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2022 EDITION
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
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2
INDEX
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Section Content/Fact Sheets
1 Fact Sheets- Political Theory 4
Fact Sheets- Constitution 28
Fact Sheets- Indian Polity 50
Fact Sheets- Comparative Politics 78
Fact Sheets- Public Administration 88
Fact Sheets- International Relation 101
Fact Sheets- Western Political Thoughts 210
Fact Sheets- Indian Political Thoughts 249
3
SECTION 1
THEME WISE
FACT SHEETS
4
FACT SHEETS PT:
POLITICAL
CONCEPTS &
THEORY
5
FACT SHEET PT.1: DEFINITIONS OF POLITICAL CONCEPTS
6
Power Most popular definition of power: A has power over B to the
extent that A can get B to do something which B would not have
done otherwise- Robert Dahl
Power as currency/money: Power is to politics as money is to
economy; Like money, power also circulates in society- Talcott
Parsons
Power as creating action in group by communication to realize
the public realm - Hanah Arendt
‘Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely’-
Lord Acton
Power as normalization and subjection through governable
identities- Foucault
Power as Cultural Hegemony- Antonio Gramsci
Power as structural arrangement in which perceptions of people
are shaped to perpetuate domination without any observable
conflict- Steven Lukes
Extractive vs Developmental Power; Extractive power- Power
over, power to get other do something; Developmental Power-
ability to fulfils one’s own self-appointed goals- C.B.
MacPherson
7
Justice Justice as harmony of soul and each individual and class
performing its duty to best of their abilities and aptitudes- Plato
Justice as 'fairness’ in distribution of income, wealth, rewards,
honours, political offices, punishments etc, based on the principle
of equity- proportional and arithmetic equality- Aristotle
Justice as Fairness in distribution of resources, awards, honours,
and political offices- John Rawl
Entitlement Theory of Justice: distribution of holdings in a society
is just if everyone in that society is entitled to what he has- Robert
Nozick
Justice by practical reasoning; justice as fair procedure (Niti) vs
justice realized (Nyaya)- Amartya Sen
Justice as perfect obligation- J.S.Mill
Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier
8
Rights A person has a right to X when if and only if others have moral
obligation to provide or allow him/her X- Immanuel Kant
Rights are entitlements to act or be treated in a particular way-
Andrew Heywood
One man’s capacity of influencing the act of others, not by his own
strength but by the strength of the society – Holland
A right is a claim recognized by society and enforced by the state-
Bosanquet
Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man
can seek, in general, to be himself at his best- Harold Laski
Every state is known by the rights it maintains- Laski
Rights are what we may expect from others and others from us,
and all genuine rights are conditions of social welfare- Hobhouse
Rights are ‘trump’ (of individuals against society/state)- Ronald
Dworkin
rights are the conditions in which individuals are able to conceive
and realize ‘the good’ for themselves and others- T.H.Green
A person has a right to X when his or her interest in X is
sufficiently important for others to have duty to provide or allow
him/her X- Interest based theory of Rights
9
Rights as Trump – Ronald Dworkin
Strong rights: which cannot be taken away for common
welfare
Weak Rights: The rights that can be curtailed to achieve
the common welfare
Functional theory of Rights- Laski
Herbert Spencer combined natural rights with
physiological metaphor in his organismic theory of state.
Liberal Theory of Minority Rights: Will Kymlicka
10
Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers emphasises
primarily on Liberty
Negative Liberty: Night-watchman, Lissaze- faire, or minimalist
state
Positive Liberty: Welfare state; interventionist state
Rousseau, Green, Hegel- supported positive liberty
11
State is the instrument to protect and further the interest of the
whole Bourgeoisie class- Karl Marx
Human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use
of physical force/violence within a given territory- Max Weber
Theories of State Divine Origin theory of State: Divine Right theory of Kingship
the state was established and governed by God, the King is
the representative of God. King has the divine right to rule
and he is accountable only to God, none other.
Proponents: Manu, St. Thomas, James-1, Bousset, Robert
Filmer
Historical/Evolutionary Theory:
State evolved naturally due to political nature of humans as
long and gradual socio-natural evolutionary process.
Proponents: Garner, Gettel, J.W.Burgess, Maclver
Aristotle and Hegel also gave historical, natural, organic,
and integrative theory of state
Social Contract Theory of Origin of State
State is the result of a social contract among individuals who
surrendered their individual rights and power into a
commonwealth to form a political community and came out
of the state of nature
Proponents: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau
Marxist Theory of State
Instrumentalist view: State as the instrument to protect and
further the interest of the whole Bourgeoisie class
Proponents: Karl Marx, Engels, Ralph Miliband
Structuralist view: State is a social mechanism through
which capitalist social structure and relation of productions
are continuously re-produced.
Proponents: Louis Althusser, Nicos Poulantzas
Pluralist Theory of State
State is associations of associations
State is one among many associations
State like a neutral referee managing interests of many
associations/groups
Proponents: Robert Dahl, R.M. MacIver, David Truman,
Harold Laski, Seymour Martin Lipset
12
Important State represents the highest Good- Aristotle
perspective/phrases State is necessary Evil- Classical Liberalism
about state
State is unnecessary Evil- Anarchism
State is one among many associations- Pluralism (R.M. MacIver)
State is instrument of class domination- Marxism
Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against
the State- Fascism (Benito Mussolini)
State is March of God on earth- organicism (Hegel)
State is individual writ large- Plato
13
FACT SHEET PT.2: DEMISE OF POLITICAL THEORY: DEBATES
14
• David Easton- ‘We cannot shed
our values in the way we remove our coats’
• John Rawls: Revived Normative political theory with his
‘Theory of Justice’
• Oakeshott
• Robert Nozick
• Herbert Marcuse
15
FACT SHEET PT.3: OTHER THEMES IN POLITICAL THEORY ASKED IN NET
EXAMS
Themes Addl. Info:
Post- behaviouralism Its features- both qualitative and quantitative; action’
and ‘relevance’; No to value neutrality, less Eurocentric
Post- Positivism Observations and data collection process is Not value-
neutral;
16
Universalism
Difference between classical and Unlike classical liberalism, modern liberalism supports
modern liberalism distributive justice and welfare state
17
FACT SHEET PT.4 : MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
18
progresses through this Neo- Marxist:
dialectical process Louis Althusser,
Perpetual class struggle- Justin
exploited vs exploiter; Rosenberg,
change in mode of Immanuel
production changes the class Wallerstein,
characteristics Andre Gunder
Frank
master/slave, lord/serf,
capitalist/labour Neo-classical
Marxism-
Capitalist system is
Gerald A.
exploitive, keep surplus
Cohen, Adam
labour as profit, alienate
Przeworski, John
workers, and faces regular
E. Roemer and
crisis
Erik Olin Wright
Vision of state less, class
Gramscianism (
less, property less communist
Post- Marxism):
society
Ernesto Laclau ,
‘From each according to his Robert W. Cox ,
ability, to each according to Chantal Mouffe
his needs’- in final stage of
Critical
Communism
Theory-
Frankfurt school
thinkers- though
they are against
both Marxism
and Liberalism
but Neo-
Marxism may be
included under
the umbrella of
critical theory
Conservatism Preserving ideas, institutions Branch of classical David Hume
and socio-cultural traditions. liberalism Edmund Burke
Belief in Hierarchy, order, In economy- Hobbes
and authority, social conservatives are
traditions, customs, norms quite liberal Locke
19
Only gradual and calibrated successful than Benjamin
change in social liberal parties Disraeli
practices/traditions Called right wing Karl Popper-
Pragmatism- Truth lies in ideology piecemeal social
concrete experience than engineering
moral preposition Contemporary
…prefer the familiar to the times- Quintin
unknown, to prefer the tried Hogg, Margret
to the untried, fact to Thatcher,
mystery, the actual to the Angela Merkel,
possible, the limited to the Marine Le Pen,
unbounded, the near to the Ronald Reagon
distant…( about
conservativism by Oakeshott)
Post- No objective truth, against Post-structuralism Richard Asley
modernism the Binary ( good vs bad) De-constructivism Jenny Adkins
Knowledge is not simply a Critical theory Foucault (Post-
cognitive factor, it is also structuralism)
normative and political Subjectivity
Truth is Derrida (De-
Power & knowledge linked constructivism)
and support/constitute each subjective,
other depends on the Lyotard- against
perspective of the meta-narratives
Reality socially constructed subject(observer) Baudrillard
Rejects meta narratives Timeline-
(grand narratives or Richard Rorty
beginning 1970s
narratives of narratives) Slavoj Žižek
Critical of classical Gilles Deleuze
liberalism, and positivism, Nietzsche
superiority of science, (Nihilism)
modernity discourse
Anarchism Against any form of formal, Utopic ideologies William
external, and hierarchical Stateless, authority Godwin-
authority in managing socio- less blissful social Philosophical
political arrangements life Anarchism
Organisation of society on a Gandhiji- Peter Kropotkin-
voluntary cooperative basis enlightened communal
without force/coercion Anarchism anarchism
Belief in virtuous(good) Pierre-Joseph
human nature, which can Proudhon -
manage both individual & Mutualism
20
social life without any Mikhail
external formal authority Bakunin
State is unnecessary evil revolutionary
Anarchist
Accept authority of experts
and moral authority of Leo Tolstoy-
collective decision Pacificist
Anarchist
Mutualism : socialist,
federated, and non- Gandhiji-
hierarchical authority-less enlightened
society holding property for Anarchism
common use and earnings;
individuals enjoy rights and
oblige to allow others the
same- reciprocity
21
FACT SHEET PT.5 : APPROACHES TO POLITICAL THEORY
22
David Easton- father of
empirical approach- gave
system theory
Karl Popper- scientific theory
are falsifiable
Robert Dahl- Pluralist thinker
Seymour Lipset- Pluralist
thinker
Gabrieal Almond- structural-
functional approach
Jean Blondel
Peter Laslett
Herbert Simon- logical
positivism
23
Emerged in connection with the many All thinkers of Frankfurt
social movements- feminist, School (Neo-Marxism): Ernst
environmentalist, anti-domination, Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Max
Subaltern, etc. Horkheimer, Erich Fromm,
Include radical feminism, green Herbert Marcuse, Habermas
politics, eco-feminism, constructivism, All radical feminists- Kate
post-structuralism, deconstructivism Millet, Rebecca Walker, Eve
and postcolonialism, etc. Ensler, Shulamith Firestone,
Adopt post-positivist approaches, Sandra L Whitworth etc.
discourse analysis, and deconstruction Post-colonial thinkers- Samir
Align itself with sub-altern, Amin, Edward said, Andre
marginalized and oppressed groups Gunder Frank, Franz Fanon,
Chandra Mohanty
Reveal inequalities, injustice, and
asymmetries that mainstream Subaltern thinkers: Ranajit
approaches intend to ignore Guha, David Arnold, Dipesh
Chakrabarty.Partha
Chatterjee, Sudipta Kaviraj,
Gayatri Spivak
Ecofeminism: Vandana Shiva,
Maria Mies, Ariel Salleh,
Mary Mellor, Ana Isla
24
FACT SHEET PT. 6: FEMINISM- IN MULTIPLE WAVES
Focus- education, job, equal Pandita Ramabai- ‘the high caste Hindu
pay, voting rights, property women’- 1887
rights, legal rights, equality
in marriage, family, society
2nd Wave Also called radical feminism Simone de Beauvoir: ‘the second sex’ –
Timeline: 1960s-70s women are not born but made-1949
25
Intersectionality- women Germaine Greer-‘The Whole Woman’
experience "layers of Carol Ann Duffy- ‘The World's Wife’
oppression" – caste, class,
colour, gender, race
Fighting classism, racism,
sexism by overturning the
notions of gender, race,
class, and structure &
symbols supporting them.
Raised issues of violence
against women, women's
reproductive rights, sexual
liberation, derogatory terms
for women, transgender
rights, etc.
4th Wave Timeline- since 2012 Rebecca Solnit- ‘Men Explain Things to Me
Focus: focus on (2014)’
empowerment of women, Jessica Valenti- ‘Sex Object: A Memoir
against sexual harassment, (2016)’
body shaming, and rape Laura Bates- ‘Everyday Sexism (2016)’
culture, etc.
Use of social media
Me Too movement
Marxist Class and private property, Friedrich Engles: ‘the origin of family,
or and not gender private property, and state-1884’
Socialist discrimination, are the main Alexandra Kollontai- ‘Sexual relation and
Feminism issues the class struggle’
Consider mainstream
Sheila Rawbatham: ‘Women, resistance,
feminism as capitalist or
revolution and hidden form of history-1943’
Bourgeoise feminism- limited
to white women Martha Nussbaum-‘Sex and Social Justice’
26
Feminist perspective of Green Judi Bari- Earth First!
politics that calls for an
egalitarian, non-patriarchal,
non-exploitative,
collaborative social order.
27
FACT SHEETS- CONST :
CONSTITUTION AND
POLITICAL PROCESSES IN
INDIA
28
FACT SHEET CONST 1: CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Aspect Facts
III Fundamental 12 to 35
Rights(FR)
IV DPSP 36 to 51
V Union or 52-151
Central
Government
President 52-72
Council of 74-75
Minister and
PM
The Union 124- 147
Judiciary
Comptroller 148-151
and Auditor-
General of
India(CAG)
Union 79-122
Parliament
VI State 152-237
Government
Governor 153-162
Council of 163-164
Minister and
CM
29
The State 168-212
Legislature
30
National 352
Emergency
State 356
Emergency
Financial 360
Emergency
XX Amendment of 368
the
Constitution
31
For implementation of Land Reforms after abolition of
Zamindari System
Now, it has also come under Judicial Review
Twelfth Municipalities
Schedule added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992
18 subjects for Municipilaties
32
26th Amendment- Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of
1971 princely states
33
86th Amendment- Right to Education- 6-14 year children
2002 Inserted article 21-A
91st Amendment-2004 Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of
legislative members
34
After partition, how 299
many members?
How many to total 11 sessions; two years, eleven months and seventeen
sittings and time? days
Famous quotes Article 356 is like ‘safety valve’ and would reamin a
dead letter- Ambedkar
Article 32 is the heart and soul of the Constitution –
Ambedkar
“If things go wrong in the new Constitution, the
reason will not be that we had a bad Constitution,
what we will have to say that Man was vile”-
Ambedkar
“Constitutional morality must be held higher than
public morality”- Ambedkar
Indian constitution as a ‘seamless web’- Granville
Austin
Indian Constitution as a social Document- Granville
Austin
35
‘India’s Constitution was born more in fear and
trepidation than in hope and inspiration’- Paul Brass
“ But in the long run, it would be in interest of all to
forget that there is anything like majority or minority
in this country and that in India there is only one
community…”- Patel
Directive Principles of State Policy are like “pious
aspirations”- Ivor Jennings
Very special majority Two thirds of the total membership of the House
required for impeachment of President
Note: Very special majority is only required for this
purpose
36
But SC, in Keshavnanda Bharti case- 1973,
overturned earlier decision and stated that preamble is
part of Constitution.
In the 1995 case of Union Government Vs LIC of
India also, the Supreme Court has once again held that
Preamble is the integral part of the Constitution but is
not directly enforceable in a court of justice in India
Which article is used Article 13(2) – “The State shall not make any law
by the courts for which takes away Fundamental Rights and any law
Judicial Review? made in contravention of this clause shall, to the
extent of the contravention, be void”
37
Provision for just and humane conditions of work and
maternity relief- article 42
Living wages for workers, Worker’s participation in
management: article 43
Participation of workers in management of industries-
article 43A
Promotion of co-operative societies- article 43B
Uniform civil code: article 44
Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry-48
Environmental protection: article 48A
Protection of monuments and places and objects of
national importance- article 49
Separation of judiciary from executive- article 50
Promotion of international peace and security: article
51
38
Emergency Many of the emergency provisions taken from the
Weimer Constitution, Germany
National Emergency-352- 3 times- 1962, 1971, 1975
Can be extended by 6 months at a time by
Parliament
Maximum duration- unlimited
Financial Emergency-360- never invoked
Maximum duration- unlimited
State Emergency-356- more than 100 times!
• Maximum duration- 3 years
Which landmark case SR Bommai case (1994)- after that invoking 356 came
restricted use of under strict judicial scrutiny
article 356?
What name India and Bharat ( Article 1)
constitution give to
India?
Which FR are group Article 29, 30: Rights to Minorities to protect their
rights? language, Script, culture and establish and administer
educational institutions.
39
22 Protection against arrest and preventive detention in
certain cases
Called ‘the necessary evil’
25 Right to freedom of religion
40
324 Election Commission of India
41
Note: No joint sitting for amendment Bills
42
250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any
matter in the State List if a Proclamation of
Emergency is in operation
43
Article 123: Ordinance by President
President’s power: Disqualify MP on the recommendation of EC- art. 102,
103
Articles related to PRI- 243 A to 243 O
Removal of EC- on the recommendation of CEC; CEC- like Judges
Words in Preamble
Landmark cases related to status of preamble: Berubari (preamble Not part
of Constitution) and Keshavananda (preamble is part of Constitution)
5 Writs- matching, conditions for issuing Writ of certiorari
Veto powers of Indian President, Pocket Veto
Article 231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
Article 233. Appointment of district judges.
Members of Cabinet Mission
Original Jurisdiction of SC- art 32 and centre-state and federal disputes;
Governors, The Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the Judges of the
Supreme Court and the Attorney General of India and the Central Vigilance
Commissioner of India are appointed by the President by a warrant under his
hand and seal,
Government of India Act 1919- features
5 subjects transferred from state to Concurrent list by 42nd Amendment-1976
o Education
o Forests,
o Weights & Measures,
o Protection of Wild Animals and Birds, A
o administration of Justice
Article 1: India as union of State
Article 144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court
Regarding FR and DPSP- multiple times, facts/features, relation, articles
Article 368: Amendment power of Constitution – facts
Article 70: empower the Parliament to make provisions for a contingency
when the offices of both the President and the Vice-President fall vacant
Granville Austin Books : The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of A Nation
(1966) and Working in a Democratic Constitution: A History of the Indian
Experience
Election Commission of India(ECI)- Bulwark of free and fair election-
Rudolph & Rudolph
44
Grounds of imposing president’s rule in states under article 356
Chronology and features of pre-independence constitutional reforms
Constitutional vs statutory vs other bodies/commissions
Basic structure doctrine- Keshavananda Bharti case
Article 312: All India Services- exclusive power of Rajya Sabha
All India serives mentioned in Constitution- IAS, IPS, Indian Judicial
Service (IJS)
91st amendments- limits the number of Ministers – 15% of total no. of
legislature
61st amendments- lowering of voting age
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)- 22 members (15- LS, RS-07)
Estimate Committee- largest committee- 30 members only from LS
Inter-state council- article 263- who appoints- President; set up in 1990; PM
is the chairperson
Main functions/role of Inter-state council- center-state relation
Zonal Councils, set up as per state reorganisation Act, Union Home Minister
is the chairperson
Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly- Nehru, Patel, Prasad, Azad (Granvile
Austin)
‘India’s Constitution was born more in fear and trepidation than in hope
and inspiration’- Paul Brass
Article 31 B- protect Acts in 9th Schedule from Judicial review
86th amendments-2002- RTE- 11th duty (duty of parents towards education
of children)
State Election Commission- conducting elections of Panchayats
3 times National Emergency ( Art. 352)- 1962, 1971, 1975
Most important characteristic of a Parliamentary Government- Collective
responsibility of the Executive to the Legislature
The Constituent Assembly was setup under the Cabinet Mission Plan-1946
1989- Lok Sabha rules amended to provide for Department Related
Parliamentary Standing Committees
Government of India Act, 1935 created the Federal Court in India
Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”- Morris Jones
About Rajya Sabha- condition and tenure of members, powers, roles
‘We are under the Constitution but the Constitution is what the judges say it
is’- India and USA
45
Art. 51A (Fundamental Duties) and Art. 300A (right to property) were added
later on ; 51 A- 42nd and 300A 44th Amendments
Any fifty Members of the Electoral College may propose name of a
candidate for the Office of President of India
Who among the following former Presidents of India kept pending the
‘Indian Post Office Amendment Bill’?- Gyani Zail Singh, who used his
Pocket Veto
Art. 356 as a “safety valve” and a dead letter- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Correct sequence regarding the passage of the Budget- General Discussion,
Voting on Grants, Appropriation Bill, Finance Bill
Regarding Money Bill (article 110)- originate only in LS, Speaker certifies
Art. 170 and 171: Numbers of MLA and MLC
Article 335- Reservation for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in
the services
Art. 280- Finance Commission; Art. 359: suspension of FR during
Emergency
Inspirations/provisions of Indian constitution from different nation’s
constitution- DPSP- Irish, Emergency- Germany, FR-USA,
Liberty/equality- French, residuary powers with union- Canada, etc.
Nos. of members of different parliamentary committee
The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27 and 28 are available to all persons whether citizens or foreigners.
FR only to Indian- Art. 15, 16, 19, 29, 30
First Law officer- Attorn General- art. 76
Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service
Commission. No impeachment required.
Maximum period of Emergency under Art 356- 3 years; under 352/360-
unlimited
About amendment procedure under art 368- no joint sitting
Conditions of Parliament legislating for states/on state list items
Numbers of members in the constituent Assembly of India
Fundamental Duties- part IV, art. 51 A
Ordinance and Pardon powers of President/governor- facts
Nehru Report- 1928; chairperson- Motilal Nehru
Tension areas in centre-state relation: Art. 356, Role of Governor, Fiscal
federalism
46
Article 257: The executive power of the Union shall also extend to the giving
of directions to a State
Art. 365: state emergency if state does not follow center’s directions as per
art. 257
PRI under 73rd amendments extended to 5th schedule areas by PESA -1996 ;
but it is not applicable to 6th schedule areas
36th amendment- Sikkim state; 97th- cooperative society; 99th- NJAC
LS seats: 543- 79- SC, 41- ST; 423- unreserved;
6th Schedule states: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Art. 105- Parliamentary privileges
Extension of FR under Right to life- Art. 21: right to pollution free air, road,
reputation, shelter, privacy, education, etc.
Art. 19(2): Reasonable restriction on Right to Freedom: subject to
sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations
with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to
contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence
SAARC Bommai case-1994- Misuse of Art. 356 and Centre-state relation
Shankari Prasad Case- SC declared that amending powers of Parliament
under Art. 368- Unlimited
Golaknath Case: Parliament cannot amend FR
Keshavananda Bharti- Parliament can amend any provision but cannot
change basic structure of the Constitution
Bi-cameral Legislature: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana,
Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
Art. 359: Rights under Art. 20, 21 cannot be suspended during Emergency
Sikh got separate electorate – GOI 1919
Depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour (workers) got
separate electorate – GOI 1935
Article 86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses
47
FACT SHEET CONST 2: CATCHY AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES IN
CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY
48
obtain the confidence of the
Lok Sabha
May be moved by opposition
Yield the floor Stopping one’s speech to allowe other Popular in US Senate where
speakers to speak the members may speak for
indefinte time.
49
FACT SHEETS- IND
POL: INDIAN POLITY
POLITICAL PROCESS
50
FACT SHEET IND POL.1: POLITICAL PARTIES: *7 NATIONAL
PARTIES
51
Trinamool 1998 Mamta Banerjee Mamta Banerjee, Symbol- Flower and
Congress(TMC) Derek O’Brien Grass
Split from Congress
Ruling West Bengal
since 2011
52
FACT SHEET IND POL. 2: REGIONAL AND STATE PARTIES
Rashtriya 1997 Lalu Prasad Yadav Lalu Prasad Yadav, Symbol- Lantern
Janata Dal( Tejaswi Yadav
RJD)
Shiromani 1920 SGPC, Master Tara Prakash Singh Badal, Symbol- Flower and
Akali Dal Singh, Sardar Sukhbir Singh Badal, Grass
(SAD) Sarmukh Singh Harsimrat Kaur Badal Second-oldest party
Chubbal, etc. in India
Rashtriya Lok 1996 Ajit Singh, son of Jayant Chaudhary Symbol: hand pump
Dal (RLD) legendary farm leader
Charan Singh
Indian 1996 Devi Lal Om Prakash Chautala, Symbol: Spectacles
National Lok Abhay Chautala Currently ruling
Dal (INLD) Haryana with BJP
53
Jharkhand 1972 Binod Bihari Mahato Sibu Soren, Hemant Symbol: Bow &
Mukti Morcha Soren Arrow
(JMM) Currently ruling
Jharkhand state
54
FACT SHEET IND POL.3: PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS OF
INDIA
Name Tenure Vice President Unique facts
Dr Rajendra 1950- Dr. Radhakrishnan Differed on many issues with Nehru
Prasad 62 Govt, especially on Hindu code bill
and suggested that president is not
entirely bound by advice of council
of minister
55
Start of Coalition Governments
56
FACT SHEET IND POL.4: DY. PMS OF INDIA
Note: Constitution does not mention the post of Dy. PM; hence, Dy. PM takes oath as
union minister.
57
FACT SHEET IND POL. 5 : IMPORTANT COMMISSION AND
COMMITTEE
Balwant Rai Mehta 1957 To examine the working Recommended 3-tier Panchayati
Committee of the Community Raj System for Rural India
Development Programme
(CDP)
Santhanam 1962 Anti- corruption Setting up Central Vigilance
committee Commission (CVC)
CVC was set up in 1964
Kothari Commission 1964 Advise guidelines and 10+2+3 pattern
policies for the Women’s education
development of education
in India. Neighbourhood school system
Establishment of Indian
Education Service
Sadiq Ali Committee 1964. Panchayati Raj Was set up by Rajashthan state
Institutions in Rajashthan Govt
Kapur Commission 1966 Killing of Gandhiji Role of Savarkar and his
associates
58
Ashok Mehta 1977 Panchayati Raj System 2-tier Panchayati Raj
Committee Institutions
1st committee to recommend
Constitutional status to PRI
Sarkaria Commission 1983 Centre-state relationship Far reaching suggestions on role of
Governors and use of Article 356
Ram Nandan Prasad 1993 OBC reservation Creamy layers among Backward
Committee Castes for being eligible for
reservation
Swaminathan 1994 Population policy Stabilizing population,
Committee restructuring family welfare
program
59
Bhuria Committee 1995 Panchayati Raj Extension of PRI in tribal areas
Institution(PRI)
Nanavati-Mehta 2002 Godhra train burning and Causes of both the incidence and
Commission Gujarat Riot-2002 persons responsible.
