Bucur Sasaran 2011 - Alge Haghimas

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Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous algae of Haghimas Mountains (Lacul Roşu-

Cheile Bicazului area)
Article · January 2011
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IOAN I. BUCUR & EMANOIL SĂSĂRAN (Eds)
CALCAREOUS ALGAE FROM

ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS
10th International Symposium on Fossil Algae,

Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 12-18 September 2011
Field Trip Guidebook
Cluj University Press

2011
UPPER JURASSIC-LOWER CRETACEOUS ALGAE OF HĂGHIMAŞ MOUNTAINS (LACU ROŞU-CHEILE
BICAZULUI AREA)
IOAN I. BUCUR 1 & EMANOIL SĂSĂRAN1
The Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous deposits in Lacu Roşu–Cheile Bicazului area consist of limestones
with ammonites (Kimmeridgian–Lower Tithonian), bioclastic and reef, Štramberk-type limestones (Upper
Tithonian), marly limestones and limestones (Berriasian–Valanginian) represented in some sectors by
allodapic limestones with calpionellids, and Urgonian-type limestones (Barremian–Lower Aptian). For the
geological setting see text on page 7.
STOP 1
LOCATION: Bicazului Valley eastwards from the gorges, close to the junction with Şugag creek (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 – Geological map of the region Lacu Roşu-Cheile Bicazului (Bicaz Gorges) with location of stops 1-4.
Modified after Săndulescu et al., 1975.
AGE: Upper Jurassic (Upper Tithonian).
1
Babeş-Bolyai University, Department of Geology, str. M. Kogalniceanu nr.1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania. E-mails:
ioan.bucur@ubbcluj.ro; emanoil.sasaran@ubbcluj.ro.
57
IOAN I. BUCUR & EMANOIL SĂSĂRAN
SUCCESSION AND FACIES: The dominant facies within the Jurassic succession at the exit from Cheile Bicazului
(Bicaz Gorges, Hăghimaş Mountains) (Fig. 2) are the subtidal and lagoon-type ones. As a rule, the subtidal
limestones are represented by isolated coral bioconstructions and bioclastic peloidal micrites. The very
diverse paleontological content is illustrated by specimens of corals, sponges, rudists, echinids, bivalves,
gastropods, large benthic foraminifera, green algae (dasycladaleans) and cyanobacteria. The most typical
facies are wackestone/packstone with dasycladaleans and peloidal bioclastic packstone (Pl. 1, fig. 5).
Additional components associated to the bioclasts are oncoids, peloids, intraclasts and granular aggregates,
embedded in a micritic matrix. All these features suggest a normal marine environment with low
hydrodynamics and shallow waters. The shallow subtidal limestones formed under high hydrodynamic
conditions are rare within the succession; they occur as interlayers in the shallow subtidal limestones
characterising high hydrodynamic environments. The first ones are represented by peloidal bioclastic
grainstone and coarse intraclastic bioclastic grainstone (Pl. 1, fig. 8).
Figure 2 - Outcrop with Upper Jurassic limestones from Bicaz Valley (stop 1).
In restrictive/lagoon-type environments, micritization of bioclasts may be recorded, as well as a poor

