k̂ µT ⎤
⎣ ⎦ )
S=
(
6.40k̂ − 23.2 ĵ − 6.40k̂ + 9.28î − 12.8 ĵ + 5.12 î × 10−6 W/m 2 )
4π × 10−7
(
S = 11.5î − 28.6 ĵ W/m 2 )
= 30.9 W/m 2 at – 68.1° from the + x axis
⎝ 2
= 2.34 × 105 W
P34.26 The energy put into the water in each container by electromagnetic
radiation can be written as ΔE = ePΔt = eIAΔt, where e is the
percentage absorption efficiency. This energy has the same effect as
heat in raising the temperature of the water:
eIAΔt = mcΔT = ρVcΔT
eI2 Δt eIΔt
ΔT = =
ρ 3 c ρc
where is the edge dimension of the container and c the specific heat
of water. For the small container,
0.700 ( 25.0 × 103 W/m 2 )( 480 s )
ΔT = = 33.4°C
(10 3
kg/m 3 )( 0.060 0 m )( 4 186 J/kg ⋅°C )
For the larger,
0.910 ( 25.0 × 103 W/m 2 )( 480 s )
ΔT = = 21.7°C
(10 3
kg/m 3 )( 0.120 m )( 4 186 J/°C )
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
586 Electromagnetic Waves
(7.00 × 10 V/m )
5 2
I= = 6.50 × 108 W m 2
2 ( 4π × 10 −7
T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 10 m/s ) 8
= 650 MW m 2
P ⎡π 2⎤
(c) I= : P = IA = ( 6.50 × 108 W/m 2 ) ⎢ ( 1.00 × 10−3 m ) ⎥ = 511 W
A ⎣4 ⎦
P34.28 (a) We assume that the starlight moves through space without any of
it being absorbed. The radial distance is
20 ly = 20c ( 1 yr ) = 20 ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 3.16 × 107 s )
= 1.89 × 1017 m
P 4.00 × 1028 W
I= = = 8.88 × 10−8 W/m 2
4π r 2 4π ( 1.89 × 1017 m )2
= 88.8 nW/m 2
(b) The Earth presents the projected target area of a flat circle:
⎣ ⎦
= 1.13 × 107 W= 11.3 MW
P34.29 The Poynting vector is
Power Power
Savg = = .
A 4π r 2
In meters,
r = ( 5.00 mi ) ( 1 609 m/mi ) = 8.04 × 103 m
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 587
solving,
⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ 2 µ0 ⎞ ⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ µ0 ⎞
Bmax =
⎜⎝ 4π r 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ c ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎝ 2π r 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ c ⎟⎠
=
(10.0 × 10 W )( 4π × 10 T ⋅ m/A ) =
3 −7
5.16 × 10−10 T
2π ( 5.00 × 10 m ) ( 3.00 × 10 m/s )
3 2 8
= 0.076 1 V/m
The maximum emf (amplitude) induced in a length L of wire is
ΔVmax = Emax L = ( 76.1 mV m ) ( 0.650 m ) = 49.5 mV
2
Emax
*P34.32 Power = SA =
2 µ0c
( 4π r 2 )
Solving for r,
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
588 Electromagnetic Waves
ΔV IR 150 V
E= = = = 1.88 kV m
Δx L 0.080 0 m
EB
Note that these values yield S = = 332 kW m 2 , in agreement
µ0
with the result from part (a).
P34.34 (a) Erms = cBrms = ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 1.80 × 10−6 T ) = 540 V/m
uavg = = = −7
= 2.58 µ J/m 3
2 µ0 µ0 4π × 10 T ⋅ m/A
(c) Savg = cuavg = ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 2.58 × 10−6 J/m 3 ) = 773 W/m 2
2
P Emax
P34.37 (a) I= = , and r = 1.00 × 10–3 m:
πr 2
2 µ0c
2 µ0 cP
Emax =
π r2
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 589
(b) The beam carries power P. The amount of energy ∆E in the length
of a beam of length is the amount of power that passes a point
in time interval Δt = /c:
ΔE ΔE
P= =
Δt c
P 15.0 × 10−3 W
or ΔE = = (1.00 m ) = 50.0 pJ .
