Solutions to short-answer questions

1 a 3 + 2i + 5 − 7i = (3 + 5) + (2i − 7i) 3i 3i 2−i

g = ×
2+i 2+i 2−i
= 8 − 5i 3i(2 − i)
=
(2 + i)(2 − i)
b i3 = i2 × i
6i − 3i2
= −1 × i = −i =
5
3 + 6i 3 6
c (3 − 2i)(5 + 7i) = or + i
5 5 5
= 3(5 + 7i) − 2i(5 + 7i)
h (1 − 3i)2 = (1 − 3i)(1 − 3i)
= 15 + 21i − 10i − 14i 2
= 1(1 − 3i) − 3i(1 − 3i)
= 29 + 11i
= 1 − 3i − 3i + 9i2
d (3 − 2i)(3 + 2i) = 32 − (2i)2 = −8 − 6i
= 9 − 4i = 13
2
(5 + 2i)2
i
2 2 3 + 2i 3−i
e = ×
3 − 2i 3 − 2i 3 + 2i 5(5 + 2i) + 2i(5 + 2i) 3 + i
= ×
2(3 + 2i) 3−i 3+i
=
(3 − 2i)(3 + 2i) 25 + 10i + 10i + 4i 2
3+i
= ×
6 + 4i 6 4 3−i 3+i
= or + i
13 13 13 (21 + 20i)(3 + i)
=
(3 − i)(3 + i)
5−i 5−i 2−i
f = × 21(3 + i) + 20i(3 + i)
2+i 2+i 2−i =
(5 − i)(2 − i) 32 − i2
= 63 + 21i + 60i + 20i2
(2 + i)(2 − i) =
5(2 − i) − i(2 − i) 10
= 43 + 81i 43 81
22 − i2 = or + i
10 10 10
10 − 5i − 2i + i2
=
5
9 − 7i 9 7 2 a (z − 2)2 + 9 = 0
= or − i
5 5 5 ∴ (z − 2)2 − 9i2 = 0
∴ (z − 2)2 − (3i)2 = 0
∴ ((z − 2) + 3i)((z − 2) − 3i) = 0
∴ (z − 2 + 3i)(z − 2 − 3i) = 0
∴ z − 2 + 3i = 0 or z − 2 − 3i = 0
∴ z = 2 − 3i or z = 2 + 3i

406
 z − 2i π
b =2 ∴ z = 3cis ,
z + (3 − 2i) 4
π
! !
z − 2i = 2(z + (3 − 2i)) 3π 3π
∴ cis , 3cis − or 3cis −
4 4 4
∴ = 2z + 6 − 4i !
1 1
∴ − 2i − 6 + 4i = 2z − z or z = 3 √ + √ i ,
2 2
∴ z = −6 + 2i 1 1
!
1 1
!
3 −√ + √ i , 3 −√ − √ i
2 2 2 2
c z2 + 6z + 12 = 0 !
1 1
∴ z2 + 6z + 9 + 3 = 0 or 3 √ − √ i
2 2
(z + 3)2 − 3i2 = 0
∴ √ √
3 2 3 2
√ = (1 + i), (−1 + i),
∴ (z + 3)2 − ( 3i)2 = 0 2 2
√ √ √ √
∴ ((z + 3) + 3i)((z + 3) − 3i) = 0 3 2 3 2
− (1 + i) or (1 − i)
√ √ 2 2
∴ (z + 3 + 3i)(z + 3 − 3i) = 0
√ √ e z3 − 27 = 0
∴ z + 3 + 3i = 0 or z + 3 − 3i = 0
√ √ ∴ z3 − 33 = 0
∴ z = −3 − 3i or z = −3 + 3i
∴ (z − 3)(z2 + 3z + 9) = 0
d z + 81 = 0
4 !
9 27
∴ (z − 3) z + 3z + +
2
=0
∴ z4 = −81 4 4
Let z = rcis θ, 3
!2
27 2
!
∴ (z − 3) z + − i =0
∴ (rcis θ)4 = 81cis π 2 4
!2 √ !2 !
∴ r4 cis 4θ = 34 cis π 3 3 3
∴ (z − 3) z + − i =0
∴ r4 = 34 and 4θ = π + 2kπ, k ∈ Z 2 2
√ !
= π(2k + 1) 3 3 3
∴ (z − 3) z + + i
π(2k + 1) 2 2
∴ r = 3 and θ = √ !
4 3 3 3
π z+ − i =0
When k = 0, θ = 2 2
4
√
3π 3 3 3
When k = 1, θ = ∴ z − 3 = 0 or z + + i=0
4 2 2
5π 3π √
When k = 2, θ = or − 3 3 3
4 4 or z + − i=0
2 2
7π π √
When k = 3, θ = or − 3 3 3
4 4 ∴ z = 3 or z = − − i
2 2
√
3 3 3
or z = − + i
2 2

407
 f 8z3 + 27 = 0 the equation z3 − 2z2 − 3z + 10 = 0.
∴ (2z)3 + 33 = 0 By the conjugate factor theorem, 2 + i
is also a root of P(z).
∴ (2z + 3)(4z2 − 6z + 9) = 0 Therefore two linear factors of P(z)
are z − (2 − i) and z − (2 + i).
!
3 9 27
∴ 4(2z + 3) z − z +
2
+ =0
2 16 16 Multiply these two factors
!2 ! to get the quadratic factor:
3 27 2
∴ 4(2z + 3) z − − i =0 (z − (2 − i))(z − (2 + i))
4 16
!2 √ !2 ! = z2 − (2 + i)z − (2 − i)z
3 3 3
∴ 4(2z + 3) z − − i =0 + (2 − i)(2 + i)
4 4
√ !
3 3 3 = z2 − (2 + i + 2 − i)z + 4 − i2
∴ 4(2z + 3) z − + i
4 4 = z2 − 4z + 5
√ ! By division, P(z) = (z2 − 4z + 5)(z + 2)
3 3 3
z− − i =0 Therefore P(z) = 0 implies
4 4
√ z = −2, 2 − i or 2 + i.
3 3 3
∴ 2z + 3 = 0 or z − + i=0
4 4 b Let P(x) = x3 − 5x2 + 7x + 13.
√
3 3 3 If 3 − 2i is a root of the equation
or z − − i=0
4 4 P(x) = 0, then P(3 − 2i) = 0.
√
3 3 3 3 P(3 − 2i)
∴ z = − or z = − i
2
√
4 4 = (3 − 2i)3 − 5(3 − 2i)2
3 3 3
or z = + i + 7(3 − 2i) + 13
4 4
3 √ 3 √ = 33 − 54i + 36i2 − (2i)3
= (1 − 3i) = (1 + 3i)
4 4 − 5(9 − 12i + 4i2 ) + 21 − 14i + 13
= 27 − 54i − 36 + 8i − 45 + 60i
3 a Let P(z) = z3 − 2z2 − 3z + 10.
+ 20 + 34 − 14i
If 2 − i is a root of the equa-
tion P(z) = 0, then P(2 − i) = 0 =0
P(2 − i) Since P(3 − 2i) = 0, 3 − 2i is a root of
the equation x3 − 5x2 + 7x + 13 = 0.
= (2 − i)3 − 2(2 − i)2 − 3(2 − i) + 10
By the conjugate factor theorem,
= 23 − 12i + 6i2 − i3 − 2(4 − 4i + i2 ) 3 + 2i is also a root of P(x).
− 6 + 3i + 10 Therefore two linear factors of P(x)
are x − (3 − 2i) and x − (3 + 2i).
= 8 − 12i − 6 + i − 8 + 8i
Multiply these two factors
+ 2 + 4 + 3i to get the quadratic factor:
=0
Since P(2 − i) = 0, 2 − i is a root of

408
 (x − (3 − 2i))(x − (3 + 2i)) 4 a 2x2 + 3x + 2
= x2 − (3 + 2i)x − (3 − 2i)x
!
3 9 9
=2 x + x+
2
+1−
+ (3 − 2i)(3 + 2i) 2 16 16
!2 !
= x2 − (3 + 2i + 3 − 2i)x + 9 − 4i2 3 7
=2 x+ +
4 16
= x2 − 6x + 13 √ ! √ !
By division, P(x) = 3 i 7 3 i 7
=2 x+ + x+ −
(x2 − 6x + 13)(x + 1) 4 4 4 4
Therefore P(x) = 0 implies
z = −1, 3 − 2i or 3 + 2i. b Let P(x) = x3 − x2 + x − 1
P(1) = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 = 0
c Let P(z) = z3 − 4z2 + 6z − 4. ∴ x − 1 is a factor
If 1 + i is a root of the equation P(x) = (x − 1)(x2 + 1)
P(z) = 0, then P(1 + i) = 0. = (x − 1)(x + i)(x − i)
P(1 + i)
c Let x3 + 2x2 − 4x − 8 = P(x)
= (1 + i)3 − 4(1 + i)2 + 6(1 + i) − 4
Possible solutions of the equation
= 13 + 3i + 3i2 + i3 − 4(1 + 2i + i2 ) P(x) = 0 are ±1, ±2, ±4, ±8
+ 6 + 6i − 4 A check shows that
= 1 + 3i − 3 − i − 4 − 8i + 4 + 2 + 6i P(−2) = 0, ∴ x + 2 is a fac-
tor of P(x).
=0 By division, P(x) = (x + 2)(x2 − 4)
Since P(1 + i) = 0, 1 + i is a root of
∴ P(x) = (x + 2)(x + 2)(x − 2) or
the equation z3 − 4z2 + 6z − 4 = 0. By
(x + 2)2 (x − 2)
the conjugate factor theorem, 1 − i is
also a root of P(z).
Therefore two linear factors of P(z) 5 (a + ib)2 = 3 − 4i
are z − (1 + i) and z − (1 − i). ∴ a2 + 2iab − b2 = 3 − 4i
Multiply these two factors
∴ (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi = 3 − 4i
to get the quadratic factor:
By equating real and imaginary
(z − (1 + i))(z − (1 − i))
parts, a2 − b2 = 3 and 2ab = −4
= z − (1 − i)z − (1 + i)z
2 2
∴ b=−
a
+ (1 + i)(1 − i)
4
= z2 − (1 − i + 1 + i)z + 1 − i2 ∴ a2 − 2 = 3
a
= z2 − 2z + 2 ∴ a − 4 = 3a2
4