diversity of the biota, which is dominated by cyanobacteria, worm tubes and microproblematic organisms
(Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT and “Bacinella irregularis” RADOIČIĆ) (Pl. 1, figs 1-4, 6). The uneven
growth processes in the case of cyanobacteria and of the microproblematic organisms led to the formation of
fenestral structures (Pl. 1, figs 1-4, 6). The intensive colonisation of the subtidal marine sediment by
cyanobacteria assumes isolation of the depositional environment. Sometimes cavern- and moldic-type pores
58
UPPER JURASSIC-LOWER CRETACEOUS ALGAE OF HĂGHIMAŞ MOUNTAINS (LACU ROŞU-CHEILE BICAZULUI AREA)
filled with vadose silt or geopetal sediment containing ostracods and small gastropods with thin tests are
noticeable, suggesting the influence of meteoric waters (Pl. 1, fig. 7).
The foraminiferal assemblage identified in thin sections within the whole Upper Jurassic succession
contains: Andersenolina delphinensis (ARNAUD-VANNEAU et al.) (Pl. 2, figs 1, 2), Andersenolina cherchiae
(ARNAUD-VANNEAU et al.) (Pl. 2, fig. 3), Andersenolina perconigi NEAGU ((Pl. 2, fig. 4), Andersenolina
elongata (LEUPOLD) (Pl. 2, fig. 10), Troglotella incrustans WERNLI & FOOKES (Pl. 2, fig. 5), Mohlerina
basiliensis (MOHLER) (PL. 2, figs 6, 7), Everticyclammina sp. (Pl. 2, fig. 8) and Protopeneroplis
ultragranulata (GORBATCHIK) (Pl. 2, fig. 9).
ALGAL ASSEMBLAGE: The association of calcareous algae identified in the Uppe Jurassic limestones includes
dasycladaleans, rare bryopsidales and frequent Rivularia-type cyanobacteria, accompanied by other
structures probably of microbial origin. The dasycladalean association consist of: Griphoporella(?) jurassica
(ENDO) (Pl. 3, figs 1-6), Petrascula sp. (Pl. 3, figs. 7-10), Salpingoporella pygmaea (GÜMBEL) (Pl.4, figs. 1-
7, 9) and Clypeina sulcata (ALTH) (Pl. 4, figs 8, 10). They are associated with: Nipponophycus ramosus
YABE & TOYAMA (Pl. 4, fig. 11), Pinnatiporidium sp. (Pl. 4, fig. 13), Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT (Pl.
4, figs 14, 15; Pl. 5, fig. 3), bacinellid structures associated with Troglotella incrustans WERNLI & FOOKES
(Pl. 4, fig. 12; Pl. 5 , figs 4-6), rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria (Pl. 4, fig. 16; Pl. 5, figs 1, 2) and
Thaumatoporella parvovesiculifera (RAINERI) (Pl. 5, fig. 7).
STOP 2
LOCATION: Cheile Bicazului (Bicaz Gorges), close to the junction between Bicaz Valley with Bardoşului creek
(about 1 km downstream from the junction between Bicaz and Bicăjelului valleys) (Fig. 1).
AGE: Upper Barremian–Lowermost Aptian.
SUCCESSION AND FACIES: The limestones cropping out in this sector (Fig. 3) are mainly represented by
subtidal facies types. These evidence features typical for both high- and low hydrodynamic conditions in the
environment (Pl. 6).
The shallow subtidal limestones formed under high hydrodynamic conditions consist of intraclastic
rudstone (Pl. 6, fig. 2) and coarse bioclastic grainstone (Pl. 6, fig. 1). They contain diverse normal marine
fossil fragments represented by rudists, corals, bivalves, gastropods, orbitolinids and dasycladalean algae.
Within the succession, these deposits are scarce; they occur as interlayers in the shallow subtidal limestones
formed under low hydrodynamic conditions. The arenitic to ruditic carbonate clasts are poorly sorted (Pl. 6,
fig. 1–2). The clasts, mainly consisting of bioclasts, intraclasts and peloids, are subangular to rounded. The
bioclastic shoals containing a normal marine fauna have been assigned to the tidal bars or to the littoral
bars in the coastal areas.
The facies accumulated under low hydrodynamic conditions are dominated by bioconstruction and
“muddy” deposits of bioclastic wackestone/mudstone type. The bioconstructions were formed by corals,
rudists, sponges, encrusting foraminifera, worm tubes and of succession crusts of cyanobacteria and
Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT (Pl. 6, figs. 3–7). The deposits contain rudists, corals, gastropods,
mollusks, dasycladaleans, benthic foraminifera (orbitolinids and miliolids) and cyanobacteria. This facies also
includes levels scarce in fauna and flora, mainly represented by cyanobacteria (including “Bacinella”-type
structures) (Pl. 6, fig. 8), ostracods, small gastropods with thin tests and rare foraminifera with thin tests – all
pointing to a restrictive environment. Very often, the environment characteristic for the bioconstructions
59
gradually passes into one with restrictive conditions (“lagoon”-type). This is also supported by the in situ
position of corals and rudists. The intense colonisation of the marine sediment with cyanobacteria suggests
the isolation of the depositional environment. In most of the cases, the bioconstructions evidence effects of
vadose diagenesis (Pl. 6, figs. 3–7). The intense dissolution of the bioclasts and of the sparitic cement due
to the effect of meteoric water resulted in a moldic-type cavernous porosity. Subsequently, “muds” with
ostracods and small gastropods with thin tests have accumulated within the empty spaces, which indicates a
restrictive or isolated environment (marshes or ponds in the intertidal or supratidal areas) (Pl. 6, figs. 3, 4, 7).
From these limestones, a foraminiferal association consisting of: Montseciella arabica (HENSON) (Pl. 7,
fig. 1, 3), Bdelloidina urgonensis WERNLI & SCHULTE (Pl. 7, fig. 2), Melathrokerion praesigali (BANNER)
(Pl. 7, figs 4, 8), ?Ammobaculites sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 5), Charentia cuvillieri NEUMANN (Pl. 7, figs 6, 7),
Dobrogelina sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 9) and Neotrocholina fribourgensis GUILLAUME & REICHEL (Pl. 7, figs 10-11).
was identified.
The Montseciella arabica orbitolinid suggests an Upper Barremian–basal Lower Aptian age.
Figure 3 - Outcrop with Barremian-Lower Aptian limestones from Bicaz Valley (stop 2).
ALGAL ASSEMBLAGE: Most specimens within the algal association are represented by dasycladaleans:
Salpingoporella pygmaea (GÜMBEL) (Pl. 8, figs 1-11), Suppiluliumaella elliotti BAKALOVA (Pl. 9, figs 1-5),
