Prealgebra 6th Edition Blair Solutions

Manual
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 Chapter 6
6.1 Exercises 30. (−9 x 2 + 4 x − 9) − (6 x 2 + 2 x − 8)
2. To add two polynomials, we combine like terms. = −9 x 2 + 4 x − 9 + ( −6 x 2 ) + ( −2 x ) + 8
= −15 x 2 + 2 x − 1
5 2 3
4. The terms of 7 z − 3 y + 4 z + 8 are
+7 z 5 , − 3 y 2 , + 4 z 3 , and +8. 32. (7c 2 − 3c + 6) − (−9c2 + 2c − 8)
= 7c2 − 3c + 6 + 9c 2 + (−2c) + 8
6. The terms of 2 y 3 − 3x 2 − 4 z 3 − 8 are = 16c2 − 5c + 14
+2 y 3 , − 3x 2 , − 4 z 3 , and −8.
34. (−5m 2 − 2m − 9) − (5m 2 + 2m + 7)
8. (2x − 3) + (−7x + 6) = 2x − 7x − 3 + 6 = −5x + 3 = −5m 2 − 2 m − 9 + (−5m 2 ) + (−2 m) + (−7)
= −10 m 2 − 4 m − 16
2 2
10. (3c − 6c + 3) + (2c − 7) = 3c − 6c + 2c + 3 − 7
= 3c 2 − 4c − 4 36. 4 x − 3(6 x 2 + 2) − (−3 x 2 − x + 1)
= 4 x − 18 x 2 − 6 − (−3 x 2 − x + 1)
2 2
12. (−7 z + 9z − 3) + (8z − 6 z + 9) = 4 x − 18 x 2 − 6 + 3 x 2 + x − 1
2 2
= −7 z + 8 z + 9 z − 6 z − 3 + 9 = 5 x − 15 x 2 − 7
2
= 1z + 3z + 6 = −15 x 2 + 5 x − 7
2
= z + 3z + 6
38. 9 x − (5 x 2 + 6 x + 2) + 3(− x 2 − 5)
14. −(8x + 5y) = −8x − 5y
= 9 x − (5 x 2 + 6 x + 2) − 3 x 2 − 15
16. −(−5a + 3) = 5a − 3 = 9 x − 5 x 2 − 6 x − 2 − 3 x 2 − 15
= 3 x − 8 x 2 − 17
18. −(−3x + 4y − 8z) = 3x − 4y + 8z
= −8 x 2 + 3 x − 17
20. (8a + 7) − (3a + 2) = 8a + 7 + (−3a) + (−2)
= 5a + 5 40. (−3 x 2 + 7 x + 2) − ( x 2 − 2)
= −3 x 2 + 7 x + 2 + ( − x 2 ) + 2
22. (5 y + 2) − (−7 y − 8) = 5 y + 2 + 7 y + 8 = 12 y + 10
= −4 x 2 + 7 x + 4
24. (−5c + 2) − (3c − 6) = −5c + 2 + (−3c) + 6
= −8c + 8 42. (7 x 2 − 5 x − 6) + (6 x 2 − 9 x + 1)
= 7x2 + 6 x2 − 5x − 9x − 6 + 1
2 2
26. (5z + 8z − 5) − (6 z − 3z − 9) = 13 x 2 − 14 x − 5
2 2
= 5 z + 8 z − 5 + ( −6 z ) + 3 z + 9
= −1z 2 + 11z + 4 44. (5 x 2 − 3 x + 2) + (−4 x 2 + 9 x + 5) − (7 x 2 − 6)
= − z 2 + 11z + 4 = 5 x 2 − 3x + 2 − 4 x2 + 9 x + 5 − 7 x 2 + 6
= −6 x 2 + 6 x + 13
2 2
28. (3a + 4a − 7) − (7a − 2a − 5)
= 3a2 + 4 a − 7 + (−7a2 ) + 2 a + 5 46. 3(−2 x + 8) − (5 x 2 + 7 x − 5) + 6 x
= −4 a 2 + 6 a − 2 = −6 x + 24 − (5 x 2 + 7 x − 5) + 6 x
= −6 x + 24 − 5 x 2 − 7 x + 5 + 6 x
= −7 x + 29 − 5 x 2
= −5 x 2 − 7 x + 29

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ISM: Prealgebra Chapter 6: Polynomials

48. (−7 x 2 + 2 x − 1) − (5 x 2 + 4 x − 8) + ( x 2 − 2) 59. (−4 x )(2 x 2 ) = (−4)(2) x1+2 = −8 x 3

= −7 x 2 + 2 x − 1 − 5 x 2 − 4 x + 8 + x 2 − 2
= −11x 2 − 2 x + 5 60. (3 y)(−2 y)(5 y) = (3)(−2)(5) y1+1+1 = −30 y3

61. We subtract.
50. 2 x − 3(5 x 2 + 2 x − 6) − (2 x 2 + 8 x − 1)
1⋅ 7 7
= 2 x − 15 x 2 − 6 x + 18 − (2 x 2 + 8 x − 1) 3 = 3
2⋅7 14
= 2 x − 15 x 2 − 6 x + 18 − 2 x 2 − 8 x + 1 2⋅2 4
−2 = − 2
= −12 x − 17 x 2 + 19 7⋅2 14
3
= −17 x 2 − 12 x + 19 1 mi
14
52. 9 x − 22 ( x + 1) − (−4)2 ( x 2 − 3 x − 1) Juan walked 1
3
more miles than Maria.
= 9 x − 4( x + 1) − 16( x 2 − 3 x − 1) 14
= 9 x − 4 x − 4 − 16 x 2 + 48 x + 16 62. We add.
= 53 x + 12 − 16 x 2 3 1 3 1⋅ 2 3 2 5 1
+ = + = + = or 1
= −16 x 2 + 53 x + 12 4 2 4 2⋅2 4 4 4 4
5 1
There were cups or 1 cups of sugar in the
54. (ax − 5) + (4 x 2 + 6 x + 9) + (3 x − 1) 4 4
= 4x2 − 2x + 3 mixture.
Simplify the left side of the equation.
Classroom Quiz 6.1
ax − 5 + 4 x 2 + 6 x + 9 + 3 x − 1 = 4 x 2 − 2 x + 3
4 x 2 + (a + 6 + 3) x − 5 = 4 x 2 − 2 x + 3 1. a. (−7 x − 1) + (5 x − 2) = −7 x + 5 x − 1 − 2
2 2 = −2 x − 3
4 x + (a + 9) x − 5 = 4 x − 2 x + 3
Thus a + 9 = −2. b. (9 x 2 + 2 x − 6) + (−4 x 2 − 8 x + 10)
a + 9 + (−9) = −2 + (−9)
a = −11 = 9 x 2 − 4 x 2 + 2 x − 8 x − 6 + 10
= 5x 2 − 6 x + 4
2 2 2
56. (ax − bx + 2) + (3 x − 5 x − 1) = 8 x − 7 x + 1
Simplify the left side of the equation. 2. a. (2 y − 4) − (9 y − 5) = 2 y − 4 + (−9 y) + 5
= −7 y + 1
ax 2 − bx + 2 + 3 x 2 − 5 x − 1 = 8 x 2 − 7 x + 1
(a + 3) x 2 + (−b − 5) x + 1 = 8 x 2 − 7 x + 1 b. (3 y2 − 5 y + 7) − (7 y 2 + 8 y − 2)
Thus, a+3 = 8 and
= 3 y 2 − 5 y + 7 + (−7 y 2 ) + (−8 y) + 2
a + 3 + (−3) = 8 + (−3)
a=5 = −4 y2 − 13 y + 9
−b − 5 = −7
−b − 5 + 5 = −7 + 5 3. a. (6 x 2 − 3) − (−3 x 2 − 4 x + 2) − (2 x 2 + 8)
−b = −2 = 6 x2 − 3 + 3x2 + 4 x − 2 − 2 x2 − 8
b=2
= 7 x 2 + 4 x − 13
Cumulative Review
b. −4 x − 2(4 x 2 + 8 x + 5) − (−6 x 2 − 5 x − 11)
−6 x 8 = −4 x − 8 x 2 − 16 x − 10 − (−6 x 2 − 5 x − 11)
57. = −3 x 8 − 2 = −3 x 6
2x2 = −4 x − 8 x 2 − 16 x − 10 + 6 x 2 + 5 x + 11
= −2 x 2 − 15 x + 1
6 2 6−2 4
−8 x y 4x 4x
58. =− =−
2 7 7−2
2x y y y5

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Chapter 6: Polynomials ISM: Prealgebra

6.2 Exercises 20. (4 y2 + 3 y − 2)(−2 y 4 ) = −2 y 4 (4 y 2 + 3 y − 2)

2. F: first term times first term; O: the product of = −8 y6 − 6 y5 + 4 y 4
outer terms; I: the product of inner terms; L: the
product of last terms. 22. ( x − 5)( x 2 − 2 x − 1)
= x ( x 2 − 2 x − 1) − 5( x 2 − 2 x − 1)
4. a. The polynomial x 2 + 2 x + 1 is called a
trinomial. = x ⋅ x 2 + x (−2 x ) + x (−1) − 5 ⋅ x 2 − 5(−2 x ) − 5(−1)
= x 3 − 2 x 2 − x − 5 x 2 + 10 x + 5
b. The polynomial 3x 2 is called a monomial. = x3 − 7x 2 + 9 x + 5

c. The polynomial 5 x 3 + 9 is called a 24. (3 x − 2)( x 2 + 3 x + 1)

binomial.
= 3 x ( x 2 + 3 x + 1) − 2( x 2 + 3 x + 1)
= 3 x ⋅ x 2 + 3 x ⋅ 3 x + 3 x ⋅1 − 2 ⋅ x 2 − 2 ⋅ 3x − 2 ⋅1
6. First term: −6y 2
= 3 x3 + 9 x 2 + 3x − 2 x 2 − 6 x − 2
Second term: +12y
Third term: −2 = 3 x3 + 7 x 2 − 3x − 2
Therefore −2(3 y2 − 6 y + 1) = −6 y 2 + 12 y − 2
26. (3 x + 1)(2 x 2 + x − 3)