By division, P(z) = (z2 − 2z + 2)(z − 2) ∴ a4 − 3a2 − 4 = 0

Therefore P(z) = 0 implies z = 2, 1 + i
∴ (a2 − 4)(a2 + 1) = 0
or 1 − i.
∴ a2 = 4 since a ∈ R
∴ a = ±2

409
 When a = 2, b = −1 and when a = −2, 5
∴ b=−
b=1 a
25
∴ a2 − = −24
a2
6 a z̄ = x − iy a4 − 25 = −24a2
∴ (iv) take the conjugate
a4 + 24a2 − 25 = 0
∴ (a2 − 1)(a2 + 25) = 0
∴ a2 = 1 since a ∈ R
−
a = ±1
When a = 1, b = −5 and when a = −1,
b i(x + iy) = ix − y b=5
∴ (ii) multiply by i

8 If z = −1 − 2i is a solution of the
−
equation f (z) = 0, then −1 + 2i is also a
θ
θ solution (conjugate factor theorem).
Therefore f (z) = z2 + az + b
= (z + 1 + 2i)(z + 1 − 2i)
c −1(x + iy) = −x − iy
∴ (i) multiply by −l = (z + 1)2 + 4
= z2 + 2z + 5
∴ a = 2, b = 5

√ √
1 1−i 3 1−i 3
− − 9 √ × √ =
1+i 3 1−i 3 1+3
√
d Anticlockwise rotation about O 1 3
through 270◦ is a sequence of = − i
4 4
anticlockwise rotation about O by r
1 3 1
90◦ and then 180◦ (see b and c). ∴ r= + = ,
16 16 2
Therefore it is equivalent to sequence 1
of multiplication by i and −l cos θ = ,
2
∴ (iii) multiply by −i √
3
sin θ = −
2
7 (a + ib)2 = −24 − 10i π
∴ θ =−
3
∴ a2 + 2iab − b2 = −24 − 10i
π
!
1 1
∴ (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi = −24 − 10i ∴ √ = cis −
1+i 3 2 3
By equating real and imaginary parts,
a2 − b2 = −24 and 2ab = −10

410
 −−→ −−→ −−→
10 |OP| = |OQ| = |PQ|
−−→
and |OP|2 = 12 + 32
= 10 °
−−→
|QO|2 = a2 + b2
−−→
∴ |PQ|2 = (a − 3)2
+ (b − 1)2 11 a 2 × (1 + i) = 2(1 + i)

a2 + b2 = 10, = 2 + 2i
−−→ −−→ 1 1 1+i
because |OP| = |OQ| b = ×
1−i 1−1 1+i
(a − 3)2 + (b − 1)2 = 10,
1+i 1 1
−−→ −−→ = = + i
because |OP| = |PQ| 1+1 2 2
a2 + b2 = 10 1 √ π
!
c 1 − i = 2cis − ,
a2 − 60 + 9 + b2 − 2b + 1 = 10 4
∴ a2 − 6a + b2 − 2b = 0 √ 7
!
2 7π
∴ (1 − i) = ( 2) cis −
7
1 − 2 gives 4
6a + 2b = 10 √ π
= 8 2cis
∴ b = −30 + 5 4
√
Substitute in 1 ∴ |z | = 8 2
7

a2 + (−3a + 5)2 = 10
π
d Arg (z7 ) =
10a2 − 30a + 15 = 0 4
a2 − 3a + 1.5 = 0
√ 12
3 ± 9 − 4×1.5 1 1 4
a= + =
2 a + 3i a − 3i 13
√
3 3 a − 3i a + 3i 4
= ± + =
2 2 (a + 3i)(a − 3i) (a − 3i)(a + 3i) 13
√ √
3 3 9 3 3 a 2
When a = + , b=− +5− =
2 2 2 2 a2 + 9 13
√
1 3 3 2a2 + 18 = 13a
= −
2 2 2a2 − 13a + 18 = 0
but b > 0 so this√is not a solution. √
3 3 9 3 3 (a − 2)(2a − 9) = 0
When a = − , b=− +5+
2 2 2 2 9
√ a = 2, .
1 3 3 2
= +
2 2
√ √
13 a i |1 + i| = 1 + 1 = 2

411
 √ √
ii |1 − i 3| = 1 + 3 = 2 z = ±3i, 1 ± i
√ √
2 2
iii cos θ1 = , sin θ1 = √ 1
!
1
2 2 16 1 − i = 2 √ − √ i
π 2 2
∴ θ1 =
4 √ π
!
√ = 2cis −
1 3 4
iv cos θ2 = , sin θ2 = − √
!
9π
2 2 (1 − i) = ( 2) cis −
9 9
π 4
∴ θ2 = −
3 √ π
!
√ = 16 2cis −
w 2 π π −π 4
b = , Arg (wz) = − = √ 1
!
z 2 4 3 12 1
= 16 2 √ − √ i
2 2
√ = 16 − 16i
√ π
!
3 1
14 3+i=2 + i = 2cis
2 2 6
√ 7π 17 k3 (i)3 + (2 + i)k2 (i)2 + (2 + 2i)ki + 4 = 0
( 3 + i)7 = 27 cis
6
! ∴ (−k3 − k2 + 2k)
5π
= 128cis − + (−2k2 − 2k + 4)i = 0 + 0i
6
√ ! By equating real and imaginary parts,
3 1 −k3 − k2 + 2k = 0 and −2k2 − 2k + 4 = 0
= 128 − − i
2 2 ∴ k2 + k − 2 = 0
√
= −64 3 − 64i k = −2, k = 1
Therefore z = −2i and z = i are the
roots of the given equation, and
15 r4 (i)4 − 2r3 (i)3
(z + 2i)(z − i) = z2 + iz + 2 is a quadratic
+ 11r2 (i)2 − 18ri + 18 = 0 factor of the polynomial.
∴ (r4 − 11r2 + 18) + (2r3 − 18r)i = 0 + 0i By division, P(z) = (z + 2i)(z − i)(z + 2)
Therefore the three roots are −2i, i, −2.
By equating real and imaginary parts,
r4 − 11r2 + 18 = 0 and 2r3 − 18r = 0
18 a P(z) = z3 − 2z + 4
∴ r = ±3 and Now P(−2) = 0, ∴ z + 2 is a factor
∴ z = ±3i are solutions. of P(z).
(z − 3i)(z + 3i) = z2 + 9 By division,
By division (z2 + 9)(z2 − 2z + 2) are P(z) = (z + 2)(z2 − 2z + 2)
factors, ∴ P(z) = (z + 2)(z − 1 + i)(z − 1 − i)
∴ (z − 3i)(z + 3i)(z − 1 + i)(z − 1 − i) are
factors, and the solutions of the equation b P(3) = 27 − 6 + 4
z4 − 2z3 + 11z2 − 18z + 18 = 0 are = 25

412
 ∴ 25 is a remainder when P(z) is
divided by z − 3
19 a = x + 2i, b = −1 + iy
a + b = x − 1 + (2 + y)i
∴ x + (y + 1) = x2 + (y − 1)2
ab = (x + 2i)(−1 + iy)
= −x − 2y − 2i + ixy
21 |z + i| = |z − i|
Let z = x + iy
then |x + iy + i| = |x + iy − i|
∴ |x + (y + 1)i| = |x + (y − 1)i|
q q
2 2
∴ x2 + (y + 1)2 = x2 + (y − 1)2

x − 1 + (2 + y)i = x + 2y + 2i − ixy ∴ x2 + y2 + 2y + 1 = x2 + y2 − 2y + 1

since a + b = −ab ∴ 2y = −2y

x − 1 = x + 2y ∴ 4y = 0

1 ∴ y=0
therefore y = − So the set describes the Re(z) axis.
2
2 + y = 2 − xy
π
( )
therefore x = −1 22 a S = z : z = 2cis θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤
2
∴ a = −1 + 2i Im(z)