Neomeris sp. (Pl. 9, fig. 6), Griphoporella cretacea (DRAGASTAN) (Pl. 9, fig. 7), Terquemella spp. (Pl. 9, figs
8-10). Some of the dasycladalean algae within the association (Pl. 10, Pl. 11) might be assigned to
Dissocladella genus, based on the morphology of their laterals, such as globulous primary laterals linked to
the central stem via a short peduncle and giving rise to a bush of relatively short cylindrical secondary
laterals, Nevertheless, their association with typical forms of Suppiluliumaella, where the primary laterals
show a relatively longer but slightly inclined peduncular part, is a strong argument in the favour of interpreting
these as different parts of the same algae, i.e., Suppiluliumaella elliotti BAKALOVA. This assignment comes
60
in spite of the fact that the distal parts of the primary and secondary laterals are identical with those in
“Dissocladella” specimens. We assume that the “Dissocladella”-type sections represent the lower part of the
thallus, where the primary laterals show a short peduncle perpendicular to the thallus’ axis. Towards the
upper part, the peduncle becomes longer and inclined as compared to the axis of the thallus.
In the Urgonian limestones we have also identified a dasycladalean alga that could not be assigned to
any of the known species (or even genera) (Plates 12-14). The relatively narrow axial cavity is very poorly
calcified. The club-shaped large primary laterals are grouped into verticils located at certain distances along
the axial cavity (e.g., Pl. 12, figs 1, 2). The primary laterals show more intense calcification in the distal area,
where they compose a bush of short secondary laterals (Pl. 13, fig. 5; Pl. 14, figs. 3-5).
Besides dasycladaleans, Carpathoporella occidentalis DRAGASTAN (Pl. 15) represents another frequent
component of these limestones.
STOP 3
LOCATION: At the western end of the tunnel along the national road Gheorgheni-Piatra Neamţ in Cheile
Bicazului area, near the junction of Bicaz Vally with Lapoş Valley (Fig. 1).
AGE: Berriasian.
SUCCESSION AND FACIES: The carbonate deposits in the area of the tunnel (Fig. 4) are dominated by subtidal
limestones. They contain a very diverse fauna and flora illustrated by corals, sponges, echinids, bivalves,
gastropods, large benthic foraminifera, green algae (dasycladales) and rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria.
The most typical biotic elements of this subenvironment are represented by the benthic foraminifera and
dasycladalean algae. Besides bioclasts, oncoids, peloids, intraclasts and granular aggregates embedded in
a micritic matrix are also present. The deposits display bioturbation features, while most of the carbonate
elements show micritic envelopes. All these characteristics suggest a normal, shallow marine environment
with low hydrodynamics. Some levels show a monotonous micropaleontological composition, mainly
represented by cyanobacteria (Pl. 16, fig. 5). Additionally, rare foraminifera, small gastropods, ostracods and
microproblematic organisms (“Bacinella irregularis” RADOIČIĆ and Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT type
structures) were also noticed. The most representative facies types are represented by wackestone with
sponges and solitary corals (Pl. 16, figs 1–2), wackestone/packstone with rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria
(Pl. 16, fig. 5), packstone/wackestone with dasycladaleans and foraminifera (Pl. 16, figs 6–8). The corals and
sponges either display a micritic envelope consisting of cyanobacteria (Pl. 16, fig. 1), or they are intensely
encrusted by microproblematic organisms (Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT and “Bacinella irregularis”
RADOIČIĆ) (Pl. 16, figs 2–3) and encrusting foraminifera (Pl. 16, fig. 4).
The micritic limestones in the area around the tunnel contain frequent specimens of Anchispirocyclina
lusitanica EGGER besides species of the genera Andersenolina, e.g., Andersenolina sagittaria (ARNAUD-
VANEEAU, BOISEEAU & DARSAC) (Fig. 5).
ALGAL ASSEMBLAGE: The following dasycladalean algae have been identified: Rajkaella gr. iailensis
(MASLOV) (Pl. 17, figs 2-4, 6, 9, 11, 12), Rajkaella subtilis (DRAGASTAN) (Pl. 17, figs 5, 7), Clypeina
parasolkani FARINACCI & RADOIČIĆ (Pl. 17, figs 8, 14) and Clypeina loferensis SCHLAGINTWEIT, DIENI
& RADOIČIĆ (Pl. 17, figs 12, 13).
61
Figure 4 - Outcrop with Berriasian limestones near tunel (Bicaz Valley) (stop 4).
Figure 5 - A-C – Anchispirocyclina lusitanica EGGER, sample 11549; D – Andersenolina sagittaria ARNAUD-
VANNEAU, BOISSEAU & DARSAC, sample 11548.
62
STOP 4
The northern slope of Ghilcoş Mountain consists of Berriasian–Valanginian deposits exposed along the
tourist track connecting the Lacu Roşu locality with Poiana Ghilcoş (Ghilcoş clearing). At about 325 m
downstream from the entrance in the clearing, the limestones and marly limestones representing the type
locality for species “Macroporella” praturloni DRAGASTAN (Fig. 6) crop out.
At its downstream end, the tourist track crosses the deposits of the wildflysch formation within the
Bucovinic Nappe, including Barremian–?Lower Aptian limestone as olistoliths.
Figure 6 - Outcrop with Berriasian deposits from the type level with “Macroporella” praturloni DRAGASTAN.
STOP 4A – THE BERRIASIAN–VALANGINIAN DEPOSITS OF THE HĂGHIMAŞ NAPPE.
LOCATION: The northern flank of Ghilcoş Massif, along the upslope tourist track connecting Lacu Roşu and
Poiana Ghilcoş (Fig. 1).
AGE: Berriasian–Valanginian.
SUCCESSION AND FACIES: The Berriasian–Valanginian crop out on a distance of about 650 m along the track
connecting Lacu Roşu locality and Poiana Ghilcoş. Within the carbonate succession of this section
peritidal/coastal facies types have been identified The deposits represent marine, and marine restrictive
environments accumulated under high or low hydrodynamic conditions in the subtidal, intertidal and
supratidal areas (Pl. 18). The identified micropaleontological association consists of dasycladalean algae,
63
benthic foraminifera, coral fragments, echinoderms, mollusks, gastropods and rivulariacean-type