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
(c) From Equation 34.27 and our result in part (b), the momentum
and energy carried a light beam are related by
TER ΔE 50.0 × 10−12 J
p= = = = 1.67 × 10−19 kg ⋅ m/s
c c 3.00 × 108 m/s
P 2
Emax 2 µ0 cP
P34.38 (a) I= = → Emax =
π r 2 2 µ0c π r2
(b) The beam carries power P. The amount of energy ∆E in the length
of a beam of length is the amount of power that passes a point
in time interval Δt = /c:
ΔE ΔE P
P= = → ΔE =
Δt c c
(c) From Equation 34.27 and our result in part (b), the momentum
and energy carried a light beam are related by
TER ΔE P
p= = = 2
c c c
P34.39 The radiation pressure on the disk is
S I F F
P= = = = .
c c A π r2
π r2I
Thus , F=
c
Because the force acts uniformly over the
surface of the disk, we may consider it to be
acting at the center of the disk when
calculating its torque. Take torques about
the hinge:
∑ τ = 0: ANS. FIG. P34.39
π r 2 Ir
H x ( 0 ) + H y ( 0 ) − mgr sin θ + =0
c
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
590 Electromagnetic Waves
S I
P34.40 (a) The light pressure on the absorbing Earth is P = = .
c c
The force is
I (1 370 W/m 2 )π (6.37 × 106 m)2
F = PA =
c
( )
π R 2
=
3.00 × 108 m/s
= 5.82 × 108 N
away from the Sun.
(b) The attractive gravitational force exerted on Earth by the Sun is
GMS MM
Fg =
rM2
=
(6.67 × 10 −11
N ⋅ m 2 kg 2 ) ( 1.991 × 1030 kg ) ( 5.98 × 1024 kg )
(1.496 × 10 m)
11 2
= 3.55 × 1022 N
which is 6.10 × 1013 times stronger compared to the repulsive
force in part (a).
P34.41 (a) The magnitude of the momentum transferred to the assumed
totally reflecting surface in time interval Δt is (from Equation
34.29)
2TER 2SAΔt
Δp = =
c c
Then the momentum transfer is
2SAΔt 2(6.00 î W/m 2 )(40.0 × 10−4 m 2 )(1.00 s)
Δp = =
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
Δp = 1.60 × 10−10 î kg ⋅ m/s each second
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 591
= 2.10 × 1016 W
(c) If Mars behaves as a perfect absorber, it feels pressure
SM I M
P= = ,
c c
so the light-pressure force is
IM PM 2.10 × 1016 W
FL = PA =
c
( π R M)
2
=
c
=
3.00 × 10 m/s
8
= 7.01 × 107 N
π RM2
(d) Using our results from above, we have FL = I M and
c
r2 r 2 π RM
2
I M = IE E2 , so the light-pressure force on Mars is FL = IE E2 .
rM rM c
The attractive gravitational force exerted on Mars by the Sun is
GMS MM
Fg = . Their ratio is
rM2
2
Fg GMS MM 1 rM c ⎛ cGMS ⎞ MM
= ⋅ =⎜
FL 2
rM IE rE π RM ⎝ π IE rE2 ⎟⎠ RM
2 2 2
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
592 Electromagnetic Waves
Suppressing units,
Fg ⎡ ( 3.00 × 108 ) ( 6.67 × 10−11 ) ( 1.991 × 1030 ) ⎤ ⎛ M ⎞
=⎢ ⎥ ⎜ 2M ⎟
π ( 1 370 ) ( 1.496 × 10 )
2
FL ⎢
⎣
11
⎥⎦ ⎝ RM ⎠
Fg
= ( 414 m 2 /kg )
MM
= ( 414 m 2
/kg ) ( 6.42 × 1023 kg )
( 3.37 × 106 m )
2 2
FL RM
= 2.34 × 1013
The attractive gravitational force exerted on Mars by the Sun is
~1013 times stronger than the repulsive light-pressure force of
part (c).
(e) The expression for the ratio of the gravitational force to the light-
pressure force for Earth is similar to that used in part (d) for Mars
(replace M with E):
Fg ME
= ( 414 m /kg ) 2 = ( 414 m /kg )
2 2 ( 5.98 × 1024 kg )
(6.37 × 106 m )
2
FL RE
= 6.10 × 1013
The values are similar for both planets because both the forces
follow inverse-square laws. The force ratios are not identical
for the two planets because of their different radii and masses.