8. Multiply the trinomial by the first term of = 3 x (2 x 2 + x − 3) + 1(2 x 2 + x − 3)

binomial:
y ( y 2 + 4 y + 3) = y3 + 4 y2 + 3 y
Multiply the trinomial by the second term of
binomial:
−2 ( y 2 + 4 y + 3) = −2 y2 − 8 y − 6
Simplify:
( y − 2)( y 2 + 4 y + 3) = y3 + 2 y 2 − 5 y − 6
= 3 x ⋅ 2 x 2 + 3 x ⋅ x + 3 x (−3) + 1 ⋅ 2 x 2 + 1 ⋅ x + 1(−3)
= 6 x3 + 3x2 − 9 x + 2 x2 + x − 3
= 6 x3 + 5x 2 − 8x − 3
28. (a + 2)(a + 1) = a2 + a + 2 a + 2 = a2 + 3a + 2
30. ( y + 2)( y + 5) = y2 + 5 y + 2 y + 10 = y 2 + 7 y + 10

32. ( x + 4)( x + 1) = x 2 + x + 4 x + 4 = x 2 + 5 x + 4
10. ( x + 4)( x − 1) F = x 2
O = −1x 34. (a + 7)(a − 4) = a2 − 4 a + 7a − 28 = a2 + 3a − 28
I = +4 x
L = −4 36. ( x + 3)( x − 5) = x 2 − 5 x + 3 x − 15 = x 2 − 2 x − 15

Therefore, ( x + 4)( x − 1) = x 2 + 3 x − 4 .
12. 4(3 y 2 + 7 y − 3) = 4(3 y2 ) + 4(7 y) + 4(−3)
= 12 y 2 + 28 y − 12
38. (m − 3)(m + 5) = m 2 + 5m − 3m − 15
= m 2 + 2 m − 15
40. (3 x + 1)( x + 2) = 3 x 2 + 6 x + x + 2 = 3 x 2 + 7 x + 2

14. −2 y(5 y 2 + 2 y − 8) = −2 y(5 y 2 ) − 2 y(2 y) − 2 y(−8) 42. (4 x − 3)( x − 1) = 4 x 2 − 4 x − 3 x + 3

3 2
= −10 y − 4 y + 16 y = 4x2 − 7x + 3

16. −4 x3 ( x − 3) = −4 x3 ( x) − 4 x3 (−3) = −4 x 4 + 12 x3 44. (4 y − 2)( y + 1) = 4 y2 + 4 y − 2 y − 2 = 4 y2 + 2 y − 2

18. ( x 3 + 3)(−2 x 2 ) = −2 x 2 ( x 3 + 3) = −2 x 5 − 6 x 2 46. (4 y + 2)( y − 1) = 4 y2 − 4 y + 2 y − 2 = 4 y2 − 2 y − 2

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ISM: Prealgebra Chapter 6: Polynomials

48. −4 x (−3 x + 5 y − 7) = −4 x (−3 x ) − 4 x (5 y) − 4 x (−7)

= 12 x 2 − 20 xy + 28 x

50. −8 x 3 ( x − 5) = −8 x 3 ( x ) − 8 x 3 (−5) = −8 x 4 + 40 x 3

52. ( x − 4)( x 2 + x − 2) = x ( x 2 + x − 2) − 4( x 2 + x − 2)
= x ⋅ x 2 + x ⋅ x + x (−2) − 4 ⋅ x 2 − 4 ⋅ x − 4(−2)
= x3 + x2 − 2 x − 4 x2 − 4 x + 8
= x3 − 3x 2 − 6 x + 8

54. (b + 1)(b − 3) = b2 − 3b + b − 3 = b2 − 2b − 3

56. (3 x + 1)(2 x 2 + 3 x − 2) = 3 x (2 x 2 + 3 x − 2) + 1(2 x 2 + 3 x − 2)

= 3 x ⋅ 2 x 2 + 3 x ⋅ 3x + 3x (−2) +1⋅ 2 x 2 + 1 ⋅ 3 x + 1 ⋅ (−2)
= 6 x 3 + 9 x 2 − 6 x + 2 x 2 + 3x − 2
= 6 x 3 + 11x 2 − 3 x − 2

58. ( y − 8)( y + 5) = y 2 + 5 y − 8 y − 40 = y 2 − 3 y − 40

60. a. ( z + 2)( z + 4) = z 2 + 4 z + 2 z + 8 = z 2 + 6 z + 8

b. ( z − 2)( z − 4) = z 2 − 4 z − 2 z + 8 = z 2 − 6 z + 8

62. a. ( y − 2)( y + 6) = y 2 + 6 y − 2 y − 12 = y 2 + 4 y − 12

b. ( y + 2)( y − 6) = y 2 − 6 y + 2 y − 12 = y 2 − 4 y − 12

64. ( x − 3)( x + 1) + 4(2 x + 1) = x 2 + x − 3 x − 3 + 8 x + 4

= x2 + 6 x + 1

66. −3 x ( x 2 + x − 2) + ( x − 1)( x − 2) = −3 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 6 x + x 2 − 2 x − x + 2
= −3 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3 x + 2

68. b(−3x + 4) = 15x − 20

Simplify on the left side.
−3bx + 4b = 15x − 20
Thus, −3b = 15
−3b 15
=
−3 −3
b = −5

Cumulative Review

69. a. The number of dimes, D, is three times the number of nickels, N: D = 3N.

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Chapter 6: Polynomials ISM: Prealgebra

b. Replace D with 21. Use Math to Save Money

D = 3N
21 = 3 N 1. $440,000 − $178,000 = $262,000
21 3N At age 65 Taylor will have $262,000 more than
= Doug.
3 3
7=N
2. $1,007,000 − $440,000 = $567,000
There are 7 nickels.
Ben will have $567,000 more than Taylor.
70. a. The length, L, of a piece of wood is double
the width, W: L = 2W. 3. $3600 × 10 = $36,000
Ben will have contributed $36,000 more than
b. Replace L with 40. Taylor.
L = 2W
40 = 2W 4. $567,000 − $36,000 = $531,000
40 2W Ben will accumulate $567,000 more than Taylor;
= $531,000 of this amount is due to compound
2 2 interest.
20 = W
The width is 20 feet.
5. $280,000 × 3 = $840,000
250 calories n calories If Sofia saves $3000 each year, she will have
71. = $840,000 at retirement.
2 cookies 5 cookies
250 n
= How Am I Doing? Sections 6.1−6.2
2 5 (Available online through MyMathLab or from the
5 ⋅ 250 = 2 ⋅ n Instructor’s Resource Center.)
1250 = 2n
1250 2n
= 1. (3 y2 + 5 y − 2) + (4 y − 7) = 3 y 2 + 5 y + 4 y − 2 − 7
2 2 = 3y2 + 9 y − 9
625 = n
There are 625 calories in five Donna Deluxe
2. (−7a + 5) − (2a − 3) = −7a + 5 + (−2a) + 3
cookies.
= −9a + 8
$64
72. = $4 per hour 3. (−2 x 2 + 4 x − 7) − (5 x 2 + 3 x − 4)
16 hr
She earned $4 per hour. = −2 x 2 + 4 x − 7 + (−5 x 2 ) + (−3 x ) + 4
= −7 x 2 + 1 x − 3
Classroom Quiz 6.2
= −7 x 2 + x − 3
1. −4 y(2 y + 3) = −4 y(2 y) − 4 y(3) = −8 y 2 − 12 y
4. 2 x − 3(5 x 2 + 4) + (−3 x 2 − x + 6)
2. −6(−2 x 2 + 6 x − 1) = −6(−2 x 2 ) − 6(6 x ) − 6(−1) = 2 x − 15 x 2 − 12 + (−3 x 2 − x + 6)
= 12 x 2 − 36 x + 6 = 2 x − 15 x 2 − 12 − 3 x 2 − x + 6
= 1x − 18 x 2 − 6
3. a. ( z + 4)( z + 9) = z 2 + 9z + 4 z + 36 = −18 x 2 + x − 6
2
= z + 13z + 36
5. (3 x 2 − 6 x − 8) − (2 x 2 + 7 x + 5) + ( x 2 − 7)
b. ( x − 4)( x − 5) = x 2 − 5 x − 4 x + 20 = 3x2 − 6 x − 8 − 2 x2 − 7x − 5 + x2 − 7
= x 2 − 9 x + 20 = 2 x 2 − 13 x − 20

6. −8(2a2 − 3a + 1) = −8(2 a2 ) − 8(−3a) − 8(1)

= −16 a2 + 24 a − 8

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ISM: Prealgebra Chapter 6: Polynomials

7. −2 y(−6 y + 4 x − 5) = −2 y(−6 y) − 2 y(4 x ) − 2 y(−5) 10. Since we are comparing the distance Andrew
2
= 12 y − 8 xy + 10 y walked to the distance Dave walked, we let the
variable represent the distance Dave walked.
Number of miles Dave walked = D
8. −4 x 2 ( x 2 + 6) = −4 x 2 ⋅ x 2 − 4 x 2 ⋅ 6 Andrew walked 4 miles more than Dave.
= −4 x 4 − 24 x 2 Number of miles Andrew walked = D + 4