cyanobacteria. The subtidal environment is represented by bioturbated mudstone/wackestone with
dasycladaleans (Pl. 18, fig. 1) and by packstone with gastropods, facies types that characterize shallow
waters with low hydrodynamics (Pl. 18, fig. 3). The restrictive subtidal subenvironment is illustrated by
wackestones/mudstones with cyanobacteria (Pl. 18, fig. 2), and packstone with large oncoids. Micritization of
bioclasts and the reduced biota diversity (Pl. 18, fig. 2) are typical features for restrictive conditions. Besides
cyanobacteria, rare foraminifera, small gastropods, ostracods and microproblematic organisms (“Bacinella
irregularis” RADOIČIĆ structures and Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT) were also noticed. The oncoids’
envelope consists of microbial microstructures and rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria. The subtidal limestones
formed in environments with high hydrodynamics are represented by oncoidic bioclastic grainstone (Pl. 18,
fig. 4), bioclastic peloidal grainstone, and intraclastic peloidal bioclastic packstone.
The intertidal subenvironment includes shore deposits formed under high hydrodynamic conditions
(peloidal grainstone with „keystone vugs”) (Pl. 18, fig. 5), and by fine, laminated deposits (peloidal
packstone) – the latter characterising a relatively lower hydrodynamic regime.
The supratidal subenvironment is characterised by non-fossiliferous extraclastic and fenestral micritic
limestones. The most representative facies types are non-fossiliferous mudstones, mudstone/wackestone
with ostracods containing perforations resulted from root or other organisms activities (Pl. 18, fig. 6) and
wackestone with cyanobacteria alternating with extraclastic intraclastic packstone (Pl. 18, fig. 8). The
breccified peloidal mudstones with restrictive fauna (foraminifera, ostracods) and silt-sized extraclasts (Pl.
18, fig. 7) have been assigned to the upper supratidal environment. Breccification may be the result of
dehydration, leading to the formation of cracked mud structures. The fenestrae formed through contraction
and dehydration processes.
Within these deposits a foraminiferal association containing: Pseudocyclammina cf. lituus (YOKOYAMA)
(Pl. 19, figs 1-3), Pseudocyclammina sp. (Pl. 19, fig. 5), Torinosuella peneropliformis (YABE & HANZAWA)
(Pl. 19, figs 4, 9, 12), Bramkampella arabica REDMOND (Pl. 19, figs 6, 7), Ammobaculites sp. (Pl. 19, figs
10, 11, 13, 14), ?Mayncina spp. (Pl. 19, figs 10, 11, 13, 14; Pl. 20, figs 1-3, 8), Protopeneroplis ultragranulata
GORBATCHIK (Pl. 20, fig. 4), Andersenolina delphinensis (ARNAUD-VANNEAU, BOISSEAU & DARSAC)
(Pl. 20, figs 5-7) and Everticyclammina sp. (Pl. 20, fig. 9) has been identified.
ALGAL ASSEMBLAGE: “Macroporella” praturloni DRAGASTAN (Pl. 21, fig 1-9), Zergabriella embergeri
(BOUROULLEC & DELOFFRE) (Pl. 22, figs 1-9), Clypeina cf. loferensis SCHLAGINTWEIT, DIENI &
RADOIČIĆ (Pl. 22, fig. 13), Clypeina sp. (Pl. 22, figs 11, 12), Rajkaella bartheli (BERNIER) (Pl. 23, fig. 3),
Rajkaella subtilis (DRAGASTAN) (Pl. 23, figs 4-8), Rajkaella cf. minima (JAFFREZO) (Pl. 23, fig. 15),
Clypeina parasolkani FARINACCI & RADOIČIĆ (Pl. 23, fig. 9), ?Actinoporella podilica (ALTH) (Pl. 23, fig.
10), Salpingoporella annulata CAROZZI (Pl. 23, fig. 11) and Terquemella spp. (Pl. 23, figs 12-14). Microbial
structures, similar to Pseudorothpletzella are also present (Pl. 24, figs 1-6).
STOP 4B – THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OLISTOLITHS NEAR THE ORTODOX CHURCH.
LOCATION: The northern flank of Ghilcoş Massif, at the beginning of the tourist track conecting Lacul Roşu
locality and Poiana Ghilcoş (Ghilcoş clearing) (Fig.1).
AGE: Barremian-?Lower Aptian.
64
SUCCESSION, FACIES AND MICROPROBLEMATICA: The carbonate facies identified in the olistoliths located close
to the orthodox church are dominated by bioconstructions (Pl. 25, figs 1-4), bioclastic rudstone (Pl. 25, fig. 6),
coarse bioclastic intraclastic grainstone (Pl. 25, fig.7) and oncoidic bioclastic grainstone (Pl. 25, fig. 8). All