P34.43 (a) The radiation pressure is
2S 2I
P= =
c c
The force on area A is
2 ( 1 370 W/m 2 )
F = PA =
3.00 × 10 8
m/s
(6.00 × 10 5
m 2 ) = 5.48 N
1 2
(c) It will arrive at time t, where d = at or,
2
2d 2 ( 3.84 × 108 m )
t= = = 9.17 × 105 s = 10.6 days
a ( 9.13 × 10 −4
m/s 2
)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 593
⎛ 0.621 mi ⎞
L = ( 1 000 km ) ⎜ = 621 mi
⎝ 1.00 km ⎟⎠
or
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
594 Electromagnetic Waves
8I 8 ( 570 W/m 2 )
(d) J max = = = 3.48 A/m
µ0c 4π × 10−7 ( Tm A ) 3 × 108 m/s
mv 2 qBR
qvBsin 90.0° = → v=
R m
The period of the proton’s circular motion is therefore:
2π R 2π m
T= =
v qB
1
The frequency of the proton’s motion is f =
T
The charge will radiate electromagnetic waves at this frequency, with
c 2π mc
λ= = cT =
f qB
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 595
λ = 0.075 0 m = 7.50 cm
P34.52 The time interval for the radio signal to travel 100 km is:
100 × 103 m
Δtr = = 3.33 × 10−4 s
3.00 × 108 m/s
The sound wave travels 3.00 m across the room in:
3.00 m
Δts = = 8.75 × 10−3 s
343 m/s
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
596 Electromagnetic Waves
Therefore, listeners 100 km away will receive the news before the
people in the newsroom by a total time difference of
Δt = 8.75 × 10−3 s − 3.33 × 10−4 s = 8.41 × 10−3 s
P34.53 From f λ = c ,
Channel 3: f = 60.0 MHz to 66.0 MHz.
(a) Channel 4: f = 66.0 MHz to 72.0 MHz, λ = 4.17 m to 4.55 m .
72.0–76.0 MHz is reserved for non-TV purposes.
Channel 5: f = 76.0 MHz to 82.0 MHz.
(b) Channel 6: f = 82.0 MHz to 88.0 MHz, λ = 3.41 m to 3.66 m .
88.0–174 MHz is reserved for non-TV purposes.
Channel 7: f = 174 MHz to 180 MHz.
(c) Channel 8: f = 180 MHz to 186 MHz, λ = 1.61 m to 1.67 m .
Additional Problems
*P34.54 From the electromagnetic spectrum chart and accompanying text
discussion, the following identifications are made:
c
Frequency, f Wavelength, λ = Classification
f
2 Hz = 2 × 100 Hz 150 Mm Radio
3
2 KHz = 2 × 10 Hz 150 km Radio
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 597
c
Wavelength, λ Frequency, f = Classification
λ
⎣ ⎦
2
Emax
(b) S= so
2 µ0c
Emax = 2 µ0 cS
= 1.02 kV m
2
cBmax
(c) S= so
2 µ0
P34.56 We use the relationship between energy density and electric field
magnitude that we studied previously for a static field. The energy
density can be written as
uE = 1
2 ∈0 Emax
2
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
598 Electromagnetic Waves
Also,
E 300 V/m
Bmax = = = 1.00 µT
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
Then,
PR 3.21 × 107 W
(b) S= = 2 = 0.639 W m
2
A π ( 4.00 × 10 m )
3
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 599
c 3.00 × 108 m s
*P34.60 (a) λ= = = 1.50 cm
f 20.0 × 109 s −1
= 40.8 kV m
Emax 4.08 × 10 4 V m
Bmax = = = 1.36 × 10−4 T = 136 µT
c 3.00 × 10 m s
8
(e) F = PA = ()S
c
A = uav A = ( 7.37 × 10−3 J m 3 ) π ( 0.060 0 m )2
P34.61 Suppose you cover a 1.7 m × 0.3 m section of beach blanket. Suppose
the elevation angle of the Sun is 60°. Then the effective target area you