Kelkar Committee 2002 direct tax reforms increasing the income tax
exemption limit, rationalization of
exemptions, abolition of long term
capital gains tax, abolition of
wealth tax etc
Phukan Commission 2003 Tehelka Tape scandal- Persons involved in the corruption
fake defence deal & incidence
corruption caught on
camera
Jeevan Reddy 2004 Election reforms Anti-defection measures
Committee 10-fold increase in security
deposits
Barring criminals from
contesting election.
60
Srikrishna 2017 Personal Data Protection The committee submitted its
Committee report and Draft Personal Data
Protection Bill, 2018;
The bill is yet to be enacted.
61
FACT SHEET IND POL. 6: BOOKS AND AUTHORS ON INDIAN POLITY AND
POLITICAL PROCESS
The Child and the State in Myron Weiner Issue of child labour, migration,
India state politics
His other books: Initiated the study of State Politics
• Party politics in India (1957) in India
• State Politics in India (1968)
• Sons of the Soil: Migration
and Ethnic Conflict in
India(1978)
Religion, Caste, and Politics in Christophe
India Jaffrelot
Hindu nationalist Movement
and Indian Politics
62
•‘The Politics of India Since
Independence(1990)’
•‘Ethnicity and
Nationalism(1991)’
•‘The Production of Hindu-
Muslim Violence in
Contemporary India (2004)’
•‘An Indian Political Life:
Charan Singh and Congress
Politics, 1937 to 1961 (2011)’
63
1. Understanding Caste: Gail Omvedt She wrote many books on
From Buddha To Ambedkar, Buddhism, Indian
Ambedkar And women’s struggle
Beyond Also wrote “Seeking Begumpura”
2. Reinventing
Revolution: New
Social Movements in
India
The Intimate Enemy Asish Nandy Political, economic, and cultural
domination under colonialism
Caste in Modern India M. N. Srinivas Concepts: Dominant Caste,
Sankritisation
64
FACT SHEET IND. POL. 7: COMMENTS/QUOTE ON INDIAN POLITY
BY THINKER/AUTHORS
Indian politics as tussle between a Lloyd and In their book ‘In Pursuit of
“demand polity” and a Sussane Rudolph Lakshmi’
“command polity”
India as ‘weak-strong state’ Lloyd and ‘Explaining Indian Democracy’-
Sussane Rudolph by Rudolph & Rudolph
Calls India a “flailing state.” Lant Pritchett flailing : wave or swing wildly, un
steady, not settled
65
Indian party system as Giovanni Sartori until the 1960s in terms of this
"predominant party system" model, Congress was the
predominant party
Indian Party System as ‘one party Morris Jones Rajni Kothari called it ‘the
dominant system’ Congress System’
66
FACT SHEET IND. POL. 8 : LANDMARK SC CASES WHICH
CHANGED INDIAN POLITY
Balaji v/s State of Mysore 1962 Reservation cannot be more than 50%
Sajjan Singh vs State of Rajashthan 1964 First case in which mention of ‘Basic
Structure’ was made.
Golaknath Case 1967 Amendments under article 368 are ‘law’
under article 13(2) and hence can be struck
down if they violate Fundamental rights
Parliament cannot amend FR
ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla 1976 Even the right to life under article 21 can
be suspended during emergency under
article 359
Justice Hans Raj Khanna, one of the judges
on the bench, opposed it
The judgement was criticized as SCI failed
to protect the Fundamental Rights
67
Through 44th amendments: Fundamental
Rights under article 20, 21 cannot be
suspended during emergency
Minerva Mills case 1980 Further established ‘Basic Structure
Doctrine’
Power of Parliament to amend the
constitution was limited
Restored balance between FR and DPSP
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India 1978 ‘Due Process’ doctrine : Right to life (
article 21) gave SC power to judicial
review of not only ‘procedure established
by law’ but also ‘ due process of law’
Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal 1985 ‘Right to Livelihood’ FR under article 21
Corporation
68
Attorney General of India v. Lachma 1988 Public hanging violates article 21- hence
Devi should be banned.
Indra Sawhney v. Union of India 1992 Creamy layer policy: creamy layer among
OBC, SC/ST be excluded from reservation.
S.R. Bommai v/s Union of India 1994 Application of article 356 to dismiss state
Government was made tough
Profoundly affected centre-state relation
Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of 2017 ‘Right to Privacy’ under article 21
India
Maneka Gandhi vs the Union of
India; R Sukanya vs R Sridhar;
These cases helped bring ‘Right to Privacy’
Kharak Singh vs State of Uttar
under article 21
Pradesh; Govind vs State of Madhya
Pradesh
Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union Of India 2018 Decriminalised homosexuality by striking
off parts of Section 377 of the Indian Penal
Code (IPC).
69
FACT SHEET IND. POL. 9: LANDMARK ACTS
The Air (Prevention and Control of 1981 Control and prevent air pollution
Pollution) Act,
The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980
70
The Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Protection of wild animals, birds and plants
Persons With Disabilities (Equal 1995 Special provisions, special quota for
Opportunities, Protection of Rights disable persons
and Full Participation) Act Was amended in 2016- ‘Rights of Persons
with Disabilities Act, 2016’
71
Commission for Protection of Child 2006 constitution of a National Commission and
Rights Act State Commissions for Protection of Child
Rights and Children's Courts for providing
speedy trial of offences against children
Goods and Services Tax 2017 GST was implemented under this Act
(Compensation to States) Act
Jammu and Kashmir 2019 State of J&K was made 2 UTs- J&K and
Reorganisation Act Ladakh
72
2.The farmers (empowerment and Farmers of Punjab, Haryana, and UP are
protection) agreement on price agitating against these Farm Law, which
assurance and farm services act, are on hold by the order of SC.
2020.
3. The essential commodities
(amendment) act, 2020.
73
FACT SHEET IND. POL. 10: STATE RE-ORGANISATION
1960 Bombay was divided into Maharashtra and Gujrat Gujrat becomes the
15th State.
1961 Dadra and Nagar Haveli becomes the 7th UT
1962 Goa, Daman and Diu acquired from Portuguese Goa, Daman and
Diu- 7th & 8th UT
1963 Nagaland carved out from the state of Assam Nagaland- 16th
State
1966 Punjab and Haryana created Punjab- last state on
Chandigarh also created as UT and common capital language basis
74
FACT SHEET IND. POL 11: MAJOR CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
SCHEMES/MISSIONS/PROGRAMS
Ayushman Bharat Universal Health Insurance Scheme for poor Insurance cover of
Mission 5 lakh per family
per year
Mission Universal Immunization program
Indradhanush
Pradhan Mantri Awas Providing affordable housing to the poor PMAY-G: Rural
Yojana (PMAY) households areas
PMAY-U: Urban
areas
About 1.8 cr
houses provided
UDAN Scheme Affordable air travel for common man Ude Desh ka Aam
Naagrik-UDAN
Atal Pension Yojna Social security for poor in form of Rs 1000 to Poor need to
5000 Rs monthly pension subscribe to the
75
pension fund;
Government
Atal Mission for Strengthen urban Infrastructure- sewage,
Rejuvenation and street lights, transport, etc
Urban
Transformation
(AMRUT)
Kisan Samman Nidhi Direct cash transfer of Rs 2000 per 4 months Direct Income
Yojana to Farmers Transfer Scheme
for farmers
PM Street Vendor's to empower Street Vendors by not only
AtmaNirbhar extending loans to them; collateral free
Nidhi(PM working capital loans of up to INR10,000/- of
SVANidhi) one-year tenure, to approximately 50 lakh
street vendors, to help resume their businesses
in the urban areas, including surrounding peri-
urban/rural areas.
76
FACT SHEET IND. POL 12: INDIA’S MISSILE PROGRAM
77
FACT SHEETS- CP :
COMPARATIVE
POLITICS- CONCEPTS
78
FACT SHEET-CP 1: TRADITIONAL APPROACHES AND METHDOS OF
INVESTIGATION IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS
Normative Oldest one: Since pre- political Aristotle, Rousseau, Kant, Hegel,
Philosophical science era T.H.Green, Leo Strauss, Isaiah
Method: Abstract reasoning, Berlin
moral arguments, Formal logic
and analytic philosophy
Prescriptive, deductive, value
loaded, idealistic, speculative
79
FACT SHEET CP.2: MODERN APPROACHES AND METHDOS OF
INVESTIGATION IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS
80
of values are made and Developed from the general
implemented in society” systems theory by Ludwig
Inputs to the system : Von Bertallanfy
• Demands : claims for Structural functionalism and
actions that people make to input/output approach were
satisfy their interests and built on the system approach
values Called the ‘Balck Box’
• Support: political approach as it does not go
obligation – Consent, obey deeper inside the system
law, pay taxes David Easton gave a ‘flow
Input functions by Almond: model’ of political system
political socialization, political Good for genralisation and
interest articulation political broad comparison across
interest aggregation political culture/region but weak in
communication details
Outputs : Laws, rules,
regulations, judicial decisions
Easton identified 4 types of Input
functions as demand:
Participation in political system,
Allocation of goods and services,
Communication and information,
Regulation of behaviour
The sequence of regulatory
mechanism by Easton is: Gate-
keeping at the boundary, socio-
cultural norms, communication
channels and reduction
processes
81
Rajni Kothari and Morris Jones
used this approach to study
Indian politics
Fred Riggs also used this
approach to study the polity of
developing nations
82
Organizational
Analysis(1991)’
83
Thinkers supporting States’ ; ‘Center and
modernisation theory were periphery’
considered traditional Edward Shils’ categories of
comparativists; those opposing it political system: (i)Political
progressive comparativists. Democracy (ii) Tutelary
Democracy (iii) Modernizing
Oligarchy (iv) Totalitarian
Oligarchy (v) Traditional
Oligarchy
Organski: ‘The stages of
political development’ – 1.
political unification, 2.
industrialisation, 3. national
welfare, and 4. affluence.
W.W. Rostow: ‘Politics and
the stages of growth’ : 5 stages
of modernization - 1)
traditional society, 2)
preconditions to take-off, 3)
take-off, 4) drive to maturity
and 5) age of high mass
consumption
Max Weber, Talcott Parsons,
A.M. Henderson and Joseph la
Palombara: political
development is linked with
legal and administrative
development
Fred Riggs: balance between
the principles of equality and
capacity in political
development; Development
Trap- imbalance between
equality and capacity
Halpern: ‘will and capacity’
approach to the study of
political development
84
as ‘Eurocentric’, furthering the Theotonio Dos Santos- ‘The
capitalist interests of the ‘West’. Structure of Dependence’
They were influenced by Neo- Dos Santos: 3 types of
Marxism, which visualised dependency: colonial,
International state system as financial-industrial,
global capitalist system in which technological-industrial
the developed capitalist nations (
Fernando Henrique
core) dominated and exploited Cardoso- Associated-
underdeveloped 3rd world( development-dependent -was
Periphery) also president of Brazil
Latin America became the fertile Andre Gunder Frank-
ground of dependency theorists ‘Development of
They were called progressive Underdevelopment’
comparativists Immanuel Wallerstein-
World System Theory; Core,
Semi-periphery, periphery
Johan Galtung: structural
theory of imperialism
Samir Amin: global law of
value -a system of unequal
exchange
85
Robert Dahl called Vilfredo Pareto-
pluralism ‘ Polyarchy’ Circulation of Elites- the ruling
class replaced by another
ruling/aristocratic class through
revolution
‘History is graveyard
of Elites’
2 types of Elites: Lion &
Fox
He also gave the
concepts of “residues”
and “derivations.”
C Wright Mills: ‘
‘The Power Elites’
Nexus of the leaders of
the military, corporate,
and political class and
how the ordinary citizen
is a relatively powerless
subject of manipulation
by the power elites
Robert Michels
‘Iron Law of
Oligarchy’
Bureaucratic
organization as rule of
elites; not Democratic
Theory of mass mind
formulated on the basis
of the study of German
Social Democratic Party
Schumpeter: “Democracy as a
political Method “
democracy as nothing
more than periodic
elections and ordinary
citizens, beyond the act
of voting, should have
86
no role in shaping
policy.
Ortega Gasset
Theory of the Masses,
Political Formula
Karl Mannheim
Organising and directing
Elites; informally
organised and diffused
Elites
Burnham
Economic Approach to
Elitism
87
FACT SHEETS- PA:
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
88
FACT SHEET-PA. 1: PRINCIPLES AND APPROCAHES TO PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
Theory/Approach Facts/Features/Literatures
Scientific The term Scientific Management was coined by Louis Brandies but
Management Theory was popularised by Taylor
F.W.Taylor Taylor gave this theory in 1911
First coherent theory of organisation- mechanistic theory of
Organisation
4 core principles of Scientific Management
Science, not rule of Thumb
Scientific Selection, training and development of workers
Joining science of work and worker
management and workers sharing responsibilities
Features:
Time and motion studies
Scientific analysis of time, motion, workflow, tools,
implements
Man as machine
Economic man- driven by purely economic interests
Standardisation of tools
Separation of planning and execution
Greater responsibility on managers
‘Differential rate’ or ‘Piece-rate’ system
Functional organizational structure- Functional foremanship
Mental revolution on part of both workers and management
Books/Literature:
Shop Management- 1900
On the art of cutting metals- 1906
The Principles of Scientific Management-1911
Two Papers on Scientific Management-1919
89
Henri Fayol He wrote ‘General and Industrial Management (1916)’
Gave 6 Managerial Abilities(Physical, mental, Moral, educational,
technical, experience)
5 managerial functions in organisation: POCCC: Planning,
Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, and controlling.
The 14 principles of Management of Henri Fayol are:
1. Division of Work
2. Authority and Responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of Command
5. Unity of Direction
6. Subordination of Individual Interest
7. Remuneration
8. The Degree of Centralization
9. Scalar Chain ( Hierarchy)
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de Corps
90
Division of labour, Expertise, specialization
Hierarchy, Impersonal relationship, rules and regulations
Rationalism - ‘Rational-Legal Authority’
Merit based selection, career orientation
Books/Literature: by Weber
Ideal type of Bureaucracy- 1921
The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism-1905
Other interesting facts:
"Iron Law of Oligarchy“- by Robert Michels- Bureaucratic
organization as rule of elites; not Democratic
Hegel in his ‘The Philosophy of Right’ praised Bureaucracy
Marx termed Bureaucracy a form of class domination;
instrument of state power; instrument to further interests of
capitalist class
91
Books/Literature:
Elton Mayo:
‘The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (1933)
‘Human problems of an individual civilization’ (1946)
‘The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization’(1945)
Douglas Murray McGregor:
‘The Human Side of Enterprise’(1960)- gave theory X and
Theory Y
Abraham Maslow: gave hierarchy of Needs
Herzberg gave motivation-hygiene or two factor theory
Chester Barnard: ‘The Functions of the Executive’(1938)’-
‘Zone of Indifference’
Simon gave the concept of ‘Zone of acceptance’- very similra to
‘Zone of Indifference’ of Bernard
Rensis Likert: gave : Likert scale : to measure worker’s attitude
at workplace
92
Bounded rationality due to limitation of time, information,
processing capabilities
Books/Literature/Contributors
Herbert Simon:
‘Administrative Behaviour (1945)
‘Public Administration(1950)
‘Organisation (1958)
Dwight Waldo: Opposed Simon’s value fact separation and value-
free science of administration
‘The Administrative State(1948)’
93
Books/Literature/ Contributions
Riggs:
‘Agraria and Industria: Toward a Typology of Comparative
Administration(1955)’
The Ecology of Public Administration (1961)
Administration in Developing Countries (1964)
Robert King Merton: ‘A Reader in Bureaucracy’-1952
John Merriman Gaus: ‘Reflections on public
administration’(1947)
Robert Dahl : ‘Science of Public Administration- 3 problems’-
article in 1947- asserted that Public Administration is not science
due to 3 inter-realted issues of values, culture, and behaviour
94
Kathy E. Ferguson:
‘The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy’- 1984
Mary Parker Follett:
"Power with" rather than "power over”
Non-hierarchical matrix style organization, Integration,
Partnership, Transformational leadership
Books/Literature/ Contributions
Dwight waldo: Led the NPA movement
‘The Administrative State’ (1948)
‘Ideas and Issues in Public Administration’(1953)
‘Public administration in Time Of Turbulence’(1971)
95
2nd Minnow Brook conference-1988 and ‘Re-inventing
Government’ by Osborne and Gaebler (1992)- driving force
Features:
Market principles- competition, customer focus, economy,
efficiency, profit, etc. in Public Administration
Management style and practices of private sectors
Devolution and decentralisation
Government to ‘Steer’ Not ‘Row’- Regulatory State
Contracting out, outsourcing Government to private sector
Result oriented; performance measurement and appraisal
Citizen as Customer
Entrepreneurial spirit in public organizations
Books/Literature/ Contributions
David Osborne (1951) and Ted Gaebler: ‘‘Reinventing
Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming
the Public Sector’ (1992)’
Margret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan- supported NPM
Fredrick Hayak: Neo-liberal ideologue- influenced Thatcher and
Reagan
Features:
Serve rather than ‘Steer’
Focus- ‘Public Interest’; Democratic Citizenship,
Community and Civil Society
Serve Citizen NOT Customer
Complex Accountability
creation of public value rather than profit or productivity
Trusteeship and stewardship in Public Administration
Participative, collaborative, responsive, open and accessible
govt./governance
96
Books/Literature/ Contributions
Robert B. Denhardt: Father of New Public Service
‘New Public Service: Serving, not Steering’(2003).
‘ Public Administration: An Action Orientation’ (1987)
‘Theories of public organization’ (1984)
‘ Re-vitalization of Public service’( 1987)
Good Governance Came into fore in 1990s- 1992 world bank report- ‘Governance
and Development’
First used by Harlan Cleveland in mid 1970s who said “ what
we want is minimum government, maximum Governance”
Features:
Participation, Rule of Law, Transparency, Responsiveness,
Accountability, Social Equity and Inclusiveness, multi-stake
holder model, governance approach
97
FACT SHEET PA.2: VERY IMPORTANT BOOKS AND AUTHORS IN
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Books/articles/Essay Author Facts/Features
The Study of Administration-1887 Woodrow Article by Wilson which
Wilson formally started academic
discipline of Public
Administration
Politics-Administration
Dichotomy
98
Notes on theory of Organizations-1937 Luther Gulick ‘POSDCORB’- prominently
and Lyndall appeared in this book
Urwick
2. ‘Public Administration’(1950)
3. ‘Organisation' (1958)
‘The Human Side of Enterprise’(1960) Douglas ‘Theory X and Theory Y’
McGregor
99
A Reader in Bureaucracy-1953 Robert Merton Link between social class,
status and bureaucracy
Who Governs?: Democracy and Power Robert Dahl Developed his pluralist
in an American City(1961) decision making theory
The Science of Public Administration: Robert Dahl values, behavior, and
Three Problems. ( Essay) culture makes difficult to
develop science of
administration
100
FACT SHEETS- IR:
INTERNATIONAL
REALTION
101
FACT SHEET 1 : IR THEORIES
IR. 1A: REALISM: REALIST APPROCAH TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features
Core Themes National Interest defined in terms of Power is the bases
of IR and Global politics
Interest and power are signposts of politics
Statism: States are the main actors in IR
International state system is Anarchic- absence of any
world Govt. Each state is to survive by self-help
No Idealism, universal morality, benevolence, altruism
in IR
Each nation can do anything to protect its national
interest, only limitation is the relative power and
capabilities
Politics is autonomous of universal moral principles.
Politics has its own rules of morality.
Nations while protecting their national interests are not
bound by universal moral precepts.
Features 3 ‘S’ : Statism, Survival, Self-Help
Statism: States are main actors of IR
Survival and Self-Help: International state system
is anarchic; hence self-help is only way for survival
of state
Great variation in relative powers of the states
Balance of Power: In absence of world govt for survival
Power must be balanced by power.
States are defined as rational actors, pursuing their
interests rather than being agents of morality.
Interests rather than national morality guides actions of
states in global world order.
State pursue goal of ‘security maximization’ or ‘power
maximization’ for its survival
Security Dilemma( coined by John Herz) : lack of
trust- each state increasing its capabilities/power- end
result heightened tension, no increase in security
102
Gave 6 principles of Realism in his book ‘Politics among
nation(1948)’
Based on human nature: competitive and egoistic human
nature as base of realist approach
Behaviours of States matches human behaviour
Interest and power are signposts of politics
Politics has its own standard of morality.
National interest, and Not national morality, decides
foreign policy
Other thinkers: Thucydides, Thomas Hobbes, E.H. Carr,
Arnold Wolfers
103
Hans Morgenthau: Father of IR; ‘Politics Among
Nations’ (1948)- gave 6 principles of Classical Realism
Interest & Power Flag post/placard of Politics
Interest defined in terms of power- bases of IR
Politics separate from morality
E. H. Carr : ‘The Twenty Years' Crisis’ (1939)
104
FACT SHEET IR 1.B: LIBERALISM: LIBERAL APPROACH TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features
105
In cooperative venture, states are concerned with absolute
gains, not relative gains, but concerned about cheating
State may shift loyalty and resources to institutions if they
are mutually beneficial and fulfil interests of the state
Obstacle to cooperation: areas of no common interest (zero
sum game), cheating- no compliance by others,
International regimes and institutions help govern a
competitive and anarchic world system
Democratic peace Liberal belief that democracies often avoid going to wars
theory due to people’s pressure
Given first by Immanuel Kant (‘Perpetual Peace’)
Democratic Peace Theory: Michael W. Doyle
106
FACT SHEET IR 1.C: MARXISM: MARXIST APPROACH TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features
Meaning- Core Theme Viewing and analysing IR from class lens.
Based on Marxist theory of state- state acting to protect
and further the interests of dominant class
Class, and not states are the main actor in IR
IR is not interplay of Interest and power but reflection
of global mode of production and resulting relation of
production among states- global economic structure
determine global politics
International system is capitalist world order whose
structure and dynamics further the interest of dominant
class
Colonialism and imperialism were process of capitalist
expansion; Globalization is nothing but global
expansion of capitalism- new capitalist imperialism
Dominant class/state not only use force but also its
hegemony to make their ideas, ideologies, worldviews
as mainstream and commonly accepted by subordinate
class/states- soft power or cultural hegemony
107
Core: developed capitalist states; Periphery: poor state
working as satellite of core- exploited by core
Closely linked to theory of imperialism and dependency
theory
Dominant class in core in alliance with dominant class
in periphery exploit masses/labour class in periphery.
Dependency Theory Given by Raúl Prebisch, Fernando Henrique Cardoso,
and Andre Gunder Frank
Seemingly developed regions within an
underdeveloped nation are satellites of the ‘Core’
These satellites further develop their own satellites in
the hinterland of the periphery
Hierarchical satellite structure
Such development is not autonomous, self-generating,
sustainable, and equitable. Actually, it is development
of underdevelopment( A.G. Frank)!
Hegemony by Gramsci Antonio Gramsci’s concept of ‘Hegemony’ in his
‘Prison Notebook’(1971)
Hegemony- 3rd dimension of power –manufactured
consent- moral, political, cultural values/ideas of
dominant class accepted as ;normal and ‘common
sense’ by subordinate/exploited class
Hegemony is created and maintained by civil society
and network of institutions- media, educational system,
NGOs, etc. in the ‘Superstructure’
Through Hegemony, dominant class maintain its
dominance in the ‘Base’ without use of
coercion/violence
In IR, hegemony manifest in dominant capitalist
power/state controlling global superstructure – internet,
financial market, global trade- and manufacturing
consent on prevailing moral, political, cultural
values/ideas- dress, food, entertainment, Leisure,
worldview, etc.
Great Debate in Marxist Structuralist vs Instrumental view of Capitalist State
IR- Miliband–Poulantzas Miliband: Capitalist state works to serve the interest of
debate the capitalist class- instrumental view of state
Nicos Poulantzas: Instead of serving the interest of
capitalist class, the state reproduces the social structure
108
which perpetuates capitalism- structural view of the
state
Main Thinkers • Classical: Lenin, Stalin, Mao Zedong, Louis Althusser,
Karl Kautsky
• World system theory & Dependency theory:
Immanuel Wallerstein, Raúl Prebisch, Fernando
Henrique Cardoso, Andre Gunder Frank
• Gramscianism: Antonio Gramsci, Robert Cox
• Neo-Marxism: Justin Rosenberg, Immanuel
Wallerstein, Samir Amin, AG Frank
• Analytical Marxism: G. A. Cohen, Jon Elster, John
Roemer, Erik Olin Wright, Adam Przeworski
• Frankfurt School: Herbert Marcuse, Jurgen Habermas,
Andrew Linklater
• Marxist Feminist: Rosa Luxemburg, Alexandra
Kollontai
109
FACT SHEET IR 1.D: FEMINIST APPROACH TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features
Core Themes Viewing and analysing IR from Gender lens.
Theory and practices of IR are guided by Masculine world
view
National interest defined in terms of power, power
defined as domination, security defined as having
maximum power
Competition for power, war, exploitation
States are Power seeking, rational and amoral entity
International processes are not gender-neutral, and gender
relation are not insulated from international factors.
Personal is International
all aspects of IR are related to gendered relation in
family/society– war, security, power, Interest, foreign
policy
Question invisibility and marginalization of women in IR-
where are the women?
‘Militarization’, overemphasis on brute power, war,
conflict, interests further push women to the margin of
IR
Redefining concepts and components of IR from feminist
perspective will make world more peaceful, interconnected,
co-operative, moral, and less exploitative, unequal,
conflictual
110
Main Thinkers • Liberal:
• Marry Wollstonecraft (‘’vindication of the rights of
women’’)
• J.S.Mill- ‘Subjection of Women’
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• Radical:
• Simone de Beauvoir- ‘the second sex’
• Marxist:
• Rosa Luxemburg, Alexandra Kollontai
• Prominent IR feminists:
• Judith Ann Tickner:
• Most influential feminist in IR
• She re-formulated Morgenthau’s 6 principles of IR from
feminist perspective
• Her famous books:
• ‘Feminism and International Relations’;
‘Gender in international relations’
• Cynthia Enloe:
• Where is women in International Relation?