these facies types are characteristic for subtidal, normal or restrictive (“lagoon”-type) marine, and isolated
subtidal environments. The bioconstructions were built by corals, chaetetids and sponges. Additionally,
several encrusting organisms (Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT (Pl. 26, figs 3, 9), Koskinobullina socialis
CHERCHI & SCHROEDER) (Pl. 26, figs 4, 5) and microbial crusts (Pl. 26, figs 1, 2, 6, 8) were noticed (see
also Pl. 25, figs. 1-5). Sometimes the bioconstructions show signs of subaerial exposure, such as
breccification (Pl. 25, fig. 1). The voids are filled by vadose silt or geopetal sediment containing ostracods
and extraclasts. In most of the cases the bioconstructions record transitions to isolated conditions, with the
presence of mudstone/wackestone with ostracods in the spaces between the bioconstruction (Pl. 25, figs. 2-
4). The subtidal limestones formed under high hydrodynamic conditions are represented by bioclastic
rudstone (Pl. 25, fig. 6), coarse bioclastic intraclastic grainstone (Pl. 25, fig.7) and oncoidic bioclastic
grainstone (Pl. 25, fig. 8). As a rule, these deposits show typical features for vadose diagenesis (Pl. 25, figs.
6-8). The intense dissolution of bioclasts and of the sparitic cement caused by meteoric water led to the
formation of cavern- or moldic-type porosity. Subsequently, “muds” with ostracods and small gastropods with
thin tests have accumulated in the newly-formed empty spaces. This suggests a restrictive or isolated
environment of formation (marshes or ponds in the coastal area). Benthic foraminifera as Montseciella
arabica (Pl. 20, fig. 14), Choffatella decipiens (Pl. 20, figs 11-13) indicate the Barremian-?basal Aptian age of
these deposits.
REFERENCES
Săndulescu M., Mureşan M., Mureşan G. 1975. Harta geologică scara 1:50000, foaia 47d (Dămuc). Institutul de
Geologie şi geofizică, Bucureşti.
PLATES
PLATE 1
Fig. 1 – Coral bioconstructions; corals encrusted by Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT and “Bacinella
irregularis” RADOIČIĆ; the internal sediment is represented by wackestone/packstone with dasycladaleans
and miliolids.
Fig. 2 – Microproblematic organisms (Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT and “Bacinella irregularis”
RADOIČIĆ).
Fig. 3 – Corals encrusted by Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT, “Bacinella irregularis” RADOIČIĆ and
annelid worms.
Fig. 4 - Crusts of Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT
Fig. 5 - Peloidal bioclastic packstone; contains dasycladaleans, foraminifera (Andersenolina sp.), echinid
fragments.
Fig. 6 – Fenestral packstone with cyanobacteria; fenestrae resulted by uneven growth of cyanobacteria.
Fig. 7 – Subaerially exposed bioclastic packstone; cavern- and moldic-type pores filled with geopetal
sediment containing ostracods and small gastropods with thin tests are visible.
Fig. 8 – Coarse intraclastic bioclastic grainstone
Scale bar 1mm.
65
PLATE 2
Figs 1, 2 – Andesenolina delphinensis (ARNAUD-VANNEAU, BOISSEAU & DRASAC); 1, sample 11482; 2,
sample 11483.
Fig 3 – Andesenolina cherchiae (ARNAUD-VANNEAU, BOISSEAU & DRASAC), sample 11485.
Fig. 4 – Andesenolina perconigi NEAGU, sample 11490B.
Fig. 5 – Troglotella incrustans WERNLI & FOOKES, sample 11487B.
Figs 6, 7 – Mohlerina basiliensis (MOHLER); 6, sample 11522; 7, sample 11.490A.
Fig. 8 – Everticyclammina sp., sample 11490A.
Fig. 9 – Protopeneroplis ultragranulata (GORBATCHIK), sample 11489.
Fig. 10 – Andersenolina elongata (LEUPOLD), sample 11521.
PLATE 3
Figs 1-6 – Griphoporella? jurassica (ENDO). Oblique (1, 2, 3), transverse (4, 6) and oblique-tangential
sections. Sample 11484.
Figs 7-10 – Petrascula sp. 7, transition of the stem to the head; fragment in longitudinal section, sample
11482; 8, 9, transverse sections through the stem; 8, sample 11484; 9, sample 11482; 10, longitudinal
section through the stem, sample 11484.
Fig. 11 - ?Petrascula sp. Longitudinal-?oblique section through a probably head of Petrascula. Sample
11484.
PLATE 4