1
b = −1 − i
2 2

20 a |z − (1 + i)| ≤ 1 can be represented by 0 2

Re(z)

a disc with centre (1, 1) and radius 1,

i.e., (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ≤ 1
b w = z2
b = (2cis θ)2
= 22 cis 2θ
= 4cis 2θ
π
Now 0 ≤ θ ≤
2
∴ 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ π
Im(z)

Re(z)
−4 0 4

413
 2 5
c v= Substituting h = into 4 yields
Z 6
2 5
= 3 + 4k + 2 × = 0
2cisθ 6
1 5
= ∴ 3 + 4k + = 0
cisθ 3
14
= cis(−θ) ∴ 4k + =0
3
π
Now 0 ≤ θ ≤ 14
2 ∴ 4k = −
π 3
∴ − ≤ −θ ≤ 0 7
2 ∴ k=−
Im(z) 6 !
5 7
The centre of the circle is , − .
6 6
1
Re(z)
0

−1
24 a i(a − b) = i((5 + 2i) − (8 + 6i))
= i(−3 − 4i)
= −3i − 4i2
23 (0, −2), (1, 0) and (2, −1) are all points
on the circle with cartesian equation = −3i + 4
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 = 4 − 3i
i.e. (0 − h) + (−2 − k) = r
2 2 2 Let Z be the point 4 − 3i.
The triangles in the diagram are
∴ h2 + 4 + 4k + k2 = r2 1
congruent since they are both
(1 − h)2 + (0 − k)2 = r2 right-angled and have two pairs of
∴ 1 − 2h + h2 + k2 = r2 2 side lengths the same, ∴ OZ = AB.
and (2 − h)2 + (−1 − k)2 = r2 •
∴ 4 − 4h + h + 1 + 2k + k = r
2 2 2
3

Subtracting 2 from 1 yields

3 + 4k + 2h = 0 4 •

Subtracting 3 from 1 yields

2k + 4h − 1 = 0
∴ 4k + 8h − 2 = 0 5
• −
Subtracting 4 from 5 Using Pythagoras’ theorem,
yields 6h − 5 = 0
∴ 6h = 5
5
∴ h=
6

414
 −−→ −−→
|OZ| = |AB| d = 1 + 5i, it can be shown that CD
√ is parallel to AB and that ABCD is a
= 32 + 42
square.
=5
−−→ 4
Now gradient of AB = = m1 25 a z3 = −8
3
−−→ −3 Let z = rcis θ
and gradient of OZ = = m2
−−→
4 ∴ z3 = r3 cis 3θ
Since m1 m2 = −1, AB is perpendi-
−−→ Now − 8 = 8cis π
cular to OZ, the vector that represents
the point i(a − b) and is the same ∴ r3 cis 3θ = 8cis π
−−→
length as AB. ∴ r3 = 8 and 3θ = π + 2πk,

b Since OZ is perpendicular to AB, k∈Z

let d = a ± z π 2πk
∴ r = 2 and θ = +
3 3
and c = b ± z where z = 4 − 3i π
= (1 + 2k)
∴ d = (5 + 2i) ± (4 − 3i) 3
Therefore the solutions are in the
and c = (8 + 6i) ± (4 − 3i) π
form z = 2 cis (1 + 2k), k ∈ Z
3
= 9 − i or 1 + 5i π
When k = 0, z = 2cis
3
= 12 + 3i or 4 + 9i
Now AD and BC are both perpen- k = 1, z = 2cis π
dicular to AB, and using 5π
√ Pythagoras’ k = 2, z = 2cis
theorem AD = 32 + 42 = 5 3
√ π
!
and BC = 32 + 42 = 5 = 2cis −
Hence CD is parallel to AB and 3
ABCD is a square. 7π
k = 3, z = 2cis
3
π
= 2cis as before.
3
π
The three solutions are 2cis , 2cis π
3
π
!
and 2cis −
3

Similarly, for c = 4 + 9i and

415
 √ !2 !2
b z2 = 2 + 2 3i 1 1
x −x+1= x −x+
2 2
+1 −
√ π 2 2
and 2 + 2 3i = 4cis
3 !2
π 1 1
∴ z2 = 4cis = x− +1−
3 2 4
!2
Now if z = rcis θ, 1 3
= x− +
z2 = r2 cis 2θ 2 4
π
! !2
and r cis 2θ = 4cis + 2πk , k ∈ Z
2 1 3
3 = x− − i2
2 4
π √ !2
∴ r = 4 and 2θ = + 2πk
2 !2
3 1 3
π = x− − i
∴ r = 2 and θ = + πk 2 2
6 √ !
π 1 3
= (1 + 6k) = x− + i
6 2 2
Therefore the solutions are in the √ !
π 1 3
form z = 2 cis (1 + 6k), k ∈ Z × x− − i
6 2 2
π
When k = 0, z = 2cis !2
6 1
7π x +x+1= x +x+
2 2

k = 1, z = 2cis 2
6 !2
1
+1−
!
5π
= 2cis − 2
6
π 1
!2
3
The two solutions are 2cis and = x+ +
! 6 2 4
5π
2cis − !2 √ !2
6 1 3
= x+ − i
2 2
√ !
26 a x6 − 1 = (x3 + 1)(x3 − 1) = x+ +
1 3
i
2 2
= (x + 1)(x2 − x + 1) √ !
1 3
× (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) × x+ − i
2 2
The discriminant of x2 − x + 1 is √ !
1 3
(−1)2 − 4(1)(1) = −3 < 0 ∴ x − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1) x − +
6
i
Similarly, the discriminant of 2 2
√ !
x2 + x + 1 is (1) −4(1)(1) = −3 < 0 1 3
× x− − i
So the factors (x2 − x + 1) and 2 2
(x2 + x + 1) are irreducible for R. √ !
1 3
× x+ + i
2 2
b (x2 − x + 1) and (x2 + x + 1) √ !
can be further factorised for C. 1 3
× x+ − i
2 2

416
 c Let x6 = 1 where x represents the c Let z = rcis θ
sixth roots of unity, 1 1
then x6 − 1 = 0 then = cis(−θ)
√ ! z r
1 3
∴ (x + 1)(x − 1) x − + i 1
∴ Arg z + Arg = θ − θ
2 2 z
√ !
× x− −
1 3
i =0
2 2
√ !
1 3 28
× x+ + i 1 1 w+z |w+z| |w+z| 3 3
2 2 + = = = = =
√ ! z w zw | zw | | z || w | 2 · 2 4
1 3
× x+ − i =0
2 2
√ √
1 3 1 3 29
∴ x = −1 or 1 or ± i or − ± i π
Arg (z − 3) = 2
2 2 2 2
π
Arg z = 4
27 Let z = x + iy •

z x − iy π
a Then =
z x + iy
|(x − iy)2 |
= From the diagram, z = 3 + 3i
x2 + y2
therefore z − 6i = 3 + 3i − 6i
|(x − iy)|2
= 2 = 3 − 3i
x + y2
x2 + y2 Arg (z − 6i) = Arg (3 − 3i)
=
x2 + y2 !
−1 −3
= tan
=1 3
or |z| = x2 + y2 and |z| = x2 + y2 ,
p p
= tan−1 (−1)
z |z|
therefore = =1 π
z |z| =−
4
or let z = rcis θ
then z = rcis(−θ)
π
z z
= cis 2θ and =1
z z
− •
−
i(Re (z) − z) i(x − (x + iy))
b =
Im (z) y
i × (−iy)
=
y
=1

417
 π √
30 a From the diagram, y = 2 tan b i a2 = 22 + (2 3)2
3
√ = 4 + 12
=2 3
√ = 16
∴ z = −2 + 2 3i
Therefore a = 4

π
Therefore a − r = 4 − 2
Arg (z + 2) = 2
•
=2
2π
Arg z = 3 The least possible value of |z| is 2

b From the diagram, z = −3 − 6i

− •
π

−π − −3π
Arg (z + 3) = 2 Arg (z − 3) = 4
−
• −
ii

√
31 a |z + 2 − 2 3i| ≤ 2
√
|z − (−2 + 2 3i)| ≤ 2
The distance between z and the √
point with coordinates (−2, 2 3)
is less than or equal to 2. This may
be represented
√ by a disc with centre
θ
(−2, 2 3) and radius 2. θ

−
2
sin θ =
4
1
=
2
− π
Therefore θ =
6
The maximum value of Arg (z) is
π π π 5π
+ + =
2 6 6 6

418
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
π 3π u=1−i
!
4 E
1 E ∴ z1 z2 = 10cis +
3 4 1 1
! =
13π 3 − u 3 − (1 − i)
= 10cis
12 1
=
11π
! 2+i
= 10cis − 2−i
12 =
4+1
− π < Arg (z) ≤ π 2−i
=
2 C 5
2 1
z = −3 + 4i = − i
5 5
Using the TI-nspire CAS calculator Alternatively, using a CAS calculator
to convert −3 + 4i into polar form to determine
1
we have:
∴ z = 5e2.21i = 5cis(2.21) 3−u