• Her books: ‘Bananas Beaches and Bases’; ‘personal
is international’
• Carol Cohn : Her books : ‘Women and Wars’
• Laura Sjoberg: “Gendering Global Conflict:
Toward a Feminist Theory of War ”
111
FACT SHEET IR 1.E: CONSTRUCTIVISM IN IR
Themes/components Facts/features
112
Emanuel Adler
Michael Barnett
Kathryn Sikkink
John Ruggie
Martha Finnemore
Her Book: ‘’National Interests in International Society’’
‘’Rules for the World: International Organizations in
Global Politics’’
113
FACT SHEET IR 1.F: OTHER THEORIES/APPROACHES TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features
English school in IR The English school is built around three key concepts:
international system, international society and world
society.
International System:
formed when two or more states have sufficient
contact between them, and have sufficient impact on
one another’s decisions to cause them to behave as
parts of a whole.
114
International Society:
An international society exists when a group of like-
minded states conceive themselves to be bound by a
common set of rules in their relations with one
another, and share in the working of common
institutions
international society is about the creation and
maintenance of shared norms, rules and institutions.
World system:
world society transcends the state system and takes
individuals, non-state actors and ultimately the global
population as the focus of global societal identities and
arrangements.
115
“logic of consequences” - actors choose the most efficient
means to reach their goals on the basis of a cost-benefit
analysis
Key concepts - incomplete information, credibility,
signalling, transaction costs, trust, and audience costs
Rational Choice Institutionalism: actors use
international institutions to maximize their utility, and that
institutions affect rational behaviour of the actors.
Main Thinkers: James D. Fearon(rationalist explanation
for war), Thomas Schelling(conflicts as bargaining
situations)
116
FACT SHEET IR 1.G: GREAT DEBATES IN IR
117
was started by Robert Keohane in an Also called Positivism –
International Studies Association Post Positivism debate
debate in 1988
an epistemological ( how
Rationalists: positivism, scientific do we know IR) debate
enquiry, Analytical, empirical
validation or falsification
Reflectivism includes post-
modernism, feminism,
Reflectivity: emphasize the importance constructivism and critical
of norms and ideas in IR, prefer theory
interpretive and subjective study,
values cannot be separate from
observation, knowledge-power nexus
118
FACT SHEET: IR BOOKS &
AUTHORS
119
FACT SHEET IR 2: IMPORTANT IR BOOKS AND THEIR
AUTHOR(S)
120
International Politics(
1976)
The Art of War(1521) Niccolò A realist account of
Machiavelli military history, strategy,
or theory; in the form of
Socratic dialogue
Liberalism On the Law of War and Hugo Grotius •Jus ad Bellum (right to
Peace(1625) war)
•Jus in Bello (rights in
war)
•Rights of Individuals
•Humanitarian
Intervention
•Freedom of the Seas
Soft Power: The Means To Joseph Nye Nye coined ‘soft power’
Success In World Politics( in IR
2004)
Power and Keohane and Gave theory of complex
Interdependence-World Nye interdependence
121
Politics in Transition Primary book of neo-
(1977) liberalism in IR
1.Liberal Peace: Selected Michael W. Gave democratic peace
Essays ( 2011) Doyle theory
2. ’Liberalism and World
Politics’’( 1986)
122
Civil War in France’ ; ‘the
Grundrisse’; ‘Theories of
Surplus Value’ ;'the critique
of political economy’, ‘The
Class Struggles in France’,
and ‘The Critique of the
Gotha Program of 1875’
123
approach to the
international system
Production, power, and Robert W. reciprocal relationship
world order (1987) Cox between power and
Political economy of a production
plural world (2002) Globalisation: global civil
society, power and
knowledge
Beyond Realism and Andrew Critical Theorist
Marxism(1990) Linklater
‘The Transformation of
Political Community’
(1998)
Critical Theory and World
Politics (2007)
One-Dimensional Man Herbert critique of both capitalism
(1964) Marcuse and the Communist
society of the Soviet
Union
The Theory of Jürgen Criticism of
Communicative Action Habermas modernisation; adaptation
(1981) of Talcott Parsons’ AGIL
Paradigm
124
Gendering Global Conflict. Laura Women’s issue in conflict
Toward a Feminist Theory Sjoberg & war
of War (2013)
125
Empire of Humanity: A Michael
History of Barnett
Humanitarianism (2011)
126
political authority (i.e.,
the absence of dissent)
and “totalistic” ideologies
Strategy of Conflict Thomas Against the backdrop of
Schelling the nuclear arms race in
the late 1950s, the book
explains game theory in
IR
127
A dying Colonialism Frantz Fanon Frantz Fanon- one of the
most prolific post-
colonial writer/thinker
128
Men and Citizens in the Andrew deals with the tension
Theory of International Linklater between the obligations of
Relations(1982) citizenship and the
obligations of humanity in
modern theories of the
state and international
relations
129
The Anti-Politics James a critique of the
Machine(1990) Ferguson mainstream discourse of
"development"
130
The shallow graves of 2000 Shahryar Khan
Rwanda
131
Interventions: A Life in Kofi Annan 7th secretary-general of
War in Peace UN
In Defense of Jagdish
Globalization (2004) Bhagwati
132
Sincerity in Politics and Sorin Baiasu Collection of Essays
International Relations(
2021)
133
FACT SHEETS IR 3:
MAJOR GLOBAL
EVENTS, TREATIES,
MOVEMENTS
134
FACT SHEET IR 3.1: MAJOR COLD WAR EVENTS IN
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
Korean War 1950-1953 Korea was Japan’s colony; after defeat of Japan in
WWII, it was divided into North and South Korea
along 38 degree latitude; North-Communist; South:
Capitalist
1950-53: War between north & south Korea supported
by USSR/China and USA respectively
1st major war during the Cold war
U-2 Incident 1960 USSR shot down U-2 reconnaissance plane of USA
over its territory claiming it was Spy plane
Resulted into diplomatic crisis and cancelling the 1960
Paris Summit between the WWII allied powers
Congo Crisis 1960-65 Civil war in Congo after it gained independence from
Belgium
Proxy war between USA and USSR; they supported
rival groups
135
Erection of the 1961 Major diplomatic activities concerning the city of
Berlin Wall Berlin
The ‘Iron Curtain’ manifested in form of physical
barrier ( the Berlin Wall) between the ‘East’ and ‘West’
Bay of Pigs 1961 a failed attempt by the USA to topple the Communist
Invasion regime in Cuba by supporting opposition groups
(Cuban exiles)
This angered Cuban President Fidel Castro and led to
Cuban Missile Crisis
Colombo 1962 Indo-China War- peace attempt by 6 NAM countries
proposal who met at Colombo
Cuban Missile 1962 Cuba became communist led by Fidel Castro in 1959. It
Crisis allowed USSR to install nuclear missiles facing USA
USA blocked sea access to Cuba, heightened tension
between the superpowers
Sanity returned to both superpower and war avoided
1st real possibility of nuclear war during the cold war
IR theory of decision making used this as case study-
Graham Allison wrote ‘Essence of Decision:
Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis’
The Vietnam 1955-75 Vietnam (Indochina) was French Colony. During
War WWII Japan took over Indochina;
1955: France leaves, new state of Vietnam was divided
into North & South along 17 degree Latitude; North-
Communist; South: Capitalist
1965: USA sends massive land troops to south Vietnam
to fight Communist forces; war lingers till 1975;
Communist won, Vietnam United as communist nation;
huge negative impact on USA
This led to renewed cold war called ‘ New Cold War’
136
Arab-Israel 1967-73 Israel and Arab countries fought 5 wars; most intense
Conflicts were
• 1967: The Six-Day War ( 3rd Arab-Israel war)
• 1973: The Yom Kippur War( Ramadan War, or
October War)- led to oil crisis, Camp David Accords
Iranian 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran led by its spiritual leader
Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini
Iran overthrew the US supported Shah dynasty and
became an Islamic Republic
Since then, US has strained relation with Iran
137
FACT SHEET IR 3.2: MAJOR GLOBAL EVENTS, EXCLUDING THE
COLD WAR EVENTS
Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia
Treaty of Versailles 1919 Formal treaty ending the WWI
It also sowed the seed of WWII by treating Germany
very harshly pricking its national pride
The New Deal 1933 Series of programs, public work projects, financial
reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin
D. Roosevelt to counter the effects of the Great
Depression
Berlin Olympic Games 1936 Played under the backdrop of Nazi Germany’s idea of
racial purity; Athlete Jesse Owens, busted this racial
myth by winning 4 gold medals- Hitler watched
Molotov–Ribbentrop 1939 A non-aggression pact between Hitler and the Stalin that
Pact enabled those two powers to partition Poland between
them
Obviously Hitler broke this pact two years later
Operation Barbarossa 1941 June 22, 1941- Hitler launched attack on Russia
Pearl Harbour 1941 Dec 7 , 1941- Japan did a massive air attack on U.S.
Bombing Navy ships parked at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, US military
base in pacific ocean; USA joined WWII
138
The D-Day- invasion 1944 June 6, 1944- Codenamed Operation Neptune- most
of Normandy crucial victory of the Allied forces which captured
Normandy, France- led to liberation of France and
victory of Allied powers in the Western Fronts
Nuclear Bombing on 1945 6 and 9 August, 1945- USA dropped Nuclear bomb (
Japan named ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’) on Hiroshima (
6Aug- Little boy) and Nagasaki( 9 Aug- Fat Man)
End of WWII 1945 Sept 2, 1945- Japan surrenders, WWII ends
The Marshall Plan 1948 Official name ‘European Recovery Program’- USA
giving aid of $13 billion to 16 Western European
countries to rebuild their economy after WWII
Birth of Israel 1948 May 15, 1948
1st Arab-Israel War
Berlin Blockade 1948 24 June, 1948: USSR surrounding West Berlin, air lift
operation by USA and its western allies
Start of the Cold War
Apartheid 1948 Beginning of apartheid in South Africa.
Rise of Communist 1949 1st Oct, 1949- Establishment of the People's Republic of
China China( PRC) under leadership of Mao Zedong; The
Republic of China ( RoC) led by Chiang Kai-shek
relocates to Taiwan.
USSR goes Nuclear 1949 2nd nuclear country, 3rd was UK, 4th France, 5th China
First Hydrogen Bomb 1952 USA tested First Hydrogen Bomb- code-named Mike,
Test
Bandung Conference. 1955 29 African Asian countries participated
139
Treaty of Rome 1957 Treaty of Rome, which would eventually lead to the
European Union
140
ASEAN founded 1967 Bangkok Declaration is the founding document of
ASEAN ; 10 members; Headquarter- Jakarta
Oil crisis. 1973 Sharp rise in oil prices causing global energy crisis
Break of Bretton Woods exchange System
Open Door policy of 1978 economic policy reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in
Deng Xiaoping 1978 to open China to foreign businesses that wanted to
invest in the country
Start of China becoming capitalist
Operation Opera 1981 a surprise airstrike conducted by the Israeli Air Force on
an unfinished Iraqi nuclear reactor near Baghdad
141
Falklands War. 1982 undeclared war between Argentina and the UK over two
British dependent territories in the South Atlantic: the
Falkland Islands ;
Iran–Contra affair 1985 a political scandal in USA involving the sale of arms to
the Khomeini government of the Islamic Republic of
Iran
Challenger disaster 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger breaks apart 73 seconds into its
flight, killing all seven crew members aboard.
Major setback to NASA space programs
The Chernobyl 1986 nuclear accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power plant
disaster Worst Nuclear accident
Perestroika and 1988 Perestroika( economic restructuring) and Glasnost(
Glasnost Political Openness) by Mikhail Gorbachev
Many consider them as Genie taken out of Bottle by
Gorbachev; led to fall of USSR
142
Operation Solomon 1991 a secret Israeli military operation to airlift Ethiopian
Jews to Israel.
EU was born 1993 1st Nov, 1993- European Union Becomes Reality
Amazon.com is Born 1994 By Jeff Bezos
Hong Kong back to 1997 Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the
China United Kingdom to China.
Hong Kong and Macau- Special Administrative Region
following “one country, two systems" policy
Asian financial crisis 1997 Impacted much of East Asia and Southeast Asia ; raised
fears of a worldwide economic meltdown
Google founded 1998 Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin.
The iPhone 2007 Steve Jobs introduced iPhone, which changed the mobile
handset market
Sub-prime lending 2008 Engulfed almost entire globe
Financial crisis
Russia Annex Crimea 2014 Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea
USSR was expelled from G-8
143
Hong Kong Protests 2019 Street protest in Hong Kong against possible dilution of
‘one country, two system’ policy which gives some
autonomy to the Hong Kong
The Pandemic 2020 COVID-19, the worst Pandemic engulfs the globe,
changing the very way human lived on planet Earth
USA leaving 2021 In accordance with the Doha agreement (February 29,
Afghanistan 2020) between the Taliban and USA, the latter left
Afghanistan in August 2021
After a brief chaos, Taliban resumed its second time rule
on Afghanistan
None of the contries have officially recognised the new
Taliban regime
Russian Attacks on 2022 February, 2022- Putin’s Russia invades Ukraine on
Ukraine pretext of self-defense as it apprehends Ukraine joining
NATO
Ukraine’s President: Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Ukraine’s Capital: Kiev
144
FACT SHEET IR 3.3: IMPORTANT TREATIES, COVENANTS,
AGREEMENTS
Treaties Year Facts, Features, Impacts. Relevance
Treaty of Purandar 1776 Between the Peshwa of the Maratha and the British
East India Company, India.
Treaty of Salbai 1782 Between the Peshwa of the Maratha and the British
East India Company, India. To end the first Anglo-
Maratha War
Treaty of 1784 between Tipu Sultan and the British East India
Mangalore Company to end the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Treaty of 1792 between Tipu Sultan and the British East India
Seringapatam Company to end the third Anglo-Mysore War.
145
Carnatic Treaty 1801 The Nawab of Arcot give away territories in India to
Great Britain for two hundred rupees
Treaty of Paris of 1815 After the end of Napoleonic Wars, the 5 great powers
1815 and Congress of Europe- Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and the
of Vianna United Kingdom- entered into an agreement
This general consensus among great power in Europe
was called ‘the concert of Europe ’which lasted till
WW I
Treaty of Sugauli 1816 between the East India Company and Nepal after the
Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16
It fixed the boundary line of Nepal,
Treaty of Nanking 1842 peace treaty which ended the First Opium War
(1839–1842) between the United Kingdom and
China
Treaty of Lahore 1846 Ends the First Sikh War between Great Britain and
the Sikh Empire.
First Geneva 1864 Establishes rules for the humanitarian treatment of
Convention battlefield casualties.
Treaty of Bern 1874 Setting up the Universal Postal Union ( UPU), which
became the second oldest international organization
The oldest is International Telecommunication
Union(ITU), set up in 1865
Treaty of 1879 Ends the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan
Gandamak War.
Triple Alliance 1882 Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and
(1882) Italy.
London 1900 Convention for the Preservation of Wild Animals,
Convention of Birds and Fish in Africa
1900 First international agreement on wildlife
conservation.
Treaty of 1905 Formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War.
Portsmouth Japan defeated Russia, giving confidence to many
Asian colonial nations
International 1912 The first international drug control treaty.
Opium
Convention
146
Treaty of Brest- 1918 Between Russia and the Central Powers; Russia pulls
Litovsk out of World War I.
Treaty of 1919 the most important of the peace treaties that brought
Versailles World War I to an end.
But it sowed the seed of WWII by treating Germany
very harshly
Also called treaty of Paris
Treaty of 1919 brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end
Rawalpindi United Kingdom recognizes Afghanistan's
independence
Treaty of Berlin 1926 Germany and the Soviet Union pledge neutrality.
147
a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and
the Soviet Union
Of course this didn’t stop Hitler to attack Russia
Pact of Steel 1939 a military and political alliance between Fascist Italy
and Nazi Germany
148
Treaty of London 1949 Created the Council of Europe
Southeast Asia 1955 Formed in 1955 by the Manila Pact, signed in 1954
Treaty Members( 8): the United States, France, Great
Organization Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines,
(SEATO) Thailand and Pakistan
Was dissolved in 1977
Note: Pakistan was member of both CENTO and
SEATO
149
International 1957 Established the International Atomic Energy
Atomic Energy Agency( IAEA)
Treaty IAEA promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy,
and to inhibit its use for any military purpose,
including nuclear weapons.
Indus Waters 1960 a water-distribution treaty between India and
Treaty Pakistan, mediated by the World Bank
Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water
India got waters of Ravi, Beas, Satluj
Camp David 1978 signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli
Accords Prime Minister Menachem Begin
The accord led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel
peace treaty.
150
Madrid 1991 a peace conference, held in Madrid and co-sponsored
Conference by US and USSR.
It was an attempt to revive the Israeli–Palestinian
peace process through negotiations, involving also
Arab countries, including Jordan, Lebanon and
Syria.
Maastricht Treaty 1992 Foundational treaty to establish European Union (EU)
Signed between the then-twelve member states of the
European Communities
Created the ‘Euro Zone’- new EU currency
Oslo Accord 1993 set up a framework that would lead to the resolution of the
ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
It was the first face-to-face agreement between the
government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO).
Established Palestinian interim self-government,
North American 1994 Free trade agreement between Canada, the United States
Free Trade of America, and Mexico
Agreement NAFTA is now replaced by United States-Mexico-Canada
(NAFTA) Agreement (USMCA), which entered into force on July 1,
2020
United Nations 1994 Provides universal legal controls for the management of
Convention on the marine natural resources and the control of pollution
Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS)
United Nations 2000 non-binding UN pact to encourage businesses and firms
Global Compact worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible
policies, and to report on their implementation
UNASUR 2008 created Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
Constitutive Signatories: twelve South American nations
Treaty
Abraham Accord 2020 Also called the Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization
agreement
This agreement was brokered by USA
Later on, Bahrain and Morroco also joined
151
FACT SHEET IR 3.4: LESSER-KNOWN CONVENTIONS WHICH MAY BE ASKED
AS ARBIT QUESTIONS
Treaty Year Facts & Features
Basel 1989 Control of international Movements of Hazardous Wastes and
Convention Their Disposal
It does not, however, includes the movement of radioactive waste.
Warsaw 1929 international convention which regulates liability for international
Convention carriage of persons, luggage, or goods performed by international
aircraft carriers.
The Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, replaced the Warsaw
Convention
Metre 1875 Signed in Paris, the treaty created the International Bureau of
Convention Weights and Measures (BIPM)
Marrakesh 1994 Signed in Marrakesh, Morocco, the agreement concluded 8-year-
Agreement long Uruguay Round and established the World Trade
Organization( WTO)
Nagoya 2010 Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of
Protocol Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on
Biological Diversity(Rio de Janeiro - 1992-93)
152
FACT SHEET IR 3.5: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL
TREATIES, CONVENTIONS, AGEERMENTS
153
Since Rio summit, 26 CoP have been held till date. All global
negotiations and Climate agreements are signed through the
CoP mechanism
Bali Climate 2007 It was Cop 13- 13th meeting of CoP to UNFCCC
Change Roadmap for new Emission Reduction Regime post Kyoto
Conference Protocol after 2012
Copenhagen 2009 CoP 15 of UNFCCC
Summit The Summit was to decide a new framework for climate
change mitigation beyond 2012
But no final agreement on the new Regime post Kyoto
Paris Climate 2015 CoP 21 under UNFCCC
Agreement The agreement set goal to limit global warming to well below
2 degree compared to pre-industrial levels.
The agreement legally binds all parties to communicate
commitment, in terms nationally determined contribution
(NDC), to reduce their CHG emissions in order to reach the
goals of the Paris Agreement.
However, implementation of NDC itself is not legally
binding.
By 2020, all countries had to submit their nationally
determined contributions (NDCs) for reducing CHG emission
and other climate change actions by 2035.
US, in 2020, become the first nation in the world to formally
withdraw from the Paris climate agreement.
Glasgow Climate 2021 CoP 26 under UNFCCC
Change The latest CoP and Climate change conference held in
Conference Glasgow-Nov, 2021
CoP 27 will be held at Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt
154
FACT SHEET IR 3.6: ARMS CONTROL TREATIES
Partial Test Ban 1963 Banned Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in
Treaty (PTBT) Outer Space and Under Water
First nuclear arms control treaty
India signed and ratified the treaty
Anti-Ballistic Missile 1972 Signed by USA and USSR
Treaty (ABM) Limits the use of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems
155
SALT II 1979 Signed by US president Jimi Carter and Leonid
Brezhnev, general secretary of USSR
SALT II was not ratified due to the deterioration of the
relation between USA and USSR following the Soviet
intervention in Afghanistan.
Moon Treaty 1979 The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on
the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies as per the
international law, including the United Nations Charter.
START (Strategic 1991 bilateral treaty between the United States and the Soviet
Arms Reduction Union on the reduction and the limitation of strategic
Treaty)- START I and offensive arms
Start II START resulted in the removal of about 80% of all
strategic nuclear weapons then in existence
START 1 was followed by Start II ( signed in 1993)
and in 2010 it was renewed as ‘New START Treaty’
between USA and Russia, extending deep reductions of
American and Soviet or Russian strategic nuclear
weapons through February 2026
START II banned the use of multiple independently
targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) on
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Hence, it is
often cited as the De-MIRV-ing Agreement
Comprehensive 1996 Bans nuclear weapons test explosions and any other
Nuclear-Test-Ban nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military
Treaty (CTBT) purposes, in all environments.
India has not signed CTBT
yet to enter into force
156
Strategic Offensive 2002 Also known as treaty of Moscow,
Reductions Limits the nuclear arsenals of Russia and the United
Treaty(SORT) States.
was superseded in 2011 by the New START treaty
Arms Trade Treaty 2013 multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade
in conventional weapons
Wassenaar 1996 promoting transparency and greater responsibility in
Arrangement transfers and trades of conventional arms and dual-use
goods and technologies
India is party to the agreement
Australia Group( AG) 1985 is a multilateral export control regime (MECR)
to help member countries to identify those exports
which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the
spread of chemical and biological weapons.
India Joined AG in 2018
157
FACT SHEET IR 3.7: CONVENTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
International Covenant on 1966 Signing parties commits to respect the civil and
Civil and Political Rights political rights of individuals, including the right
(ICCPR) to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech,
freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights
to due process and a fair trial.
China and Cuba have Not signed ICCPR
International Covenant on 1966 It commits the signing parties to work toward the
Economic, Social and Cultural granting of economic, social, and cultural rights
Rights (ICESCR) (ESCR) to the individuals, including labour
rights and the right to health, the right to
education, and the right to an adequate standard
of living.
158
Convention on the Rights of 2007 to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment
Persons with Disabilities of human rights by persons with disabilities and
(CRPD) ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy full
equality under the law.
159
FACT SHEET IR 3.8 : IMPORTANT GLOBAL WOMEN’S
MOVEMENTS AND ORGANISATIONS
160
The ICW enjoys consultative status
with the United Nations and its
Permanent Representatives to
ECOSOC, ILO, FAO, WHO, UNDP,
UNEP, UNESCO, UNICEF,
UNCTAD, and UNIDO.
One Billion Rising 2012 Started by Eve Ensler
Movement to end rape and sexual
violence against women
The "billion" refers to the UN
statistic that one in three women will
be raped or beaten in her lifetime.
161
Women's International Geneva 1915 working "to bring peace for women"
League for Peace and and to unite women worldwide who
Freedom (WILPF) oppose oppression and exploitation
162
FACT SHEET IR 3.9: LIST OF SOME PROMINENT GLOBAL SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
Name Year Addl. Info, Features, Trivia
World social 2001 Global resistance movement against neo-liberal
forum (WSF) globalisation
WSF meets every year same time when World Economic
Forum Meet.
They advocate alt-globalisation- more humane, equal, and
just globalisation
Battle of Seattle 1999 series of protests surrounding the WTO Ministerial
Conference of 1999 at Seattle, USA
163
Earth First! 1980 a radical environmental advocacy group in United States.
Efficiency early 20th to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy
movement century and society, and to develop and implement best practices
Environmental USA- Greenpeace
movements India: Narmada Bachao, Chipko, Silent Valley movement
LGBT Worldwide movements for equal rights of Lesbian, gay,
movements bisexual, and transgenders
India Against 2011 IAC led the famous Anna Hazare movement against
Corruption corruption
Mad Pride 1993 Mad Pride is a mass movement of the users of mental
health services, former users, and the aligned, which
advocates that individuals with mental illness should be
proud of their 'mad' identity.
March for Our 2018 March for Our Lives (MFOL) was a student-led
Lives demonstration in support of gun control legislation in
USA
MeToo 2017 Worldwide movement against sexual harassments of
movement women ; the movement encouraged women to reveal the
identity of the perpetrator.
164
debt and federal budget deficit through decreased
government spending
The Bees Army an opposition movement, using social media nad
electronic platforms, aimed at confronting what the
movement describes as Saudi Arabian government
propaganda
Umbrella 2014 a political movement that emerged during the Hong Kong
Movement democracy protests of 2014. Its name arose from the use
of umbrellas by the protesters as a tool for passive
resistance
Veganism Veganism is the movement for abstaining from the use of
animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated
philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals
165
FACT SHEETS IR 4:
INTERNATIONAL
INTER-OVERNMENTAL
ORGANISATIONS
166
FACT SHEET-IR 4.1: UN: ESSENTIAL FACTS, GK, TRIVIA
Nos. of 51
Founding 50 members signed the UN charter on June 26, 1945
Members
Poland, the 51st founding member, signed in Oct, 1945
India is one of the founding member
Current 193 ; last member to join UN- South Sudan in 2011
members
167
cultural sites around the
world.
Food and Agriculture Oct, 1945/ Rome leads international
Organization (FAO) DG: Qu Dongyu efforts to fight hunger.
technical knowledge
and information to aid
development.
168
DG: Masahiko up-to-date postal
Metoki services
IMO (International 1948/ London sets standards for the
Maritime Organization) Secretary-General- safety and security of
Kitack Lim international shipping
169
can sustain progress to
meet SDG
UN-HABITAT Set up : 1975 To promote socially
Headquarter: Nairobi, and environmentally
Kenya sustainable human
settlements
development and the
achievement of
adequate shelter for all.