Figs 1-7, 9 – Salpingoporella pygmaea (GÜMBEL). Oblique (1-5) and transverse (6, 7, 9) sections. 1, sample
11492; 2, 5, sample 11485; 3, sample 11483; 4, 6, 7, sample 11484; 9, sample 11620.
Figs 8, 10 – Clypeina sulcata (ALTH). 8, vertcicil in tangential section, sample 11484; 10, verticil in
transverse section, sample 11534.
Fig. 11 – Nipponophycus ramosus YABE & TOYAMA. Transverse section, sample 11639.
Fig. 12 – Troglotella incrustans WERNLI & FOOKES within a crust of “Bacinella”-Lithocodium type. Sample
11485.
Fig. 13 – Pinatiporidium sp. Longitudinal-oblique section, sample 11484.
Figs 14, 15 – Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT; 14, crust on a bivalve shell, sample 11484; 15, sample
11483.
Fig. 16 – Rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria, sample 11641.
PLATE 5
Figs 1, 2 – Rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria; 1, sample 11483; 2, sample 11489.
Fig. 3 – Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT, sample 11482.
Fig. 4 – Bacinelid-type structure, sample 11487B.
Figs 5, 6 – “Bacinella”-Lithocodium type structures, with internal chambers ocupated by Troglotella
incrustans WERNLI & FOOKES; 5, sample 11485; 6, sample 11487B.
Fig. 7 – Thaumatoporella parvovesiculifera (RAINERI), sample 11484.
PLATE 6
Fig. 1 – Coarse bioclastic grainstone; contains orbitolinids, miliolids, fragments of rudists, corals and
echinids.
Fig. 2 – Intraclastic rudstone; the intraclasts are represented by non-fossiliferous mudstone, wackestone with
dasycladales, bioclastic packstone and Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT crusts.
66
Fig. 3-7 – Bioconstructions built-up by corals, rudists, sponges, encrusting foraminifera (figs 5, 6) and by
successive crusts of cyanobacteria and Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT (figs 6, 7); the internal sediment
is represented by wackestone/packstone with dasycladaleans (figs 3, 4), gastropods, echinids and
foraminifera; cavernous and moldic-type porosity is visible, filled with geopetal sediment containing ostracods
and small gastropods with thin test.
Fig. 8 – Microproblematic organisms (Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT and “Bacinella irregularis”
RADOIČIĆ).
Scale bar 1 mm.
PLATE 7
Figs 1, 3 – Montseciella arabica (HENSON); 1, sample 11507; 3, sample 11512.
Fig. 2 – Bdelloidina urgonensis WERNLI & SCHULTE, sample 11507.
Figs 4, 8 – Melathrokerion praesigali (BANNER); 4, sample 11507; 8, sample 11514.
Fig. 5 – ?Ammobaculites sp., sample 11503.
Figs 6, 7 – Charentia cuvillieri NEUMANN; 6, sample 11517; 7, sample 11505.
Fig. 9 – Dobrogelina sp., sample 11507.
Figs 10, 11 – Neotrocholina fribourgensis GUILLAUME & REICHEL; 10, sample 11518; 11, sample 11505.
PLATE 8
Figs 1-11 – Salpingoporella pygmaea (GÜMBEL) (described as Salpingoporella exilis DRAGASTAN, 1971).
1, 2, longitudinal sections; 3, longitudinal-tangential section; 4, 5, 7, 8, oblique sections; 9, 10, transverse
sections; 11, tangential and transverse-oblique sections. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, sample 11507; 3, sample 11505B; 6, 9,
10, 11, sample 11505A; 7, sample 11505.
PLATE 9
Figs 1-5 – Suppiluliumaella elliotti BAKALOVA. Sections through the middle-upper part of the thallus.
Oblique (1-4) and transverse (5) sections. Sample 11505A.
Fig. 6 – Neomeris sp. Transverse section, sample 11505B.
Fig. 7 – Griphoporella cretacea (DRAGASTAN). Oblique section, sample 11505A.
Figs 8-10 – Terquemella spp. 8, sample 11518; 9, sample 11505A; 10, sample 11505B.
PLATE 10
Figs 1-8 – (?) Suppiluliumaella elliotti BAKALOVA. Sections through the lower part of the thallus; 1, 2,
longitudinal-oblique sections; 3, 7, 8, oblique sections; 4, transverse section; 6, longitudinal-tangential
section. 1, 8, sample 11507; 2, 6, sample 11505A; 3, 4, sample 11508A; 5, sample 11508B; 7, 9, sample
11505B.
PLATE 11
Figs 1-9 – (?) Suppiluliumaella elliotti BAKALOVA. Sections through the lower part of the thallus. 1-6, oblique
sections; 7, 9, tangential sections; 8, transverse section. 1, 8, sample 11507; 2, sample 11505A; 3, 4, 6,
sample 11508A; 5, 7, 9, sample 11505B.