3 D (x + iy)2 = −32i 5 D The linear factors of z2 + 6z + 10

∴ (x2 − y2 ) + 2xyi = −32i can be obtained by using the cFactor
∴ x2 − y2 = 0 (1) and command on the TI-nspire CAS
calculator.
2xy = −32 (2)
16
From (2): y = −
x
!2
16
∴ x2 − − =0
x 6 B z3 = −8i
π
!
256 ∴ (rcis θ) = 8cis − where z = rcis θ
3
∴ x2 = 2 2
x
π
∴ x = 256
4 ∴ r = 8 and 3θ = − + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
3
2
π 2kπ
∴ x = ±4 ∴ r = 2 and θ = − + , k∈Z
When x = 4, y = −4 6 ! 3
π 2kπ
When x = −4, y = 4 ∴ z = 2cis − + , k∈Z
6 3
When k = 0,

419
 π
!
as a response. Look for an al-
z = 2cis −
6 ternate form
! for the argument.
√ π √
!
π
!
π
!! 7π
= 2 cos − + i sin − ∴ 3cis = 3cis −
6 6 4 4
√ !
3 1
=2 − i
2 2
√
= 3−i
When k = 1, 8 C If z = 1 + i is a solution to the equa-
tion z4 = a then a = (1 + i)4 = −4.
π 2π
!
z = 2cis − + Hence solutions to the equation
6 3
z4 = −4 using the TI-nspire CAS
π
!
= 2cis calculator are
2
= 2i
When k = 2,
π 4π
!
z = 2cis − + 9 B
6 3 √
! z2 = −2 − 2 j 3 √
7π
= 2cis ∴ (rcis θ)2 = −2 − 2i !3
6 2π
! ∴ r2 cis 2θ = 4cis −
5π 3
= 2cis − 2π
6 ∴ r2 = 4 and 2θ = − + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
√ 3
π
!
3 1
=2 − − i ∴ r = 2 and θ = − + kπ, k ∈ Z
2 2 3!
√ π
=− 3−i ∴ z = 2cis − + kπ , k ∈ Z
3
√ roots of z + 8i = 0
3
Hence
√ the cube π
!
are 3 − i, − 3 − i and 2i When k = 0, z = 2cis −
3
(Alternatively, use the cSolve 2π
!
command To solve the equation with When k = 1, z = 2cis
3
√
a TI-Nspire CAS calculator) Hence the square roots of −2 − 2i 3
π
! !
2π
7 B are 2cis − and 2cis
3 3
Using
√ a CAS calculator to convert
6 10 A Using a CAS calculator to calculate
(1 + i) into polar form we have
√2 |α − β| where α and β are the roots
√ πi √ π
!
6 of the equation 2x2 + 6x + 7 = 0 we
∴ (1 + i) = 3e 4 = 3cis
2 4 have
√ π
!
Note that 3 cis is not listed
4

420
 √
∴ |α − β| = 5

421
Solutions to extended-response questions
!7
5π
1 a z = 4cis
7
6
!
5π
= 4 cis 7 ×
7
6
35π
= 16 384cis
6
!
−π
= 16 384cis
6
|z7 | = 16 384
∴
−π
and Arg(z7 ) =
6
b Im (z)

π
0 6 Re (z)

z7 = 8192 3 − 8192i

5π
z 4cis
c = √ 6
w π
2cis
4
5π π √
!
4 7π
= √ cis − = 2 2cis
2 6 4 12

5π
d z = 4cis
6
!
5π 5π
= 4 cos + i sin
6 6
√
√
!
− 3 1
=4 + i = −2 3 + 2i
2 2
√ π
w = 2cis
4
√ 1
!
1
= 2 √ + √ =1+i
2 2

422
 √
z −2 3 + 2i
=
w 1+i
√
−2 3 + 2i 1 − i
= ×
1+i 1−i
√ √
−2 3 + 2i + 2 3 + 2
=
2
√ √
2((1 − 3) + i(1 + 3))
=
2
√ √
= (1 − 3) + (1 + 3)i

z √ 7π √ 7π √ 7π
e = 2 2cis = 2 2 cos + 2 2 sin i
w 12 12 12
√ 7π √ √ 7π √
∴ 2 2 cos = 1 − 3 and 2 2 sin =1+ 3
12 12
√ √
7π 1 − 3 7π 1 + 3
∴ cos = √ ∴ sin = √
12 2 2 12 2 2
7π
7π sin
Now tan = 12
12 7π
cos
12
√ √
1+ 3 1− 3
= √ ÷ √
2 2 2 2
√ √
1+ 3 1+ 3
= √ × √
1− 3 1+ 3
√
1+2 3+3
=
−2
√
2(2 + 3) √
= = −2 − 3
−2

423
 !
7π 7π
f tan = tan 2 ×
6 12
7π
2 tan
= 12
7π
1 − tan2
12
√
−4 − 2 3
= √
1 − (−2 − 3)2
√
−4 − 2 3
= √
1 − (7 + 4 3)
√
4+2 3
= √
6+4 3
√ √ √
2+ 3 3−2 3 3
= √ × √ =
3+2 3 3−2 3 3

2 a P(2 + i) = (2 + i)3 − 7(2 + i)2 + 17(2 + i) − 15

= 8 + 12i + 6i2 + i3 − 7(4 + 4i + i2 ) + 34 + 17i − 15
= 8 + 12i − 6 − i − 7(4 + 4i − 1) + 17i + 19
= 11i + 2 − 7(3 + 4i) + 17i + 19
= 28i + 21 − 21 − 28i = 0

b Since the coefficients of P(z) are real and 2 + i is a solution then so must 2 − i be a
solution.
(z − (2 + i))(z − (2 − i)) = z2 − (2 + i)z − (2 − i)z + (2 + i)(2 − i)
= z2 − 2z − iz − 2z + iz + 4 − i2
= z2 − 4z + 5
By division, P(z) = (z2 − 4z + 5)(z − 3)
∴ P(z) = (z − (2 + i))(z − (2 − i))(z − 3)
and z = 3, 2 ± i are solutions of P(z) = 0. The other two roots are 2 − i and 3.

c Multiply 1 − 2i by i to produce a complex number that is a rotation of B anticlock-

π
wise by about the origin
2
∴ (1 − 2i)i = i − 2i2 = 2 + i
−−→ −−→
This corresponds to A, and hence OA is perpendicular to OB.

d A polynomial P(z) with real coefficients and with 3, 1 − 2i, and 2 + i as roots must
have 1 + 2i and 2 − i as other roots (by the conjugate factor theorem).

424
 ∴ P(z) = (z − 3)((z − (1 − 2i))(z − (1 + 2i))(z − (2 + i))(z − (2 − i))
= (z − 3)(z2 − (1 − 2i)z − (1 + 2i)z + (1 − 2i)(1 + 2i))
× (z2 − (2 + i)z − (2 − i)z + (2 + i)(2 − i))
= (z − 3)(z2 − (1 − 2i + 1 + 2i)z + 1 − 4i2 ) × (z2 − (2 + i + 2 − i)z + 4 − i2 )
= (z − 3)(z2 − 2z + 5)(z2 − 4z + 5)
= (z − 3)(z4 − 4z3 + 5z2 − 2z3 + 8z2 − 10z + 5z2 − 20z + 25)
= (z − 3)(z4 − 6z3 + 18z2 − 30z + 25)
= (z5 − 6z4 + 18z3 − 30z2 + 25z − 3z4 + 18z3 − 54z2 + 90z − 75
= z5 − 9z4 + 36z3 − 84z2 + 115z − 75
√
3 a z2 − 2 3z + 4 = 0
√ √ √
∴ z2 − 2 3z + ( 3)2 + 4 − ( 3)2 = 0
√
∴ (z − 3)2 + 4 − 3 = 0
√
∴ (z − 3)2 + 1 = 0
√
∴ (z − 3)2 − i2 = 0
√ √
∴ (z − 3 + i)(z − 3 − i) = 0
√
∴ z= 3±i

b i Im (z)
1 z= 3+i

0 3 Re (z)

–1 z= 3−i
q √
ii r = ( 3)2 + 12 Im (z)
√
= 3+1 ( 3 , 1)
r
=2
0 Re (z)
∴ x2 + y2 = 4 r
( 3 , −1)

425
iii a = r Im (z) (0, ai)

∴ a=2

0 Re (z)

(0, −ai)

iv Q(z)P(z) = z6 + 64
z6 + 64
∴ P(z) =
Q(z)
z6 + 64
= √
(z2 + 4)(z2 − 2 3z + 4)
z4 − 4z2 + 16
z2 + 4 z6 + 64
z + 4z
6 4