fill in the Sun’s light is
A = ( 1.7 m ) ( 0.3 m ) cos 30° = 0.4 m 2
P ΔE
Now I = = , so
A AΔt
ΔE = IAΔt = ( 0.5 ) ⎡⎣( 0.6 )( 1 370 W/m 2 ) ⎤⎦ ( 0.4 m 2 ) ( 3 600 s )
~ 106 J
( ΔV )2
P34.62 P= or P ∝ ( ΔV )2
R receiving
ΔV = ( − ) Ey ⋅ Δy = Ey ⋅ cos θ ∆y l antenna
θ
ΔV ∝ cos θ so P ∝ cos θ 2
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
600 Electromagnetic Waves
S 2 ⎛ GMS ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 4 3⎞ ⎤
πr =⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎢⎣ ρ ⎜⎝ 3 π r ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
c ⎝ R ⎠
Solving for r, the radius of the particle, then gives
3SR 2
r=
4cGMS ρ
Suppressing units,
3 ( 214 ) ( 3.75 × 1011 )
2
r=
4 ( 3.00 × 108 ) ( 6.67 × 10−11 ) ( 1.991 × 1030 ) ( 1 500 )
S 2 ⎛ GMS ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 4 3⎞ ⎤
πr =⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎢⎣ ρ ⎜⎝ 3 π r ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
c ⎝ R ⎠
Solving for r, the radius of the particle, then gives
3SR 2
r=
4cGMS ρ
(c) The power tells how fast the antenna receives energy. It is
2 2
⎛ d⎞ ⎛ 20.0 m ⎞
P = Savg A = Savgπ ⎜ ⎟ = ( 5.31 × 10−17 W/m 2 ) π ⎜
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
= 1.67 × 10−14 W
(d) The force tells how fast the antenna receives momentum. It is
2
⎛ Savg ⎞ ⎛ 5.31 × 10−17 W/m 2 ⎞ ⎛ 20.0 m ⎞
F = PA = ⎜ A=⎜ π⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3.00 × 108 m/s ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 5.56 × 10−23 N
(approximately the weight of 3 000 hydrogen atoms!)
P34.66 Of the intensity S = 1 370 W/m2, the 38.0% that is reflected exerts a
pressure
2Sr 2 ( 0.380 ) S
P1 = =
c c
The absorbed light exerts pressure
Sa 0.620S
P2 = =
c c
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
602 Electromagnetic Waves
P
(a) In the image, I 2 = , so
A2
785 W
I2 = = 625 kW/m 2
π ( 0.020 0 m )
2
2
Emax
(b) I2 = , so
2 µ0c
Emax = 2 µ0 cI 2
= 21.7 kN C
Emax
(c) Bmax = = 72.4 µT
c
(d) We obtain the time interval from
0.400 ( PΔt ) = mcΔT
solving,
mcΔT ( 1.00 kg ) ( 4 186 J/kg ⋅°C )( 100°C − 20.0°C )
Δt = =
0.400P 0.400 ( 785 W )
= 1.07 × 103 s = 17.8 min
q Φ 487 N ⋅ m 2 /C
P34.68 (a) In E = r̂ = r̂ = r̂ ,
4π ∈0 r 2 4π r 2 4π r 2
38.8
E = 2 r̂ where E is in volts per meter and r is in meters.
r
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 603
=
1 ( 4π × 10 −7
T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )( 25.0 W )
r 2π
38.7
Emax = where E is in volts per meter and r is in meters.
r
38.7
(c) For Emax = = 3.00 × 106 → r = 1.29 × 10−5 = 12.9 × 10−6 , so r is
r
12.9 µm, but the expression in part (b) does not apply if this point
is inside the source.
(d) From part (c), we see that in the radiated wave, the field
amplitude is inversely proportional to distance. As the distance
doubles, the amplitude is cut in half.
(e) In the static case, the field is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance. As the distance doubles, the
field is reduced by a factor of 4.