PLATE 12
Figs 1, 2 – Dasycladalean alga gen. et sp. unknown. Longitudinal-tangential sections. Sample 11505A.
67
PLATE 13
Figs 1-5 – Dasycladalean alga gen. et sp. unknown. 1, 4, oblique sections; 2, 3, transverse sections; 5,
close-up viw of the specimen in fig. 4 showing secondary laterals. Sample 11505A.
PLATE 14
Figs 1-5 – Dasycladalean alga gen. et sp. unknown. 1, 2, oblique sections; 3, transverse section; the small
secondary laterals are pointed by arrows; 4, 5, close-up views of the specimen in fig. 1 showing the
secondary laterals. Sample 11505A.
PLATE 15
Figs 1-8 – Carpathoporella occidentalis DRAGASTAN. 1-4, microfacies with Carpathoporella, Neotrocholina
fribourgensis GUILLAUME & REICHEL, and Terquemella sp. 5, Carpathoporella occidentalis (upper part)
and Neomeris sp. (lower part); 6,7, Carpathoporella occidentalis, oblique section (6) and transverse section
(7); 8, close-up view of the central part of fig. 2; 1, 2, 8, sample 11505B; 3, 4, 6, sample 11505A; 7, sample
11505B.
PLATE 16
Fig. 1–3 – Wackestone/packstone with sponges and solitary corals; the sponges show a micritic envelope
consisting of cyanobacteria (fig. 1); the corals are encrusted by “Bacinella irregularis” RADOIČIĆ (fig. 2) and
Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT (fig. 3);
Fig. 4 – Encrusting foraminifera;
Fig. 5 – Wackestone/packstone with rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria;
Fig. 6–8 – Packstone/wackestone with dasycladaleans, foraminifera and gastropods.
Scale bar 1 mm.
PLATE 17
Fig. 1 – Wackestone with Rajkaella spp. Sample 11549.
Figs 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12 (lower part) – Rajkaella gr. iailensis (MASLOV). 2, 3, 6, sample 11547; 4, sample
11548; 9, 11, 12, sample 11549.
Figs 5, 7 – Rajkaella subtilis DRAGASTAN, sample 11549.
Figs 8, 14 – Clypeina radici SOKAČ; transverse (8) and longitudinal-oblique (14) section; sample 11547.
Fig. 10 – Andersenolina sp. (left) and Rajkaella sp. (right). Sample 11547.
Fig. 13 – Clypeina loferensis SCHLAGINTWEIT, DIENI & RADOIČIĆ, transverse section, sample 1154.
PLATE 18
Fig. 1 – Bioturbated mudstone/wackestone with dasycladaleans
Fig. 2 – Intraclastic bioclastic wackestone with ostracods and cyanobacteria; micritised intraclasts and
micritised bioclasts
Fig. 3 – Subtidal facies types showing gradual transition from low to high hydrodynamic conditions of
formation
Fig. 4 – Oncoidic bioclastic grainstone; contains dasycladalean algae, gastropods, large benthic foraminifera
and echinid fragments
Fig. 5 - Peloidal grainstone with „keystone vugs” structures
Fig. 6 – Mudstone/wackestone with ostracods showing root or other organisms perforations
Fig. 7 – Breccified peloidal mudstone with rare foraminifera, ostracods and silt-sized extraclasts
Fig. 8 – Wackestone with intraclasts and micritised bioclasts alternating with extraclastic bioclastic packstone
68
Scale bar 1 mm.
PLATE 19
1-3 – Pseudocyclammina lituus YOKOYAMA. 1, 3, sample 11586; 2, sample 11585.
Figs 4, 9, 12 – Torinosuella peneropliformis (YABE & HANZAVA), sample 11582.
Fig. 5 – Pseudocyclammina sp., sample 11587.
Figs 6, 7 – Bramkampella arabica REDMOND. 6, sample 11581; 7, sample 11577.
Fig. 8 – Ammobaculites sp., sample 11552.
Figs 10, 11, 13, 14 - ?Mayncina sp. 1, sample 11585.
PLATE 20
Figs 1, 2 - ?Mayncina sp. 2, sample 11586.
Figs 3, 8 – ?Mayncina sp. 1, sample 11585.
Fig. 4 – Protopeneroplis ultragranulata (GORBARCHIK), sample 11551A.
Figs 5-7 – Andersenolina delphinensis (ARNAUD-VANNEAU, BOISSEAU & DARSAC). 5, sample 11552; 6,
sample 11576; 7, sample 11560.
Fig. 9 – Everticyclammina sp., sample 11561.
Fig. 10 - ?Charentia sp., samle 11586.
Figs 11-13 – Choffatella decipiens (SCHLUMBERGER), sample PNG7a.
Fig. 14 – Montseciella arabica (HENSON), sample 11599.
PLATE 21
Figs 1-9 – “Macroporella” praturloni DRAGASTAN. 1, microfacies with “Macroporella” praturloni; 2, oblique-
tangential section; 3, 4, 9, longitudinal-oblique sections; 5, 7, transverse sections; 6, oblique-tangential
section; 8, close-up view of the specimen in fig. 7 showing the cyst imprints within the laterals’ wall (arrows).