12. Since we are comparing the enrollment of Eden

9. ( y + 2)(4 y2 + 3 y − 2) College with the enrollment of the local high
= y(4 y2 + 3 y − 2) + 2(4 y2 + 3 y − 2) school, we let the variable represent the
= y ⋅ 4 y2 + y ⋅ 3 y + y(−2) + 2 ⋅ 4 y 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 y + 2(−2) enrollment of the local high school.
Number of students enrolled in the local high
= 4 y3 + 3 y 2 − 2 y + 8 y 2 + 6 y − 4 school = x
= 4 y3 + 11y 2 + 4 y − 4 The number of students enrolled in Eden College
is one-third the number of students enrolled in
the local high school.
10. ( y + 2)( y − 4) = y 2 − 4 y + 2 y − 8
Number of students enrolled in Eden College
= y2 − 2 y − 8 1
= x
3
11. ( x − 4)( x − 1) = x 2 − 4 x − x + 4 = x 2 − 5 x + 4
14. Since we are comparing the length of a rectangle
2
12. (2 y + 3)( y + 4) = 2 y + 8 y + 3 y + 12 to its width, we let the variable represent the
width of the rectangle.
= 2 y 2 + 11y + 12 Width = W
The length is triple the width.
6.3 Understanding the Concept Length = 3W
Variable Expression or Equation?
16. Since we are comparing the width of a rectangle
1. We can simplify 3x + 1 + 4x. to its length, we let the variable represent the
length of the rectangle.
2. We can simplify and solve 3x + 1 + 4x = 9. Length = L
The width is 25 inches shorter than three times
3. We can simplify and solve 4 + 2x + 6x = 11. the length.
Width = 3L − 25
4. We can simplify 4 + 2x + 6x.
18. Since we are comparing the profit for the second
6.3 Exercises quarter to the profit for the first quarter, we let
the variable represent the profit for the first
2. x = Tara’s age and 3x = Rhonda’s age. quarter.
First quarter profit = x
4. x = Arnold’s record,
The profit for the second quarter was $4000 less
x + 6 = Jose’s record, and
than twice the first quarter’s profit.
x − 4 = Ernie’s record.
Second quarter profit = 2x − 4000
6. Ian’s weekly salary is $50 more than Jesse’s
20. Since we are comparing the width and height of
weekly salary. The rest of the answer may vary.
a rectangular box to its length, we let the
8. Since we are comparing Victor’s monthly salary variable represent the length.
to his brother’s monthly salary, we let the Length = L
variable represent his brother’s monthly salary. The width is double the length.
The brother’s salary = B Width = 2L
Victor’s monthly salary is $95 less than his The height is five times the length.
brother’s monthly salary. Height = 5L
Victor’s salary = B − 95

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Chapter 6: Polynomials
22. Since we are comparing Sion’s height and
Brad’s height to Damien’s height, we let the
variable represent Damien’s height.
Damien’s height = D
Sion is 3 inches taller than Damien.
Sion’s height = D + 3
Brad is 4 inches shorter than Damien.
Brad’s height = D − 4
24. Since we are comparing the lengths of the
second and third sides of a triangle to the length
of the first side, we let the variable represent the
length of the first side.
Length of the first side = F
The second side is 3 inches longer than the first.
Length of the second side = F + 3
The third side is 7 inches shorter than three times
the first.
Length of the third side = 3F − 7
26. a. Since we are comparing the length of the
yard to the length of the garden, we let the
variable represent the length of the garden.
Length of the garden = y
The length of the yard is triple the length of
the garden.
Length of the yard = 3y
b. The difference between the length of the
yard and the length of the garden is 3y − y.
c. Combine the like terms.
3y − y = 2y
28. a. Since we are comparing the numbers of
boxes of Girl Scout cookies sold by Betty-Jo
and Alyssa to the number of boxes sold by
MaryAnn, we let the variable represent the
number of boxes of cookies sold by
MaryAnn.
Number of boxes of cookies sold by
MaryAnn = x
Betty-Jo sold 20 fewer boxes of cookies
than MaryAnn.
Number of boxes of cookies sold by
Betty-Jo = x − 20
Alyssa sold 10 more boxes of cookies than
MaryAnn.
Number of boxes of cookies sold by Alyssa
= x + 10
b. The number of boxes of cookies sold by
Alyssa plus the number of boxes of cookies
sold by MaryAnn minus the number of
boxes of cookies sold by Betty-Jo is
(x + 10) + x − (x − 20).
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ISM: Prealgebra
c. ( x + 10) + x − ( x − 20) = x + 10 + x − x + 20
= x + 30
30. a. Since we are comparing the numbers of
game points earned by Lena and Nathan to
the number of game points earned by Jason,
we let the variable represent the number of
game points earned by Jason.
Number of game points earned by Jason = x
Lena earned 120 points less than Jason.
Number of game points earned by Lena
= x − 120
Nathan earned 60 points more than Jason.
Number of game points earned by Nathan
= x + 60
b. The number of points earned by Lena plus
the number of points earned by Jason minus
the number of points earned by Nathan is
(x − 120) + x − (x + 60).
c. ( x − 120) + x − ( x + 60) = x − 120 + x − x − 60
= x − 180
32. a. Since we are comparing the numbers of
songs Arnold downloaded on his iPod and
cell phone to the number of songs
downloaded on his tablet, we let the variable
represent the number of songs Arnold
downloaded on his tablet.
Number of songs downloaded on tablet = x
The number of songs downloaded on his
iPod is 200 more than triple the number
downloaded on his tablet.
Number of songs downloaded on iPod
= 3x + 200
The number of songs downloaded on his
cell phone is 100 less than the number
downloaded on his tablet.
Number of songs downloaded on cell phone
= x − 100
b. The sum of the number of songs
downloaded on the iPod, tablet, and cell
phone is (3x + 200) + x + (x − 100).
c. (3x + 200) + x + ( x − 100)
= 3 x + 200 + x + x − 100
= 5 x + 100
34. We can solve 3x + 6 = 12. True; there is an
equals sign.
ISM: Prealgebra Chapter 6: Polynomials

Cumulative Review Length of the second side = 2x

The third side is 9 inches longer than the
35. 11x = 44 first side.
11x 44 Length of third side = x + 9
=
11 11
x=4 b. The length of the first side plus the length of
the second side minus the length of the third
36. y + 77 = −6 side is x + 2x − (x + 9).
y + 77 + (−77) = −6 + (−77)
c. x + 2 x − ( x + 9) = x + 2 x − x − 9 = 2 x − 9
y = −83
6.4 Exercises
m
37. = −5
7 2. The expression 2 xy2 + 4 x 2 y still has 2xy as a
7⋅m
= −5 ⋅ 7 factor common to both terms.
7
m = −35 4. a. 4 = 4 ⋅ 1, 4 = 2 ⋅ 2
24 = 24 ⋅ 1, 24 = 12 ⋅ 2, 24 = 8 ⋅ 3, 24 = 6 ⋅ 4
38. 4 x − 3 x + 8 = 62 The common factors are 1, 2, and 4.
x + 8 = 62
+ − 8 = −8 b. The largest common factor is 4, so the GCF
x + 0 = 54 is 4.
x = 54
6. 5 = 5
39. A = LW = (14)(10) = 140 20 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5
GCF = 5
The area is 140 in.2 .
8. 14 = 2 ⋅ 7
40. V = LWH = (6)(4)(5) = 120 21 = 3 ⋅ 7
The volume is 120 ft 3 . GCF = 7

Classroom Quiz 6.3 10. 8 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2

10 = 2 ⋅ 5
1. Since we are comparing Tami’s income to 12 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
Carol’s income, we let the variable represent GCF = 2
Carol’s income.
Carol’s income = x 12. 12 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
Tami made eighty-two dollars more than Carol. 18 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3
Tami’s income = x + 82 24 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
GCF = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6
2. Since we are comparing Hanna’s height and
Tara’s height to Sara’s height, we let the variable
represent Sara’s height. 14. x 4 yz − x 2 yz
Sara’s height = x
Hanna is 18 inches shorter than Sara. a. The variables x and z are common to the
Hanna’s height = x − 18 terms.
Tara is 20 inches taller than Sara.
Tara’s height = x + 20 b. The smaller power on x is 2 and on z is 1.

3. a. Since we are comparing the lengths of the c. GCF = x 2 z

second and third sides of a triangle to the
length of the first side, we let the variable 16. mn3 + mn4
represent the length of the first side.
Both exponents on m are 1, and the smaller
Length of the first side = x
exponent on n is 3.
The second side is double the first side.
GCF = mn3
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Chapter 6: Polynomials ISM: Prealgebra

18. x 3 y 4 + x 2 y5 42. 5a + 25b

The GCF is 5.
The smaller exponent on x is 2, and the smaller
5a + 25b = 5 ⋅ a + 5 ⋅ 5b = 5(a + 5b)
exponent on y is 4.
Check: 5(a + 5b) ⱨ 5a + 25b
GCF = x 2 y 4 5(a + 5b) = 5 ⋅ a + 5 ⋅ 5b = 5a + 25b 9

20. x 2 yz 3 + xz 2 44. 6a + 24b + 30

The GCF is 6.
The smaller exponent on x is 1, and the smaller
6a + 24b + 30 = 6 ⋅ a + 6 ⋅ 4b + 6 ⋅ 5
exponent on z is 2.
= 6(a + 4b + 5)
GCF = xz 2
Check: 6(a + 4b + 5) ⱨ 6a + 24b + 30
6(a + 4b + 5) = 6 ⋅ a + 6 ⋅ 4b + 6 ⋅ 5
22. a2 bc3 + ab3 = 6a + 24b + 30 9
The smaller exponent on a is 1, and the smaller
exponent on b is 1. 46. 15x + 20y − 10
GCF = ab The GCF is 5.
15 x + 20 y − 10 = 5 ⋅ 3 x + 5 ⋅ 4 y − 5 ⋅ 2
24. 4x + 16 = 4(x + 4)
= 5(3 x + 4 y − 2)
Check: 5(3 x + 4 y − 2) ⱨ 15 x + 20 y − 10
26. 6 x 2 y − 12 x = 6 x ( xy − 2)
5(3 x + 4 y − 2) = 5 ⋅ 3 x + 5 ⋅ 4 y − 5 ⋅ 2
= 15 x + 20 y − 10 9
28. 3x + 9 = 3(x + 3)