P34.69 (a) At steady state, Pin = Pout and the power radiated out is
Pout = eσ AT 4 . Thus,
14
P
14
⎡ 900 W/m 2 ⎤
T = ⎡⎢ out ⎤⎥ =⎢ 4 ⎥
⎣ eσ A ⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.700 ( 5.67 × 10 W/m ⋅ K ) ⎥⎦
−8 2
= 388 K = 115°C
(b) The box of horizontal area A presents projected area A sin 50.0°
perpendicular to the sunlight. Then by the same reasoning,
0.900 ( 1 000 W/m 2 ) A sin 50.0°
= 0.700 ( 5.67 × 10−8 W/m 2 ⋅ K 4 ) AT 4
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
604 Electromagnetic Waves
1 2 1 2
(c) uB = B = Bmax cos 2 (kx)
2 µ0 2 µ0
Therefore, u = uE + uB = ∈0 Emax
2
cos 2 (kx) .
λ
(e) Eλ = ∫0 uA dx
λ λ ⎡1 1 ⎤
Eλ = ∫0 ∈0 Emax cos (kx)A dx = ∫0 ∈0 Emax A ⎢⎣ 2 + 2 cos(2kx)⎥⎦ A dx
2 2 2
1 λ ∈0 Emax
2
λ
= ∈0 Emax A x 0 +
2
A sin(2kx) 0
2 4k
1 ∈0 Emax
2
= ∈0 Emax Aλ +
2
A [ sin(4π ) − sin(0)]
2 4k
1
= ∈0 Emax
2
λA
2
Eλ 1 ∈0 Emax
2
λA 1 1
(f) P= =
T 2 (1 f )
= ∈0 Emax
2
2
( λ f ) A = ∈0 cEmax
2
2
A
1
P 2 ∈0 cEmax A 1
2
(g) I= = = ∈0 cEmax
2
A A 2
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 605
P34.71 The bead is black, so we assume it absorbs all light that strikes it. The
bead presents an effective face of area A = π r2 to the light. Since we
assume the bead to be perfectly absorbing, the light pressure, from
Equation 34.28, is
Sav I F
P= = =
c c A
I
so the light force is F = A.
c
(a) The light force balances the weight, F = Fg , so
I 2
π r = mg
c
solving,
4
ρ ⎛ π r 3 ⎞ gc
mgc ⎝3 ⎠ 4
I= = = ρ cgr
πr 2
πr 2
3
4 ⎛ 0.200 × 10−3 kg ⎞
= ⎜
3⎝ −6
10 m 3 ⎟
⎠
( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
× ( 0.500 × 10−3 m )
P34.72 The bead is black, so we assume it absorbs all light that strikes it. The
bead presents an effective face of area A = π r2 to the light. Since we
assume the bead to be perfectly absorbing, the light pressure, from
Equation 34.28, is
Sav I F
P= = =
c c A
I
so the light force is F = A.
c
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
606 Electromagnetic Waves
⎛4 ⎞ 4
P = IA = ⎜ ρ cgr ⎟ (π r 2 ) = πρ cgr 3
⎝3 ⎠ 3
6 ( 8.7 kg ) ⎞
13
⎛ 6m ⎞
13
⎛
r=⎜ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.161 m
⎝ ρ 4π ⎟⎠ ⎝ ( 990 kg/m ) 4π ⎠
3
1
4π r 2 = 2π ( 0.161 m ) = 0.163 m 2
2
(b) A=
2
(c) P = eσ AT 4 and T = 31.0 + 273.0 = 304 K:
= 76.8 W
P
(d) I= = eσ T 4
A
I = 0.970 ( 5.67 × 10−8 W m 2 ⋅ K 4 ) ( 304 K )
4
2
= 470 W m
2
Emax
(e) I=
2 µ0c
Emax = ( 2 µ0 cI )
12
= 595 N/C
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 607
595 N/C
(f) Emax = cBmax → Bmax = = 1.98 µT
3 × 108 m/s
13
⎡ 6 ( 0.800 ) ⎤
13
⎛ 6m ⎞
(g) Each kitten has radius rk = ⎜ =⎢ ⎥ = 0.072 8 m
⎝ ρ 4π ⎟⎠ ⎣ 990 × 4π ⎦
and radiating area 2π ( 0.072 8 m ) = 0.033 3 m 2 . The mother cat
2
⎡ 6 ( 5.50 ) ⎤
23
⎣ 990 × 4π ⎦
( )