UNICEF Set up: 1946 United Nations
Headquarter: New International Children's
York City Emergency Fund
to save children’s lives,
to defend their rights,
and to help them fulfil
their potential, from
early childhood through
adolescence
170
Aim: to promote the
safe, secure and
peaceful use of nuclear
technologies
WTO Set up: 1995 World Trade
Headquarter: Geneva Organisation
171
UN SDG SDG- Sustainable Development Goals- 17 key Goals for entire humanity,
adopted in 2015, for universal call to end poverty, protect the planet, and
ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity:
1. No Poverty, (2) Zero Hunger, (3) Good Health and Well-being, (4)
Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and
Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and
Economic Growth, (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, (10)
Reducing Inequality, (11) Sustainable Cities and Communities,
(12) Responsible Consumption and Production, (13) Climate
Action, (14) Life Below Water, (15) Life On Land, (16) Peace,
Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17) Partnerships for the Goals.
Also remember MDG (Millenium Development Goals)- 8 goals- 2000-
2015
172
FACT SHEET IR 4.3: SOME ADDITIONAL TRIVIA RELATED TO UN
FAMOUS QUOTES/ENDEAVOURS
Quote: “The one common undertaking and Trygve Lie 1st UN Sec Gen (1946-53)
universal instrument of the great majority of the Book: ‘In the Cause of
human race is the United Nations.” Peace (1954)’
“State should be viewed as the servant of its Kofi Anan 7th UN Secretary General
people and not vice versa” He was from Ghana
Wrote “We the Peoples: A
UN for the Twenty-First
Century”
Agenda For Peace- 1995 Boutros Boutros- 6th UN Sec Gen (1992-
Ghali 96)
From Egypt
It included Preventive
diplomacy, peace
making peace-keeping,
and Post-conflict Peace
building ( in this order)
173
resolution- 377 A among its five permanent
(1950) members (P5), fails to act
the GA will do
whatsoever possible, by
collective actions, to
maintain peace.
“Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)” 8 global 8 MDGs: No extreme
development poverty and hunger,
goals to be universal primary
achieved by 2015 education, gender
fixed after the equality and women
Millennium empowerment, reduce
Summit of the child mortality, improve
UN in 2000 maternal health, combat
2000-2015 HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
other diseases,
environmental
sustainability, global
partnership for
development
“SDG”- 2015-30 17 key Goals for For sustainable
entire humanity development
174
FACT SHEET IR 4.4: UN CHARTER- CHAPTERS AND THEIR
CONTENTS
175
Chapter Declaration Regarding
11 Non-Self-Governing
Territories
Chapter Article 92-96; The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United
14 International Court of Nations
Justice (ICJ) Headquarter: Peace palace, Hague, Netherland
ICC Also co-located
176
FACT SHEET IR 4.5: UN SECRETARY GENERALS
177
FACT SHEET IR 4.6: INDIA’S PARTICIPATION IN UN
PEACEKEEPING MISSION
178
tasked with maintaining the ceasefire between
Israel and Syria in the aftermath of the 1973
Yom Kippur War
Ivory Coast Since United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire
2004 (UNOC)
Haiti Since United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
1997
179
FACT SHEET-IR 4.7 : WORLD BANK GROUP
Current 189
members
Current David R. Malpass- American economist
President
180
To position itself as “Knowledge Bank” where it tried to position
itself as the repository of ‘development expertise’.
Member nations of IMF automatically becomes its members
Sources of funds: by selling World Bank bonds to investors and
Contributions from Members
voting rights proportionate to economic strength (share of
the Bank's capital stock held by the member)
World Bank is technically an agency of the United Nations system
181
FACT SHEET-IR 4.8 : IMF: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Objectives Initial: oversee the new monetary order that was established by the
Bretton Woods agreement
After collapse of Bretton Woods agreement: Reducing global poverty,
encouraging international trade, and promoting financial stability and
economic growth
Headquarter Washington, D.C.
Nos. of 44
Founding
Members
Current 190
members
Current MD Kristalina Georgieva- Bulgarian economist
182
FACT SHEET-IR 4.9 : WTO: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
Objectives Regulating and facilitating ‘free’ trade among member nations and
dispute resolution related to trade
Headquarter Geneva, Switzerland
Nos. of Founding 23
Members
Important WTO Doha Round, started in 2001 is the latest rounds of trade talks
rounds of talks Doha Development Agenda: to improve the trading
prospects of developing countries.
Stalemate of Doha Round on Agriculture and subsidies
Trivia ITO (International Trade Organization) was to set up along
with IMF and World bank as outcome of Bretton Woods
conference in 1944; but due to reluctance of USA, ITO never
became reality.
India is the founding member of WTO
China joined WTO in 2001
trading territory (custom territory) may become member-
Hong Kong and Taiwan; EU is also a member.
Each member has permanent mission or representative at
WTO headquarter at Geneva
One Member One Vote- Unlike IMF
183
FACT SHEETS- IR 5:
REGIONAL
INTER-OVERNMENTAL
ORGANISATIONS
184
FACT SHEET IR 5.1: REGIONAL COOPERATION ORGANISATIONS: ASIA
Regional Forum Facts & Features
185
More than 50% of World’s GDP
Headquarter : at Singapore
Latest APEC summit: Nov, 2021 chaired by New
Zealand, held virtually.
RCEP Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
a free-trade agreement involving the ASEAN Plus Six
(excluding India)
It is backed by China
The RCEP is the first free trade agreement between China,
Japan, and South Korea, three of the four largest economies
in Asia.
RCEP is the world's largest trading bloc- $2.3 trillion trade
potential in 2019
Headquarter: Hanoi, Vietnam
India backed out and didn’t join RCEP
186
The SCO is the largest regional organisation in the world
in terms of geographical coverage and population, covering
three-fifths of the Eurasian continent and nearly half of the
human population.
Headquarter: Beijing, China
Latest SCO summit: Sept, 2021- virtual
Gulf Cooperation Members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Council (GCC) and the United Arab Emirates
All members are Monarchy
Founded 1981
Headquarter: Riyadh in Saudi Arabia.
Proposed to become "Gulf Union" with tighter economic,
political and military coordination.
187
Headquarter: Moscow
Asia Cooperation IGO to include whole Asia and to integrate separte regional
Dialogue (ACD) organisations- ASEAN, SAARC, SCO, GCC, etc
Set up 2002
Members: 34 country- India, China, Indonesia, and almost
all Asian countries
Headquarter : Kuwait
East Asian Summit The East Asia Summit (EAS) is the Indo-Pacific's premier
(EAS) forum for strategic dialogue
18 members - the ten ASEAN countries plus Australia,
China, India, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea,
Russia and the United States.
ASEAN leads the forum, and the chair position rotates
between ASEAN Member States annually.
The EAS annual Leaders' Summit is usually held alongside
ASEAN Leaders' meetings in the fourth quarter of every
year
188
FACT SHEET IR 5.2: GLOBAL IGOs AND REGIONAL
ORGANISATIONS: OTHER THAN ASIA
189
from Egypt 4. Sukarno from Indonesia 5. Kwame
Nkrumah from Ghana
Its Algiris Summit in 1973 led to demand of NIEO- New
International Economic Order
Latest Summit: October 25–26, 2019 in Baku, Azerbaijan
Current Presidency: Azerbaijan, till 2022
190
Was Dissolved in 1991
EU European Union
Set up: 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty
Political and economic union of European nations
27 Members- UK, France, Germany, and all
western/central/south plus few erstwhile Eastern Bloc
European nations.
North Macedonia- latest member to join EU – march
2020
UK exited EU ( BREXIT)- on 31 January 2020
Headquarter: at Brussels, Belgium
Behave like supra-nation: Has European Parliament,
Common currency (Euro), common VISA (Schengen Visa),
Common Foreign and Security Policy, common market
European Commission- its executive arm
EU is member (represented) of UN, WTO, G7, G20
AU African Union
Replaced Organisation of African Unity (OAU), set up in
1963
Set up : 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
55 members: almost all African Nation
Headquarter: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Current chairmanship- Senegal
Largest regional organisation in terms of membership count
Latest Summit: 34th- February , 2021- virtual
191
South American trade bloc
Set up : by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991
Full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1
December 2016.
Associate countries are Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guyana, Peru and Suriname
Headquarter: Montevideo, Uruguay.
192
Collective security non-binding agreement between
Australia, New Zealand, and the United States to co-operate
on military matters in the Pacific Ocean region
ANZUS was overshadowed in late 2021 by AUKUS, a
trilateral security pact between Australia, the United
Kingdom, and the United States.
Now Dissolved or UNASUR: Union of South American Nations; Set up: 2008
Defunct ; but by 2019 most members withdrew
organisations SEATO: set up in 1954 by Southeast Asia Collective
Défense Treaty, or Manila Pact, as cold war military alliance;
was dissolved in 1977
CENTO: Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO), originally
known as the Baghdad Pact, a cold war military alliance, set
up in 1955, dissolved in 1979
Pakistan was member of both SEATO and CENTO ; both the
organisation was backed by USA for its strategic interests in
Asia.
WARSAW PACT: see above.
NAFTA- replaced by USMCA
193
FACT SHEET IR 5.3: SOME LESS KNOWN IGOs, ECONOMIC
CORRIDORS, ETC.
194
FACT SHEETS-
IR 6: MORE IR
GK AND
TRIVIA
195
FACT SHEET IR 6.1: NAMES OF LINES SEPARATING TWO
COUNTRIES
196
FACT SHEET IR 6.2: MAJOR OPERATIONS/EXCERCISES BY
INDIAN FORCES/ GOVT
Operation Vijay 1999, Kargil, J&K Indian operation to push back the
infiltrators from the Kargil Sector, in
the 1999 Kargil War.
Operation Black 2008, Mumbai Against the 2008 Mumbai Terror
Tornado, Operation Attacks
Cyclone
Surgical Strike 2016, Uri sector India’s response to hit terrorist camps
in POK after the Uri terrorist Attack
Balakot strike 2019, Balakot, India’s response to hit terrorist camps
Kashmir in POK after the Pulwama terrorist
Attack
197
Operation Polo: 1948, Hyderabad Integration of Hyderabad
Operation Devi Shakti 2021, Afghanistan To help fleeing Hindus and Sikhs from
the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
198
FACT SHEET IR 6.3: INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY INSTRUMENTS IN RECENT
TIMES
Indira Doctrine 1971- India’s security is coterminous with the region and
77 any interference of external powers is taken as a
threat to India’s security.
‘Look East’ Policy 1991 Under PM Narsimha Rao
To develop political, economic and security co-
operation with countries in Southeast Asia
To act as a counterweight to China in Southeast Asia
More engagement with ASEAN
‘Act East’ Policy 2014 Under PM Narendra Modi
to promote economic cooperation, cultural ties and
develop a strategic relationship with countries in the
Asia-Pacific region
focus is being given to the development of the North
East region.
199
Free Trade Agreements with Gulf Cooperation
Council(GCC)
Closer ties with OPEC (Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries)
200
FACT SHEET IR 6.4: FORMER NAMES OF ASIAN/SOUTH ASIAN
COUNTRIES/ CAPITALS
Beijing Peking
Jakarta Batavia
Harare Salisbury
St Petersburg Leningrad
Sri-Lanka Ceylon
Taiwan Formosa
Iran Persia
Iraq Mesopotamia
Indonesia Dutch East Indies
Istanbul Constantinople
Japan Nippon
Thailand Siam
Myanmar Burma
Malaysia Malaya
Malawi Nyasaland
201
Manchuria Manchukuo
Cambodia Kampuchea
Vietnam Cochin-China
Istanbul Constantinople
Beijing Peking
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Saigon
Surinam Dutch Guyana
Tokyo, Japan Edo
Tanzania Zanzibar
Yangon Rangoon
Zaire Congo
202
FACT SHEET IR 6.5: CAPITALS OF SOME SELECTED COUNTRIES
Country Capital
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi
Nigeria Abuja
Ghana Accra
Turkey Ankara
Turkmenistan Ashgabat
Azerbaijan Baku
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek
Tajikistan Dushanbe
Kazakhstan Nūr-Sūltan
Georgia Tbilisi
Uzbekistan Tashkent
Croatia Zagreb
New Zealand Wellington
Poland Warsaw
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar
Libya Tripoli
Taiwan Taipei
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo
Chile Santiago
Iceland Reykjavík
Morocco Rabat
203
Ecuador Quito
North Korea Pyongyang
Mauritius Port Louis
Cambodia Phnom Penh
Uruguay Montevideo
Peru Lima
Gabon Libreville
Bolivia La Paz
Ukraine Kiev
Rwanda Kigali
Sudan Khartum
Uganda Kampala
Cuba Havana
Ireland Dublin
Tanzania Dar es Salaam
Syria Damascus
Venezuela Caracas
Australia Canberra
Hungary Budapest
Romania Bucharest
Colombia Bagota
Paraguay Asunción
204
FACT SHEET IR 6.6: INDIA’S FRIENDSHIP AND STRATEGIC
TREATIES
India-Nepal Treaty of 1950 The treaty allows free movement of people and goods
Peace and Friendship between the two nations and a close relationship and
collaboration on matters of defense and foreign policy.
India–Bangladesh 1972 Signed by the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi and
Treaty of Friendship, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur
Cooperation and Peace Rahman.
India- Sri Lanka 1987 Signed in Colombo on 29 July 1987, between Indian
Accord Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J.
R. Jayewardene
It was to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War by enabling
the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka and
the Provincial Councils Act of 1987
205
India sent its Force- Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF),
which had to fight a bitter and tough battle with LTTE
This failed accord became prime reason for loss of life of
Rajeev Gandhi
Lahore Declaration 1999 The Lahore Declaration was an agreement between India
and Lahore Treaty and Pakistan to reduce the risk of accidental or
unauthorized use of nuclear weapons.
Signed at Lahore by Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif and
Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee after the historic Lahore
Summit
Before the Summit, Vajpayeeji rode the inaugural Delhi–
Lahore Bus service to reach Lahore from Delhi.
But this bonhomie (friendly relation) lasted only for a
short time as soon afterwards Pakistan forces entered into
Kargil, which led to the outbreak of 1999 Indo-Pakistan
Kargil War in May 1999.
Lahore Bus service was suspended after 2001 Parliament
attack.
Mahakali treaty 1996 Agreement between India and Nepal regarding the
development of watershed of Mahakali River
206
FACT SHEET IR 6.7: INDIA’S FTAS AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP
207
FACT SHEET IR 6.8: COLONIES OF MAJOR COLONIAL POWERS
France AFRICA:
French North Africa: French Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia
French West Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast,
Burkina Faso, Benin, Gambia, Senegal, and Niger.
French Equatorial Africa: Chad, the Central African Republic,
Congo, French Cameroon, and Gabon
East Africa and Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Mauritius, Djibouti,
Seychelles, Chagos Archipelago
ASIA:
French Indochina: Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen
Island ( Oceania): Papua New Guinea
Netherland/Dutch Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), Dutch New Guinea, Suriname, Dutch
Brazil
208
Spain Peru, Chile, Canary Islands, many areas of Latin America, Cuba,
Puerto Rico
209
FACT SHEETS-
WPT:
WESTERN
POLITICAL
THOUGHTS
210
FACT SHEET WPT 1: FACT SHEET: WESTERN CLASSICAL
THINKERS- MAIN THINKERS
211
3 class- philosopher kings,
Auxiliary (soldiers), producers
Open class system- allotment of
class on the basis of education
and tests
Community of wives &
properties, no family life and
pvt property to guardian class
(kings & soldiers)
Free, compulsory education &
training
Books Republic, Apology, Statesman, Laws, Crito, Timaeus
(nature of the world)
Plato’s book chronology: A. Apology B. Republic C.
Statesman D. Laws
212
world of our senses) are one and
same
Reality can be understood from
our senses, no need for
imagining any other(intelligible)
world
4 Causes- Formal, Material,
Efficient, Final
213
Rule by few- Aristocracy &
Oligarchy
Rule by many- Polity &
democracy
Tyranny, Oligarchy, and
Democracy are unjust, perverted
forms of govt
His choice- combination of
Polity and Aristocracy
Revolution- cycle Cycle of change- Monarchy-
of change of Govt tyranny-aristocracy-oligarchy-
form polity-democracy-monarchy
214
Also right of suing and
being suied also doen not
make one ekigible for
citizenship
Merely descent from a
citizen also not sufficient
critiera for citizenship.
a citizen is anyone who is
entitled to share in deliberative
or judicial office.
Citizen posses Ethical & Moral
virtue
Citizen are those who rule and
are being ruled
Citizenship was a public duty
Good Citizen- good human
being
Books Politics
Nicomachean Ethics
Metaphysics
Rhetoric
Poetics
On the Soul
215
Machiavelli Concepts Statecraft- real- Supreme goal of the Prince
(1469 – 1527) politic (king)- to maintain the state-
safety & security
State- non-ethical amoral entity,
not bound by conventional
morality
Political actions are to be judged
only by its outcome- ‘end
justifies means’
Virtù- qualities "Flexible Disposition “,
required in the Pragmatism, Ruthlessness,
Prince/king Cunningness, Deceitfulness,
Boldness, courage, and
Shrewdness, and Will power
Loin & Fox: combined qualities
of strength/force and
Shrewdness
Mastery in power politics
Judicious mix of
violence/cruelty and
benevolence
Fear rather than Love for
political obligation
Pretentions: should wear mask
216
Republics more flexible, public
spiritedness, better able to
achieve common Good, and
secure freedom to
people/community
Good Republic His ideal was Ancient Roman
Republic
His Ideal Republic
Good Laws & good Institution,
Flexible Institutions, Mixed
Constitution: Monarchy
+Aristocracy+ Democracy,
Public Discourse, Active
contention (conflict) between
the people and nobility, Armed
people, Encouraging
Immigration, Inculcating Public
spiritedness, Civic Virtue and
Civic Religion among the
citizen, Renewal or re-invention
of the Republic every 10 year
Republicanism of USA
represent many of these
qualities.
217
Other Was a senior diplomat in Florence Republic after fall
important of Medici Monarchist rule
facts Represents Italian Renaissance- humanism,
secularism, scientific reasoning
Called ‘child of his time’
Founder of modern political science, modern
conception of nation-State, Secular politics, and
Republic, Father of political realism
218
Transferred their rights, will, and power
to a 3rd party- the sovereign- Leviathan
The Sovereign is Not party to the
contract
Power of the sovereign is absolute,
unlimited, undivided, unalienable
People get peace, price- to obey
command of the sovereign
The contract is valid only till the
sovereign is able to maintain peace and
security
Books ‘De Cive’ (On the citizen), ‘De Corpore’ (On the Body)
, ‘De Homine ‘ (liberating Man)
• ‘The Elements of Law’, ‘Natural and Politic’
• ‘Leviathan’- his seminal creation- social
contract/sovereign
219
Man has God gifted sense of reason
Able to self-govern and live with
others in peace
Seeks pleasure, avoid pain, is self-
interested but is rational
State of Human life without any common
Nature superior authority to judge between
them
Not pre-political, pre-social- can
happen any time- statelessness
Each individual is free, equal and
independent; but bound by law of
nature
Private Judgment: Each one is judge,
jury and executioner
Each individual possesses natural
right-liberty, equality, life, property
State of general ‘peace, goodwill,
mutual assistance and preservation’
But peace is fragile, possibility of
conflict anytime
220
Nature of The Government is also party to the
Government contract
Govt. is to follow natural law, is not
above law, not absolute
Govt as trustee to the community
Limited Government
The community is permanent-
Government changeable anytime
Popular sovereignty- sovereignty
resides in people, expressed by
majority of the representatives.
Theory of property as ‘fruit of labour’ : persons
Property own their own body and labour,
Rights when they mix their labour with that
which is unowned it becomes their
property.
right to property includes the rights
to life, liberty
3 principles of property-no wastage,
sufficiency condition, lobour
restriction
duty of charity toward poor and have
nots
Govt has no right to take property
without the consent of the property
owner
221
Books ‘A Letter Concerning Toleration’ • ‘Two Treatises of
Government’ • ‘An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding ‘• ‘Some Thoughts Concerning
Education’
222
FACT SHEET WPT 2: FACT SHEET: MODERN WESTERN
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHERS- AS PER CBCS SYLLABUS
Thinker Facts to remember
223
Features of Not a one-time event but a continuous
his Social process
Contract Popular Sovereignty: cannot be
delegated to Government or
representatives
As citizen of the community, one gets
back both Political and Personal Liberty
General Will General will is ‘real will’ of the
community
Real will- guided by the higher self
Actual will- guided by lower self
Laws flowing from general will – just,
morally good, liberating
Books ‘Social Contract’
‘Emile, or On Education’
‘The Confessions’- autobiography
Essays: ‘discourse on science and arts’ and ‘discourse on
origin of inequality’
Article: ‘Discourse on political economy’
Other Philosophical father of French Revolution
important Favoured positive liberty, direct democracy, self-
facts government, unalienable popular sovereignty
Against representative democracy
Romanticism and utopic ideas- like Plato
224
Personal liberty expressed through
'experiments in living’ is everyone’s right
225
wages to workers, and worker’s
cooperatives.
Advocated distribution of lands of big
landlords to landless tillers, diffusion of
wealth, laws for limit on inheritance,
inheritance and wealth tax, labour unions,
and decent wages to workers
supporter of cooperatives- farmer’s
cooperative, consumer cooperative,
worker’s cooperatives.
226
Alienation Alienation: a condition of oppression,
disaffection arising from loss of control
over productive activity
4 Types of Alienation:
Alienation from product of labour,
Alienation from the act of
production, Alienation from species-
being, Alienation of man from man
Not only the worker but capitalist class
also face alienation, but they cope up
better with wealth & resources
Theory of Labour alone generate value in any
Surplus product;
labour Exchange value of the labour power
(purchased at the market rate) is less than
the use value of that labour put into the
product
Surplus of use value of labour over its
exchange value is retained by the
capitalist as profit, for Marx, it is theft!
Conception Freedom in social production, which one
of Freedom joins without any compulsion and as
equal
Freedom is regaining human essence of
social creativity: Man producing to realize
essence of being Human, act of self-
realization
Political vs Human emancipation:
political freedom- superficial- part of
superstructure; true freedom only freedom
and equality in base- mode of production
Theory of Change in mode of production would be
Revolution brought by a social revolution by the
working class
Social revolution is natural Dialectic
process- contradiction within the existing
mode of production
At a certain stage of development in mode
of production the forces of production
227
come into conflict with existing relations
of production
Then comes the period of social
revolution which changes the ‘base’
which in turn changes the ‘superstructure’
228
Lifelong friendship and partnership with Frederick
Engels, a German Philosopher settled in England.
Young vs matured Marx- The German Ideology
(1845) is the dividing line ; this division was given
by Loius Althussar
229
mastery, self-realization, Prepare to
face the inevitable hardships of life
Compulsory, free education for all class
up to 9 years
230
Her Solution Perfect equality at workplace but also
for working special facilities for women workers
women Socialization or collectivization of
Motherhood, Child rearing, and
household duties
Phycological and emotional freedom to
women- not dependent of marriage,
family, husband
Class Monogamous marriage is feature of
dimension of capitalist society. It is egoistic, inequal,
love, sex, and possessive - wife as male’s
relationships property
Women should have psychological
freedom to develop mutually respectful
and equal relationship with all members
of the collective
Relationship between men & women
should have 3 conditions - Equality ,
Mutual recognition of the rights of the
other , Comradely sensitivity
Men-women love relationship is
subordinate to the more powerful emotion
of love-duty to the collective - Love-
comradeship
Winged and Winged Eros- intense emotional love
Wingless Eros which gives life energy
Wingless Eros- physical love, no life
energy
Tribal society- kinship love was prime
Pre-Christian Ancient Society- love-
friendship above all
Feudal society- Love in marriage-
wingless Eros ; platonic love with
elusive lady
Capitalist Society: Mixed winged &
wingless eros into marriage-love
Love-comradeship: Winged Eros to
strengthen the bond of communist
231
society and liberate women from
emotional need in marriage/family.
The aim of proletarian ideology is that
men and women should emotional love
not only in relation to the chosen one
but in relation to all the members of the
collective.
Books Social bases of women's question
Sexual relation and the class struggle
The family and the Communist State,
‘Free Love’; ‘A Great Love’;’ Love of the Worker’s Bee‘
• ‘The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated
Communist Woman’
232
Absolute idealism: duality of mind-body and subject and
object are overcome
State:
Organic, historical and integrative theory of state
State is a super organism
It is the end in itself
Embodiment of highest order of Freedom and Right
Only as a member of the state the individual has
objectivity, truth, and ethical life
“State is the march of God on Earth”
State subsumes family and civil society and fulfils
them
It is above any moral law as it is the creator of
morality
Civil Society: all-inclusive community within the state;
conception of organic society, in which identity of
individual and family is subsumed
Civil Society: Differentia between Family & State
Civil Society: Universal Egoism and System of Needs
Family- Thesis; Civil Society- Anti-thesis; State-
Synthesis
Book: ‘Elements of the Philosophy of Right’
233
FACT SHEET- WPT 3: OTHER IMPORTANT WESTERN CLASSICAL
THINKERS
234
Epicurus (341–270 Ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism, a highly
BC) influential school of philosophy
His Epicurean community inspired Karl Marx and other socialist
thinkers
His ideas also influenced Enlightenment movement and its
thinkers- John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Jeremy Bentham
‘The Garden’- his academy in Athens
Gave happiness((eudaimonia) formula- taraxia (peace and
freedom from fear) and aponia (the absence of pain) – have good
friends, seek peace and calm inside, work for yourself and for
pleasure
Gave secular basis of ethics and morality- be ethical to be happy
Hugo Grotius(1583 Was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian
–1645) Laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law
Books: ‘On the Law of War and Peace’ and ‘The Free Seas’
Gave ‘just war’ theory; rationalism in IR
Contributed significantly to the evolution of the notion of
Rights- belonging to persons, as the expression of an ability to
act or as a means of realizing something.
Pioneer of the doctrine of ‘international society’- idea of one
society of state bound by laws and mutual agreements
Hedley Bull (of English school of IR) called him intellectual
father of Westphalia Peace Treaty- 1648
Spinoza (1632 – Dutch philosopher, considered one of the great rationalists of
1677) 17th-century
One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment
Gave modern conceptions of the self
Books: ‘the Ethics’; in this book he opposed Descartes'
philosophy of mind–body dualism
His Ethics: reality is perfection, highest virtue is the intellectual
love or knowledge of God/Nature/Universe
3 types of knowledge—opinion, reason, intuition ; intuitive
knowledge provides the greatest satisfaction of mind
Hegel said of him” You are either a Spinozist or not a
philosopher at all”
235
Book: Defensor Pacis (The Defender of Peace)- which supported
separation of temporal power ( king) from spiritual power(
church)
Hence, he is considered to have propounded Medieval
Secularism
Gaetano Mosca Gave Elite theory- all societies ruled by a numerical minority,
(1858 – 1941) the political class.