−4z4 + 64
4 2
−4z − 16z
16z2 + 64
16z2 + 64
0
(z + 4)(z − 4z + 16)
2 4 2
∴ P(z) = √
(z2 + 4)(z2 − 2 3z + 4)
z4 − 4z2 + 16
= √
z2 − 2 3z + 4√
z2 + 2 3z
√
z2 − 2 3z + 4 z4 − 4z2 + 16
√
z − 2 3z + 4z
4 3 2
√
2 3z3 − 8z2 + 16
√ 3 √
2 3z − 12z + 8 3z
2
√
4z2 − 8 3 + 16
√
4z2 − 8 3 + 16
0
√
∴ P(z) = z2 + 2 3z + 4
√ √
So z6 + 64 = (z2 + 4)(z2 − 2 3z + 4)(z2 + 2 3z + 4)
When z6 + 64 = 0
√ √
(z2 + 4)(z2 − 2 3z + 4)(z2 + 2 3z + 4) = 0
√ √ √ √
∴ (z + 2i)(z − 2i)(z − 3 + i)(z − 3 − i)(z + 3 + i)(z + 3 − i) = 0

426
 √ √
∴ z = ±2i, 3 ± i, − 3 ± i
On an Argand diagram, these solutions are equally spaced around the circumfer-
ence of the circle x2 + y2 = 4, and represent the sixth roots of −64. Three of these
solutions are the conjugates of the other three solutions.
Im (z)
2i

− 3+i 3+i

0 Re (z)
− 3–i 3–i

–2i

4 a Let z = x + yi
√ √
Also z = −4 3 − 4i ∴ x = −4 3, y = −4
y
When z = r cis θ, r = x2 + y2 and tan θ =
p
x
q √
∴ r = (−4 3)2 + (−4)2
√
= 48 + 16
√
= 64 = 8
−4 1
and tan θ = √ = √
−4 3 3
−5π √
∴ θ= since − 4 3 − 4i is in the third quadrant
6
!
−5π
∴ z = 8cis
6

√
!
−5π
b Now let z = −4 3 − 4i = 8cis
3
6
!
−5π
If z = r cis θ, then (r cis θ) = 8cis
3
6
!
−5π
∴ r cis 3θ = 8cis
3
6

427
 −5π
∴ r3 = 8 and 3θ = + 2πk, k ∈ Z
6
−5π 2πk
∴ r = 2 and θ = + , k∈Z
18 3
!
−5π 2πk
∴ z = 2cis + , k∈Z
18 3
!
−5π
When k = 0, z = 2cis
18
7π
When k = 1, z = 2cis
18
!
−17π
When k = 2, z = 2cis
18
√
! !
−5π 7π −17π
Hence the cube roots of −4 3 − 4i are 2cis , 2cis , 2cis
18 18 18

c Im (z) 7π
2 cis 18

–2 2
0 Re (z)
−17π
2 cis ( 18 )
−5π
2 cis ( 18 )
–2

d i (z − w)3 = z3 − 3z2 w + 3zw2 − w3 √

= z3 − 3wz2 + 3w
√
2
z − w3
Let (z − w)3 = z3 − 3 3iz2 − 9z + 3 3i
√
Equating coefficients 3w = 3 3i
√
∴ w = 3i
3w2 = −9
∴ w2 = −3
√
∴ w = 3i
√ √
and − w3 = 3 3i = −3 3i3
√
∴ w3 = 3 3i3
√
∴ w = 3i
√ √
So (z − 3i)3 = −4 3 − 4i
√ √ √
ii z3 − 3 3iz2 − 9z + (3 3 + 4)i + 4 3 = 0
√ √ √
∴ z3 − 3 3iz2 − 9z + 3 3i = −4 3 − 4i

428
 √ 3 √
∴ (z − 3i) = −4 3 − 4i
√
!
−5π
∴ z − 3i = 2cis
18
√
! ! !
−5π −5π
∴ z = 2 cos + 2 sin + 3i
18 18
√ 7π
or z − 3i = 2cis
18
7π √
!
7π
∴ z = 2 cos + 2 sin + 3i
18 18
√
!
−17π
or z − 3i = 2cis
18
√
! ! !
−17π −17π
∴ z = 2 cos + 2 sin + 3i
18 18

5 a Let i be the unit vector in the positive direction Im (z)

4 Z
of the Re(z) axis and let j be the unit vector in the
3
positive direction of the Im(z) axis. 2 X
−−→ √
∴ OX = 4 3i + 2j 1 Y
−−→ √
OY = 5 3i + j O 4 3 5 3 6 3 Re (z)
−−→ √
OZ = 6 3i + 4j
−−→ −−→ −−→
XY = OY − OX
√ √ √
= (5 3i + j) − (4 3i + 2j) = 3i − j
−−→ −−→ −−→
XZ = OZ − OX
√ √
= (6 3i + 4j) − (4 3i + 2j)
√
= 2 3i + 2j

429
 √
b z1 = 3−i
√
z2 = 2 3 + 2i
z2
z3 =
z1
√ √
2 3 + 2i 3+i
= √ × √
3−i 3+i
√ √
6 + 2 3i + 2 3i − 2
=
4
√
4 + 4 3i √
= = 1 + 3i
4

c Let z3 = r cis θ
q √
then |z3 | = 12 + ( 3)2
=2
√
3
tan θ =
1
π
∴ θ=
3
π
∴ z3 = 2cis
3
−−→
The geometric interpretation is an enlargement of XY by a Z
→
−−→ π 2 XY
factor of 2 and a rotation of XY, units anticlockwise about
3
−−→ X
π
X, to produce the vector XZ. 3
Y
π
Hence ∠ZXY = and XZ = 2XY, so XYZ is half Im (z)
3 2 3
an equilateral triangle. 2 X
−−→ −−→
Now XW = 2XY –2
√
so 2z1 = 2( 3 − i) W
√ 0 4 3 6 3 Re (z)
= 2 3 − 2i
The
√ complex number to which W corresponds is
6 3.

430
 d Let X 0 be the new position of X.
−−→ −−→
The vector Y X = − √XY can be represented by the complex X
number −z1 = −( 3 − i)
√ π
=− 3+i 3
! X′ Y
−π
= 2cis
6
−−→0 π
Y X is produced by rotating Y X, anticlockwise about Y, and can be represented by
3
the complex number
π π π π
! !! !
−π
cis 2cis = 2cis − = 2cis
3 6 3 6 6
√
= − 3 − i as X 0 is below and to the left of Y.
Im (z)
− 3
1 Y
–1

X′
0 4 3 5 3 Re (z)
√
The new position of X can be represented by the complex number 4 3.

π π
( )
6 a First sketch S = {z : Re(z) ≤ 2} ∩ {z : Im(z) < 2} ∩ z : < Arg(z) <
6 3
Im (z)

2
S
π
6 π
6
0 2 Re (z)

Now |z + i| = |z − 1|
Let z = x + yi
∴ |x + yi + i| = |x + yi − 1|
∴ |x + (y + 1)i| = |(x − 1) + yi|

431
 q q
∴ x2 + (y + 1)2 = (x − 1)2 + y2
∴ x + (y + 1)2 = (x − 1)2 + y2
∴ x2 + y2 + 2y + 1 = x2 − 2x + 1 + y2
∴ 2y = −2x
∴ y = −x
Im (z)
2

π
6 π
6
–2 0 2 Re (z)
T
y = −x
–2

( )
−5π −2π
b T = {z : Re(z) > −2} ∩ {z : Im(z) ≥ −2} ∩ Z : < Arg(z) <
6 3

7 x2 + 4x − 1 + k(x2 + 2x + 1) = 0
∴ x2 + 4x − 1 + kx2 + 2kx + k = 0
∴ (k + 1)x2 + 2(k + 2)x + (k − 1) = 0 1
The discriminant is given by
4 = (2(k + 2))2 − 4(k + 1)(k − 1)
= 4(k2 + 4k + 4) − 4(k2 − 1)
= 4(k2 + 4k + 4 − k2 + 1)
= 4(4k + 5)

a For real and distinct roots 4 > 0

∴ 4(4k + 5) > 0
∴ 4k + 5 > 0
∴ 4k > −5
5
∴ k>−
4
b For real and equal roots 4 = 0
5
∴ k=−
4

432
 c For complex roots 4 < 0
5
∴ k<−
4
Using the generalpquadratic formula in 1
−2(k + 2) ± (2(k + 2))2 − 4(k + 1)(k − 1)
x=
2(k + 1)
√
−2(k + 2) ± 4k2 + 16k + 16 − 4k2 + 4
=
2(k + 1)
√
−2(k + 2) ± 2 4k + 5
=
2(k + 1)
−(k + 2) ± −(4k + 5)i2
p
=
k+1
√
−(k + 2) −(4k + 5) 5
= ± i, with k < − for complex solutions
k+1 k+1 4
−(k + 2) 5
∴ Re(x) = , k<−
k+1 4
√
± −(4k + 5) 5
Im(x) = , k<−
k+1 4
If Re(x) > 0
−(k + 2)
then >0
k+1
∴ k + 2 > 0, as k + 1 < 0
∴ k > −2
5
∴ Re(x) > 0 for − 2 < k < −
4
5
Hence for complex roots with positive real part, −2 < k < − .
4