0.120 m + 4 0.033 3 m 2 = 0.254 m 2 and has power output
2
P = IA = ( 470 W/m 2
)( 0.254 m ) = 2
119 W .
P34.74 (a) On the right side of the equation,
C2 ( m/s 2 )
2
N ⋅ m 2 ⋅ C2 ⋅ m 2 ⋅ s 3 N ⋅ m J
= = = =W
(C 2
/ N ⋅ m 2 ) ( m/s )
3
C2 ⋅ s 4 ⋅ m 3 s s
(b) F = ma = qE, or
= 1.75 × 10−27 W
⎛ v2 ⎞
(d) F = mac = m ⎜ ⎟ = qvB ,
⎝ r ⎠
qBr
so v=
m
The proton accelerates at
a= = =
(1.67 × 10−27 kg )
2
r m2
= 5.62 × 1014 m/s 2
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
608 Electromagnetic Waves
= 1.80 × 10−24 W
P34.75 We take R to be the planet’s distance from its star, and r to be the
radius of the planet.
(a) The effective area of the planet over which it absorbs light is its
projection onto a plane perpendicular to the light from its sun.
The projected area of a planet of radius r is π r2, so the planet
absorbs light over area π r2 .
(b) The planet radiates over its entire surface area, 4π r2.
(c) At steady-state, Pin = Pout:
eI in (π r 2 ) = eσ ( 4π r 2 ) T 4
⎛ 6.00 × 1023 W ⎞
e⎜
⎝ 4π R 2 ⎟
⎠
( π r 2 ) = eσ ( 4π r 2 ) T 4 , so that
6.00 × 1023 W
= 4 = 4.77 × 10 m
9
Challenge Problems
P34.76 We are given f = 90.0 MHz and Emax = 200 mV/m = 2.00 × 10−3 V/m
c
(a) The wavelength of the wave is λ = = 3.33 m
f
1
(b) Its period is T = = 1.11 × 10−8 s = 11.1 ns
f
(c) We obtain the maximum value of the magnetic field from
Emax
Bmax = = 6.67 × 10−12 T = 6.67 pT
c
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 609
⎛ x ⎞
(d) E = ( 2.00 × 10−3 ) cos 2π ⎜ − 90.0 × 106 t ⎟ ĵ
⎝ 3.33 ⎠
⎛ x ⎞
B = ( 6.67 × 10−12 ) cos 2π ⎜ − 90.0 × 106 t ⎟ k̂
⎝ 3.33 ⎠
where E is in V/m, B in tesla, x in meters, and t in seconds.
= 5.31 × 10−9 W m 2
I
(f) From Equation 34.26, I = cuavg so uavg = = 1.77 × 10−17 J m 3
c
(g) From Equation 34.30, the pressure is
2I ( 2 )( 5.31 × 10 W m )
−9 2
P= = = 3.54 × 10−17 Pa
c 3.00 × 10 m/s
8
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
610 Electromagnetic Waves
a=
∑ = =
m m 0.500 kg
= 4.07 × 10−7 m/s 2
a = 407 î nm/s 2
P34.78 We can approximate the magnetic field as uniform over the area of the
loop while it oscillates in time as B = Bmax cos ω t. The induced voltage is
ε=–
dΦ B
dt
d
= – (BA cos θ ) = –A
dt
d
dt
Bmax cos ω t cos θ ( )
or ε = ABmax ω (sin ω t cos θ )
(a) Since the angular frequency is ω = 2 π f, and the area of the loop
is π r 2 , the amplitude of this emf is
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 611
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
612 Electromagnetic Waves
P34.6 (a) 3.15 × 103 ĵ N C ; (b) 5.25k̂ × 10−7 T ; (c) 4.83 − ĵ × 10−16 N ( )
P34.8 11.0 m
P34.10 4.738 × 1014 Hz
P34.12 733 nT
P34.44 60.0 km
P34.16 See P34.16 for full explanation.
P34.18 The ratio of ω to k is higher than the speed of light in a vacuum, so the
wave as described is impossible.
P34.20 8.64 × 1010 m
P34.22 (a) 6.75 W/m2; (b) 6.64 × 103 W/m2; (c) A powerful automobile running
on sunlight would have to carry on its roof a solar panel that is huge
compared to the size of the car; (d) Agriculture and forestry for food
and fuels, space heating of large and small buildings, water heating,
and heating for drying and many other processes are current and
potential applications of solar energy.