The political class- Elites- superior organizational skills.
Circulation of Elites: constant competition between elites, with
one elite group replacing another repeatedly over time
But his theory of political class is different in arguments from
‘The Power Elite’ described by C. Wright Mills.
Mosca’s Elite theory is more liberal than Elite theory of Vilfredo
Pareto
236
Threat to human freedom from totalitarianism, administrative
bureaucracy
Nature of power and evil
Studied and compared American and French Revolutions
Book: The Origins of Totalitarianism(1951), The Human
Condition(1958), On Revolution (1963), Crises of the Republic
(1972)
237
Immanuel Kant German political philosopher and one of the main Enlightenment
(1724 –1804) thinkers
Doctrine of transcendental idealism: space and time are mere
"forms of intuition" which structure all human experience
Categorical Imperative: reason/rationality as the base of ethics
& morality, universal moral principles which guides us to begave
ethically
Deontological Ethics- moral action only if the action itself is
right under a series of rules (means should be ethical)
Perpetual peace (among nations): through universal democracy
and international cooperation
Books: ‘Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch’; ‘Critique of
Pure Reason’; ‘Critique of Practical Reason’
238
Books: ‘Being and Nothingness’ and ‘Existentialism Is a
Humanism’
Awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused to accept
that!
Mao Zedong or Charismatic Chinese communist leader and thinker
Mao Tse-tung(1893 Founded the Communist China (People’s Republic of China) in
– 1976) 1949
His thoughts: communism in rural societies, rejecting elitism,
thought reform, indoctrination, state as supreme educator,
communalism, social experimentation, militant nationalism
adopted communism to Asiatic form, took it to rural areas,
to agriculture labourer, linked it to cultural revolution
Gave theory of Antagonistic vs non-antagonistic
contradictions
His Programs:
1934- Historic ‘Long March’
1956- The Hundred Flowers Campaign- ‘Let hundred
flowers blossom and hundred schools of thought
contend’(socio-political openness program)
1958- The Great Leap Forward- economic transformation of
China
1966- Cultural Revolution- purging anti-revolutionary
elements from society
"Two Bombs, One Satellite" project; “Three-anti and Five-
anti Campaigns”
His Books
On Guerrilla Warfare-1937
On Contradiction-1937
On Protracted War (lectures)- 1938
On Practice- 1937
On People's Democratic Rule-1949
The Little Red Book ( his sayings)
Art of war
His famous Quotes:
“Politics is war without blood, while war is politics with
blood.”
“Political power grows out of the barrel of the gun...”
239
Three years of hard work : ten thousand years of happiness.
A revolution is not a dinner party.
“An army of the people is invincible!”
“War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get
rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun.”
“Communism is not love. Communism is a hammer which
we use to crush the enemy.”
“Historical experience is written in iron and blood.”
“The atom bomb is a paper tiger which the United States
reactionaries use to scare people. It looks terrible, but in fact
it isn't.”
Lenin (1870 –1924) Bolshevik revolution leader, founder of Communist Russia &
USSR
Revolution led by vanguard party (the Communist party)
Democratic centralism, Imperialism as height of capitalism
Worldwide network of revolutionary activities- Comintern
Stalin coined the term ‘ Leninism’
Books: ‘The State and Revolution’ ; ‘Imperialism, the Highest
Stage of Capitalism’
240
Books: ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia’; ‘a libertarian answer to
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice’
Benedict Anderson Anglo-Irish political scientist and historian- but lived in USA
(1936 – 2015) Books: ‘Imagined Communities (1983)- famous theorization of
nationalism- nation as imagined community
‘Print Capitalism’: role of print media in bring capitalism and
nationalism
Print capitalism also meant a culture in which people were
required to be socialized as part of a literate culture- mainstream
language/culture
241
He also theorized nationalism in Multi-ethnic empires, and rise
of nation-states after fall of Empires post WWI
242
Influenced utilitarianism, logical positivism, the philosophy of
science
Books: ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’
243
Books: ‘Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (1960)’;
‘Party Systems and Voter Alignments( 1967)’ with Stein Rokkan
244
‘Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality’- criticism of Lockean
‘self-ownership’ principle and moral argument in favour of
socialism
245
Gave ‘‘Straussian’ Approach’ to interpret classical texts by
esoteric method
Deeply influenced by Martin Heidegger, great German thinker
‘post-Behavioralist revolutions’- revival of normative political
theory
Rejected ‘fact–value distinction’; politics cannot be separated
from norms/values; politics include value judgment
Wrote path-breaking books on Spinoza and Hobbes
Critic of modern form of liberalism and its individualism
Advocated return to classical political philosophy- Plato,
Aristotle
Books:
‘Natural Right and History’ ; ‘What Is Political Philosophy?’
‘The Crisis of Political Philosophy’;’ Liberalism Ancient and
Modern’
Lucian Pye (1921 – American political scientist, known for his theory of political
2008) development and modernization of Third World nations
His theory of political development: equality to the political
culture, the problems of capacity to authoritative governmental
structures, and the question of differentiation to non-authoritative
structures.
Books:
‘Political Culture And Political Development’(1965) ; ‘Politics,
Personality, And Nation-Building (1962)’
Note: Rostow, Organski, David Apter, Edward Shils, etc also
gave theory of political development and modernization
246
Johan Norwegian sociologist, known as father of peace studies
Galtung(1930) Negative and Positive peace:
Negative Peace: absence of violence
Positive Peace: restoration of relationships, the creation of social
systems that serve the needs of the whole population and the
constructive resolution of conflict
Books:
‘Violence, Peace and Peace Research (1969)’
‘Peace By Peaceful Means (1996)’ ;
‘50 Years: 100 Peace and Conflict Perspectives (2008)’
Montesquieu (1689 French political philosopher, best known for his ‘ Spirit of the
–1755) Laws (1748)’ in which he gave the principle of separation of
power between legislatives, executive, and Judiciary
His ‘separation of power’ ensures Liberty
Influenced both French and American revolution.
247
Created ‘Religion of Humanity’- a secular religion
Books:
Course of Positive Philosophy
System of Positive Polity
A General View of Positivism
248
FACT SHEETS-
IPT:
INDIAN
POLITICAL
THOUGHTS
249
FACT SHEET IPT 1: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIAN POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHERS- MAIN THINKERS
250
Rajadharma is the ultimate Dharma; only if the King follows Rajadharma all
other Dharma can be up-holded
State originated, by divine intervention, to maintain Peace, Order,
Prosperity, and Dharma
Duties of King: to maintain peace, order, and Dharma (prime duty),
Welfare and Prosperity of the people, follow Dandaniti in statecraft,
Maintenance and expansion of the State, Give preference to interest and
happiness of his people over his own
Political Obligation: Dharma is supreme and sovereign, NOT the King;
political obligation only till the King follows Rajadharma
Kautilya- Also called ‘Chanakya’ and ‘Vishnu Gupta’; lived in about 4th century BC
Arthasashtra He is mentioned in ‘Mudra-Raksha by Visakhadutta, ‘Das-Kumar-Charit,
by Dandin, Kathasaritsagar by Somadeva and Jain & Buddhist Texts
Was a scholar at Taxila university , the teacher and mentor
of Chandragupta Mourya
Manuscript of Arthashastra was discovered by R. Shamasastry in Mysore
Oriental Library in 1909
Arthashastra –Nitishastra; contains: Statecraft, Science of Politics,
Political Economy, Social norms & customs, Civil & Criminal Law, Justice
system, Inter-state politics, Warfare, Criminology, Intelligence & Espionage
Core theme: Arthashastra is the science which explains the means of the
attainment and protection of that earth (resources/artha) - Science of Politics
Prgamtism and Political realism- like Thucydides, Machiavelli, and
Morgenthau
Origin of state: State originated to end Matasyanyay and maintain peace,
order, and welfare of the people
Saptang: 7 limbs of state: Swami Amatyas, Janapada, Durgas, Kosha,
Danda, Mitra
Kautilya’s Saptang: 7 elements compared to limbs of body part: Swami-
Head, Amatya- Eye; Suhrid ( mitr/allies)- eyes; Kosha- Mouth; Durg- arms,
Janpada- Legs, etc.
An able king can fine tune Saptang to make his state strong and victorious
Mandal Theory: International-state real politics
Basic premises: Neighbours are natural enemy, Enemy of Enemy is friend,
Friend of friend is friend, Friend of Enemy is Enemy, No permanent friend
or enemy in politics, Power is the means to maintain the state, The King
may adopt any means to protect & maintain the State
Mandala: circle of Kings: 5 in front: Ari, Mitra, Ari-Mitra, Mitra-Mitra,
Ari Mitra-Mitra
251
4 in back side: Parashanigraha: enemy at back, Akranda:friend at back,
Parashanigrahasara: Ari-Mitra, Akranda sara: Mitra-Mitra
Vijigishu : King aspiring to conquer the world
MADHYAMA: Powerful Kingdom close to both the Vijigishu and his
immediate enemy
UDASIN : Neutral state out of the circle of States of Vijigishu; more
powerful than any of the kings in the circle.
72 elements ( or Prakriti ) of IR and foreign policy in Mandala theory
Ziauddin Main Political thinker during Delhi Sultanate- Khalji and Tughlaq
Barani His ‘Fatwa-i-Jahandari’ is considered valuable political treaties on real-
(1283–1359) politic and compared to Machiavelli's Prince and Kautilya’s Arthashastra
Also wrote ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi’ ( Firuz Shah's History)
His ‘Fatwa’, like Machiavelli’s Prince, is advise on statecraft to Muslim
Kings in non- Muslim land such as India
Attempted to reconcile demands of Shari’a and maintenance of State in
lands of non-Muslims
Formulated ‘Jawabit’- secular state laws
Barni’s ideal king- had God like virtues, Shouldn’t have 5 mean qualities:
falsehood, changeability, deception, wrathfulness and injustice
Mahmud of Ghazni represent his idea of an ideal King
‘Fatwa’- 24 Hidayat (advices) covering all aspects of Kingship/Statecraft
Elements of The State- Nobility, Army, Law, Justice, Bureaucracy,
Intelligence System
His controversial thoughts: hate against low born, ignoble; banning
education to low born; hatred for science, reason, logic ;dynastic principle
for stability of nobility
Abul Fazl Political thinker of Mughal era; secretary & companion to Akbar
(1551 –1602) Wrote: ‘Akbarnama’- 3rd volume of it ‘Ain-i-Akbari’
Gave: Social contract theory as basis of Sovereignty, theory of divine light,
religious tolerance (Sulh-i-Kul), state promoting science & reason
‘ Farr-i- Izadi’- theory of divine light: King receiver and reflector of divine
light
Sovereignty: both temporal & spiritual sovereignty vested in the King
Just vs unjust sovereignty: only just one receives divine light and lasting
252
Sulh-i-Kul (absolute peace)- universal peace, religious tolerance and social
harmony
4 fold division of the society: 1. The warriors 2. the learned men 3. farmers
& labourers 4. artificers & merchants (compare them to Fire, Air, Water,
Earth)
4-fold division of the state: 1. Nobility 2. Assistants of victory 3.
companions of the King 4. Servants
253
FACT SHEET IPT 2: MODERN INDIAN POLITICAL THINKERS
Raja Ram Mohan Lead the 1st wave of modern Indian Thinkers
Roy (1772 – ‘Father of Modern India’; ‘Pioneer of Indian Renaissance’
1833) Concepts:
Liberal Humanism- all mankind are one great family of which numerous
nations and tribes are only various branches
Judging socio-religious practices through reason and social utility
He saw unity in all religion: 1. Universal Supreme being 2. Existence of
soul 3. Life after death
Note: But he ssems Not to believe in Existence of soul and Life
after death; Brhamo Samaj does not believe in both these things.
Spiritual Synthesis: synthesized transnational humanist culture
Cosmopolitanism: proposed ‘World Congress’
Social reforms before political freedom
English rule- God sent opportunity for social reform and modernization
of Indian society
Champion of Civil Rights, women’s education, liberal political economy
Societies:
Atmiya Sabha in 1815, the Calcutta unitarian Association in 1821 and the
Brahmo Sabha in 1828
Journals:
Brahminical Magazine’; Bengali weekly- ‘Samvad Kaumudi’ ; Persian
weekly -‘Mairat Al Akbar’; English weekly -‘Bengal Gazette’
School/colleges:
Hindu College(Presidency College); the Anglo-Hindu School; Vedanta
College
Books/essays:
Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (A Gift to Monotheism)- 1803 ;
The Precepts of Jesus- The Guide to Peace and Happiness (1820)
Modern Encroachments on the Ancient Rights of Females (1822)
The Universal Religion (1829) ; History of Indian Philosophy (1829)
Many translations of Vendantic texts and Upanishads in Hindi, Bengali,
English
254
Swami Great Hindu Vedantic philosopher and social reformer
Vivekananda His main Concepts/theories:
(1863 –1902)
Humanism: Man is divine; man is mirror of god; service to man- service
to God
Monism- Advait Vendanta: Human soul is part of the infinite universal
omnipresent force- Brahaman
Perfectibility: Man can achieve salivation by realizing his inner
Goodness, by moral perfection of the Soul
Oneness of universe- all are one in the universe
Unity of all religion: all have same purpose- unity with God
Religion provides – Liberty(salvation), equality (equal before God),
fraternity (creation of same God)
Cycle of Caste rule: Human societies have seen successive rules of
Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra
Ideal Society-in which truth becomes practical, in which divinity of man
is realized; combination of best of rules by Brahman’, Kshatriya,
Vaishya, Shudra; harmony between individual & society; just, equal, and
liberating
Realization of ideal society- mass education, cultural Revolution, social
reforms
Nationalism: proud in our Indianness, our ancient civilization, our
Spirituality, and our Universal motherhood
Societies:
Ramakrishna Math and Missions
Books:
Bartaman Bharat (in Bengali) (1899), Essay published in
‘Udbodhan’
The East and the West (1909)
Practical Vedanta
Karma Yoga, raja-yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga
Complete works of Swami Vevekanand.
Quotes on him:
“The greatest man India produced in recent centuries was
not Gandhi but Vivekananda.” (AmbedkarJI)
“Vivekananda saved Hinduism, saved India"( Chakravarti
Rajagopalachari)
“Vivekananda was maker of Modern India"( Subhash Chandra Bose)
255
Other facts:
His birthday, 12 January, is celebrated as National Youth Day.
1893: participated in World Parliament of Religions at Chicago. Became
celebrity after his famous speech on Hindu Religion
Supported idol worship
256
First Indian women to have a society in her name in USA- Ramabai
Association
Other Facts:
National song of two nations- India and Bangladesh- written by him !
First Asian to get Noble Prize in 1913
Returned title of Knighthood in 1919 protesting Jallianwala Bagh
massacre
He called Gandhiji ‘Mahatma’; Gandhiji called him’ Gurudev’
Established ‘Sri-Niketan’- Institute of Rural Reconstruction and ‘Shanti-
Niketan’- called ‘Vishwa Bharati’ University
257
Social democracy: Socialism with liberal democracy and constitutional
Government-“Democracy to work towards socialism but have its basis in
a regime of rights”
Supported state socialism
Constitutional morality: adopted it from George Grote;
Pragmatism: from John Dewey, his teacher at Colombia University
Graded inequality: inequality based on group identity- caste system
Social Justice- Justice prevails upon ensuring Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity
Trinity of Rights: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Social reform is prior to political and Economic reform
Political democracy useless without social democracy
Books:
‘Castes in India- 1916’ ;
‘Annihilation of caste-1936’
‘Who Were the Shudras? 1946’ ;
‘The Untouchables -1948’
Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
‘The Budhha and his Dhamma-1957’
Gandhi and Gandhism
Philosophy of Hinduism
The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution
States and Minorities
Book on him : ‘Ambedkar: Towards An Enlightened India’- Gail Omvedt
Journals:
‘Bahishkrit Bharat in Marathi’ ; ‘Mook Nayak’
‘Janata’ and ‘Samata’ magazines
Societies:
Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha 1924
Samata Sainik Dal -1924
Samaj Samata Sangh-1927
Depressed Classes Education Society-1928
Political Parties:
1937: Independent Labour Party
258
1942: Scheduled caste federation
1956: The Republican Party
Other Facts:
Publicly Burnt ManuSmriti in 1927
Participated in Round table conference, got separate electorate for Dalits
But agreed to leave separate electorate as per the ‘Poona Pact’ with
Gandhiji
Was member of Viceroy’s executive Council
Chairman of the drafting committee of constituent assembly
Was against the Panchayati raj System- it would sustain caste system
First law minister of India, but resigned on issue of ‘Hindu Code Bill’
Converted to Buddhism in 1956; in 1936 he declared he would not die a
Hindu
Gandhi- his idea His idea of swaraj contained in ‘Hind Swaraj’, published in 1909
of Swaraj Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj influenced by Mazzini’s Italy
Influence on political thoughts of Gandhiji
John Ruskin (Unto This Last), Henry Thoreau ( civil disobedience),
Leo Tolstoy- an pacific anarchist ; Italy’s Mazzini, Dada Bhai
Naoroji Un-British Rule in India , Gopal Krishna Gokhle ( his
political Guru), Jainism( non-violence), Vaishnavism(Catholicism)
Swaraj- meaning
Literal: self- governance, freedom, liberation
For Individual: self-mastery, self-restrain, self-realization, moral
goodness
For community/polity- self-governing autonomous community life
without any formal coercive authority (state)-A kind of Enlightened
Anarchy
4 components of Swaraj: Polity, Economy, Social Order, and Dharma
His other thoughts/concepts:
Oceanic circle: self-governing, self-reliant, autonomous communities,
starting from village in concentric circle- nation as communities of
community
Vision of decentralized, non-hierarchical, participative and
substantive democracy
259
Satyagraha: active resistance based on truth and non-violence, involving
soul-force and power of truth
Sarvodaya- Good for all; Antyodaya- good to the last one in the row-
the poorest of the poor
Trusteeship: Capitalist class as trustee of wealth of the society, uses it
for welfare of the masses and society
Bread labour: each one need to do the manual work equivalent to value
of his material consumption- honour/dignity to manual labour
Freedom from want: limiting our want- voluntarily poor
Instead of western modern civilization, he had vision of ideal civilization,
which is not materialistic, individualistic, mechanistic, and dependent on
western medical treatment, transport, trade, and way of life
Rejected Determinism, believed in relative truth and one step at a time
News paper/Journal/Magzines
Indian Opinion- Newspaper
Young India - weekly journal
Navajivan - Newspaper
Harijan - weekly newspaper in English
Gandhi’s Ashrams: Chronology
Phoenix Settlement, established in 1904 in KwaZulu Natal;
Tolstoy Farm, established in 1910 outside of Johannesburg
Sevagram Ashram (est. 1936 in. Wardha).
Kochrab Ashram was the first ashram in India by Gandhiji;
Founded in 1915 near Ahmedabad
Sabarmati Ashram- 1917 (Kochrab Ashram shifted and re-named)
Other facts:
Went to South Africa to fight case of Gujrati businessman
Considered himself Enlightened Anarchist
He followed Deontology- Means ( to achieve end) should also be good;
choices and rules should be right
Won Kaisar-i-Hind in 1915, which he returned in protest against
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Satyavir Ki Katha, translated into Gujarati by Gandhiji was from
Apology of Plato; he called Socrates ‘Satyavir’
Translated John Ruskin’s ‘Unto This Last’ as ‘Sarvodaya’ in Gujrati; he
published it in nine instalments in Indian Opinion
260
Was given title of ‘Mahatma’ by Rabindranath Tagore
Considered Gopal Krishna Gokhle his political guru
Sadagraha (Satyagraha) term was suggested by his borther Maganlal
His autobiography- My Experiments with Truth
261
The ideal of human unity
Other Facts:
Lord Minto called him the most dangerous man
Was proponent of ‘Integral Yoga’- The central theme of his vision
was the evolution of human life into a divine life in divine body
Gave 4-fold objective: Swaraj, Swadesh, Boycott, and national
education.
Was active during the Sadeshi movement-1905
In May 1908 was arrested in connection with the Alipore Bomb
Case.
His spiritual collaborator- Mirra Alfassa (referred to as "The
Mother")
His creations:
• "Tarānah-e-Hindi“- Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā -1904
• Tarana-e-Milli- Anthem of the Community-1910
• Asrar-i-Khudi - Secrets of the Self (1915) ; Rumuz-i-Bekhudi - Hints of
Selflessness (1917)
• Payam-e-Mashriq The Message of the East (1924)
• Javed Nama -(Book of Javed)-1932;
Collection of Essay- The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam-
1930
Other facts:
Inspiration behind separate Muslim Nation-Pakistan
262
Articulated his vision of Pakistan in – 1930- Speech in 25th session of
Indian Muslim League at Allahabad.
Brought back Ali Jinnah back from political exile to lead Indian Muslims
National Poet of Pakistan, called Allama (most knowledgeable)
Revered in Iran, called Iqbāl-e Lāhorī
Societies:
Abhinav Bharat, India House, Free India Society
Books:
‘The Indian War of Independence-1909’ ;
‘Mera Aajewan Karawaas – 2007’
‘Hinditva: Who Is a Hindu? -1923’ ;’
Kaala Pani’ -2007’ ;
‘Mopla- 1967’
Other Facts:
He called 1857 revolt as 1st war of Independence
Influenced by Joseph Mazzini, western Enlightenment and nation-state
1910: arrested in London for revolutionary activities; sentenced to life
imprisonment at Kalapani- A&N islands
1923- conditional release, sent to Ratnagiri Jail- social reformer, writer
President of Hindu Mahasabha for 7 years- 1937-43
Despite being its philosophical founder, never Joined RSS
Was a rationalist Atheist- was against ‘Hindu ritualism’, Cow protection
263
In 1970, PM Indira Gandhi released Postal Stamp on Savarkar
Other Facts:
5 times President of Congress: 1929 (Lahore session)- ‘Purna Swaraj’-
celebration of Indian Independence every year on 26th January ; 1936
(Lahore), 1951-52 ( Lahore), 1953( Hyderabad), 1954 (Kalyani)
Drafted ‘Nehru report’- a Constitution of India with his father Motilal
Nehru and other prominent Congress leaders in 1928
1955- Avadi resolution of Congress- socialist mode of economy
Major social reforms: Abolition of Jamindari system, land reforms,
Hindu code bill, community development program
Set up Planning commission, National development council
264
1st Constitutional amendment: put land reforms in 9th Schedule- non
justiciable; curtailed right to freedom by increasing reasonable
restrictions
265
The Caste System ( 1964)
Fragments of World Mind: (1949) ;
Guilty Men of India’s Partition( 1970)
Marx, Gandhi and Socialism (1963)
India, China, and Northern Frontiers
Other Facts:
Did his research on Salt Taxation in India
1934- joined Congress Socialist Party (CSP)
1948 : Left CSP to form Socialist Party of India
1952: Socialist Party of India merged with the Kisan Majdoor Praja
Party to form the Praja Socialist Party ( PSP);
1956: formed Socialist Party (Lohia) by splitting PSP;
1965: merged the Socialist Party (Lohia) into the ranks of the Samyukta
Socialist Party ( SSP)
1952-his famous Pachamarhi Speech- outlined his socialism
Vision of organising mega cultural fest -Ramayana Mela at Chitrakoot
Actively participated in liberation of Goa
Icon of Non-Congressism
Biggest Inspiration for the contemporary socialist parties- SP, RJD,
JD(U),JD(S)
266
SECTION 2
267
Note : PYQA of Political Theory is incoporated into the facts sheets of that theme; for
remaining themes separate sheets as below is given;
268
Separation of power- Montesquieu
o Aim-securing liberty
Natural Rights- Locke
Doctrine of overlapping consensus- John Rawls
Dictatorship of the proletariat- Marx
Hegemony- Gramsci
Leninism- Stalin
Consent theory; tacit consent; Constitutional and limited
Government, Tabula Rasa - Locke
Absolute Sovereignty - Hobbes
Perpetual Peace- Immaneual Kant
Monoist and legal theory of sovereignty – John Austin
Idea of Participatory Democracy- Rousseau
Labour theory of value- Marx
Labour theory of Property- Locke
Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier
Veil of ignorance; original position- John Rawls
Nightwatchman State- Nozick
Revolt against reason- Rousseau
Piecemeal social engineering- Karl Popper
Welfare state as enslavement; taxation as forced labour- Robert
Nozick
Procedural theory of Democracy – Robert Dahl
Idea and not the material condition of production are the effective
cause of revolution- Lenin
Moral Indifference; double standard of morality- machiavelli
Father of Positivism- August Comte
Father of modern political thought- Machiavelli
Hobbes: first modern political thinker who deliberately ignored
Aristotle
Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers emphasises primarily
on Liberty
Rawlsian concept of justice is based on the Difference principle
Rawls’ well-ordered society- Stable, Efficient, just but may not be
equal
269
John Rawls’ theory of Justice Combines People’s democracy, market
economy, and the redistributive welfare scheme. It also synthesises
normativism with rationality.
Under the veil of ignorance, the parties are not aware of their special
psychological prpensity neither are they know their conception of
good
Locke’s view on ‘state of nature’ is Social and pre-Political ( note- it
is Not pre-social and pre-political)
Mao – Tse – Tung adopted communism to Asiatic form
Highest possible achievement of Mind as expressed in social life was
in The Contemporary Prussian State- Hegel
Machiavelli advised the Prince to pursue- Moderate behaviour
Fortuna as furious Woman- Machiavelli
Chronology of Mass movements led by Mao Zedong
• 1956-57: The Hundred Flowers Campaign
• 1958: Great Leap Forward
• 1966-76: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Machiavelli blame The Churh for the moral degradation of Italy
Hegel’s thoughts:
• Family is the thesis, Bourgeois society is the anti-thesis and the
State represents synthesis.
• The rational is real and the real is rational.
• Contradictions are not obstacles preventing us reaching truth.