8 a If z = cos θ + i sin θ
1+z 1 + cos θ + i sin θ
=
1 − z 1 − (cos θ + i sin θ)
2 θ θ θ
!
1 + 2 cos − 1 + 2i sin cos
2 2 2
=
θ θ θ
!
1 − 1 − 2 sin2 − 2i sin cos
2 2 2

433
 θ θ θ
!
2 cos cos + i sin
1+z 2 2 2
∴ =
θ θ θ
!
1−z
2 sin sin − i cos
2 2 2
θ θ θ
!
cos cos + i sin θ θ
2 2 2 sin + i cos
= 2 2
! ×
θ θ θ θ θ
sin sin − i cos sin + i cos
2 2 2 2 2
θ θ θ θ θ θ θ
!
cos cos sin + i sin2 + i cos2 + i2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=
θ θ θ
!
sin sin2 − i2 cos2
2 2 2
θ θ θ 2 θ θ θ θ
! !
cos cos sin + i sin + cos2 − cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=
θ θ θ
!
sin sin2 + cos2
2 2 2
θ
cos × i
= 2
θ
sin
2
θ
= i cot
2
b Im (z)
sin θ Z P

j
i
θ A
O 1 − cos θ cos θ 1 1 + cos θ Re (z)

−sin θ Q

−−→ −−→
c OP · OQ = ((1 + cos θ)i + sin θj)((1 − cos θ)i − sin θj)
= 1 − cos2 θ − sin2 θ
= 1 − (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)
=1−1
=0
Hence OP is perpendicular to OQ.

434
 π
∴ ∠POQ = , as required.
2
q
Now |OP| = (1 + cos θ)2 + sin2 θ
√
= 2 + 2 cos θ
= 2(1 + cos θ)
p
q
Also |OQ| = (1 − cos θ)2 + sin2 θ
√
= 2 − 2 cos θ
= 2(1 − cos θ)
p
√
|OP| 2(1 + cos θ)
= √
|OQ| 2(1 − cos θ)
√
1 + cos θ
= √
1 − cos θ
r
1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
= ×
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
s
(1 + cos θ)2
=
1 − cos2 θ
s
(1 + cos θ)2
=
sin2 θ
1 + cos θ
=
sin θ
= cosec θ + cot θ
θ
= cot
2
9 a Im (z)
N M

π
P 3 L
−4 −2 O −π 2 4
3
Re (z)

Q R
|z| ≥ 2 is the set of all points for which the distance from (0, 0) is greater than or
equal to 2.

435
 b 4OLM and 4OLR are equilateral, therefore LM, LO and LR are radial lengths of the
circle with centre (4, 0) and radius 4.
Hence |z − 4| = 4 is the required equation.
2π
c N is the point corresponding to 4cis .
3 !
−2π
Q is the point corresponding to 4cis .
3

d Let N 0 and Q0 be the new positions of N and Q respectively.

π
ON 0 and OQ0 are a rotation of ON and OQ respectively, clockwise about O, and
4
can be represented by the
! complex number
2π π
∴ N 0 = 4cis −
3 4
5π
= 4cis
12
2π π
!
and Q = 4cis − −
0
3 4
!
−11π
= 4cis
12
5π
Hence the new positions of N and Q correspond with the complex numbers 4cis
! 12
−11π
and 4cis respectively.
12

10 a z = a + bi
√
|z| = a2 + b2 and |z| = 1
√
∴ a2 + b2 = 1
∴ a2 + b2 = 1
1 1
=
z a + bi
1 a − bi
= ×
a + bi a − bi
a − bi
= 2
a + b2
= a − bi, since a2 + b2 = 1
= z, as required.

436
 s
!2 √ !2
1 − 3
b |z1 | = +
2 2
r
1 3
= +
4 4
√
= 1
=1
1
∴ = z1 from a above.
z1
√
1 3
= + i
2 2
s √
!2 !2
3 1
|z2 | = +
2 2
r
3 1
= +
4 4
√
= 1
=1
1
∴ = z2 from a above.
z2
√
3 1
= − i
2 2
1 1
Now z3 = +
z1 z2
√ ! √ !
1 3 3 1
= + i + − i
2 2 2 2
√ √
3+1 3−1
= + i
2 2
Let z3 = r cos θ

437
 q
where r = x2 + y2
s √ √
!2 !2
3+1 3−1
= +
2 2
√ √
s
3+2 3+1 3−2 3+1
= +
4 4
r
8
=
4
√
= 2
√ √
y 3−1 3+1
and tan θ = = ÷
x 2 2
√
3−1
= √
3+1
√ √
3−1 3−1
= √ × √
3+1 3−1
√
4−2 3
=
2
√
=2− 3
√
∴ θ = tan−1 (2 − 3)
√ √
∴ z3 = 2cis(tan−1 (2 − 3))
√ π
Note: tan−1 (2 − 3) =
12
1
c z4 =
z3
1
= √ √
3+1 3−1
+ i
2 2
√ √
2 ( 3 + 1) − ( 3 − 1)i
= √ √ × √ √
( 3 + 1) + ( 3 − 1)i ( 3 + 1) − ( 3 − 1)i
√ √
2(( 3 + 1) − ( 3 − 1)i)
= √ √
( 3 + 1)2 − ( 3 − 1)2
√ √
2(( 3 + 1) − ( 3 − 1)i)
= √ √
4+2 3+4−2 3
√ √
3+1 3−1
= − i
4 4

438
 Im (z)
1
2 z2
3−1 z3
2
3−1 3+1
4 4
0 1 3 3+1 Re (z)
2
1
3−1 2 2
−( 4 ) z4

−1
2

− 3
z1
2
–1

11 a i P(z) = (z − k)2 (z − a)
= (z2 − 2kz + k2 )(z − a)
= z3 − 2kz2 + k2 z − az2 + 2akz − ak2
= z3 − (a + 2k)z2 + (2ak + k2 )z − ak2
Also P(z) = z3 + 3pz + q
Equating coefficients a + 2k = 0
∴ a = −2k
2ak + k2 = 3p
∴ 2(−2k)k + k2 = 3p
∴ −4k2 + k2 = 3p
∴ −3k2 = 3p
∴ p = −k2 , as required.

ii and −ak2 = q
∴ −(−2k)k2 = q
∴ q = 2k3

iii 4p3 + q2 = 4(−k2 )3 + (2k3 )2

= −4k6 + 4k6 = 0, as required.

439
 b From a 3p = −6i and q = 4 − 4i
∴ p = −2i
Also p = −b2 1

and q = 2b3 2

2b3 q
Dividing 2 by 1 = , b,0
−b2 p
4 − 4i
∴ − 2b =
−2i
−2 + 2i i
= ×
i i
−2 − 2i
=
−1
= 2 + 2i
∴ b = −1 − i
From a ii −cb = q 2

∴ − c(−1 − i)2 = 4 − 4i
−2ic = 4 − 4i
−2 + 2i i
∴ c= ×
i i
−2 − 2i
=
−1
= 2 + 2i

12 a i |(1 + i)z| = |1 + i| |z|

√
= 2×6
√
=6 2

ii |(1 + i)z − z| = |z + iz − z|
= |iz|
= |i| |z|
=1×6
=6

iii Since |z| = 6, the distance

√ from the origin O √
to a point A is 6 units.
Since |(1 + i)z| = 6 2, the distance OB is 6 2 units.
Since |(1 + i)z − z| = 6, the distance AB is 6 units.

440
 Now |OB|2 = |OA|2 + |AB|2 .
Hence, OAB is an isosceles right triangle.

b i z21 − 2z1 z2 + 2z22 = 0

∴ (αz2 )2 − 2(αz2 )z2 + 2z22 = 0, since z1 = αz2
∴ α2 z22 − 2αz22 + 2z22 = 0
∴ z22 (α2 − 2α + 2) = 0
∴ z22 (α2 − 2α + 1 + 1) = 0
∴ z22 ((α − 1)2 − i2 ) = 0
∴ z22 (α − 1 + i)(α − 1 − i) = 0
∴ z2 = 0 or α = 1 ± i, but z2 , 0
∴ α=1±i

ii Let A and B be the points represented by z2 and z1 respectively.

OA = |z2 |
If α = 1 + i, then OB = |z1 |
= |(1 + i)z2 |
√
= 2|z2 |
and AB = |z1 − z2 |
= |(1 + i)z2 − z2 |
= |z2 |
∴ |OB|2 = |OA|2 + |AB|2
Hence, OAB has two sides the same length and is a right isosceles triangle.
If α = 1 − i, then OB = |z1 |
= |(1 − i)z2 |
= |(1 − i| |z2 |
p
= 12 + (−1)2 |z2 |
√
= 2|z2 |

441
 and AB = |z1 − z2 |
= |(1 − i)z2 − z2 |
= |z2 − iz2 − z2 |
= | − iz2 |
= | − i| |z2 |
= |z2 |
∴ |OB|2 = |OA|2 + |AB|2
Again, OAB has two sides the same length and is a right isosceles triangle.
p
13 a i |z| = (−12)2 + 52
√
= 144 + 25
√
= 169
= 13

ii Let Arg z = φ
y
tan φ =
x
5
=
−12
!
5
∴ φ = tan −1
−12
!
5
∴ Arg (z) = tan −1
−12
≈ 2.75c , since z is in the second quadrant.
= 157.38◦ correct to decimal places.