48. 15 y2 − 3 y
30. 14 y 2 − 21y = 7 y( 2 y − 3 )
The GCF is 3y.
15 y 2 − 3 y = 3 y ⋅ 5 y − 3 y ⋅1 = 3 y(5 y − 1)
32. 10 y3 + 4 y 2 − 8 y = 2 y( 5 y 2 + 2 y − 4 )
Check: 3 y(5 y − 1) ⱨ 15 y 2 − 3 y
34. a. 3y − 6 = 3(y − 2) 3 y(5 y − 1) = 3 y ⋅ 5 y − 3 y ⋅ 1 = 15 y 2 − 3 y 9
b. 3y + 6 = 3(y + 2)
50. 5xy − y2
36. 7x − 14 The GCF is y.
The GCF is 7.
7x − 14 = 7 ⋅ x − 7 ⋅ 2 = 7(x − 2) 5 xy − y 2 = y ⋅ 5 x − y ⋅ y = y(5 x − y)
Check: 7( x − 2) ⱨ 7 x − 14 Check: y(5 x − y) ⱨ 5 xy − y 2
7( x − 2) = 7 ⋅ x − 7 ⋅ 2 = 7 x − 14 9
y(5 x − y) = y ⋅ 5 x − y ⋅ y = 5 xy − y 2 9
38. 9x + 9
The GCF is 9. 52. 9x + 18xy
9x + 9 = 9 ⋅ x + 9 ⋅ 1 = 9(x + 1) The GCF is 9x.
Check: 9( x + 1) ⱨ 9 x + 9 9x + 18xy = 9x ⋅ 1 + 9x ⋅ 2y = 9x(1 + 2y)
Check:
9( x + 1) = 9 ⋅ x + 9 ⋅ 1 = 9 x + 9 9
9 x (1 + 2 y) ⱨ 9 x + 18 xy
40. 6x + 10y 9 x (1 + 2 y) = 9 x ⋅ 1 + 9 x ⋅ 2 y = 9 x + 18 xy 9
The GCF is 2.
6x + 10y = 2 ⋅ 3x + 2 ⋅ 5y = 2(3x + 5y) 54. 8a2 b − 16ab
Check: 2(3 x + 5 y) ⱨ 6 x + 10 y The GCF is 8ab.
2(3 x + 5 y) = 2 ⋅ 3 x + 2 ⋅ 5 y = 6 x + 10 y 9 8a2 b − 16 ab = 8ab ⋅ a − 8ab ⋅ 2 = 8ab(a − 2)
Check:
8ab(a − 2) ⱨ 8a2 b − 16ab
8ab(a − 2) = 8ab ⋅ a − 8ab ⋅ 2 = 8a2 b − 16ab 9

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ISM: Prealgebra Chapter 6: Polynomials

56. 15ab3 − 5b3 Check:

9 x (1 − 2 y) ⱨ 9 x − 18 xy
The GCF is 5b3 . 9 x (1 − 2 y) = 9 x ⋅ 1 − 9 x ⋅ 2 y = 9 x − 18 xy 9
15ab3 − 5b3 = 5b3 ⋅ 3a − 5b3 ⋅ 1 = 5b3 (3a − 1)
Check: 70. 4 xy 2 − 2 xy
3 3 3
5b (3a − 1) ⱨ 15ab − 5b The GCF is 2xy.
5b3 (3a − 1) = 5b3 ⋅ 3a − 5b3 ⋅ 1 = 15ab3 − 5b3 9 4 xy 2 − 2 xy = 2 xy ⋅ 2 y − 2 xy ⋅ 1 = 2 xy(2 y − 1)
Check:
58. 2 x 2 − 8 x + 12 2 xy(2 y − 1) ⱨ 4 xy2 − 2 xy
The GCF is 2.
2 xy(2 y − 1) = 2 xy ⋅ 2 y − 2 xy ⋅ 1 = 4 xy 2 − 2 xy 9
2 2
2 x − 8 x + 12 = 2 ⋅ x − 2 ⋅ 4 x + 2 ⋅ 6
= 2( x 2 − 4 x + 6) 72. 10a + 20b + 25
The GCF is 5.
Check: 2( x 2 − 4 x + 6) ⱨ 2 x 2 − 8 x + 12 10a + 20b + 25 = 5 ⋅ 2a + 5 ⋅ 4b + 5 ⋅ 5
2( x 2 − 4 x + 6) = 2 ⋅ x 2 − 2 ⋅ 4 x + 2 ⋅ 6 = 5(2a + 4b + 5)
= 2 x 2 − 8 x + 12 9 Check: 5(2a + 4b + 5) ⱨ 10 a + 20b + 25
5(2a + 4b + 5) = 5 ⋅ 2a + 5 ⋅ 4b + 5 ⋅ 5
60. 3 y3 + 9 y 2 = 10 a + 20b + 25 9

The GCF is 3 y 2 .
74. 9 x 2 + 18 x − 9
3 2 2 2 2
3 y + 9 y = 3 y ⋅ y + 3 y ⋅ 3 = 3 y ( y + 3) The GCF is 9.
Check: 9 x 2 + 18 x − 9 = 9 ⋅ x 2 + 9 ⋅ 2 x − 9 ⋅1
2 3 2
3 y ( y + 3) ⱨ 3 y + 9 y = 9( x 2 + 2 x − 1)
2 2 2 3 2
3 y ( y + 3) = 3 y ⋅ y + 3 y ⋅ 3 = 3 y + 9 y 9 Check: 9( x 2 + 2 x − 1) ⱨ 9 x 2 + 18 x − 9
9( x 2 + 2 x − 1) = 9 ⋅ x 2 + 9 ⋅ 2 x − 9 ⋅1
62. 3a2 b + 6ab
The GCF is 3ab. = 9 x 2 + 18 x − 9 9
3a2 b + 6ab = 3ab ⋅ a + 3ab ⋅ 2 = 3ab(a + 2)
Check: 76. 5 x 3 y3 − 10 x 2 y 2
3ab(a + 2) ⱨ 3a2 b + 6ab The GCF is 5 x 2 y2 .
3ab(a + 2) = 3ab ⋅ a + 3ab ⋅ 2 = 3a2 b + 6ab 9 5 x 3 y3 − 10 x 2 y2 = 5 x 2 y2 ⋅ xy − 5 x 2 y 2 ⋅ 2
= 5 x 2 y2 ( xy − 2)
64. 10x + 5
The GCF is 5. Check: 5 x 2 y 2 ( xy − 2) ⱨ 5 x 3 y3 − 10 x 2 y 2
10x + 5 = 5 ⋅ 2x + 5 ⋅ 1 = 5(2x + 1) 5 x 2 y 2 ( xy − 2) = 5 x 2 y2 ⋅ xy − 5 x 2 y 2 ⋅ 2
Check: 5(2 x + 1) ⱨ 10 x + 5
= 5 x 3 y3 − 10 x 2 y 2 9
5(2 x + 1) = 5 ⋅ 2 x + 5 ⋅ 1 = 10 x + 5 9

66. 9b − 15 78. 12 xy 2 + 4 xy + 8 y
The GCF is 3. The GCF is 4y.
9b − 15 = 3 ⋅ 3b − 3 ⋅ 5 = 3(3b − 5) 12 xy 2 + 4 xy + 8 y = 4 y ⋅ 3xy + 4 y ⋅ x + 4 y ⋅ 2
Check: 3(3b − 5) ⱨ 9b − 15
= 4 y(3 xy + x + 2)
3(3b − 5) = 3 ⋅ 3b − 3 ⋅ 5 = 9b − 15 9
Check: 4 y(3xy + x + 2) ⱨ 12 xy 2 + 4 xy + 8 y
68. 9x − 18xy 4 y(3xy + x + 2) = 4 y ⋅ 3xy + 4 y ⋅ x + 4 y ⋅ 2
The GCF is 3x. = 12 xy 2 + 4 xy + 8 y 9
9x − 18xy = 9x ⋅ 1 − 9x ⋅ 2y = 9x(1 − 2y)

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Chapter 6: Polynomials ISM: Prealgebra

80. a. −3x + 9 = −3(x) − 3(−3) = −3(x − 3) Classroom Quiz 6.4

b. −3x + 9 = 3(−x) + 3(3) = 3(−x + 3) 1. a. 6=2⋅3

12 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
Cumulative Review 15 = 3 ⋅ 5
GCF = 3
81. 3 = 3
4=2⋅2 b. ab2 c + a2 c
2=2
The smaller exponent on a is 1. Both
LCD = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 = 12 exponents on c are 1.
GCF = ac
82. 4 = 2 ⋅ 2
2=2
5=5 2. 15 x 2 + 9 y − 6
LCD = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 = 20 GCF = 3
15 x 2 + 9 y − 6 = 3 ⋅ 5 x 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 y − 3 ⋅ 2
83. 2x = 2 ⋅ x
x=x = 3(5 x 2 + 3 y − 2)
LCD = 2 ⋅ x = 2x
3. 8a2 b + 2 ab2
84. x = x GCF = 2ab
5x = 5 ⋅ x 8a2 b + 2ab2 = 2ab ⋅ 4a + 2 ab ⋅ b = 2ab(4a + b)
LCD = 5 ⋅ x = 5x
Career Exploration Problems
85. Find the total rainfall for January, February, and
March. 1. a. The formula for the number of vacation
2⋅4 8 days is T = 4 + 2N.
2 = 2
3⋅4 12
1⋅ 3 3 b. If an employee has worked for the company
3 = 3 for four years, then N = 4, so replace N with
4 ⋅3 12
2⋅4 8 4.
+2 = +2 T = 4 + 2(4) = 4 + 8 = 12
3⋅4 12
19 7 After four years, an employee will have 12
7 =8 in. vacation days.
12 12
Subtract this total from 10 inches. c. A salary of $37,440 per year is
12 $37, 440
10 = 9 = $720 per week.
12 52
7 = 7 12 vacation days is 2 weeks plus 2 days or 2
−8 8
12 12 2
5 5 weeks plus week.
1 =1 in. 5
12 12
2
5 2($720) + ($720) = $1440 + $288 = $1728
1 inches of rain must fall in April. 5
12 An employee earning a salary of
$37,440 per year who has been with the
86. Divide to find the number of servings in company for four years will receive $1728
45 pounds. in vacation pay.
1
45 ÷ = 45 × 3 = 135
3 xy
d. The formula is .
Since Louise has 135 servings of potato salad 52
and only 125 guests, she will have enough potato 2
salad. Using the information from part (c), x = 2
5
and y = $37,440.