Antagonistic vs non-antagonistic contradictions- Mao Zedong
Beitz and Thomas Pogge- Global Justice
One country socialism - Stalin
Marx’s theory of the state and revolution is taken from French
revolutionary tradition
Susan Moller Okin: Feminist conception of Justice
Gramsci compared civil society as fortress and earthworks (trenches)
standing behind the state
Machiavelli is regarded as the first modern political thinker because
1. Separated religion from politics 2. Concept of nationalism and
nation-state
Hobbes state of nature: pre social and pre political
Society as cooperative venture for mutual advanatage- John Rawls
Hayek dismissed John Rawl’s concept of social justice as a ‘mirage’
270
Lois Althusser distinguished young Marx from the matured Marx
Fascism as passive revolution- Gramsci
Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding was a refutation of
Leviathan of Hobbes
Locke’s Two Treatises on Civil Government is a critique of Filmer’s
Patriarcha
Machiavelli preferred Republican form of Govt over Monarchy
Marx’s Alienation:
• Alienation from product of labour
• Alienation from the act of production, labour process
• Alienation from species-being (Gattungswesen)
• Alienation of man from man
Rawls- critic of Utilitarianism
Rousseau differentiated between natural and conventional inequality
Inductive approach- Hobbes, Machiavelli, Aristotle
Deductive approach- Plato, Thomas Aquinas
Plato’s Education timelines:
• 20 Years- all 3 classes
• 35 years- Guardian Class
• 50 years- Philosopher Kings
Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer, Charles Taylor, and Alasdair
MacIntyre: Communitarian liberal thinker
Rousseau- naturalism (education as process of developing man as
natural man and women as natural woman)
Marx’s theory of surplus value:
• Extension of Richardo’s theory
• Labour power equals the brain, muscle and nerve of the labourer.
• The worker must be paid a price proportional to the number of
Labour hours that entered into its production. Select the correct
answer
271
• ‘ ‘Political Liberalism(1993)’- John Rawl
The Statesman – Plato
Emile – Rousseau
A Fragment of Government – Bentham
Art of War – Machiavelli
Books by Marx- German Ideology, Critique of the Gotha Programme,
Paris Manuscripts
Science of Logic (1812 -1816)- By Hegel
The Road to Serfdom- Friedrich Hayek
Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation- T.H. Green
Anarchy, State and Utopia- Robert Nozick
Rousseau’s Books
• Discourse on science and arts (1749)
• Discourse on origin of inequality( 1754)
• Emile ( 1762)
• The Social Contract( 1762)
• The Confessions (1782)
5 works of Marx which contain his thoughts on Alienation:
• Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844)- Paris
Manuscripts
• Thesis on Feuerbach (1845)
• The German Ideology (1845)- separates young from matured
Marx
• the Grundrisse (1857-58)
• The Capital (1867)
Plato’s Republic is a book both on ethics and politics
Chronology of 3 most important books of Rawl
1. A theory of Justice (1971)
2. Political Liberalism (1993)
3. The Law of Peoples (1999)
Models of Democracy- David Held
Carole Pateman- Participation and democratic Theory
C.B. Macpherson- The real world of Democracy
Rousseau essay which won him award: ‘“Has the progress of the
sciences and the Arts contributed to corrupt or purify morals?”
272
Plato developed his theory of the nature of the ultimate reality
explaining the actual world in Timaeus
The End of Ideology (1960)-Daniel Bell
Ishiah Berlin’s Books
• Karl Marx: His Life and Environment– 1939
• Four Essays on Liberty – 1969
• Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas – 1976
• Concept and Categories: Philosophical Essays – 1978
Liberalism and limit to justice: Michael Sandel
Foundation of modern Political Thought- Quintten Skinner
Democratic Theory- Giovanni Sartori
Philosophy and human science- Charles Taylor
‘The History of Political theory’- GH Sabine
Marx books
• Thesis on Feuerbach – 1845
• Poverty of philosophy– 1847
• Communist manifesto – 1848
• Contribution to the critique of political economy – 1859
Gramsci’s Books:
• Prison Notebooks (1929-35)
• The Southern Question
• A Great and Terrible World: The Pre-Prison Letters, 1908-1926
• The Modern Prince and Other Writings
• The Modern State and Politics
Green’s book:
• Lectures on the principles of political obligation ( 1885)
• Prolegomeria to Ethics
• Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary – with David Hume
Hannah Arendt Books
• The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
• On Revolution (1963)
• On Violence (1970)
• The Life of the Mind (1977)
• Between Past and Future (1961)
• Men in Dark Times (1968)
273
• Civil Disobedience (1972)
• The Promise of Politics1993)
Rousseau’s Books
• whether restoration of science and arts contributed to the
purification of morals? (discourse on science and arts )-1749
• what is the origin of inequality and is it authenticated by nature?-
• (Discourse on Inequality-1755)
• ‘Social Contract’-1762
• Emile, or On Education- 1762
• The Confessions- 1782
Frantz Fanon (1925-1961) Books: French West Indian, Psychiatrist,
political philosopher and author;
‘Black skin, while mask (1952)’ ‘A dying Colonialism (1959), ‘the
wretched of the Earth (1961)
Friedrich Hegel’s Book:
• ‘Elements of the Philosophy of Right’ ;
• Science of Logic;
• The Phenomenology of Spirit;
• Philosophy of History
• A History of Political Theory’- by Sabine
• A History of Political Theories- Dunning
• Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle-Barker
• Great Political Thinkers: From Plato to the Present- Ebenstein
The Zig Zag of Politics- Robert Nozick
Quotes State is individual writ large: Plato
“Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is
sovereign”- J.S.Mill
Man in the state of Nature was solitary, nasty, brutish and short-
Hobbes
“Laws are the rules of just and unjust; nothing being reputed unjust
that is not contrary to some law”- Hobbes
Functionalism can indeed be interpreted as a conscious alternative to
Marxism- W.G. Runciman
Thomas Carlyle- Bentham’s Philosophy as “Pig Philosophy”
Mao Zedong’s Quotes;
Political power grows out of barrel of gun.
274
Three years of hard work : ten thousand years of happiness.
A revolution is not a dinner party.
“All existence is simply a matter in motion.”- Hobbes
Man is what he eats- Feuerbach
“the emancipation of the working class is the work of the working
class itself”- Marx
“Turn the imperialist war into a civil war, that is, into a proletarian
revolution.” - Lenin
“Science is the fruit of idle curiosity; philosophy is mere intellectual
frippery; the amenities of polite life is tinsel”- Rousseau
‘in order that the Athenians might not commit a second crime
against philosophy’ -Aristotle
Felicity ( Happiness) is “continued success in obtaining those things
which a man from time to time desires”- Hobbes
“Man must eat before he thinks. To eat he must produce. Production
is a basic activity”- Marx
“Leninism is Marxism of the era of imperialism and of the
proletarian revolution”- Stalin
“Prince” the great and true conception of a real political genius
with the highest and noblest purpose”- Hegel
Family is the only natural society- Rousseau
Thinking man is a depraved animal- Rousseau
Felicific calculus is absurd- JS Mill
“Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even
the welfare of society as a whole cannot override”- John Rawls
Aristotle’s ideal state was always Plato’s second best- GH Sabine
Every state is known by the rights it maintains- Laski
“The English think they are free. They are free only during the
election of members of parliament.”- Rousseau
‘That art, religion and philosophy differ only in form, their purpose is
the same’- Hegel
Religion is the opium of the people: Marx
275
The Roy-Lenin debate on colonial policy: the main issue revolved
around Lenin’s assertion that Communist parties in all colonial areas
must assist “bourgeois-democratic liberation” movements.
General Will refers to: My Own Real Will, Group Mind , A
common Me
“Making someone better without making others worse’- Pareto’s
Optimality principle
276
FACT SHEET PYQA IPT: THEMES/TOPICS ON INDIAN POLITICAL
THOUGHT (IPT) IN PAST YEAR UGC-NET PAPERS
277
E. V. Ramasamy Naicker (popularly called Periyar)- started self-respect
movement- He first joined Congress party; DK founded in 1944 by Periyar, as
new Avatar of the Justice Party, which he joined in 1939
Periyar brecame atheist after the Kashi Pilgrimage incidence
Ambedkar was opposed to Panchayati Raj System
Savrakar gave first the idea of Hindu Rashtra (Hindu Nation) ; he first called
1857 revolt the Indian War of Independence
Gandhi’s Satyagraha- positive force of soual; different from passive
resistance- negative and weapon of weak
Jaya Prakash Narayan ( JP) formed Congress socialist party and later on in
1952 formed the Praja Socialist Party.
JP was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1999
Barni’s Fatwa-i-Jahandari- advise to Muslim ruler on statecraft
1919: Tagore surrendered Nighthood in protest gainst the Jalianwala masscre
1984: GOI decided to celebrate birthday of Vivekananda – national youth day
MN Sriniwasan- Sanskritisation
Lohia was opposed to both capitalism nad communism- gave 3rd way- his
brand of socialism
Gandhi’s Ashrams: chronology
o Phoenix Settlement, established in 1904 in KwaZulu Natal; and
Tolstoy Farm, established in 1910 outside of Johannesburg
o Sevagram Ashram (est. 1936 in. Wardha).
o Kochrab Ashram was the first ashram in India by Gandhiji;
Founded in 1915 near Ahmedabad
o Sabarmati Ashram- 1917
Ramabai was called ‘Pandita’ due to being scholar of ‘Sanskrit’
Gandhi: Deontology- Means should also be good; choices and rules should be
right
Tilak published; Kesari and Maratha newspaper
Aurobindo: weekly- Karmyogi and Dharma
MN Roy: New Scientific Humanism- radical or new humanism; he prepared a
model constitution for India
MN Roy founded Maxican Socialist Party; he formed league of radical
congressmen; founded Indian Renaissance movement; run a weekly
‘independent India’; was part of ‘Comintern’ but was expelled from it later on
Gandhiji was influenced by Plato, Ruskin, Tolstoy, Jainism, Vaishnavism
Gandhiji went to South Africa to fight case of Gujrati businessman
278
Aurobindo- most dangeoros man- Lord Minto
Books India Wins Freedom- Azad
My Experiments with Truth- Gandhiji
Idea of Justice- Amartya Sen
Idea of India- Sunil Khilnani
The Indian struggle- Subhas Chandra Bose
The Life Divine (1919) ; Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol(1940)’’- Aurobindo
Satyavir Ki Katha, translated into Gujarati by Gandhiji was from Apology of
Plato; he called Socrates ‘Satyavir’
‘Political Economy of Development in India’- Pranab Bardhan
Books by M. N. Roy
• Poverty Or Plenty? (1944)
• The future of Indian Politics
• Gandhism, Nationalism, and Socialism
• New Humanism
• Radical Humanist
• India in Transition (1922)
• The Historical Role Of Islam
• The Communist International (1920)
• Revolution and Counter-revolution in China(1946)
Atul Kohli books
• Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability
(1990)’
• Poverty Amid Plenty in the New India
• Democracy and Development in India
• State-Directed Development
• The Success of India's Democracy
: Rajni Kothari Books
• Politics in India(1970)
• Caste in Indian Politics(1970)
• State Against Democracy(1988)
• Rethinking Development(1988)
• Rethinking Democracy(2005)
• Communalism in Indian politics(1998)
279
Morris Jones Books
• ‘Parliament in India’(1957)
• ‘The government and politics of India( 1971)’
• ‘Politics Mainly Indian(1978)’
Paul Brass Books:
• ‘Factional Politics in an Indian State(1965)’
• ‘The Politics of India Since Independence(1990)’
• ‘Ethnicity and Nationalism(1991)’
• ‘The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India
(2004)’
• ‘An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1937 to
1961 (2011)’
Myron Weiner books:
• Party politics in India(1957)
• State Politics in India(1968)
• Sons of the Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India(1978)
Achin Vanaik Books
• ‘Communalism Contested: Religion, Modernity and
Secularization(1997)’
• ‘Hindutva Rising: Secular Claims, Communal Realities(2017)’
• ‘India in a Changing World1995)’
“A Plea for Reconstruction of Indian Polity”- Jayaprakash Narayan
Pandita Ramabai: High caste Hindu Women- An unofficial Indian Feminist
Manifesto; first book published in English by an Indian woman.
Tagore’s books and their meaning/theme- Geetanjali, Gora, Sadhna, Ghare-
Baire
JP: ‘Why Socialism?’
Lohia: ‘Salt Taxation in India’
Iqbal’s Creations:
• "Tarānah-e-Hindi“- Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā -1904
• Tarana-e-Milli- Anthem of the Community-1910
• Asrar-i-Khudi - Secrets of the Self (1915) ;
• Rumuz-i-Bekhudi - Hints of Selflessness (1917)
• Payam-e-Mashriq The Message of the East (1924)
• Javed Nama -(Book of Javed-1932;
280
• Collection of Essay- The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam-
1930
• Bang-e-Dara- The Call of the Marching Bell
Integral Humanism: An Analysis of Some Basic Elements(2009)-Deendayal
Upadhyaya
His Integral Humanism: human life not isolated; harmony between
individual, society, and nation; essential unity of the man
Rambriksha Benipuri wrote biography of JP
Gandhi & Gandhism: Ambedkar
Marx, Gandhi, and Socialism- Lohia
Ambedkar’s Books/Essays/papers:
• Castes in India- 1916 ;
• Annihilation of caste-1936
• Who Were the Shudras? 1946 ;
• The Untouchables -1948
• The Budhha and his Dhamma-1957
Quotes “Swaraj will not be a free gift of the British Parliament, it will be a
declaration of India’s full expression.”- Gandhiji
Indian Politics as “Politics of Scarcity”- Myron Weiner
Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”- Morris Jones
India as quasi-federal state- K.C.Wheare
emergence of “a market polity” in India- Morris Jones
nature of Indian State as ‘incremental democratic modernization’ – Rajni
Kothari
Hinduize all politics and militarize Hinduism
Lambs are shorn of the wool; they are feeling the cold- Ambedkar
Misc. Acharya Vinoba Bhave- first Satyagrahi of the Individual Civil Disobedience
Movement started by Gandhiji in October 1940
The term 'Dharmshala Capitalism', 'Hindu rate of growth' was coined by
Professor Rajkrishna, an Indian economist, in 1978 to characterize the slow
growth and to explain it against the backdrop of socialistic economic policies.
281
FACT SHEET PYQA CP: THEMES/TOPICS OF COMPARATIVE
POLITICS ASKED IN UGC NET PAST YEAR PAPERS
Main theme Themes/topics asked
Approaches to Rajni Kothari and Morris Jones used structural functional approach
CP to analyse Indian Polity
Modern Democracy as Polyarchy- Robert Dahl
System approach- Easton identified 4 types of Input functions as
demand: Participation in political system, Allocation of goods and
services, Communication and information, Regulation of behaviour
Structural functionalism as a method was developed to study the
politics of Politics of developing countries
Communications theory of Karl Deutsch- engineering orientation to
human behaviour- goal change, learning, feedaback, receptors
Functionalism as an alternative approach to Marxism - W.G.
Runciman
Structural–functional approach was weak in change, the social
process approach was weak in politics and the comparative history
approach was weak in theory- Huntington
Ludwig Von Bertallanfy- general systems theory; This model
subsequently adopted by various disciplines of social science in
following sequence: Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology and
Political Science
David Easton gave a ‘flow model’ of political system ?
Almond borrowed most of the terminology of his structural-
functional approach from Talcott Parsons
James Bryce: Institutional Approach
Anthony Giddens: Structuration
Economic theory of democracy (rational choice models): Anthony
Downs
Herbert Marcuse: Conveyance theory
System theory of Easton: The sequence of regulatory mechanism by
Easton is: Gate-keeping at the boundary, Socio-Cultural norms,
communication channels and Reduction processes.
Almond and Verba suggested a ‘sleeping dogs’ theory of
democratic culture that implies that low participation indicates
broad satisfaction with government
282
Herman Finer and Carl Fredrich: institutional approach
Political Harry Truman the US President: gave special meaning to
Development and development in his famous speech after WWII, this started
Dependency modernisation theory
theory Features of Dependency theory
Aspects of political development- Lucian Pye
Lucian Pye identified 6 crises in political development: 1. Identity
2. Legitimacy 3. Penetration 4. Participation 5. Unification 6.
Distribution
“The poor are poor not because of what they do not have, but
because of what they cannot do.” is said by Amartya Sen-
capability approach to development- development as freedom
Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, A.M. Henderson and Joseph la
Palombara: political development is linked with legal and
administrative development
Huntington identifies political development with the
institutionalisation of political organisations and procedures
Organski: 4 stages of political development: unification,
industrialization, national welfare and abundance
Fred Riggs: balance between the principles of equality and
capacity in political development; Development Trap- imbalance
between equality and capacity
“will and capacity” approach to the study of political development-
Halpern
Huntington challenged the idea of political development as an
unilinear process
Edward Shils’ categories of political system: (i)Political
Democracy (ii) Tutelary Democracy (iii) Modernizing Oligarchy
(iv) Totalitarian Oligarchy (v) Traditional Oligarchy
Dos Santos: 3 types of dependency: colonial, financial-industrial,
technological-industrial
Elite Theory Elite Theory- critique of democracy, pluralism, and socialism
The elite theory was first started in Central and Western European
Countries
Robert Michels: ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’
C. Wright Mill’s ‘The Power Elite’ is a study of the contemporary
politics of USA
Elites and society: Thomas Bottomore
283
Michels’ Iron law of oligarchy was formulated on the basis of the
study of German Social Democratic Party
Mosca: political formula (a set of doctrines propagated by the ruling
elites)
Burnham: economic approach to elitism
Comparative UK, New Zealand, Israel have unwritten constitution
Polity of USA, Federal Councilors of Switzerland- Plural executive-unique
UK, Switzerland, institution
France, etc
It is collective head of state and government of Switzerland.
It has 7 members
The position of President of the Swiss Confederation rotates
among the members of the council on a yearly basis
One year's Vice President of Switzerland becoming the next
year's President of Switzerland
Once elected for a four-year-term, Federal Councillors can
neither be voted out of office by a motion of no confidence
nor can they be impeached
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): USA: supremacy of federal over
the states
Marbury Vs Madison, 1803, the U.S. Supreme Court first declared
an act of Congress/Parliament unconstitutional, thus establishing
the doctrine of judicial review
Philadelphia Convention - Declaration of independence and
signing of the Constitution in US.
USA- Due process of law- 5th & 14th amendment
USA and Switzerland: Dual Citizenship
India and UK: Single Citizenship
In USA all courts including all levels of the State Courts have the
power of Judicial review
Roosevelt: 4 times USA president
Swiss federal tribunal can declare a state law unconstitutional but
Not the federal law
Residual power is vested with federal governments in Canada.
India, Belgium, it rests with the state governments in the U.S.A.,
Australia, Switzerland.
Robert Walpole: 1st PM of England and World
284
France and Sri-Lanka- semi presidential system
Once a speaker always a speaker- UK
Political Culture Almond- homogeneous culture in developed nations
Meaning of clash of civilisation (Huntington)
Kumbh Mela: intangible cultural heritage of Humanity
S.E.Finer: Low, Mature, and Developed Political Culture
Misc./Mixed Johann Gottfried, a German: father of cultural nationalism
Consociational state: in which has major internal divisions along
ethnic, religious, or linguistic lines, with none of the divisions large
enough to form a majority group, but which remains stable due to
power sharing among these groups
Examples: Lebanon, Israel. Northern Ireland, South Africa, etc
Authoritarianism vs Totalitarianism: Totalitarianism is
ideological and cultural project to bring new civilization by the state
led by a political party; state intervene in all aspects of citizen-
private and public- both features not in Authoritarianism
Nation and Nationalism: Ernest Gellner
Bendict Anderson- nation as an ‘Imagined Community’
Samuel Huntington: Political Order in Changing Societies
Functions of political party
Primordialism ( birth based identity): caste, clan, kinship,
community, etc,
S.M. Lipset- ‘Political Man’
Huntington: 3rd wave democratisation
Subaltern School- New Democracy
Govt without Constitution is power without Rights: Thomas Paine (
Rights of Man)
The Anatomy of Revolution (1938): Crane Brinton- revolution as
fever
Stasiology: The study of political parties.
Gabriel Almond: sequential order of Interest group: (a) Institutional
groups (b) Non-associational groups (c) Associational groups (d)
Anomic groups
Book: The man on horseback- S.E.Finer
Book: Comparative Politics Today- Almond
285
Revolutions:
• Islamic Revolution: Iran
• Puritan Revolution: 1649: to limit arbitrary powers of
Charles II
Winston Churchill: There can be no comparison between the
positions of number one and numbers two, three or four.”( about
British PM)
Pseudo-pressure groups- Duverger
Charles Tilly: Political conflict approach in analysis of revolution
Interest group as anonymous empire – S.E.Finer
Political socialisation in traditional society is Ascriptive (birth
based status)
Fusion of power between legislature and executive – parliamentary
form of Govt
No judicial review powers to courts- UK and France
Features of Constitutional govt- rule of law, limited
Legitimation Crisis (1973)- Habermas
Paul Sweezy (1910 –2004) Wrote ‘Monopoly Capital: An Essay on
the American Economic and Social Order (1966)’
Co-operative federalism- ideal type of federalism
Second chamber an indispensable part of legislature in Federal form
of govt
Karl Deutsch Tried to give an essentially engineering orientation to
human behaviour
• The nerves of government (1963)- Karl Deutsch
• The Nerves of Government applies concepts of the
theory of information, communication, and control to
social science.
• Uses the concepts of feedback, channel capacity and
memory.
• Explains human and social organization which hold &
process information/communication are nerves of
Government
• It considers Government as communication system
286
FACT SHEET PYQA PUB AD: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED IN
PREVIOUS UGC-NET EXAMS ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
287
The Informal Channel of Communication is also known as
Grapevine
Gulick was influenced by Fayol’s fourteen principles.
Fredrick Herzberg: Motivation Hygiene Approach or two factor
theory
Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of need theory
M.P.Follet: concept of partnership; dominance, compromise,
integration( conflict management); circular response
Riggs: Fused, Diffracted, Prismatic, Sala, Clect, Bazar Canteen
Chester Barnard:
Barnard’s authoritative order: feasible, intelligible, aligned
to organisation’s purpose; Zone of Indifference
Barnard: Organisation: "system of consciously coordinated
personal activities or forces of two or more persons”
Organization features- Bernard: systematic arrangements of
human affairs, cooperation, regimentations, collectivity,
determinism, dis-integration of person
By maintaining Contribution-Satisfaction Equilibrium,
individual motives are satisfied, making organization
efficient
Edward Weidner defined development administration as
“Action-oriented, goal-oriented administrative system”
Taylor’s concept of Mental Revolution stands for Harmony and
Cooperation for both labour and management
Elton mayo: Behavioural Revolution, Human Relation theory,
Howthronian experiments, Social Man, Socially situated worker,
non-economic incentive, group dynamics, Informal organisation
F.M. Marx’s Guardian, Caste, Patronage and Merit Bureaucracy
The principle of unity of command mainly ensures
Accountability
Technical and administrative tasks require dilution of Unity of
Command
Riggs’ “Prismatic Society” is based on Structural-functional
analysis of public administration in developing countries.
Classical theory of organisation: Mechanistic model, formal
organisation, closed model Simon was positively influenced by
the ideas of Barnard
Principles of Organisation (1931)’-Mooney and Reiley
288
Principle of coordination:
The principle of scalar process
Principle of functional effect or functional principle:
Herbert Simon, a decision is usually compounded of one value
statement/judgement and several fact statements/judgements
Mayo’s Howthronian Bank Wiring Experiment:
o Rate-buster: - one who produce more than the social
norm. ·
o Chiseller: - the one who produces less than the
social norm/target
o Squealer: - the one who complain the management
about his peer/co-worker
Feature of Weber’s bureaucracy: Impersonality- Separation of
office from its incumbent, rigid rules, hierarchy, specialisation,
merit based, rational-legal, career orientation,
Delegation, as per Mooney, is conferring of specified authority
by a higher authority
According to F.W. Riggs, there are five functional requisites for
any society :1. Economic, 2. Social, 3. Communicational, 4.
Symbolic and 5. Political.
Chester Barnard: Effective communication essential to achieve
organisational goal; authority lies with subordinate who accept I;
Zone of Indifference
Cybernetics: science of communication and control
Vincent Ostram, Anthony Downs, James Buchanan, Kenneth
Arrow- public choice approach
Weber, like Riggs, also adopted ecological approach-
considering impact of larger socio-cultural environment on
administration
Ecological approach came out of system approach
289
Michael Cohen, March, and Olsen: Garbage Can Model of
decision making
Critics of the Bureaucratic theory: Riggs, Talcott Parsons, M.
Crozier, Robert Presthus
Rigg’s Ecological approach: Agraria- Trnasitia- Industria
Theory X and Y : Mcgreger
Theory of Needs: McClelland
Pub Ad Books The Administrative State: Dwight Waldo
The Art of Administration: Ordway Tead
Dynamic Administration (1940)- Mary Parker Follett-
psychological Approach
Principles of public administration- Pfiffner
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution- A. V.
Dicey
An Introduction to Administrative Law- James Hart
The principles of the administrative law- Frank Johnson
Goodnow
Understanding Public Policy- Thomas R. Dye
Personality and organization- Chris Argyris
The Art of Judgment: A Study of Policy Making- Geoffrey
Vickers
Elements of Public Administration- Fritz Morstein Marx(editor)
The intellectual crisis in American public administration ( 1974):
Vincent Ostrom
Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook
Perspective(1971)- Frank marini
Ideas and issues in public administration- Dwight Waldo
The frontiers of public administration- John M. Gaus, Leonard
D. White, and Marshall E. Dimock
Morality and Administration in Democratic Government- Paul
H. Appleby.
The Science of Public Administration: Three Problems · Robert.