P34.24 (
(a) 0; (b) 11.5î − 28.6 ĵ W/m 2 )
P34.26 For the small container, 33.4° and for the larger container, 21.7°
P34.28 (a) 88.8 nW/m2; (b) 11.3 MW
P34.30 (a) 5.16 × 10–10 T; (b) Since the magnetic field of the Earth is
approximately 5 × 10−10 T, the Earth’s field is some 100 000 times
stronger.
P34.32 5.16 m
P34.34 (a) 540 V/m; (b) 2.58 µJ/m3; (c) 773 W/m2
P34. 36 83.3 nPa
2 µ0 cP P P
P34.38 (a) ; (b) ; (c) 2
πr 2
c c
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 34 613
P34.42 (a) 590 W/m2; (b) 2.10 × 1016 W; (c) 7.01 × 107 N; (d) ~1013 times
stronger; (e) The values are similar for both planets because both the
forces follow inverse-square laws. The force ratios are not identical for
the two planets because of their different radii and masses.
P34.44 (a) 1.00 × 103 km or 621 mi; (b) While the project may be theoretically
possible, it is not very practical.
1 1 1
P34.46 (a) µ0 cJ max cos ( kx − ω t ) ĵ; (b) µ0 cJ max
2
cos 2 ( kx − ω t ) î; (c) µ0 cJ max
2
;
2 4 8
(d) 3.48 A/m
2π mc
P34.48
qB
P34.60 (a) 1.50 cm; (b) 25.0 μJ; (c) 7.37 mJ/m3; (d) Emax = 40.8 kV/m,
Bmax = 136 μT; (e) 83.3 μN
P34.62 (a) 93.3%; (b) 50.0%; (c) 0
3SR 2
P34.64
4cGMS ρ
P34.66 (a) 6.30 × 10–6 Pa; (b) 1.60 × 1010 times smaller than atmospheric
pressure
38.8
P34.68 (a) E = 2 r̂, where E is in volts per meter and r is in meters;
r
38.7
(b) Emax = where E is in volts per meter and r is in meters;
r
(c) 12.9 μm, but the expression in part (b) does not apply if this point is
inside the source; (d) From part (c), we see that in the radiated wave,
the field amplitude is inversely proportional to distance. As the
distance doubles, the amplitude is cut in half; (e) In the static case, the
field is inversely proportional to the square of distance. As the distance
doubles, the field is reduced by a factor of 4.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
614 Electromagnetic Waves
1 1 2
P34.70 (a) See ANS. FIG. P34.70; (b) ∈0 Emax
2
cos 2 (kx); (c) Bmax cos 2 (kx) ;
2 2 µ0
1 1 1
(d) ∈0 Emax
2
cos 2 (kx); (e) ∈0 Emax
2
λ A; (f) ∈0 cEmax 2
A; (g) ∈0 cEmax 2
;
2 2 2
E2
(h) The result in part (g) agrees with I = max in Equation 34.24.
2 µ0c
4 4
P34.72 (a) ρcgr ; (b) πρcgr 3
3 3
P34.74 (a) See P34.74(a) for full proof; (b) 1.76 × 1013 m/s2; (c) 1.75 × 10−27 W;
(d) 1.80 × 10−24 W
P34.76 (a) 3.33 m; (b) 11.1 ns; (c) 6.67 pT;
⎛ x ⎞
(
(d) E = 2.00 × 10−3 cos 2π ⎜ )⎝ 3.33
− 90.0 × 106 t ⎟ ĵ and
⎠
⎛ x ⎞
B = ( 6.67 × 10−12 ) cos 2π ⎜ − 90.0 × 106 t ⎟ k̂ ; (e) 5.31 × 10 W/m ;
–9 2
⎝ 3.33 ⎠
(f) 1.77 × 10–17 J/m2; (g) 3.54 × 10–17 Pa
P34.78 (a) ε max = 2π 2 r 2 f Bmax cos θ ; (b) The plane of the loop should be vertical
and the plane should contain the line of sight of the transmitter.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.