Sample 11585.
PLATE 22
Figs 1-9 – Zergabriella embergeri (BOUROULLEC & DELOFFRE). 1, 3, 5 – longitudinal-oblique sections; 2,
longitudinal-tangential section; 4, 6-8, oblique sections; 9, 10, transverse sections. 1, sample 11585; 2, 3, 5,
6, 8, sample 11587; 4, 9, sample 11586; 7, sample 11582; 10, sample 11567.
Figs 11, 12 – Clypeina sp.. Oblique (11) and transverse (12) sections, sample 11567.
Fig. 13 – Clyopeina cf. loferensis SCHLAGINTWEIT, DIENI & RADOIČIĆ, sample 11582.
PLATE 23
Figs 1, 2 – Microfacies with Rajkaella subtilis (DRAGASTAN). 1, sample 11568; 2, sample 11582.
Fig. 3 – Rajkaella bartheli (BERNIER). Section through the secondary laterals, sample 11585.
Figs 4-8 Rajkaella subtilis (DRAGASTAN). 4-6, longitudinal and longitudinal-oblique sections through the
primary and secondary laterals; 7, transverse oblique section through a verticil; 8, transverse section through
the secondary laterals. 4, 7, sample 11524; 5, sample 11527; 6, sample 11550; 8, sample 11559.
Fig. 9 – Clypeina parasolkani FARINACCI & RADOIČIĆ. Transverse-oblique section, sample 11550.
Fig. 10 - ?Actinoporella podolica (ALTH). Longitudinal section through a verticil, sample 11566.
Fig. 11 – Salpingoporella annulata CAROZZI. Oblique section, sample 11565.
Figs 12-14 – Terquemella spp. 12, sample 11568; 13, sample 11598; 14, sample 11576.
Fig. 15 – Rajkaella cf. minima (JAFFREZO). Section through the secondary laterals, sample 11585.
69
Figs 16-18 – Arabicodium aegagrapilloides ELLIOTT. Transverse (16), oblique (17), and longitudinal-oblique
(18) sections. 16, sample 11594; 17, 18, sample PNG7a.
PLATE 24
Figs 1-6 - ?Pseudodorothpletzella sp. Crusts of probably microbial origin. 1-3, crusts on a gastropod shell; 2-
6, close-up views of the same crusts. Sample 11568.
PLATE 25
Fig. 1 – Bioconstructions with chaetetids; the chaetetids are encrusted by Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT
Fig. 2-4 – Coral bioconstructions; the corals are intensely encrusted by microbialites (figs. 2, 4), Lithocodium
aggregatum ELLIOTT (fig. 3) and Koskinobullina sp. (fig. 2); the corals are dissolved and recrystallized; the
internal sediment is represented by mudstone/wackestone with ostracods
Fig. 5 – Crusts of microbialites
Fig. 6 – Bioclastic rudstone
Fig. 7 – Coarse bioclastic intraclastic grainstone
Fig. 8 – Oncoidic bioclastic grainstone
Scale bar 1 mm.
PLATE 26
Figs 1-9 – Structures of possibly microbial origin within a Lower Cretaceous limestone olistolith. 1, 2, micritic
thrombi growing on Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT, sample 1600; 3, bivalve shell encrusted by a
chaetetid, both encrusted finally by Lithocodium aggregatum ELLIOTT, sample 1600; 4, successive crusts on
a bivalve shell: Koskinobulina socialis CHERCHI & SCHROEDER, ?bryozoans, and micritic thrombi, sample
11602; 5, close-up view of fig. 4 (Koskinobulina socialis); 6-8, micritic crusts growing on different types of
bioclasts (corals, brachiopods, and bivalves); 6, sample PNG-2; 7, 8, sample PNG-1; 9, Lithocodium
aggregatum ELLIOTT, sample PNG-3.
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Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous algae of Haghimas Mountains (Lacul Roşu-

Article · January 2011

Ioan I Bucur Sasaran Emanoil

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CALCAREOUS ALGAE FROM

10th International Symposium on Fossil Algae,

Field Trip Guidebook

Cluj University Press

IOAN I. BUCUR 1 & EMANOIL SĂSĂRAN1

AGE: Upper Jurassic (Upper Tithonian).

In restrictive/lagoon-type environments, micritization of bioclasts may be recorded, as well as a poor

AGE: Upper Barremian–Lowermost Aptian.

STOP 4A – THE BERRIASIAN–VALANGINIAN DEPOSITS OF THE HĂGHIMAŞ NAPPE.

benthic foraminifera, coral fragments, echinoderms, mollusks, gastropods and rivulariacean-type

STOP 4B – THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OLISTOLITHS NEAR THE ORTODOX CHURCH.

AGE: Barremian-?Lower Aptian.

Scale bar 1 mm.

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