Dahl
Pub Ad practices Ashok Mehta committee, 1978, recommended two-tier
Panchayati raj- Zila Parishad and Mandal Panchayat; it was 1st
committee to recommend Constitutional status to Panchayati Raj
Institutions
290
Indian Institute of Public Administration was set up in 1954
based on the recommendations of Paul H. Appleby
CVC was set up in 1964 on the recommendations of Santhanam
Committee (on Anti-corruption)
Performance Budgeting and functional specialisation was
recommended by 1st Administrative committee report-1966
The institution of ‘Ombudsman’ was first introduced in Sweden
in 1809
Re-appropriation: transferring fund from one budget head to
other
To review Panchayat Raj System in Rajasthan. Sadiq Ali
Committee was Constituted in 1964
A.D.Gorwala committee: Report on Public Administration
(1951)
Maharashtra: 1st State to have Lokayukta
Rajashthan: 1st state to implement Panchayati Raj Institutions
Kerala: 1st state to have ombudsman for local govt
Sweden- 1st country to implement RTI in 1766
All small savings, and state providend funds, etc. are deposited
to Public Account, created under Article 266 (2) of the
Constitution
CBI came out from the special police establishment set up in
1941
Administrative Tribunals came up through 42nd Constitutional
amendments
N.N.Vohra Committee: criminalisation of Politics- 1993
Statutory bodies: NCW, NHRC, UGC, National commission for
minorities, CVC, Atomic Energy Commission,
Constitutional body: CEC, CAG, UPSC, AG, Finance
Commission, Inter-state council, National SC/ST commission,
National backward class commission ( by 102nd Amendment
Act, 2018)
Delegated or subordinate Legislation: Executive Legislation,
Rule and regulation making power
Procurator system- Russia ; Administrative Courts- France
Efficiency rating for civil servants- USA
Sweden- 1st to implement freedom of Press Act, 1st
ombudsman, 1st RTI
291
Reservation of seats for backward clss Not compulsory feature
of 73rd Amendments
74th Amendments: Ward Committee as per article 243S and
District Planning Committee under Article 243ZD
Committed Bureaucracy- Indira Gandhi
Security agencies and para-military forces are exempted from
RTI
CIC may have maximum 10 information commissioners
L. M. Singhvi Committee-1986- was a committee on the
revitalization of the Panchayati raj institution for democracy and
development. ; it also recommended Constitutional status to PRI
Niti Aayog- staff agency; Public Works Department- Auxiliary
agency
Misc./Mixed UK and USA: Administrative reform committee
Fulton Committee-1968 UK- Generalist vs Specialist Civil
Services- preferred specialists•; Unified Grading Structure
Assheton Committee (1944)- UK-Training of Civil
Servants
Brownlow Committee (1937)- USA: proposals for
reorganizing the executive branch; President's Committee
on Administrative Management-1937
• Hoover Commission (1947-49)- USA-ways to reduce the
number of federal government departments and increase
their efficiency in the post-World War II
• Taft Commission- The Commission on Economy and
Efficiency-1910
• The Hoover Commission, officially named the
Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of
the Government- 1947
• The Grace Commission-Private Sector Survey on Cost
Control -1982
• USA: Hatch Act of 1939- No political Activity by Civil
Servants
UK: Committee on Civil Services
Northcote-Trevelyan Committee- 1854- Merit System
Fulton Committee-1968- Generalist vs Specialist Civil
Services;preferred specialists
292
The Redcliffe-Maud Report -1969 on Local Government in
England
Tomlin Commission (1929-31) Report: Royal Commission
on civil services
Donoughmore Committee- Delegated Legislation
Assheton Committee- Training of Civil Servants
Whitleyism : Permanent council to sort out labour-
management issues
Masterman Committee: Pollitical Activities of Civil
Servants in Britain ; 3 categories- politically free,
politically restricted, Conditional
Atchison Commission- 1886- scheme for fulfilling the
claims of Indians to higher and more extensive
employment in public service
Gladstone committee- 1895- on Prison Reforms
293
Horizontal job loading, which often involves giving employees
more work without changing the challenge level
Shafritz and Russell, in their book ‘Introducing Public
Administration’, provided 18 definitions of public administration
Thinkers who made difference between public & private admin:
Josiah Stamp, Paul H Appleby, Herbert Simon, John Gauss,
Peter Drucker
Thinkers who did not make difference between public & private
admin: Fayol, Follet, Gullick, Urwick
Managerial Vs Integral View of Pub Ad
Managerial Views: Only managerial functions are part of
Public Admin
o Supported by : Luther Gullick, Herbert Simon,
Smithburg nd Thompson,Fayol, Merson
Integral View:That all works- managerial and routine- are
part of Public Admin
o Supported by : Taylor, Dimmock, Woodrow
Wilson, L. D. White, Marshall, Dimock, John
Pfiffner and Percy McQueen
Spoil system or Patronage Bureaucracy in USA: by President
Jackson
•Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 1883- removed the
spoil system; merit system
China: 1st country to have sound recruitment policy for Public
Administrators
Nonfesance: failure to perform an act ( by Public
Administration) that is required by law.
The four management systems or leadership style identified by
Rensis Likert : Exploitative Authoritative, Benevolent
Authoritative, Consultative and Participative
Mixed Scanning model: 3rd way between rationalism and
incrementalism- Amitai Etzioni
Bureaucrat as ruling servant- Robert K merton
Informal organisation: authority flows across and downward
The notion of a representative bureaucracy was first articulated
by Donald Kingsley in 1944
Zero based budget- creator Peter A Phyrr
Quotes on Bureacracy
294
o Bureaucracy as continental nuisance- Thomas
Carlyle
o Bureaucracy (in England) thrives under the cloak of
ministerial responsibilities”- Ramsay Muir
o Cabinet as “new despotism”- Lord Hewart
o “Dictatorship of cabinet in Britain”- Ramsey Muir
o Bureaucracy is the price of parliamentary
Democracy –Herbert Morrison
Span of control depends upon: Age of organisation,
personality of supervisor, caliber of subordinate, organisational
structure, delegation, etc.
Civil Services Exam- reforms:
Kothari committee-1976- 3 stage CSE
Satish Chandra Committee-1989- essay paper
Y.K. Alagh Committee- 2001- CSAT
Hota Committee, 2004: Age-21-24; aptitude and leadership
tests
Second Administrative Reforms (Veerappa Moily)
Commission-2008- CSAT, and present model
All India Services mentioned under article 312: IAS, IPS, IJS(
Indian Judicial Service)
Incremental model of Public Policy: Charles Lindblom
295
FACT SHEET PYQA IR: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED FROM
INTERNATIONAL RELATION IN PAST YEARS PAPERS OF UGC-
NET
296
John Mearshemier, an offensive neo-realist, builts on Kenneth
Waltz’s argument concerning the stability of bipolar system as
compared to multipolar system
Neo- Marxism: Economic globalization is an uneven,
hierarchical process and benefits only a tiny minority
Sandra L Whitworth- Feminist/critical theory
Elisabeth Prügl – Feminist social constructivism
Charlotte Hooper- feminist post-structiralism
Chandra Mohanty- feminist post-colinialism
Three images of politics- Kenneth Waltz
Bargaining Theory- JF Nash, Thomas Shilling, Roger Fisher
Realistic Liberlaism: John Herz
Dependency Theory- facts/thinkers
Just war Theories- Thomas Aquinas, Samuel Pufendorf,
Hugo Grotius
• Jus in Bello (Just conduct of war)
• Jus Ad Bellum (just causes of war)
In Johan Galtung's 1969 paper, "Violence, Peace and Peace
Research, “- Conflict Triangle, a framework used in the study
of peace and conflict- Structural, Cultural, and Direct violence
Bi-polarity- most stable structure for global peace- Kenneth
Waltz (father of neo-realism)
Interest defined in terms of power- Morgenthau (father of
classical realism in modern era)
States seeks to maximise their relative power positions- John
Mearshiemer (offensive neo-realist)
Nicholas Onuf and Alexander Wendt (’Social Theory of
International Politics’)- ‘World of our making’
Classification of Ideologies by Morgenthau
India’s foreign Policy Non-reciprocity principle of India’s policy towards
neighbouring countries envisages providing one way
concessions to neighbouring countries to improve ties; this
policy was given by Indian PM I.K.Gujral
Non-alignment as India’s foreign policy meant independence
and judging each issue on its relevance to our national interest.
Chronology of Foreign ministers of India
297
Indira Doctrine: India’s security is coterminous with the
region and any interference of external powers is taken as a
threat to India’s security.
Chronology of Indo-US Nuclear Treaty; (ii) Indo-Soviet
riendship Treaty; (iii) Tashkent Agreement ; (iv) Shimla
Agreement
Main purpose of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord ( 1987) was To
end the ethnic strife between the Sinhalese and Tamils.
India has neither signed nor ratified NPT and CTBT ; Only 3
countries- India, Pakistan, and Israel- have not signed NPT
CEPA( Japan, South Korea, UAE), CECA( with Singapore),
BECA( with USA)
India in UN Peace-keeping missions- facts, which operations,
etc.
India’ border disputes with Nepal, Sri-lanka, Pakistan,
Bangladesh
Sri-Lanka (Katchatheevu Island)
Nepal- Kalapani and Susta
Bangladesh (New Moore Island, Dahagram-Angarpota,
Farkka Barrage)
Pakistan- Sir Creek, Siachin, Wular barrage
Dahagram-Angarpota is one large Bangladeshi enclave that
has not changed hands in the swap between India and
Bangladesh
India is Not party to the Rome Statute- through which ICC
was set up at Hague, Nertherland
Landmark events in India’s foreign Policy- Shimla Agrrement
( 1972), Panchsheel ( 1954), Indira Doctrine, Gujral Doctrine,
Look East, Look West, lahore declaration ( Bajpaiji), Genuine
NAM ( Morarji Desai), Ind-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Indo-
Sri lanka Peace accord- 1987
India in UN- members of which body, particiapted in which
Pecae keeping Mission, etc
Indus water treaty- 1960
o World Bank played role of mediator
o India got waters of Ravi, Beas, Sutlaj
o Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water
298
On 27 March 2019, India tested an anti-satellite weapon
(ASAT) during an operation code named Mission Shakti
India became a Sectoral Partner of the ASEAN in 1992,
Dialogue Partner in 1996 and Summit Level Partner in 2002
Different operations- military and
disaster/protection/evacuation- by India- Operation Raahat,
Mausam, Parakram, Brasstacks, Sahkti, Smiling Buddha, etc
299
Cooperation Under Anarchy- Kenneth Oye ( English School)
Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795)- Immanuel
Kant
From International to World Society- Barry Buzan
(Copenhagen School)
International Regimes- Stephen D. Krasner
The Art of War- Sun Tzu
o Note: Machiavelli and Mao Zedong also wrote
books named ‘Art of War’
Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace-
Hans Morgenthau
Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism- Kwame
Nkrumah
The analysis of international relations- Karl Deutsch (famous
for communication theory and ‘The Nerves of Government’ )
The Implosion of Capitalism- samir Amin (famous for coining
‘Eurocentrism’, theory of unequal exchange’)
World Order- Henry Kissinger( famous for his shuttle
diplomacy)
The wretched of the earth- Farntz Fanon
Runaway World: Anthony Giddens
UN and IGOs ‘An Agenda for Peace (1995)’- Boutros Boutros-Ghali ; It
included Preventive diplomacy, peace making, peace-keeping,
and peace-building- UN reform process
Committee of UN General assembly
Tenure of UN Secretary General
First Generation Peace keeping operations
‘Uniting for Peace Resolution’- Acheson Plan
Collective Security System of the UN is based on the principle
of All for one, one for all ; The term was made famous by
Alexandre Dumas in the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers.;
Popularized in IR by Morgenthau ; NATO, Warsaw Pact, and
other security alliances are based on this principle
About Chapters/articles of UN charter
Facts about different UN organisations/agencies
The decisions of the security council are binding, and must
only be passed by the majority of nine out of the 15 members,
as well as each of the five permanent members.
300
UN Peace building Commission- Dec, 2005
Brahimi Report: Panel on United Nations Peace Operations
was set up by the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan
Organization of American States (OAS), Arab Maghreb Union
( AMU), NAFTA, SEATO
Vianna Conference-1993- Human rights
Cairo- 1994- Population
Beijing- 1995- 4th UN Women conference
Demand for NIEO was first made at the Algeris Summit of
NAM
Facts about BIMSTEC, ASEAN, SAARC, EU, OAS ( its
organs)
About ASEAN:
• Founding members of ASEAN: Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand- 1967- Bangkok
Declaration
• Brunei Darussalam became the sixth member after it
joined on 8 January 1984
• Vietnam -seventh full member on 28 July 1995
• Laos & Myanmar- 1997
• Combodia-1999
Years/places of NAM summits
BSEC: Black Sea Economic Cooperation
Visegrád Group-V4: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and
Slovakia
OSCE: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
7 Asian country G-20- China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Saudi
Arabia, South Korea, and Turkey.
Maastricht Treaty- birth of EU ( from European Community)
APT: ASEAN + 3 ( Japan, China, South Korea)
The Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy
and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) is the
first regional government to-government agreement to
promote and enhance cooperation against piracy and armed
robbery against ships in Asia
the European Commission: executive branch of EU,
responsible for proposing legislation, enforcing EU laws and
directing the union's administrative operations.
301
Lesser Known regional organisations in Africa- economic
community of west African states, south African Development
Community, Economic community of central African states,
Eastern African Community
The IBSA Dialogue Forum (India, Brazil, South Africa) is an
international tripartite grouping for promoting international
cooperation among these countries; set up in 2003
G-20- in 1999 ; G-7- in 1975
The Flying Bee- ASEAN
OPEC created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–
14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.
302
the post Soviet era Russia’s outlook at global level is marked
by Pragmatic de-ideologised worldview
The principle of reciprocity within WTO framework envisage
lowering of trade barriers by a State to be matched in return.
Gorbachev: Glasnost and Perestrioka
Structural adjustment programmes require that Governments
of poor countries should adopt privatization and other
‘liberalizing’ measures.
IMF led the structural adjustment program as per the
Washington Consensus
Bandung Conference held in 1955- Twenty-Nine Afro-Asian
countries
SORT: Strategic Offensive Reduction Treaty
RMA; Revolution in Military Strategy
The Axis of evil is a phrase used by President George W. Bush
in January 2002 to characterize Iran, North Korea and Iraq
Facts about Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
Post-westphalian warfare: Non-state dimension of warfare;
Mary Kaldor termed it New war to haracterize warfare in the
post-Cold War era
The Tehran Conference was a strategy meeting of Joseph
Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28
November to 1 December 1943, after the Anglo-Soviet
invasion of Iran; It was one of major conferences to discuss
post WW2 world order; others were in 1945 - 1945 Yalta and
Potsdam conferences
Goldstone report: UN fact finding mission on Gaza Conflict
Bay of Pigs incidence: Cuban Missile Crisis
Black widow women terrorist- Chechneya
Chronology of famous environmental treaties/UN conventions
Dates of famous arms reduction treaties- INF, SALT, START,
NPT, PTBT, CTBT, etc.
Types of diplomacy- track 1, tract 2, shopkeeper, shuttle, gun-
boat
Facts on south-south cooperation; 19 Dec- UN day for south-
south cooperation
Operation Infinte reach and enduring freedom of USA
P5+1: 5 permanent members of UN plus Germany
303
Nuclear weapon as currency of power in IR
Panchsheel Doctrine- 5 principles
UN conventions on rights of disabled persons- 2006
Balance of terror: It describes the tenuous peace that existed
between the two countries as a result of both governments
being terrified at the prospect of a world-destroying nuclear
war
Famous doctrines of USSR leaders:
‘Peaceful Co-existance’- Nikita Khrushchev
Socialism in one country- Stalin
Doctrine of limited Sovereignty - Leonid Brezhnev
Permanent Revolution- Leon Trotsky
Breaking of the Berlin wall in 1989 signalled end of the cold
war
US president Ronald Reagan called USSR the evil empire
Operation Enduring Freedom: official name used by the U.S.
government, under president George Bush Jr, for the Global
War on Terrorism.
The responsibility to protect (commonly referred to as ‘RtoP’)
rests upon three pillars:
• the responsibility of each State to protect its populations
(pillar I);
• the responsibility of the international community to
assist States in protecting their populations (pillar II);
• and the responsibility of the international community to
protect when a State is manifestly failing to protect its
populations (pillar III).
Atoms for Peace- Speech- Atoms for Peace" was the title of a
speech delivered by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to
the UN General Assembly in New York City on December 8,
1953
Martin Shaw: Degenerate war
use of armed force against a civilian population as the
extension of military struggle
Mary Kaldor- New war- intra-state and cultural wars in the
post cold war era
Raymond Aron: Hyperbolic war
304
Chronology of UN Women Conferences- Mexico City,
Copenhagen, Nairobi, Beijing
Credible minimum deterrence- Nuclear Weapon
Jus ad bellum ( just cause of war):
• Legitimate Authority
• Just Cause
• Just-intentions
• Just Peace
3 just Reasons for war: self-defense, the recovery of property,
and punishment- Hugo Grotius
Jus in Bello- Just conduct of war
Main Security Theories:
• Security Complex concept of Barry Buzan
• Security Regime concept of Robert Jervis
• Security Community concept of Karl Deutsch
• Security Dilemma was used by John Hertz
Facts about International Criminal Court ( ICC) – Headquarter
at peace palace Hague, same building in which International
court of justice loacted; ICC was established under the Rome
statute, of which India is Nota party
Facts about IMF, World bank, and WTO – set up year,
objectives, role, organisation, CEO, etc
ILO was created in 1919, as part of the Treaty of Versailles; In
1946, the ILO became a specialized agency of the newly
formed United Nations.
India is a founder member of the International Labour
Organization (ILO)
India was elected to the United Nations’ top human rights
body 3rd time January 1, 2019, for 3 years period
India had previously been elected to the Geneva-based Human
Rights Council for the 2011-2014 and 2014-2017 terms
The Palm and Five Fingers of is a Chinese foreign policy
attributed to Mao Zedong that considers Tibet to be China's
right hand palm, with five fingers on its periphery: Ladakh,
Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh, and that it is
China's responsibility to "liberate" these regions
The World Bank Group comprises five constituent institutions:
the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
305
(IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the
International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International
Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
Coloured Revolution- Countries
William Fox coined the word "superpower" in his 1944 book
The Super-Powers: The United States, Britain, and the Soviet
Union
Nuremberg and Tokyo trials- after WWII
No violent protest during the Arab Spring in Saudi Arabia
8 MDGs and 17 SDGs- items
Chronology of nations becoming nuclear power:
USA-August 1945.
the Soviet Union- 1949
The United Kingdom -1952,
France -1960
China – 1964
India- 1974
Pakistan-1998
Montevideo Convention (1933), which provided that a state
must possess
1. a permanent population,
2. a defined territory,
3. a government,
4. and the capacity to conduct international relations.
Persons associated with coining of term “ Cold War”- George
Orwell, Bernard Baruch, Winston Churchill, and Walter
Lippman
Kenichi Ohmae is credited with the popular usage of the term
globalization in his book Borderless World( 1990)
Global village ; Marshall McLuhan coined the phrase "global
village" in his book The Gutenberg Galaxy.
Time – Space Convergence: Donald Janelle
Time – Space Compression: . David Harvey
Famous Quotes ‘War is Foreign Policy by other means’- Carl von Clausewitz
‘Imperialism is the highest stage of Capitalism’- Lenin
306
“In crucial situations, however the ultimate concern of states
is not for power but for security”- Kenneth Waltz ( defensive
neo-realist)
“the power of man over the minds and actions of other men”-
Hans Morgenthau
Arms race in itself is experience of terror- Hadley Bull
The United Nations is ‘sharing in the name of solidarity’- Dag
Hammarskjold
‘Realism is likely to remain the single most useful instrument
in our intellectual toolbox’- Stephen Walt
“Power in International Politics is like the weather. Everyone
talks about it, but few understand it”- Joseph Nye
When Diplomacy ends war begins- Adolf Hitler
Justice, law and society are no place or circumscribed in
international politics: Thucydides
Mussolini: “War is to man what maternity is to a woman.
From a philosophical and doctrinal viewpoint, I do not believe
in perpetual peace.”
Adolf Hitler: “When diplomacy ends, War begins.”
Zhou Enlai quote: ‘All diplomacy is a continuation of war by
other means.’
Morgenthau: ‘diplomacy as an instrument of securing national
interest’
Environment/Climate Chronology of Earth Summits: Rio-de-Jeneiro, Kyoto , Bali
chnage Summit, Copenhagen Summit
Kyoto Protocol of 1997 adopted the programme for legally
binding targets for reduction of Green House gases; India and
China were kept out this
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective
Capabilities (CBDR–RC) is a principle within the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) that acknowledges the different capabilities and
differing responsibilities of individual countries in addressing
climate change
The Global Environment Facility(GEF) is an environmental-
focused financial organization that funds grants for projects
related to biodiversity, climate change, clean energy, etc; it is
an initiative of the World bank group
307
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997.
Owing to a complex ratification process, it entered into force
on 16 February 2005.
5 Global Commons
• High Sea, Deep Ocean, Global Atmosphere, Outer
Space, Antarctica
308
FACT SHEET PYQA CONST : THEMES/TOPICS ASKED ON INDIAN
CONSTITUTION IN PAST YEAR’S UGC NET
309
o administration of Justice
Article 1: India as union of State
Article 144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the
Supreme Court
Regarding FR and DPSP- multiple times, facts/features, relation,
articles
Article 368: Amendment power of Constitution – facts
Article 70: empower the Parliament to make provisions for a
contingency when the offices of both the President and the Vice-
President fall vacant
Granville Austin Books : The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone
of A Nation (1966) and Working in a Democratic Constitution:
A History of the Indian Experience
Election Commission of India(ECI)- Bulwark of free and fair
election- Rudolph & Rudolph
Grounds of imposing president’s rule in states under article 356
Chronology and features of pre-independence constitutional
reforms
Constitutional vs statutory vs other bodies/commissions
Basic structure doctrine- Keshavananda Bharti case
Article 312: All India Services- power of Rajya Sabha
All India serives mentioned in Constitution- IAS, IPS, Indian
Judicial Service(IJS)
91st amendments- limits the number of Ministers – 15% of total
no. of legislature
61st amendments- lowering of voting age
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)- 22 members (15- LS, RS-
07)
Estimate Committee- largest committee- 30 members only from
LS
Inter-state council- article 263- who appoints- President; set up
in 1990; PM is the chairperson
Main functions/role of Inter-state council- center-state relation
Zonal Councils, set up as per state reorganisation Act, Union
Home Minister is the chairperson
Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly- Nehru, Patel, Prasad,
Azad ( Granvile Austin)
310
‘India’s Constitution was born more in fear and trepidation than
in hope and inspiration’- Paul Brass
Article 31 B- protect Acts in 9th Schedule from Judicial review
86th amendments-2002- RTE- 11th duty ( duty of parents towards
education of children)
State Election Commission- conducting elections of Panchayats
3 times National Emergency ( Art.. 352)- 1962, 1971, 1975
Most important characteristic of a Parliamentary Government-
Collective responsibility of the Executive to the Legislature
The Constituent Assembly was setup under the Cabinet Mission
Plan-1946
1989- Lok Sabha rules amended to provide for Department
Related Parliamentary Standing Committees
Government of India Act, 1935 created the Federal Court in India
Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”- Morris Jones
About Rajya Sabha- condition and tenure of members, powers,
roles
‘We are under the Constitution but the Constitution is what the
judges say it is’- India and USA
Art. 51A (Fundamental Duties) and Art. 300A (right to property)
were added later on
Any fifty Members of the Electoral College may propose name
of a candidate for the Office of President of India
Who among the following former Presidents of India kept the
‘Indian Post Office Amendment Bill’?- Gyani Zail Singh, who
used his Pocket Veto
Art. 356 as a “safety valve” and a dead letter- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Correct sequence regarding the passage of the Budget- General
Discussion, Voting on Grants, Appropriation Bill, Finance Bill
Regarding Money Bill (article 110)- originate only in LS,
Speaker certifies
Art. 170 and 171: Numbers of MLA and MLC
Article 335- Reservation for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes in the services
Art. 280- Finance Commission; Art. 359: suspension of FR
during Emergency
Inspirations/provisions of Indian constitution from different
nation’s constitution- DPSP- Irish, Emergency- Germany, FR-
311
USA, Liberty/equality- French, residuary powers with union-
Canada, etc.
Nos. of members of different parliamentary committee
The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 20, 21, 21A,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 are available to all persons whether
citizens or foreigners.
FR only to Indian- Art. 15, 16, 19, 29, 30
First Law officer- Attorn General- art. 76
Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a Public
Service Commission.
Maximum period of Emergency under Art 356- 3 years; under
352/360- unlimited
About amendment procedure under art 368- no joint sitting
Conditions of Parliament legislating for states
Numbers of members in the constituent Assembly of India
Fundamental Duties- part IV, art. 51 A
Ordinance and Pardon powers of President/governor- facts
Nehru Report- 1928; chairperson- Motilal Nehru
Tension areas in centre-state relation: Art. 356, Role of Governor,
Fiscal federalism
Article 257:.. The executive power of the Union shall also extend
to the giving of directions to a State
Art. 365: state emergency if state does not follow center’s
directions as per art. 257
PRI under 73rd amendments extended to 5th schedule areas by
PESA -1996 ; but it is not applicable to 6th schedule areas
36th amendment- Sikkim state; 97th- cooperative society; 99th-
NJAC
LS seats: 543- 79- SC, 41- ST; 423- unreserved;
6th Schedule states: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Art. 105- Parliamentary privileges
Extension of FR under Right to life- Art. 21: right to pollution
free air, road, reputation, shelter, privacy, education, etc.
Art. 19(2): Reasonable restriction on Right to Freedom: subject
to sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State,
friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or
312
morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or
incitement to an offence
SAARC Bommai case-1994- Misuse of Art. 356 and Centre-state
relation
Shankari Prasad Case- SC declared that amending powers of
Parliament under Art. 368- UNLIMITED
Golaknath Case: Parliament cannot amend FR
Keshavananda Bharti- Parliament can amend any provision but
cannot change basic structure of the Constitution
Bi-cameral Legislature: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana,
Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
Art. 359: Rights under Art. 20, 21 cannot be suspended during
Emergency
Sikh got separate electorate – GOI 1919
Depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour
(workers) got separate electorate – GOI 1935
Article 86. Right of President to address and send messages to
Houses
313
FACT SHEET PYQA IND. POL.: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED ON
INDIAN POLITY IN PAST YEAR’S UGC NET
Major Themes Themes/topics asked
President, PM, CJI, Chronoloy of president and vice-presidents
Governor, and other Matching President- vice-president
Constitutional authority
PMs of different party/coalition matching
CMs of NE states; and other major states
President has the power to declare a caste/tribe SC
AG: 1st law officer
Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a
Public Service Commission.