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ISM: Prealgebra Chapter 6: Polynomials

xy
=
(
2 52 ⋅ $37, 440
=
)
$89, 856
= $1728
2. The terms of a 4 − 2b 2 − 3b − 4 are + a 4 , −2b 2 ,
52 52 52 −3b, and −4.
The formula give the same value.
3. −(2a − 3) = −2a + 3
You Try It
4. −(−6x + 4y − 2) = 6x − 4y + 2
2 2
1. (−5 x + 8 x − 3) + (3x − 4 x − 2) 5. (−3 x − 9) + (5 x − 2) = −3 x + 5 x − 9 − 2 = 2 x − 11
= −5 x 2 + 3 x 2 + 8 x − 4 x − 3 − 2
= −2 x 2 + 4 x − 5 6. (4 x + 8) − (8 x + 2) = 4 x + 8 + (−8 x ) + (−2)
= −4 x + 6
2. −(6y − 4z + 7) = −6y + 4z − 7
7. (9a2 − 3a + 5) − (−4a2 − 6a − 1)
3. (7 x 2 − 4 x − 3) − (4 x 2 − 2 x − 5) = 9 a 2 − 3a + 5 + 4 a 2 + 6 a + 1
= 7 x2 − 4 x − 3 − 4 x2 + 2 x + 5 = 13a2 + 3a + 6
= 3x2 − 2 x + 2
8. (−4 x 2 − 3) − (3 x 2 + 7 x + 1) + (− x 2 − 4)
4. −2a(4a − 5b + 6) = −2a(4a) − 2a(−5b) − 2a(6) = −4 x 2 − 3 − 3 x 2 − 7 x − 1 − x 2 − 4
2
= −8a + 10ab − 12a = −8 x 2 − 7 x − 8

5. (4 x + 3)(2 x 2 − x + 3) 9. 2(−2 x 2 + 2) − (3 x 2 + 5 x − 6)
2 2
= 4 x(2 x − x + 3) + 3(2 x − x + 3) = −4 x 2 + 4 − (3 x 2 + 5 x − 6)
2 2
= 4x ⋅ 2x − 4x ⋅ x + 4x ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 2x − 3 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ 3 = −4 x 2 + 4 − 3 x 2 − 5 x + 6
= 8 x3 − 4 x 2 + 12 x + 6 x 2 − 3x + 9 = −7 x 2 − 5 x + 10
3 2
= 8x + 2x + 9x + 9
10. 4 x − ( x 2 + 2 x ) + 3(3 x 2 − 6 x + 4)
2 2
6. ( x + 5)( x − 2) = x − 2 x + 5 x − 10 = x + 3x − 10 = 4 x − x 2 − 2 x + 3(3 x 2 − 6 x + 4)
= 4 x − x 2 − 2 x + 9 x 2 − 18 x + 12
7. 3ab − 9a 2 b
The GCF is 3ab. = −16 x + 8 x 2 + 12
3ab − 9a 2 b = 3ab ⋅1 − 3ab ⋅ 3a = 3ab(1 − 3a) = 8 x 2 − 16 x + 12

8. a. Since we are comparing the height and 11. −4(6 x 2 − 8 x + 5) = −4 ⋅ 6 x 2 − 4(−8 x ) − 4 ⋅ 5

length of the box to its width, we let the = −24 x 2 + 32 x − 20
variable represent the width.
Width = w
The height is triple the width. 12. −2 y( y − 6) = −2 y ⋅ y − 2 y(−6) = −2 y 2 + 12 y
Height = 3w
The length is 3 inches shorter than double 13. 3 x (9 x − 3 y + 2) = 3 x ⋅ 9 x + 3 x (−3 y) + 3 x ⋅ 2
the width. = 27 x 2 − 9 xy + 6 x
Length = 2w − 3
14. −5n(−4n − 9m − 7)
b. 3w + w − (2w − 3) = 3w + w − 2w + 3 = 2 w + 3 = −5n(−4 n) − 5n(−9m) − 5n(−7)
Chapter 6 Review Problems = 20 n2 + 45mn + 35n

1. The terms of 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3z 3 + 4 are +2 x 2 , +5x, 15. 4 x 2 ( x 4 − 4) = 4 x 2 ⋅ x 4 + 4 x 2 (−4) = 4 x 6 − 16 x 2

−3z 3 , and +4.

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Chapter 6: Polynomials ISM: Prealgebra

16. x 4 ( x 5 − 2 x − 3) = x 4 ⋅ x 5 + x 4 (−2 x ) + x 4 (−3) 28. Since we are comparing the profit for the third
quarter to the profit for the first quarter, we let
= x 9 − 2 x5 − 3x 4 the variable represent the profit for the first
quarter.
17. ( z − 4)(5z ) = 5z ( z − 4) Profit for the first quarter = x
= 5z ⋅ z + 5z (−4) The profit for the third quarter is $22,300 more
= 5z 2 − 20 z than the profit for the first quarter.
Profit for the third quarter = x + 22,300
18. ( y + 10)(−6 y) − 6 y( y + 10) = −6 y ⋅ y − 6 y ⋅ 10
29. Since we are comparing the width of a field to its
= −6 y 2 − 60 y length, we let the variable represent the length of
the field.
19. ( x 3 − 6 x )(4 x 2 ) = 4 x 2 ( x 3 − 6 x ) Length = L
The width is 22 feet shorter than the length.
= 4 x 2 ⋅ x 3 + 4 x 2 (−6 x )
Width = L − 22
= 4 x 5 − 24 x 3
30. Since we are comparing the measures of ∠a and
20. ( x − 2)(2 x 2 + 3 x − 1) ∠c to the measure of ∠b, we let the variable
= x (2 x 2 + 3 x − 1) − 2(2 x 2 + 3 x − 1) represent the measure of ∠b.
Measure of ∠b = x
= 2 x3 + 3x2 − x − 4 x2 − 6 x + 2 The measure of ∠a is 30° more than the measure
= 2 x3 − x2 − 7 x + 2 of ∠b.
Measure of ∠a = x + 30
21. ( y + 5)(3 y2 − 2 y + 3) The measure of ∠c is twice the measure of ∠b.
= y(3 y2 − 2 y + 3) + 5(3 y2 − 2 y + 3) Measure of ∠c = 2x
= 3 y3 − 2 y2 + 3 y + 15 y2 − 10 y + 15 31. Since the numbers of carnations and lilies are
= 3 y3 + 13 y2 − 7 y + 15 being compared to the number of roses, we let
the variable represent the number of roses.
Number of roses = x
22. ( y − 1)(−3 y2 + 4 y + 5) There are three times as many carnations as
= y(−3 y2 + 4 y + 5) − 1(−3 y2 + 4 y + 5) roses.
= −3 y 3 + 4 y 2 + 5 y + 3 y 2 − 4 y − 5 Number of carnations = 3x
There are five more lilies than roses.
= −3 y 3 + 7 y 2 + y − 5 Number of lilies = x + 5

23. (2 x + 3)( x 2 + 3 x − 1) 32. a. Since we are comparing Phoebe’s and

Kelly’s salaries to Erin’s salary, we let the
= 2 x ( x 2 + 3 x − 1) + 3( x 2 + 3 x − 1) variable represent Erin’s salary.
= 2 x3 + 6 x 2 − 2 x + 3x 2 + 9 x − 3 Erin’s salary = x
Phoebe’s salary is $145 more than Erin’s
= 2 x3 + 9x 2 + 7 x − 3
salary.
Phoebe’s salary = x + 145
24. ( x + 2)( x + 4) = x 2 + 4 x + 2 x + 8 = x 2 + 6 x + 8 Kelly’s salary is $60 less than Erin’s salary.
Kelly’s salary = x − 60
25. ( y + 4)( y − 7) = y 2 − 7 y + 4 y − 28 = y2 − 3 y − 28
b. Erin’s salary plus Phoebe’s salary minus
Kelly’s salary is x + (x + 145) − (x − 60).
26. ( x − 2)(3 x + 4) = 3 x 2 + 4 x − 6 x − 8 = 3 x 2 − 2 x − 8
c. x + ( x + 145) − ( x − 60) = x + x + 145 − x + 60
27. ( x − 3)(5 x − 6) = 5 x 2 − 6 x − 15 x + 18 = x + 205
= 5 x 2 − 21x + 18

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ISM: Prealgebra Chapter 6: Polynomials

33. a. Since the numbers of children with brown 36. 14 = 2 ⋅ 7

eyes and with green eyes are being 21 = 3 ⋅ 7
compared to the number of children with GCF = 7
blue eyes, we let the variable represent the
number of children with blue eyes. 37. 6 = 2 ⋅ 3
Number of children with blue eyes = x 21 = 3 ⋅ 7
The number of children with brown eyes is GCF = 3
seven more than the number with blue eyes.
Number with brown eyes = x + 7 38. 25 = 5 ⋅ 5
There are nine fewer children with green 45 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
eyes than with blue eyes. GCF = 5
Number with green eyes = x − 9
39. 18 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3
b. The number of children with blue eyes plus 36 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3
the number of children with brown eyes GCF = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = 18
minus the number of children with green
eyes is x + (x + 7) − (x − 9). 40. 8 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
14 = 2 ⋅ 7
c. x + ( x + 7) − ( x − 9) = x + x + 7 − x + 9
18 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3
= x + 16 GCF = 2
34. a. Since we are comparing the lengths of the
41. 12 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
second and third sides of a triangle to the
16 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
length of the first side, we let the variable
represent the length of the first side. 20 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5
Length of the first side = x GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 = 4
The length of the second side is double the
first. 42. a2 bc + ab3
Length of the second side = 2x The smaller exponent on a is 1, and the smaller
The third side is 10 inches longer than the exponent on b is 1.
first. GCF = ab
Length of the third side = x + 10
43. xy3 z + x 2 y2
b. The sum of all sides of the triangle is
x + 2x + (x + 10). The smaller exponent on x is 1, and the smaller
exponent on y is 2.
c. x + 2 x + ( x + 10) = x + 2 x + x + 10 = 4 x + 10 GCF = xy 2