−12
b i cos α = Im (z)
13 w2
5
sin α = 5
13
13
α
–12 0 α Re (z)

442
ii r2 (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ) = |w2 |(cos α + i sin α)
!
−12 5
= 13 +i
13 13
−12 5
∴ r2 = 13, cos 2θ = and sin 2θ =
13 13
√
∴ r = 13

−12
iii cos 2θ = from b ii above.
13
−12
2 cos2 θ − 1 =
13
1
cos2 θ =
26
r
1
cos θ = ±
26
√
1 26
=±√ =±
26 26
5
Now sin 2θ = from b ii above.
13
5
∴ 2 sin θ cos θ =
13
5
∴ sin θ =
26 cos θ
√
5 5 26
=±√ =±
26 26

iv From b, w2 = z
= |z|cis φ
= r2 cis 2θ
∴ w = rcis θ
√
= 13(cos θ + i sin θ)
√
!
1 5
= ± 13 √ + i √
26 26
! √
1 5 2
=± √ +i√ =± (1 + 5i)
2 2 2

443
c Let w = a + bi, a, b ∈ R and w2 = −12 + 5i
∴ (a + bi)2 = −12 + 5i
∴ a2 + 2abi + b2 i2 = −12 + 5i
∴ (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi = −12 + 5i
Equating coefficients, a2 − b2 = −12 and 2ab = 5
5
∴ a= 1
2b
!2
5
∴ − b2 = −12
2b
25
∴ 2
− b2 = −12
4b
∴ 25 − 4b4 = −48b2
∴ 4b4 − 48b2 − 25 = 0
∴ (2b2 + 1)(2b2 − 25) = 0
−1 25
∴or b2 =
but b2 > 0 since b ∈ R
2 2
25
∴ b2 =
2
√
5 5 2
∴ b=±√ =±
2 2
5 5
From 1 a= =± √
2b 5 2
2×
2
√
1 2
=±√ =±
2 2
√
2
∴ w=± (1 + 5i)
2

d Let v2 = 12 + 5i where v = c + di, c, d ∈ R

∴ (c + di)2 = 12 + 5i
∴ (c2 − d2 ) + 2cdi = 12 + 5i
Equating coefficients
c2 − d2 = 12 and 2cd = 5
5
∴ c= 1
2d

444
 !2
5
∴ − d2 = 12
2d
25
∴ − d2 = 12
4d2
∴ 25 − 4d4 = 48d2
∴ 4d4 + 48d2 − 25 = 0
∴ (2d2 + 25)(2d2 − 1) = 0
−25 1
∴ or but d2 > 0 since d ∈ R
d2 =
2 2
1
∴ d2 =
2
√
1 2
∴ d=±√ =±
2 2
√
5 5 2
From 1 c = ± √ =±
2 2
2×
2
√
2
∴ v=± (5 + i)
2 √
2
Hence the square roots of 12 + 5i are ± (5 + i)
2
Im (z) 2
8 2 (1 + 5i) Re (z) = Im (z)
6
4
2
2 2 (5 + i)
−8 −6 −4 −2 0
2 4 6 8 Re (z)
− 2 −2
2 (5 + i)
−4
−6
− 2 −8
2 (1 + 5i)
Geometrically the square roots of 12 + 5i are the reflection of the square roots of
−12 + 5i, in the line Re(z) = Im(z).

14 Let z = x + yi, a, b ∈ R ∴ z = x − yi

445
a 2zz + 3z + 3z − 10 = 0
∴ 2(x + yi)(x − yi) + 3(x + yi) + 3(x − yi) − 10 = 0
∴ 2(x2 + y2 ) + 3x + 3yi + 3x − 3yi − 10 = 0
∴ 2x2 + 6x + 2y2 − 10 = 0
∴ x2 + 3x + y2 − 5 = 0
!2 !2
3 3
∴ x + 3x +
2
− + y2 − 5 = 0
2 2
!2
3 9
∴ x+ − + y2 − 5 = 0
2 4
!2
3 29
∴ x+ + y2 =
2 4
! √
3 29
a circle with centre − , 0 and radius .
2 2

b 2zz + (3 + i)z + (3 − i)z − 10 = 0

∴ 2(x + yi)(x − yi) + (3 + i)(x + yi) + (3 − i)(x − yi) − 10 = 0
∴ 2(x2 + y2 ) + 3x + xi + 3yi − y + 3x − xi − 3yi − y − 10 = 0
∴ 2x2 + 2y2 + 6x − 2y − 10 = 0
∴ x2 + y2 + 3x − y − 5 = 0
!2 !2 !2 !2
3 3 1 1
∴ x + 3x +
2
− +y −y+
2
− −5=0
2 2 2 2
!2 !2
3 1 9 1
∴ x+ + y− − − −5=0
2 2 4 4
!2 !2
3 1 15
∴ x+ + y− =
2 2 2
! r √
3 1 15 30
a circle with centre − , and radius = .
2 2 2 2

446
c αzz + βz + βz + γ = 0
∴ α(x + yi)(x − yi) + β(x + yi) + β(x − yi) + γ = 0
∴ α(x2 + y2 ) + βx + βyi + βx − βyi + γ = 0
∴ α(x2 + y2 ) + 2βx + γ = 0
2βx γ
∴ x2 + y2 + x+ =0
α α
!2 !2
2β β β γ
∴ x + x+
2
− + y2 + = 0
α α α α
!2
β β2 γ
∴ x+ + y2 − 2 + = 0
γ α α
!2
β β2 − αγ
∴ x+ + y2 =
α α2
β2 − αγ
p
β
!
a circle with centre − , 0 and radius .
α α

d Let β = a + bi ∴ z = a − bi
αzz + βz + βz + γ = 0
∴ α(x + yi)(x − yi) + (a + bi)(x + yi) + (a − bi)(x − yi) + γ = 0
∴ α(x2 + y2 ) + ax + bxi + ayi − by + ax − bxi − ayi − by + γ = 0
∴ α(x2 + y2 ) + 2ax − 2by + γ = 0
2a 2b γ
∴ x2 + y2 + x− y+ =0
α α α
!2 !2 !2 !2
2a a a 2b b b γ
∴ x2 + x + − + y2 − y + − + =0
α α α α α α α
!2 !2
a b a2 b2 γ
∴ x+ + y− − 2 − 2 + =0
α α α α α
!2 !2
a b a2 + b2 − αγ
∴ x+ + y− =
α α α2
a2 + b2 − αγ
! p
a b
a circle with centre − , and radius .
α α α

447
15 a (cos θ + i sin θ)5
! ! !
5 5 5
= (cos θ) (i sin θ) +
5 0
(cos θ) (i sin θ) +
4 1
(cos θ)3 (i sin θ)2
0 1 2
! ! !
5 5 5
+ (cos θ) (i sin θ) +
2 3
(cos θ) (i sin θ) +
1 4
(cos θ)0 (i sin θ)5
3 4 5
= cos5 θ + 5 cos4 θ sin θ i + 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ i2 + 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ i3
+ 5 cos θ sin4 θi4 + sin5 θi5
= cos5 θ + 5 cos4 θ sin θ i − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ i
+ 5 cos θ sin4 θ + sin5 θi
= (cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ)
+ (5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + sin5 θ)i 1

b (cos θ + i sin θ)5 = (cis θ)5

= cis 5θ = cos 5θ + i sin 5θ
From 1 in a

i cos 5θ = cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ

= cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ (1 − cos2 θ) + 5 cos θ (sin2 θ)2
= cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ + 10 cos5 θ + 5 cos θ (1 − cos2 θ)2
= 11 cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ (1 − 2 cos2 θ + cos4 θ)
= 11 cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ − 10 cos3 θ + 5 cos5 θ
= 16 cos5 θ − 20 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ, as required.

ii sin 5θ = 5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + sin5 θ

= sin θ (5 cos4 θ − 10 cos2 θ sin2 θ + sin4 θ)
sin 5θ
∴ = 5 cos4 θ − 10 cos2 θ(1 − cos2 θ) + (sin2 θ)2 , if sin θ , 0
sin θ
= 5 cos4 θ − 10 cos2 θ + 10 cos4 θ + (1 − cos2 θ)2
= 15 cos4 θ − 10 cos2 θ + 1 − 2 cos2 θ + cos4 θ
= 16 cos4 θ − 12 cos2 θ + 1, as required.

