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Cite this article as: PETROL. EXPLOR. DEVELOP., 2013, 40(5): 592–598. RESEARCH PAPER
Abstract: The karstification type and characteristics and its control on pore distribution in reef-bank carbonate rock in the Upper Ordo-
vician Lianglitage Formation (O3l) in eastern Tazhong area were studied using cores, thin sections and well logging data. The area ex-
perienced two types of karstification: syndepositional karstification and early diagenetic karstification near surface. During the depositional
stage of reef-bank complex, meteoric diagenetic lens with lots of selective dissolution pores were formed by the syndepositional karstifi-
cation, they were developed in the middle and upper parts of reef-bank sedimentary cycles, and a single porous/cavity layer has a thick-
ness of 10-30 m, increasing the absolute porosity by 3%-4%. After depositional stage, sediments were uplifted and exposed without ex-
periencing burial diagenesis, the depositional topography was influenced by early diagenetic karstification near surface and turned into
karst paleotopography and formed four karstification zones within 100 m below the top of the Upper Lianglitage Formation. The surface
karstification zone and radial flow karsitifiction zone have favorable porous connectivity, increasing the absolute porosity by 4%-8%.
These two types of karsitifiction are continuous in diagenesis stage and the formed porosity is successive in distribution. The favorable
space-time coupling is the key reason for effective pores being largely developed in the O3l3-O3l1 members.
Key words: pore distribution; karstification; reef-bank facies; Lianglitage Formation; Ordovician; eastern Tazhong area
Fig. 2 Single polar casting thin sections of the Lianglitage reef-bank carbonate rock in eastern Tazhong Area
percolation karst zone, runoff karst zone and deep slack water respectively. Deep slack water dissolution zone is not pene-
dissolution zone. Each zone shows different porosity types trated in this well. The surface karst zone at 4 685.00−
and dissolution/filling characteristics. The surface karst zone, 4 715.00 m corresponds to high natural gamma and shows
in the upper part of vadose zone, exposes directly to the at- dark spots and dark groups on the image logging map, repre-
mosphere; driven by CO2-rich atmospheric waters and surface senting as dissolution pores and holes. The core proves that
runoff, this zone experiences intense karstification (Fig.3a), this section contains dissolved caves semi-filled or filled with
with small dissolution space and good connectivity. Vertical breccias and mud. For vertical percolation karst zone at
percolation karst zone, in the lower part of vadose zone, rep- 4 715.00−4 744.00 m, sinusoidal or "V"-type dark stripes/
resents high-angle dissolved fractures and caves (Fig.3b and bands, dark/bright spots are observed on the image logging
3c) under the action of vertical flow and corrosion of at- map. The core demonstrates high-angle dissolved fractures
mospheric water; in this zone, lateral flow of the atmospheric and karrens semi-filled and filled with mud and breccias
water is weak, so lateral connectivity between fractures/caves (Fig.3b and 3c). The runoff karst zone at 4 744.00−4 760.00
is poor. Runoff karst zone is mainly located in the saturated m is characterized by near-horizontal dark low-resistivity
zone below the free surface, where a series of nearly-hori- bands/stripe, prolate dark spots and dark spots groups on the
zontal dissolved pores, caves or fractures usually occur, since image logging map; the core shows encapsulated dissolved
the ground water flows in a nearly-horizontal way along the pores/caves distributed along stratums, and also near-horizon-
fractures or primary pores (Fig.3d); the dissolution space is tal dissolved fractures and mesh fractures which are filled
large and connectivity is good in this zone. In the deep slack with gray-green mud and breccias, and the core is partially
water zone, the groundwater contains highly-saturated car- broken. The pores, holes and fractures are developed obvi-
bonate minerals, leading to slow flow and weak dissolution. ously in this zone, and the connectivity is also better.