35. a. Since we are comparing the length and 44. 6x − 14

height of a box to its width, we let the GCF = 2
variable represent the width. 6x − 14 = 2 ⋅ 3x − 2 ⋅ 7 = 2(3x − 7)
Width = W
The length is 7 inches longer than the width. 45. 5x + 15
Length = W + 7 GCF = 5
The height is 4 inches shorter than three 5x + 15 = 5 ⋅ x + 5 ⋅ 3 = 5(x + 3)
times the width.
Height = 3W − 4 46. 4a + 12b
GCF = 4
b. The sum of the height, width, and length is 4a + 12b = 4 ⋅ a + 4 ⋅ 3b = 4(a + 3b)
(3W − 4) + W + (W + 7).
47. 3y − 9z
c. (3W − 4) + W + (W + 7) GCF = 3
= 3W − 4 + W + W + 7 3y − 9z = 3 ⋅ y − 3 ⋅ 3z = 3(y − 3z)
= 5W + 3

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Chapter 6: Polynomials ISM: Prealgebra

48. 6 xy2 − 12 xy 7. (−6 m 2 − 3m − 8) − (6m 2 + 3m − 4)

GCF = 6xy = −6m 2 − 3m − 8 + (−6 m 2 ) + (−3m) + 4
2
6 xy − 12 xy = 6 xy ⋅ y − 6 xy ⋅ 2 = 6 xy( y − 2) = −12 m 2 − 6m − 4

49. 8a2 b − 16ab 8. ( x 2 − x + 7) + (−2 x 2 + 4 x + 6) − ( x 2 + 8)

GCF = 8ab = x2 − x + 7 − 2x2 + 4x + 6 − x2 − 8
2
8a b − 16 ab = 8ab ⋅ a − 8ab ⋅ 2 = 8ab(a − 2) = −2 x 2 + 3 x + 5

50. 10 x 3 y + 5 x 2 y 9. 3 x − 2(7 x 2 + 2 x − 1) − (3 x 2 + 8 x − 2)
2
GCF = 5x y = 3 x − 14 x 2 − 4 x + 2 − (3 x 2 + 8 x − 2)
10 x 3 y + 5 x 2 y = 5 x 2 y ⋅ 2 x + 5 x 2 y ⋅ 1 = 3 x − 14 x 2 − 4 x + 2 − 3 x 2 − 8 x + 2
= 5 x 2 y(2 x + 1) = −9 x − 17 x 2 + 4
= −17 x 2 − 9 x + 4
51. 4 y3 − 6 y 2 + 2 y
10. −7a(2a + 3b − 4) = −7a(2a) − 7 a(3b) − 7a(−4)
GCF = 2y
= −14a 2 − 21ab + 28a
4 y3 − 6 y 2 + 2 y = 2 y ⋅ 2 y 2 − 2 y ⋅ 3 y + 2 y ⋅ 1
= 2 y(2 y2 − 3 y + 1) 11. −2 x 3 (4 x 2 − 3) = −2 x 3 (4 x 2 ) − 2 x 3 (−3)

52. 3a − 6b + 12 = −8 x 5 + 6 x 3
GCF = 3
3a − 6b + 12 = 3 ⋅ a − 3 ⋅ 2b + 3 ⋅ 4 = 3(a − 2b + 4) 12. ( x + 5)( x + 9) = x 2 + 9 x + 5 x + 45
= x 2 + 14 x + 45
53. 2x + 4y − 10
GCF = 2 13. ( x + 3)( x − 2) = x 2 − 2 x + 3 x − 6 = x 2 + x − 6
2 x + 4 y − 10 = 2 ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ 2 y − 2 ⋅ 5 = 2( x + 2 y − 5)

How Am I Doing? Chapter 6 Test 14. (2 x + 1)( x − 3) = 2 x 2 − 6 x + x − 3

= 2 x 2 − 5x − 3
2 2
1. The terms of x y − 2 x + 3 y − 5 x are
15. (3 x 3 − 1)(−4 x 4 ) = −4 x 4 (3 x 3 − 1)
+ x 2 y, − 2 x 2 , +3y, and −5x.
= −4 x 4 (3 x 3 ) − 4 x 4 (−1)
2. −(4x − 2y − 6) = −4x + 2y + 6 = −12 x 7 + 4 x 4

3. (−5 x + 3) + (−2 x + 4) = −5 x − 2 x + 3 + 4 16. ( y − 3)(4 y2 + 2 y − 6)

= −7 x + 7
4. (4 y + 5) − (2 y − 3) = 4 y + 5 + (−2 y) + 3 = 2 y + 8
5. (−7 p − 2) − (3 p + 4) = −7 p − 2 − 3 p + (−4)
= −10 p − 6
6. (4 x 2 + 8 x − 3) + (9 x 2 − 10 x + 1)
= 4 x 2 + 9 x 2 + 8 x − 10 x − 3 + 1
= 13 x 2 − 2 x − 2
= y(4 y2 + 2 y − 6) − 3(4 y 2 + 2 y − 6)
= 4 y3 + 2 y 2 − 6 y − 12 y 2 − 6 y + 18
= 4 y3 − 10 y 2 − 12 y + 18
17. Since we are comparing the width of a piece of
wood to its length, we let the variable represent
the length of the piece of wood.
Length = L
The width is three inches shorter than the length.
Width = L − 3

156 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Prealgebra Chapter 6: Polynomials

18. Since we are comparing the lengths of the 25. 2 x 2 y − 6 xy2

second and third sides of a triangle to the length
of the first side, we let the variable represent the
length of the first side.
Length of the first side = f
The second side is 6 inches longer than the first.
Length of the second side = f + 6
The third side is 2 inches shorter than two times
the first.
Length of the third side = 2f − 2
19. a. Since we are comparing the numbers of
votes that Jason and Nhan received to the
number of votes that Lena received, we let
the variable represent the number of votes
that Lena received.
Number of votes for Lena = x
Jason received 3000 fewer votes than Lena.
Number of votes for Jason: x − 3000
Nhan received 5100 more votes than Lena.
Number of votes for Nhan = x + 5100
b. The number of votes received by Nhan plus
the number of votes received by Lena minus
the number of votes received by Jason is
(x + 5100) + x − (x − 3000).
GCF = 2xy
2 x 2 y − 6 xy 2 = 2 xy ⋅ x − 2 xy ⋅ 3 y = 2 xy( x − 3 y)
Cumulative Test for Chapters 1−6
1. $560 + $35 + $410 + $30 + $22 + $120 = $1177
Since $1177 > $1100, she does not have enough.
$1177 − $1100 = $77
She needs $77.
2. 5 × $10 + 7 × $6 + 4 × $7 = $50 + $42 + $28 = $120
$120
= $60
2
Assuming Alexandra and Stanley are sharing the
cost evenly, Stanley will have to pay $60.
3. 5x − 3x + x + 5 = (5 − 3 + 1)x + 5 = 3x + 5
4. −8r + 3 − 5r − 8 = (−8 − 5)r + (3 − 8) = −13r − 5
5. 82 − 10 + 4 = 64 − 10 + 4 = 54 + 4 = 58
6. −4 + 23 − 9 = −4 + 8 − 9 = 4 − 9 = −5

c. ( x + 5100) + x − ( x − 3000)
7. 7 − 24 ÷ 6(−2)2 − 3 = 7 − 24 ÷ 6(4) − 3
= x + 5100 + x − x + 3000
= 7 − 4(4) − 3
= x + 8100
= 7 − 16 − 3
= −9 − 3
20. 9 = 3 ⋅ 3
21 = 3 ⋅ 7 = −12
GCF = 3
8. 3 − 12 ÷ (−2) + 42 = 3 − 12 ÷ (−2) + 16
21. 8 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 3 − (−6) + 16
16 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 9 + 16
20 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 = 25
GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 = 4
9. (−10 x 2 )(5 x) = (−10 ⋅ 5) x 2 +1 = −50 x3
2 3
22. x yz + x z
The smaller exponent on x is 2, and the smaller 10. (3x 2 )( x3 )( x) = 3x 2 +3+1 = 3x 6
exponent on z is 1.
GCF = x 2 z 11. 5 x( x 2 + 3) = 5 x ⋅ x 2 + 5 x ⋅ 3 = 5 x3 + 15 x
23. 3x + 12
GCF = 3 90 n2 18 ⋅ 5 n ⋅ n 5n
12. = =
3x + 12 = 3 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ 4 = 3(x + 4) 54 n 18 ⋅ 3 ⋅ n 3

24. 7 x 2 − 14 x + 21 8a 3 8 a3 1 1
GCF = 7 13. = = =
5 5 5− 3
32a 8 ⋅2⋅2⋅a 4a 4 a2
7 x 2 − 14 x + 21 = 7 ⋅ x 2 − 7 ⋅ 2 x + 7 ⋅ 3
= 7( x 2 − 2 x + 3)