448
16 a (1 + i)z + (1 − i)z = −2
∴ (1 + i)(x + iy) + (1 − i)(x − iy) = −2 since z = x + iy and z = x − iy
∴ x + ix + iy − y + x − ix − iy − y = −2
∴ 2x − 2y = −2
∴ x − y = −1
y= x+1
∴
π
( )
z : (1 + i)z + (1 − i)z = −2, Arg z ≤ Im (z)
2

−1 0 Re (z)

√ √
b i |z −√(2 √2 + i2 2)| ≤ 2 is the set of all points for which the distance
√ 2from
(2√ 2, 2 2) is less than or equal √
2
√ is represented by (x − 2 2) + (y −
to 2. It
2 2) ≤ 4, a disc√ with √centre (2 2, 2 2) and radius 2.
S = {z : |z − (2 2 + i2 2)| ≤ 2} Im (z)
2 2+2

S
2 2

2 2−2

0 2 2−2 2 2 2 2+2 Re (z)

ii The minimum and maximum values of |z| occur along the line y = x, at z1 and z2
respectively on the diagram below.
Im (z)
y=x
2 2+2
z2

2 2

2 2−2 z1

0 2 2−2 2 2 2 2+2 Re (z)

449
 π
Along the line y = x, z = rcis
4
√ √
At the centre of the circle z = 2 2 + i2 2
q √ √
and r = (2 2)2 + (2 2)2
√
= 8+8=4
∴ |z1 | = 4 − 2 = 2 and |z2 | = 4 + 2 = 6
The minimum and maximum values of |z| are 2 and 6.

iii The minimum and maximum values √ of2 Arg(z) occur

√ 2at the points of intersection
of the tangents to the circle (x − 2 2) + (y − 2 2) = 4 that also go through the
origin as shown in the following diagram by z3 and z4 .
Im (z)

E
D z
4 A

4 2

z3 B
O C Re (z)
By Pythagoras’ theorem, OA = 4 and AB = 2
1
∴ ∠AOB = sin−1
2
π
=
6
π
Now ∠AOC =
4
π
∴ ∠BOC =
12
π
By symmetry, ∠DOE =
12
π π
∴ ∠DOC = −
2 12
5π
=
12
π 5π
The minimum and maximum values of Arg(z) are and .
12 12

17 a z2 + 2z + 4 = 0
z2 + 2z + 1 + 3 = 0
√
(z + 1)2 − ( 3i)2 = 0
√ √
(z + 1 − 3i)(z + 1 + 3i) = 0
√
z = −1 ± 3i

450
 √
θ = tan−1 3 α −
π •
=
3
q √ θ
r = 12 + ( 3)2
=2
! !
2π −2π
Therefore α = 2cis or α = 2cis •
3 3 β − −
! !
−2π 2π
β = 2cis or β = 2cis
3 3
!!3
−2π
β = 2cis
3
3
!
−2π
= 2 cis 3 ×
3
3
= 8cis(−2π)
= 8cis 0
=8

!!3
2π
b α = 2cis
3
3
!
2π
= 2 cis 3 ×
3
3
= 8cis 2π
= 8cis 0
=8
Therefore α3 = β3
√ √
c α + β = (−1 + 3i) + (−1 − 3i)
= −2
√ √
α − β = (−1 + 3i) − (−1 − 3i)
√
= 2 3i

451
 (z − (α + β))(z − (α − β)) = 0
√
(z − (−2))(z − (2 3i)) = 0
√
(z + 2)(z − 2 3i) = 0
√ √
z2 + 2z − 2 3iz − 4 3i = 0
√ √
z2 + (2 − 2 3i)z − 4 3i = 0
! !
−2π 2π
Alternatively, if α = cis and β = cis ,
3 3
√
then α + β = −2 and α − β = −2 3i. √ √
In this case, the quadratic equation is z2 + (2 + 2 3i)z + 4 3i
√ √ √ √
d αβ + βα = (−1 + 3i)(−1 + 3i) + (−1 − 3i)(−1 − 3i)
√ √
= 1 − 2 3i + 3i2 + 1 + 2 3i + 3i2
=2−6
= −4

1
18 a i z=w+
w
1
= 2cis θ +
2cis θ
1
= 2cis θ + cis(−θ)
2
1
ii z = 2(cos θ + i sin θ) + (cos(−θ) + i sin(−θ))
2
1 1
= 2 cos θ + 2i sin θ + cos θ − i sin θ
2 2
5 3
= cos θ + i sin θ = x + iy
2 2
5 3
where x = cos θ and y = sin θ
2 2
25 9
x2 = cos2 θ y2 = sin2 θ
4 4
2 2
x 1 y 1
= cos2 θ = sin2 θ
25 4 9 4
2 2
x y 1 1
+ = cos2 θ + sin2 θ
25 9 4 4
1 1
= (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) =
4 4
x2 y2 1
Therefore z lies on the ellipse with equation + = .
25 9 4

452
 2
5 3
iii |z − 2|2 = cos θ + i sin θ − 2
2 2
! 2
5 3
= cos θ − 2 + i sin θ
2 2
!2 !2
5 3
= cos θ − 2 + sin θ
2 2
25 9
= cos2 θ − 10 cos θ + 4 + sin2 θ
4 4
9
= (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) + 4 cos2 θ − 10 cos θ + 4
4
9
= + 4 − 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
25
= − 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
!2
5
= − 2 cos θ , as required.
2

5
iv |z − 2| = − 2 cos θ
2
Since − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
−2 ≤ 2 cos θ ≤ 2
−2 ≤ −2 cos θ ≤ 2
1 5 9
≤ − 2 cos θ ≤
2 2 2
5
Therefore − 2 cos θ > 0 for all θ
2
5 5
Therefore − 2 cos θ = − 2 cos θ
2 2
5
and hence |z − 2| = − 2 cos θ 1
2

453
 2
5 3
Now |z + 2|2 = cos θ + i sin θ + 2
2 2
! 2
5 3
= cos θ + 2 + i sin θ
2 2
!2 !2
5 3
= cos θ + 2 + sin θ
2 2
25 9
= cos2 θ + 10 cos θ + 4 + sin2 θ
4 4
9
= (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) + 4 cos2 θ + 10 cos θ + 4
4
9
= + 4 + 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
25
= + 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
!2
5
= + 2 cos θ
2
5
|z + 2| = + 2 cos θ
2
Since − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
−2 ≤ 2 cos θ ≤ 2
1 5 9
≤ + 2 cos θ ≤
2 2 2
5
Therefore + 2 cos θ > 0 for all θ
2
5 5
Therefore + 2 cos θ = + 2 cos θ
2 2
5
and hence |z + 2| = + 2 cos θ 2
2
From 1 and 2
5 5
|z − 2| + |z + 2| = − 2 cos θ + + 2 cos θ
2 2
= 5, as required.

1
b i z=w−
w
1 1
= 2icis θ − = 2icis θ + icis(−θ)
2icis θ 2

454
 1
ii z = 2i(cos θ + i sin θ) + i(cos(−θ) + i sin(−θ))
2
1 1
= 2i cos θ − 2 sin θ + i cos θ + sin θ
2 2
3 5
= − sin θ + i cos θ
2 2
= x + iy
3 5
where x = − sin θ and y = cos θ
2 2
9 25
x2 = sin2 θ y2 = cos2 θ
4 4
2 2
x 1 y 1
= sin2 θ = cos2 θ
9 4 25 4
2 2
y x 1 1
+ = cos2 θ + sin2 θ
25 9 4 4
1 1
= (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) =
4 4
y2 x2 1
Therefore z lies on the ellipse with equation + =
25 9 4
2
3 5
iii |z − 2i| = − sin θ + i cos θ − 2i
2
2 2
!2
3 5
= − sin θ + i cos θ − 2
2 2
!2 !2
3 5
= − sin θ + cos θ − 2
2 2
9 2 25
= sin θ + cos2 θ − 10 cos θ + 4
4 4
9
= (sin2 θ + cos2 θ) + 4 cos2 θ − 10 cos θ + 4
4
9
= + 4 − 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
25
= − 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
!2
5
= − 2 cos θ , as required.
2

455
 5
|z − 2i| = − 2 cos θ
2
Since −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
−2 ≤ 2 cos θ ≤ 2
−2 ≤ −2 cos θ ≤ 2
1 5 9
≤ − 2 cos θ ≤
2 2 2
5
Therefore − 2 cos θ > 0 for all θ
2
5 5
Therefore − 2 cos θ = − 2 cos θ
2 2
5
and hence |z − 2i| = − 2 cos θ 1
2
2
3 5
Now |z + 2i| = − sin θ + i cos θ + 2i
2
2 2
!2
3 5
= − sin θ + i cos θ + 2
2 2
!2 !2
3 5
= − sin θ + cos θ + 2
2 2
9 2 25
= sin θ + cos2 θ + 10 cos θ + 4
4 4
9
= (sin2 θ + cos2 θ) + 4 cos2 θ + 10 cos θ + 4
4
9
= + 4 + 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
25
= + 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
!2
5
= + 2 cos θ
2
5
|z + 2i| = + 2 cos θ
2

456
Since −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
−2 ≤ 2 cos θ ≤ 2
1 5 9
≤ + 2 cos θ ≤
2 2 2
5
Therefore + 2 cos θ > 0 for all θ
2
5 5
Therefore + 2 cos θ = + 2 cos θ
2 2
5
and hence |z + 2i| = + 2 cos θ 2
2
From 1 and 2
5 5
|z − 2i| + |z + 2i| = − 2 cos θ + + 2 cos θ
2 2
= 5, as required.

457