Fig. 3 Early diagenetic near-surface karstification of the Lianglitage reef-bank carbonate in the eastern Tazhong Area
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QU Haizhou et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(5): 592–598
other selective dissolved pores coexisting with other non- near-surface karst, which can increase it by 4% to 8%, are
selective dissolved pores such as dissolved fractures/trench/ superimposed to form major effective pores in the reef-bank
caves. Secondly, the crescent and drape-shaped calcite gener- carbonates. This is the key factor to develop favorable reser-
ated due to chemical precipitation coexist with the fillings voirs in deep Lianglitage Formation of the Tazhong area. In
formed by mechanical action during exposure such as Fig.4, the aggradation parasequence set in Well TZ62 reaches
gray-green mud and breccia. Thirdly, the pores are effective. 62 m. It is found with the core and log data that early
In particular, the selective dissolved pores generated by syn- diagenetic near-surface karstification plays positive role in
genetic karstification did not experience the middle-late development of macroscopic pores in 4 685.00−4 715.00 m
diagenesis, and dissolved and stacked selectively by early and 4 744.00−4 760.00 m. In this well, total thickness of ef-
diagenetic near-surface karsts when compaction and cementa- fective reservoirs is 68.80 m, as 91.00% of total formation
tion were weak. They are moderately filled and conserved thickness. Class I and II favorable reservoirs are predominant,
well generally. with thickness of 48.40 m, as 64.20% of total formation thick-
In the Lianglitage Formation, the pores are distributed ver- ness; Class III reservoir is 20.40 m thick, as 26.80% of total
tically as follows: selective dissolved pores developed in the formation thickness. Especially in 4 744.00−4 760.00 m, the
middle-top reef-bank sedimentary cycle, and multicycle atmospheric diagenetic lens and runoff karst zone are super-
reef-bank sedimentation resulted in many sets of pore/cavity imposed, both with well-developed pores, forming the thick
layers in the Liang 3 – Liang 1 members, with single-layer high-quality reservoirs, and interlayers are not developed.
thickness of about 10−30 m. Early diagenetic near-surface
4 Control of the karstification on pore
karstification happened in the reef-bank within 100m to top of
distribution
Lianglitage Formation, with best pores and connectivity de-
veloped in the upper surface karst zone and the runoff karst In the study area, two types of karstification in the atmos-
zone below the free surface. According to the core and section pheric water environment in the Lianglitage Formation are
observation, the atmospheric diagenetic lenses, which can closely related to the sedimentary facies and the structural
increase absolute porosity by 3% to 4%, and early diagenetic evolution. They have continuity in diagenetic stage, and good
Fig. 4 Pore development and distribution in the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation in Well TZ62 (Rd- deep resistivity; Rs-shallow
resistivity).
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QU Haizhou et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(5): 592–598
inheritance in space. In view of diagenetic stage, after the meters of depositional physiognomy difference may exist
ingression in the Tazhong area, the depositional system of between the reef-bank complex in the rimmed platform sys-
open platform - platform edge – slope - basin had been built; tem and the interbank sea, and the pores/caves formed as a
when Liang 3 - Liang 1 members deposited, the highstand result of selective dissolution by syngenetic karst distributed
system tract at the platform edge was dominated by stacking in the middle-upper part of the complex; with the uplift and
of aggradation parasequence set, so the very thick organic exposure after the depositional stage, the high-relief reef-bank
reef-grain bank complex with obvious uplift was accumulated. complex transformed into high position of the karst palaeo-
The sea level fluctuated frequently in the depositional stage, geomorphology, while the interbank sea deposited in the low
and the reef-bank with high relief was easily exposed, as is- position of the karst palaeogeomorphology, both inherited in
land, in the atmospheric water environment; in the middle and space. The reef-bank rocks at high position captured the at-
upper parts of each stage of reef-bank complex, atmospheric mospheric precipitation and then formed the fractures/cavities
fresh water diagenetic lens were formed, and the syngenetic with high validity and connectivity in the the surface karst
karstification caused selective dissolution, leading to zone and the runoff karst zone below free surface (Fig.5b).
pore/cavity intervals (Fig.5a). After the depositional stage, the Hence, both karstifications were continuous in diagenetic
reef-bank complex did not experience such diagenesis as stage, with inherited pore distribution. This favorable
compaction at the burial stage, but was uplifted to expose and space-time coupling is critical for the effective pore distribu-
selectively dissolved and filled with the early diagenetic tion and favorable reservoirs in Liang 3 – Liang 1 members in
near-surface karst when the cementation was weaker and the the study area.
early pores were highly effective. Hence, the two karstifica-
5 Conclusions
tions are time-continuous. In view of the distribution space,
due to the difference of depositional rate, few or decade of The reef-bank carbonates of the Lianglitage Formation of
Fig. 5 Genetic Model of Pore Distribution in the Reef-bank Carbonates of Lianglitage Formation in the Eastern Tazhong Area
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QU Haizhou et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(5): 592–598
Upper Ordovician in the eastern Tazhong area were suffered and evolution pattern of paleo-karst in slope of northern Ta-
from two karstifications – syngenetic karstification and early zhong area. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2011, 32(3):
diagenetic near-surface karstification. The former produced 257–261.
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