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 157

Chapter 6: Polynomials ISM: Prealgebra

3 ⎛ 1⎞ 3 21. Let x be the amount of carbohydrates in

⎛x⎞ x x (1)(3) x 3 x 3 12 ounces of yogurt. 4 ounces is to 9 grams as 12
14. ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = = =
⎝3⎠ ⎜ 31 ⎟ x (1)(3) 33 27 ounces is to x grams.
⎝ ⎠
4 oz 12 oz
=
15. a. A = s 2 = 122 = 144 9g xg
4 12
The area is 144 in.2 . =
9 x
b. A = bh = (10)(15) = 150 x ⋅ 4 = 9 ⋅ 12
The area is 150 ft 2 . 4 x = 108
4 x 108
16. V = LWH = (5)(3)(4) = 60 =
4 4
The volume is 60 yd3 . x = 27
There are 27 grams of carbohydrates in
9 R1 12 ounces of yogurt.
37 1
17. 4 37 =9
36 4 4 22. Replace n with −4 and m with 2.
1 n2 − 6 (−4)2 − 6 16 − 6 10
= = = =5
13 R 1 m 2 2 2
40 1
18. 3 40 = 13
3 3 23. a. x + 45 = −2
3
x + 45 + (−45) = −2 + (−45)
10
x = −47
9
1 b. 6 x − 5 x − 9 = 34
x − 9 = 34
19. 550
x − 9 + 9 = 34 + 9
/ \
x = 43
10 ⋅ 55
/\ / \
n
2 ⋅ 5 5 ⋅ 11 24. a. =6
−8
550 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 11 or 2 ⋅ 52 ⋅ 11 −8 ⋅ n
= −8 ⋅ 6
20. We divide 310 ÷ 6 to find the unit rate. −8
51 R 4 n = −48
4 2
6 310 51 = 51
30 6 3 b. −9n = 99
−9n 99
10 =
6 −9 −9
n = −11
4
310 mi 2 2 x 4 10 x 2 2 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x 2
= 51 mph 25. ⋅ = = x 4 + 2 −1 = x5
6 hr 3 5x 4 5 ⋅ x⋅ 2 ⋅ 2

1 ⎛ 2⎞ 1 3 1⋅ 3 1
26. − ÷ ⎜ − ⎟ = ⋅ = =
6 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 6 2 2⋅ 3 ⋅2 4

27. 12 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
28 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 7
LCD = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 = 84

158 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Prealgebra Chapter 6: Polynomials

28. We subtract. 31. ( x + 1)(3 x 2 − 2 x + 6)

1⋅ 3 3
12 = 12 = x (3 x 2 − 2 x + 6) + 1(3 x 2 − 2 x + 6)
2⋅3 6
1⋅ 2 2 = 3x3 − 2 x 2 + 6 x + 3x2 − 2 x + 6
− 9 = − 9
3⋅ 2 6 = 3x3 + x2 + 4 x + 6
1
3 gal
6 32. ( x + 2)( x + 6) = x 2 + 6 x + 2 x + 12 = x 2 + 8 x + 12
1
Frank used 3 gallons of gas.
6 33. (2 x + 7)( x − 3) = 2 x 2 − 6 x + 7 x − 21
= 2 x 2 + x − 21
29. We multiply to find the amount Jaci takes to
work. 34. Since we are comparing the height of the
1 1 1 21 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 7 3 building to the height of the tree, we let the
⋅5 = ⋅ = = = 1 lb variable represent the height of the tree.
3 4 3 4 3 ⋅2⋅2 4 4
Height of the tree = t
We subtract to find how much she has left.
The building is 4 feet higher than twice the
1 5
5 = 4 height of the tree.
4 4 Height of the building = 2t + 4
3 3
−1 = −1
4 4 35. 9a + 18b + 9
2 1 GCF = 9
3 = 3 lb 9a + 18b + 9 = 9 ⋅ a + 9 ⋅ 2b + 9 ⋅ 1 = 9(a + 2b + 1)
4 2
1
Jaci has 3 pounds of candy left. 36. 12 x 2 y + 6 x 2
2
GCF = 6x 2
2 2
30. (−8 x + 3 x − 6) − ( x + 5 x ) 12 x 2 y + 6 x 2 = 6 x 2 ⋅ 2 y + 6 x 2 ⋅ 1 = 6 x 2 (2 y + 1)
2 2
= −8 x + 3 x − 6 + (− x ) + (−5 x )
= −9 x 2 − 2 x − 6

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 159

Another random document with
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 SHRIMP CHATNEY.

(Mauritian Receipt.)
Shell with care a quart of fresh shrimps (for the mode of doing this
see Chapter III.), mince them quickly upon a dish with a large sharp
knife, then turn them into a mortar and pound them to a perfectly
smooth paste. Next, mix with them very gradually two or three
spoonsful of salad oil of the best quality, some young green chilies
chopped small (or when these cannot be procured, some good
cayenne pepper as a substitute), some young onions finely minced,
a little salt if required, and as much vinegar or strained lemon juice
as will render the sauce pleasantly acid. Half a saltspoonful or more
of powdered ginger is sometimes used in addition to the above
ingredients.
When they are preferred, two or three small shalots minced and
well bruised with the shrimps may be substituted for the onions.[65]
The proportion of oil should be double that of the vinegar used; but in
this preparation, as in all others of the same nature, individual taste
must regulate the proportion of the most powerful condiments which
enter into its composition. All chatneys should be quite thick, almost
of the consistence of mashed turnips, or stewed tomatas, or stiff
bread sauce. They are served with curries; and also with steaks,
cutlets, cold meat, and fish. In the East the native cooks crush to a
pulp upon a stone slab, and with a stone roller, the ingredients which
we direct to be pounded. On occasion the fish might be merely
minced. When beaten to a paste, they should be well separated with
a fork as the chilies, &c., are added.
65. The sauce can be made without either when their flavour is not liked.
 CAPSICUMB CHATNEY.

Slice transversely and very thin, into a bowl or pan of spring water,
some large tender green capsicumbs, and let them steep for an hour
or two; then drain, and dress with oil, vinegar, and salt.
For Tomata and Sausage Chatney, see Chapter of Foreign
Cookery.
CHAPTER VII.

Store Sauces.
Mushrooms, Eschalots, and Tomatas.
 OBSERVATIONS.

A well selected stock of these will always prove a convenient

resource in simple cookery for giving colour and flavour to soups,
gravies, and made dishes; but unless the consumption be
considerable, they should not be over-abundantly provided, as few of
them are improved by age, and many are altogether spoiled by long
keeping, especially if they be not perfectly secured from the air by
sound corking, or if stored where there is the slightest degree of
damp. To prevent loss, they should be examined at short intervals,
and at the first appearance of mould or fermentation, such as will
bear the process should be reboiled, and put, when again quite cold,
into clean bottles; a precaution often especially needful for
mushroom catsup when it has been made in a wet season, or when
it has not been very carefully prepared. This, with essence of
anchovies, walnut catsup, Harvey’s sauce, cavice, lemon-pickle,
chili, cucumber, and eschalot vinegar, will be all that is commonly
needed for family use; but there is at the present day an extensive
choice of these stores on sale, some of which are excellent.
 CHETNEY SAUCE.

(Bengal Receipt).
Stone four ounces of good raisins, and chop
them small, with half a pound of crabs, sour
apples, unripe bullaces,[66] or of any other hard
acid fruit. Take four ounces of coarse brown
sugar, two of powdered ginger, and the same
quantity of salt and cayenne pepper; grind these
ingredients separately in a mortar, as fine as
possible; then pound the fruits well, and mix the
spices with them, one by one; beat them together
until they are perfectly blended, and add
gradually as much vinegar as will make the sauce
of the consistence of thick cream. Put it into
bottles with an ounce of garlic, divided into
cloves, and cork it tightly.
66. Hard acid fruit in a crude state is, we think, an ingredient
not much to be recommended; and it is always better to
deviate a little from “an approved receipt” than to endanger
health by the use of ingredients of a questionable
character. Gooseberries or tomatas, after being subjected
to a moderate degree of heat, might be eaten with far less
hazard.
Garlic.
Stoned raisins, 4 oz.; crabs, or other acid fruit,
1/2 lb.; coarse sugar, 4 oz.; powdered ginger, 2
oz.; salt, 2 oz.; cayenne pepper, 2 oz.; garlic, 1 oz.; vinegar, enough
to dilute it properly.
Obs.—This favourite oriental sauce is compounded in a great
variety of ways; but some kind of acid fruit is essential to it. The
mango is used in India; here gooseberries, while still hard and green,
are sometimes used for it; and ripe red chilies and tomatas are
mixed with the other ingredients. The sauce keeps better if it be
exposed to a gentle degree of heat for a week or two, either by the
side of the fire, or in a full southern aspect in the sun: the heat of a
very slow oven, in which it might be left for a night, would probably
have a still better effect. In this case it must be put into a jar or
bottles, and well secured from the air. Half a pound of gooseberries,
or of these and tamarinds from the shell, and green apples mixed,
and the same weight of salt, stoned raisins, brown sugar, powdered
ginger, chilies, and garlic, with a pint and a half of vinegar, and the
juice of three large lemons, will make another genuine Bengal
chetney.
 FINE MUSHROOM CATSUP.

One of the very best and most useful of store sauces is good
home-made mushroom catsup, which, if really well prepared, imparts
an agreeable flavour to any soup or sauce with which it is mingled,
and at the same time heightens the colour without imparting the
“bitter sweetness” which the burnt sugar used as “browning” in
clumsy cookery so often does. The catsup ought, in fact, to be rather
the pure essence of mushrooms, made with so much salt and spice
only as are required to preserve it for a year or longer, than the
compound of mushroom-juice, anchovies, shalots, allspice, and
other condiments of which it is commonly composed, especially for
sale.
Directions to be observed in making and for keeping the catsup.—
Let the mushrooms be collected when the weather is dry, for if
gathered during, or immediately after rain, the catsup made with
them will not keep well.
Cut off the stalk-ends to which the earth adheres, before the
mushrooms are broken up, and throw them aside, as they should
never be used for the catsup. Reject also such of the flaps as are
worm-eaten or decayed. Those which are too stale for use may be
detected by the smell, which is very offensive.
When the mushroom first opens, the underside is of a fine pale
salmon colour; this changes soon to a sort of ashy-brown, which
deepens almost to black as the mushroom passes from its maturity
to a state of decay. As it yields a greater abundance of juice when it
is fully ripe, it is usually taken in that state for these sauces; but
catsup of fine and delicate flavour, though somewhat pale in colour,
can be made even of mushroom-buttons if they be sliced up small
and turned often in the liquid which will be speedily drawn from them
by the application of salt; a rather smaller proportion of which should
be mingled with them than is directed for the following receipt.
Every thing used in preparing the catsup should be delicately
clean and very dry. The bottles in which it is stored, after being dried
in the usual way, should be laid into a cool oven for an hour or two
before they are filled, to ensure their being free from the slightest
degree of moisture, but they must be quite cold before the catsup is
poured into them. If the corks be sealed so as to exclude the air
effectually, or if well-cleansed bits of bladder first dried, and then
rendered flexible with a little spirit of any kind (spirits of wine is
convenient for such purposes), be tied closely over them, and the
bottles can be kept in a cool place free from damp, the catsup will
remain good for a long time.
 MUSHROOM CATSUP.

Receipt:—Break up small into a deep earthen pan, two gallons of

large ripe mushroom-flaps, and strew amongst them three quarters
of a pound of salt, reserving the larger portion of it for the top. Let
them remain two days, and stir them gently with a wooden spoon
often during the time; then turn them into a large stewpan or
enamelled saucepan, heat them slowly, and simmer them for fifteen
or twenty minutes. Strain the liquor closely from them without
pressure; strain and measure it; put it into a very clean stewpan, and
boil it quickly until it is reduced nearly half. For every quart allow half
an ounce of black peppercorns and a drachm of mace; or, instead of
the pepper, a quarter of a teaspoonful (ten grains) of good cayenne;
pour the catsup into a clean jug or jar, lay a folded cloth over it, and
keep it in a cool place until the following day; pour it gently from the
sediment, put into small bottles, cork them well, and rosin them
down. A teaspoonful of salad oil may be poured into each bottle
before it is corked, the better to exclude the air from the catsup.
Mushrooms, 2 gallons; salt, 3/4 lb.; to macerate three or four days.
To each quart of liquor, 1/2 oz. black pepper, or quarter of a
teaspoonful of cayenne; and 1 drachm of mace: to be reduced nearly
half.
Obs. 1.—Catsup made thus will not be too salt, nor will the flavour
of the mushrooms be overpowered by that of the spices; of which a
larger quantity, and a greater variety, can be used at will.
We can, however, answer for the excellence of the present receipt
from long experience of it. When the catsup is boiled down quite
early in the day, it may be bottled the same night: it is necessary
only, that it should perfectly cold before this is done.
Obs. 2.—When the mushrooms are crushed, or mashed, as some
authors direct, the liquor will necessarily be very thick; it is better to
proceed as above, and then to boil the liquor which may afterwards
be extracted from the mushrooms by pressure, with the sediment of
the catsup, and sufficient cloves, pepper, allspice, and ginger, to
flavour it highly: this second catsup will be found very useful to mix
with common thickened sauces, hashes, and stews.
 MUSHROOM CATSUP.

(Another Receipt.)
Break a peck of large mushrooms into a deep earthenpan; strew
three quarters of a pound of salt amongst them, and set them into a
very cool oven for one night, with a fold of cloth or paper over them.
The following day strain off the liquor, measure, and boil it for fifteen
minutes; then, for each quart, add an ounce of black pepper, a
quarter of an ounce of allspice, half an ounce of ginger, and two
large blades of mace, and let it boil fast for twenty minutes longer.
When thoroughly cold, put it into bottles, cork them well, and dip the
necks into melted bottle-cement, or seal them so as to secure the
catsup from the air.
Mushrooms, 1 peck; salt, 3/4 lb. Liquor to boil, 15 minutes. To
each quart, 1/2 oz. black pepper; 1/4 oz. allspice; 1/2 oz. ginger; 2
blades mace: 20 minutes.
 DOUBLE MUSHROOM CATSUP.

On a gallon of fresh mushrooms strew three ounces of salt, and

pour to them a quart of ready-made catsup (that which is a year old
will do if it be perfectly good); keep these stirred occasionally for four
days, then drain the liquor very dry from the mushrooms, and boil it
for fifteen minutes with an ounce of whole black pepper, a drachm of
mace, an ounce of ginger, and three or four grains only of cayenne.
Mushrooms, 1 gallon; salt, 3 oz.; mushroom catsup, 1 quart;
peppercorns, 1 oz.; mace, 1 drachm; ginger, 1 oz.; cayenne, 3 to 4
grains: 15 minutes.
 COMPOUND, OR COOK’S CATSUP.

Take a pint and a half of mushroom catsup when it is first made,

and ready boiled (the double is best for the purpose), simmer in it for
five minutes an ounce of small eschalots nicely peeled; add to these
half a pint of walnut catsup, and a wineglassful of cayenne vinegar,
or of chili vinegar; give the whole one boil, pour it out, and when
cold, bottle it with the eschalots in it.
Mushroom catsup, 1-1/2 pint; eschalots, 1 oz.; walnut catsup or
pickle, 1/2 pint; cayenne or chili vinegar, 1 wineglassful.
 WALNUT CATSUP.

The vinegar in which walnuts have been pickled, when they have
remained in it a year, will generally answer all the purposes for which
this catsup is required, particularly if it be drained from them and
boiled for a few minutes, with a little additional spice, and a few
eschalots; but where the vinegar is objected to, it may be made
either by boiling the expressed juice of young walnuts for an hour,
with six ounces of fine anchovies, four ounces of eschalots, half an
ounce of black pepper, a quarter of an ounce of cloves, and a
drachm of mace, to every quart; or as follows:—
Pound in a mortar a hundred young walnuts, strewing amongst
them as they are done half a pound of salt; then pour to them a quart
of strong vinegar, and let them stand until they have become quite
black, keeping them stirred three or four times a day; next add a
quart of strong old beer, and boil the whole together for ten minutes;
strain it, and let it remain until the next day; then pour it off clear from
the sediment, add to it half a pound of anchovies, one large head of
garlic bruised, half an ounce of nutmegs bruised, the same quantity
of cloves and black pepper, and two drachms of mace: boil these
together for half an hour, and the following day bottle and cork the
catsup well. It will keep for a dozen years. Many persons add to it,
before it is boiled, a bottle of port wine; and others recommend a
large bunch of sweet herbs to be put in with the spice.
1st Recipe. Expressed juice of walnuts, 1 quart; anchovies, 6 oz.;
eschalots, 4 oz.; black pepper, 1/2 oz.; cloves, 1/4 oz.; mace, 1
drachm: 1 hour.
2nd. Walnuts, 100; salt, 1/2 lb.; vinegar, 1 quart; to stand till black.
Strong beer, 1 quart; anchovies, 1/2 lb.; 1 head garlic; nutmegs, 1/2
oz.; cloves, 1/2 oz.; black pepper, 1/2 oz.; mace, 2 drachms: 1/2
hour.
 ANOTHER GOOD RECEIPT FOR WALNUT CATSUP.

Beat a hundred green walnuts in a large marble mortar until they

are thoroughly bruised and broken, and then put them into a stone
jar, with half a pound of eschalots, cut in slices, one head of garlic,
half a pound of salt, and two quarts of vinegar; let them stand for ten
days, and stir them night and morning. Strain off the liquor, and boil it
for half an hour with the addition of two ounces of anchovies, two of
whole pepper, half an ounce of cloves, and two drachms of mace;
skim it well, strain it off, and when it is quite cold pour it gently from
the sediment (which may be reserved for flavouring common
sauces) into small dry bottles, secure it from air by sound corking,
and store it in a dry place.
Walnuts, 100; eschalots, 1/2 lb.; garlic, 1 head, salt, 1/2 lb.;
vinegar, 2 quarts: 10 days. Anchovies, 2 oz.; black pepper, 2 oz.;
mace, 1/4 oz.; cloves, 1/2 oz.: 1/2 hour.
 LEMON PICKLE OR CATSUP.

Either divide six small lemons into quarters, remove all the pips
that are in sight, and strew three ounces of salt upon them, and keep
them turned in it for a week, or, merely make deep incisions in them,
and proceed as directed for pickled lemons. When they have stood
in a warm place for eight days, put into a stone jar two ounces and a
half of finely-scraped horseradish, and two ounces of eschalots, or
one and a half of garlic; to these add the lemons with all their liquor,
and pour on them a pint and a half of boiling vinegar in which half an
ounce of bruised ginger, a quarter of an ounce of whole white
pepper, and two blades of mace have been simmered for two or
three minutes. The pickle will be fit for use in two or three months,
but may stand four or five before it is strained off.
Small lemons, 6; salt, 3 oz.: 8 days. Horseradish, 2-1/2 oz.;
eschalots, 2 oz., or garlic 1-1/2 oz.; vinegar, 1-1/2 pint; ginger, 1/2
oz.; whole white pepper, 1/4 oz.; mace, 2 blades: 3 to 6 months.
Obs.—These highly-flavoured compounds are still much in favour
with a certain class of housekeepers; but they belong exclusively to
English cookery: they are altogether opposed to the practice of the
French cuisine, as well as to that of other foreign countries.
 PONTAC CATSUP FOR FISH.

On one pint of ripe elderberries stripped from the stalks, pour three
quarters of a pint of boiling vinegar, and let it stand in a cool oven all
night; the next day strain off the liquid without pressure, and boil it for
five minutes with a half-teaspoonful of salt, a small race of ginger, a
blade of mace, forty corns of pepper, twelve cloves and four
eschalots. Bottle it with the spice when it is quite cold.
 BOTTLED TOMATAS, OR TOMATA CATSUP.

Cut half a peck of ripe tomatas into quarters; lay them on dishes
and sprinkle over them half a pound of salt. The next day drain the
juice from them through a hair-sieve into a stewpan, and boil it for
half an hour with three dozens of small capsicums and half a pound
of eschalots; then add the tomatas, which should be ready pulped
through a strainer. Boil the whole for thirty minutes longer; have
some clean wide-necked bottles, kept warm by the fire, fill them with
the catsup while it is quite hot; cork, and dip the necks into melted
bottle-resin or cement.
Tomatas, 1/2 peck; salt, 1/2 lb.; capsicums, 3 doz.; eschalots, 1/2
lb.: 1/2 hour. After pulp is added, 1/2 hour.
Obs.—This receipt has been kindly contributed by a person who
makes by it every year large quantities of the catsup, which is
considered excellent: for sauce it must be mixed with gravy or
melted butter. We have not ourselves been able to make trial of it.