Tenure of CVC- 4 years
Speakers of Lok Sabha- chronology
Judiciary Hiralal Jekisundas Kania was the first Chief Justice of
India.
Branches of HC in other city- Allahabad, Jabalpur,
Books and authors India Wins Freedom (1988)- Abul Kalam Azad
My Experiments with Truth (1927)- Gandhi
The Idea of Justice (2009): Amartya Sen
The Indian struggle (1942): Subhas Chandra Bose
‘Political Economy of Development in India’- Pranab
Bardhan
Idea of India- Sunil Khilnani
‘The politics of scarcity: Public pressure and Response
in India (1962)’- Myron Weiner
314
‘Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of
Governability(1990)’- Atul Kohli
Indian State as ‘incremental democratic modernization’
(1993)- Jagdish Bhagwati
Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the
Construction of an Indian Identity(1995)- Gail Omvedt
“India after Gandhi : The History of the World’s
Largest Democracy” - Ramchandran Guha
State Politics in India(1968)- Myron Weiner
Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress
Party in Uttar Pradesh(1965)- Paul Brass
State against democracy : in search of humane
governance - Rajni Kothari.
Explaining Indian Democracy’ and ‘In Pursuit of
Lakshmi’ - by Rudolph & Rudolph
Books by Francine Frankel:
• India's Political Economy
• Transforming India: Social and Political
Dynamics of Democracy
• India's Green Revolution: Economic Gains and
Political Costs
Politics of india since independence: Paul Brass
Child and stae in India: Mayron Weiner
Hindu nationalist Movement and Indian Politics-
Christophe Jaffrelot
Poverty Amid Plenty in the New India- Atul Kohli
The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of A
Nation(1966)- Granville Austin
Working in a Democratic Constitution: A History of the
Indian Experience (1999)- Granville Austin
315
Trade unions and student’s union affiliated to political
parties
Syndicate in Congress- 1960s- K.Kamraj,
Nijalingappa, Morarji Desai, Atulya Ghosh
316
73rd amendments: applicable to 5th schedule areas (
vide PESA Act-1996) but Not to 6th schedule states
74th amendments: not applicable to 5th and 6th
schedule areas
Tenure of Panchayat: five years from the date
appointed for its first meeting
Article 243 ZD: District Planning Committee to
consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and
Municipalities
P.K.Thungan Committee: in 1989 to consider the type
of political and administrative structure needed in the
District Planning.
317
Epuru Sudhakar & Anr. v. Government of Andhra
Pradesh (2006) the Supreme Court held that the pardon
power of the President and Governor under Article 72
and Article 161 is subject to judicial review
ADM Jabalpur case ( 1975): Art. 21 can be suspended
by the declaration of Emergency- Justice H.R. Khanna
dissented
MC Mehta Case (1986): Absolute Liability of
factories/firms polluting environment
SAARC Bommai case-1994: To limit abuse of Article
356; centre-state relation
318
Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”-
Emergence of “a market polity” in India
Indian polity ‘ regulated movement’
Single party dominance
Indian State as ‘incremental democratic
modernization’- Rajni Kothari
India a ‘Democratic Developmental State’-James
Manor
India as an example of “Polycentric Nationalism-
Anthony D. Smith
Nationalism as ‘Derivative Discourse’
Indian Society as ápolitical society’- Rajni Kothari
Politicisation of caste: Rajni Kothari
Indian Paradox; politics of sacrcity: Myron Weiner
Post-Congress Polity- Suhas Pulsikar
Third Democratic Upsurge- Yogendra yadav
Crisis of Governability: Atul Kohli
India a Flailing state: Lant Pritchett
Indian Capitalism as ‘Dharmashala Capitalism’- ;
Hindu rate of growth- Raj Krishna
319
The Anandpur Sahib Resolution, 1973- centre-state
relation
Sikh, Anglo Indian, Christian, etc. got separate
electorate under ? GOI Act 1919
Chronology of famous social movements
Constitutional vs statutory vs extra-Constitutional and
non-statutory bodies
Leaders of famous social/environmental movements
Locations/regions of famous social movements
Rettaimalai Srinivasan, M.C. Rajah and Ayothee
Thass: Leaders of ‘Adi Dravida’ Movement
Ethnic vs nativist movements; Myron Weiner
Identify civil society organisation
About Plan Holiday: 1966-69- 3 annual plans
91st amendments; maximum nos of ministers- 15% of
Lok Sabha Strength
Madras: 1st state where Government was formed by
engineering split and defection
Famous peasnat movements
o Champaran Satyagraha – 1917
o Bardoli Satyagraha – 1928
o Tebhaga Andolan – 1946–47
o Singur Andolan – 2006-2008
Continous Mandamus- Environmental issues
Adi Ambedkar Samaj Movement- Punjab
The Janata Government terminated the fifth five year
plan in 1977–78 and launched its own sixth five year
plan for period 1978–83 and called it a Rolling Plan.
320
SECTION 3
SAMPLE
PAPERS
5 SETS
321
SAMPLE PAPER
SET 1
3.Which is Not correct about ‘Veil of Ignorance’ device conceptualized by John Rawl?
A. It is a device to eliminate bias in decision making and judgement
B. Contracting parties do not know their place in society, social status, or class position
C. Parties don’t even know their conception of good life
D. Parties to the contract have encumbered selves
322
6. Which is Not Correct of western political thoughts?
A. Both Aristotle and Hegel gave organic and integrative theory of state
B. Aristotle and Hobbes are considered founders of philosophical-normative approach
C. Aristotle is considered as father of comparative politics
D. Plato assigned same political role to women as to men
9. Who among the following does not belong to Frankfurt school of critical thinkers?
A. Erich Fromm,
B. Herbert Marcuse
C. Carole Patman
D. Jürgen Habermas
323
12. Which political theorist gave the concept of “negative and positive peace”?
A. Immanuel Kant
B. Michael Doyle
C. Woodrow Wilson
D. Johan Galtung
13. “Each of them by himself may not be of good quality, but when they all come together
is possible that they may surpass— collectively as a body, although not individually-the
quality of the few best…and when they all meet together, the people may thus become
something in the nature of a single person…”. Who said this and in which context?
A. Machiavelli advocating Republicanism over Monarchy
B. Rousseau advocating about participative democracy
C. Aristotle is advocating for the Polity as a rule of the Many
D. J.S. Mill praising about liberal democracy
14. Who among the following used models and assumptions drawn from economics to
analyze political behaviour?
A. Anthony Downs
B. S.M. Lipset
C. J.M. Keynes
D. Robert Dahl
17. Which of the following is not true of Marx’s view of the state: -
A. The proletariat will need to capture state power
B. State is unnecessary evil, it should wither away
C. Capitalist State help re-produce social structure needed to maintain capitalism
D. The state is an instrument of class exploitation and to protect the interests of the
capitalist class.
324
18. Which of the following statements is not true of Hobbes?
A. There is no occasion for disobeying the sovereign
B. His ideas on hedonism were included in modern utilitarianism
C. Sovereign, who was Not a party to the contract, must be absolute or nothing
D. His political theory is based on nominalism
19. Which of the following is not true of Aristotle’s view of the state?
A. Institutional
B. Behaviour
C. Formal-legal
D. Formal
E. Configurative
F. Eurocentric
G. Parochial
H. Descriptive
I. Normative- philosophical
325
22.Which term is Not related to Modern Approach to Comparative Politics?
A. Analytical
B. Empirical
C. Soft institutions
D. quantitative
E. Value neutral
F. System
G. Structural- functional
H. Informal
I. Legal-constitutional
J. Behaviour
326
25.Who is considered as the father of comparative politics?
A. Gabriel Almond
B. Roy Macridis
C. David Easton
D. Aristotle
29.Which approach takes into account the norms and informal practices that shape
the functioning and evolutions of institutions in various ways?
(A) Old Institutional
(B) New Institutional
(C) Modern Institutional
D) Classic Institutional
327
30.Which of these terms are Not related to old institutionalism?
A. Formal
B. Legal
C. Normative
D. Hard institutions
E. Structuralism
F. Norms & belief
328
33.Which term is Not related to Mayo’s Human Relation Theory?
A. Rabble hypothesis
B. Non-economic Incentives
C. Social Man
D. Behavioural Revolution
E. Rate buster
F. Chiseler
G. Squealer
329
E. Means-End chain
F. Value-fact integration
G. Organization as sites of decisions
H. Satisficer
37.Which Not one of the terms related to principles of organization as per Chester
Barnard?
A. Organization as cooperative system
B. Zone of Indifference
C. Effective Communication
D. Zone of Acceptance
38.Which Not one of the terms related to principles of organization as per M.P. Follet?
A. Dynamic Administration
B. Circular Response
C. Dominance
D. Compromise
E. Integration
F. Suppression
39.Which is Not one of the 4 P’s of basis of organisation as per Luthar Gullick ?
A. Place
B. Purpose
C. Process
D. Person
E. Product
40. Which Not one of the managerial functions in organisation as per the POSDCORB
of Gullick?
A. Coordinating
B. Budgeting
C. Organising
D. Ordering
330
E. Directing
F. Reporting
331
45. First NAM Summit was held in :
A. Cairo (Egypt)
B. Belgrade (Yugoslavia)
C. Bandung (Indonesia)
D. Colombo (Sri Lanka)
46.Which of the following has been the notable features of the intonational power
structure as it emerged at the end of the World War II ?
1. Dominance of Europe declined while USA emerged as Superpower
2. Weakening of the imperialist powers that had colonized most of Asia and Africa
3. Emergence of Japan as a colonial power
4. Iron curtain dividing Europe into Western and Eastern Bloc.
Options:
A. 1,3,4
B. 1,2
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,4
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. 2,4
332
49. Which country is currently holding presidentship of G-20 ?
A. Japan
B. Germany
C. South Korea
D. Indonesia
52.As per the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI ) report-2022
India is at which rank in military expenditure?
A. 2nd
B. 3rd
C. 4th
D. 5th
333
53.Which is the top 3 trading partners of India?
A. USA, UK, China
B. China, EU, UAE
C. USA, China, UAE
D. USA,EU, China
334
57. Who is the pioneer in adopting system approach in IR?
A. David Easton
B. Mortan Kaplan
C. Hans Morgenthau
D. Kenneth waltz
58. How many times India became temporary member of the UN security Council?
A. Seven
B. Eight
C. Six
D. Five
335
62.Which term is Not related to Liberaltarianism?
A. Free market Economy
B. Low taxation
C. Distributive justice
D. Nightwatchman state
E. Market over state
F. Individual freedom
336
66.Which is Not correct about post-Marxism?
A. Rejects economic determinism of classical Marxism
B. Support structuralist view of the capitalist state
C. Supported primacy of working class in socialism
D. Was first propounded by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe in 1970s
E. Influenced by poststructuralism and postmodernism
337
E. Value pluralism
F. Pure science of polities
G. Testable hypothesis
71.Parliament consists of
1. Lok Sabha
2. Rajya Sabha
3. President
4. PM
Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 1,2,3,4
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,2
73. Which one of the following cases is/are related with the idea of Basic Structure of the
Indian Constitution?
1. Minerva Mills case- 1980
2. Kesavananda Bharati case -1973
3. S.R. Bommai case-1994
4. Sajjan Singh case- 1964
Options:
A. Only 1
B. 1,2
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,2,3,4
74.In which of the following aspects of legislation the Rajya Sabha has special power ( in
comparison to the Lok Sabha.
A. In respect of Money Bills
B. In respect of constitutional Amendment bills
C. In respect of creation of new states
D. In Respect of creation of All India Services
338
75.Which article protect acts put in 9th schedule from judicial review?
A. 31 B
B. 31 C
C. 31 D
D. 31
76.Match
PM Event/Principle
1. Indira Gandhi A. Ayodhya Dispute
2. Rajeev Gandhi B. Mandal Commission
3. V.P.Singh C. Committed Bureaucracy
4. P.V. Narsimha Rao D. Assam Accord
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
77.Match
President Event/Principle
1. Rajendra Prasad A. Refused imposition of emergency in
UP and Bihar
2. K.R.Narayan B. used pocket veto not to sign the postal
bill
3. Pranab Mukherjee C. refused to sign ordinances on anti-
corruption law
4. Jail Singh D. differed on Hindu code bill
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
339
78.In 1969 Congress split in two part, they were called?
A. Congress(O) and Congress(I)
B. Congress(R) and Congress(I)
C. Congress (P) and Congress (R )
D. Congress(R) and Congress(O)
Options:
A. 1,3
B. 3,4
C. 1,3,4
D. 1,2,3,4
A. National Party
B. State Party
C. Regional Party
D. Registered Party
340
82.Which is the criteria for being recognised as national party by ECI?
1. the party polls 6% of votes in any four or more states and in addition it wins four Lok
Sabha seats
2. The party win 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three different states
3. The party gets recognition as a state party in four states
4. The Party gets 6 % votes in 6 states
Options:
A. 1 or 3
B. 1 or 3 or 4
C. 1 or 2 or 3
D. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4
Options:
A. 1 or 3
B. 1 or 3 or 4
C. 1 or 2 or 3
D. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4
84.Free 5 kg of food grains were provided to poor people during the Pandemic under
which central Govt Scheme?
A. National Food Security Mission
B. Targeted Public Distribution System
C. MGNAREGA
D. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana
341
85.Under which central Govt Scheme cash assistance is provided to eligible pregnant
women for giving birth in a government health facility?
A. Integrated Child and Mother care scheme
B. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
C. Child and mother protection scheme
D. Janani Suraksha Yojana
86.Official name of Ayushman Bharat, the universal health Insurance Scheme is?
87.Name of the scheme under which direct income of Rs 2000 every 4 months is
transferred to the bank account of farmers is?
A. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Aay Yojana
B. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Nyay Yojana
C. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samridhi Yojana
D. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana
88.Name of the scheme under which subsidy for domestic Gas cylinder is directly
transferred to the bank account of the beneficiary is?
A. Ujjawala Scheme
B. Ujala Scheme
C. SAFAL scheme
D. PAHAL Scheme
89.Who was the president who accepted the recommendation of PM Charan Singh, who
never won the majority of the Lok Sabha, to dissolve the Lok sabha?
A. V.V. Giri
B. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
C. R.Venkatraman
D. K.R.Narayan
342
90.Which is correct about relation between President and PM?
1. President is the head of state and PM head of Govt
2. President appoints PM but his continuance as PM is not dependent on the pleasure of
President
3. President is bound, except on very few occasions, to act on the advice of Council of
minister headed by PM
4. In practice, all the executive powers of president are used by the PM
Options:
A. 1,3
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,3,4
D. 1,2,3,4
91.Match
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A
92.Match
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A
343
93. Which Indian Sociologist gave the concept of Sanskritization and Dominant Caste?
A. Rajni Kothari
B. Pranab Bardhan
C. Partha Chatterjee
D. M. N. Srinivas
94. In which famous case, SCI said that Amendments under article 368 are ‘law’ under article
13(2) and hence can be struck down if they violate Fundamental rights?
A. Sajjan Singh vs State of Rajasthan
B. Golaknath Case
C. Kesavananda Bharati case
D. Minerva Mills case
A. Berubari Case
B. Kesavananda Bharati case
C. Union Government Vs LIC of India
D. Minerva Mills case
344
98.‘Voluntary Poverty’ this term is associated with thoughts of?
A. Gandhi
B. Tagore
C. Vivekananda
D. Lohia
100. Gandhiji translated John Ruskin’s ‘Unto This Last’ in Gujarati as?
A. Sarvodaya
B. Antyodaya
C. Sadagraha
D. Pankti me Aaahri
345
SAMPLE PAPER
SET 2
1. Who supported legal theory of right by stating ‘Natural Rights are ‘Nonsense
on stilts’
A. Bentham
B. J.S.Mill
C. Harold Laski
D. Robert Nozick
A. Plato- Timaeus
B. Machiavelli- The Golden Ass
C. Bentham- A Fragment on Government
D. Lenin- Neo-colonialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
A. Friedrich Hayek
B. Robert Nozick
C. Milton Friedman
D. John Locke
346
5. Who among the following would you associate the concept of “Tyranny of
Majority”?
A. JS Mill
B. Alex de Tocqueville
C. Both A and B
D. Thomas Paine
347
10. Which one in incorrect as influences on Marx’s thoughts/theories?
A. Marx used David Richardo’s labour theory of value to develop his theory of
Surplus Labour
B. Marx used David Hume’s empiricism to develop his empirical and scientific
socialism
C. Marx used Hegel’s dialectical historical idealism to develop his conception of
dialectical historical materialism
D. Marx used Feuerbach’s concepts on materialism and alienation
11. Sabine said “What Aristotle calls the ideal state is always Plato's second best
state”. Plato gave his second based state in which of his book?
A. Republic
B. Crito
C. Laws
D. Timaeus
12. Which is incorrect about John Locke’s book ‘ an Essay Concerning Human
Understanding’?
A. He gave the concept of new born child’s mind as blank slate( white paper)-
tabula rasa
B. This book took positive view of human nature refuting Hobbes’ very negative
views on human nature
C. This book was harbinger of the Enlightenment movement
D. This book was refutation to Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha
348
13. Which is Not correct about Machiavelli?
Statement 2: for him, real ideological battle of class dominance is played out in
the arena of civil society
Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
349
17. In which thinker’s view education is the process of developing men as natural
men and women as natural women?
A. Locke
B. Plato
C. Aristotle
D. Rousseau
A. Marry Wollstonecraft
B. Alexandra Kollontai
C. Thomas Paine
D. Susan Miller Okin
A. 50040
B. 50400
C. 5040
D. 4050
20. Assertion: Francis Fukuyama declared ‘End of History’ after the cold war in 1992
Reason: After Fascism falling from grace after WWII and demise of USSR after the cold
war Liberalism remained the only major surviving political ideology
350
21.Which of these is not one of the features of capitalism?
a) Antagonistic class structure
b) Surplus production
c) Periodic crisis
d) Fusion of economic and political domains
351
25.Which of these is not one of the differences between New and old Institutionalism?
a) Old Institutionalism focuses more on ‘hard’ rules and formal organizations, new
Institutionalism include ‘soft’ rules and informal organizations
b) Old Institutionalism: Formal, legal, descriptive; new Institutionalism : Analytical,
explanatory & Empirical
c) In comparison to old Institutionalism, the New Institutionalism suffered more from
Eurocentrism and Ethnocentrism
d) The Old Institutionalism is considered traditional approach to comparative politics;
whereas New Institutionalism is considered modern Approach
27.Identify the correct chronological order in which the following approaches emerged
in comparative politics.
1. New Institutional Approach
2. Marxist Approach
3. Philosophical Approach
4. Behavioural Approach
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 3,1,2,4
C. 3,4,1,2
D. 3, 2,4,1
352
(D) It was based on functionalism
(E) Progressive Comparativist support the Modernization theory
Options:
A. 1,2,4,5
B. 1,2,4
C. 1,2,3,5
D. 1,3,4,5
30.Which of these is/are Not the similarity between Indian and US Constitution?
1. Written Constitution
2. Separation of Power
3. Judicial Review
4. Residual powers with the Federal/central Government
5. Dual citizenship
6. Powerful upper house
7. Short Constitution
Options:
A. 2,4,5
B. 4,5,6
C. 4,5,6,7
D. 2, 4,5,6,7
353
31.Essence of NPM (New Public Management) is?
A. Citizen as Customer
B. Management style of private sector
C. Managerial approach
D. Economy, efficiency, and effectiveness
33. Which Term is Not related to NPM (New Public Management) is?
A. Divisionalisation and disaggregation
B. Citizen as Customer
C. Entrepreneurial spirit
D. Social Equity
E. Management style of private sector
F. Outsourcing
G. ‘Steering’ NOT ‘Rowing’
H. Performance evaluation and incentives
I. Economy, efficiency, and effectiveness
34. Who of the following does Not differentiate public and private Administration ?
1. Josia Stamp
2. Henry Fayol
3. Peter Drucker
4. Mary P. Follett
5. Luther Gullick
354
6. Paul H Appleby
7. Herbert Simon
Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 2,4,5 ( CHK)
C. 1,4,7
D. 1,4,5
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,3,4,5
C. 1,2,3,4,5
D. 3,5
36. Which is Not one of the features of public Administration which separates it from
and private administration?
A. political character
B. Complex organisational structure
C. public accountability
D. Rigid Rules & Regulations
E. External Financial Control
F. service motive
355
37. Which is Not correct about RTI?
A. CBI, CRPF, RAW are exempted from the RTI
B. public information officer (PIO) is bound to furnish information within 48 hours if it
concerns life or liberty of a person
C. RTI has repealed the official Secret Act 1923
D. RTI has repealed the Freedom of information act 2002
E. RTI Act was adopted in June 2005 and came into effect from 12t October 2005
F. Sweden was the 1st country to implement RTI Act
G. RTI was enacted under Article 19(1) (A) of the constitution
356
41. Which South Asian Leader floated the idea of SAARC?
A. Rajeev Gandhi of India
B. Zia-ur-Rahman of Bangladesh
C. Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan
D. Indira Gandhi of India
357
45. What is correct about ‘New Cold war’ during the cold war ?
1. A phase during cold war, beginning 1974, during which conflict between the rival
powers intensified.
2. It started with USA getting humiliated in Vietnam war
3. Invasion of Afghanistan by USSR helped increased the tension between the rival
powers.
4. INF treaty in 1987 further fueled the tension
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 2, 3,4
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,4
46. Which is Not one of the principles of realism given by the father of classical realism-
Hans Morgenthau in his book ‘ Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and
Peace (1948)’?
A. Politics is rooted in a permanent and unchanging human nature.
B. Moral aspirations of a nation should not guide its foreign policy
C. Coercion is only part of foreign policy.
D. National interest defined in terms of power.
358
48. Match
1. Jus ad Bellum A. right conduct in war
2. Jus Ad Bello B. De-escalation of tension/rivalry
3. Status Quo Ante C. justification to go to war
4. Détente D. previously existing state of affairs
Options:
E. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
G. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
H. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
50. Which IR theory/doctrine go beyond the material reality by including the effect of
ideas and beliefs on world politics?
A. Copenhagen School
B. Constructivism
C. English School
D. Post-structuralism
E. Critical Theories
359
51. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Approaches in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1. English School A. Barry Buzan
2. Copenhagen School B. Herbert Marcuse
3. Constructivism C. Alexander Wendt
4. Frankfurt School D. Hedley Bull
Options:
Options:
I. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
J. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
K. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
L. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
53. Which of these are Not similarities between Neo-realism and Neo-Liberalism?
A. Their belief in Anarchic structure and great variations in state capabilities of the
international state system
B. Both agree on central role of States in IR
C. States are rational actors; they try to maximize their national interest
D. Both believe in efficacies of International Institutional Regimes in moderating the
behaviours of states
360
54. Which is Not correct about Neo-realism?
A. Instead of basing its theory on human nature, it took structure of international system
as its base
B. It is concerned with distribution of capabilities of states
C. It gives equal importance to non-state actors
D. States prioritize national interest in so far as they ensure survival of the states
361
58. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(US president) List 2( Doctrine/principles)
1. Harry Truman A. Pivot to Asia, Af-Pak strategy
2. Eisenhower B. Human Rights
3. Jimi Carter C. Containment
4. Barack Obama D. Atom for Peace
Options:
E. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A
G. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
H. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
Options:
I. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
J. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A
K. 1-C, 2-B, 3- D, 4-B
L. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
362
60. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(IR Theory/Doctrine) List 2 (Founder)
1. Neo-realism A. Alexander Wendt and
Nicholas Onuf
2. Complex Interdependence B. Barry Buzan
3. Constructivism C.Robert Keohane and Joseph
Nye
4. Copenhagen School D. Kenneth Waltz
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-B, 3- D, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
61.For John Rawl what was the first virtue of any social order?
A. Equality
B. Rights
C. Justice
D. Peace
363
63.Which is Not correct about Communitarianism?
A. One current within the Liberal Doctrine
B. Rejects Rawl’s unencumbered self
C. Believes in socially situated self
D. Communitarianism is very similar to Communism/Socialism
E. Support positive role of state in maintaining flourishing community life
F. Balance between societal common good and Individual autonomy and rights
65.The idea that the truth or justification of moral judgments is not absolute, but
relative to the moral standard of some person or group of persons is called
A. Cultural Relativism
B. Value Pluralism
C. Ethical Relativism
D. Moral Relativism
364
68.Which is Not correct about Derrida’s deconstructivism?
A. It refutes the belief that existence is structured in terms of binary oppositions and that
the oppositions are hierarchical, with one side of the opposition being more valuable
than the other
B. Written Texts as "sites of conflict" within a given culture or worldview
C. Using Genealogy to reconstruct the meaning of words/concepts/idea
D. Derrida used thoughts of Rene Descartes and Heidegger for developing the concept of
deconstruction
E. It supported Platonism and its idea of structure of transcendental philosophy
70. Who said “ Rights are the fruits of the law, and of the law alone; they are creation of
the state alone”?
A. Edmund Burke
B. T.H. Green
C. Jeremy Bentham
D. Harold Laski
365
72.Which is Not correct about the 1st Amendment 1951
A. Reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech (Public order, Friendly relations with
foreign states, Incitement to an offence)
B. Ninth Schedule added- Land Reforms Acts
C. Inserted Article 31A: acquisition of private property by Government
D. Inserted Article 300 A for protecting Right to Property
74.Match
Schedule Subject/Issue
1) 3rd A. Land reforms Acts
2) 4th B. Urban local Government- municipalities
3) 9th C. Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha
4) 12th D. Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for legislatures,
Judges, ministers, etc
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
366
75. Match
Most Important Articles Subject/Issue
1) 1 A. Protection of interests of minorities
2) 29 B. Abolition of Untouchability
3) 21 C. Right to Life & Personal Liberty
4) 17 D. India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of State
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
76.Who became the president on issue of whose election in 1969 the Congress was
divided into two parties?
A. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
B. V.V.Giri
C. Dr Zakir Hussain
D. S.Radhakrishnan
77.To whom the Lok Sabha Speaker hands over his resignation?
A. President
B. Secretary General of Lok Sabha
C. Vice President
D. Dy. Speaker
78.Which was the first case in which mention of basic feature of Constitution was made
by one of the SC Judges?
A. Sankari Prasad Case-1951
B. Golaknath Case-1967
C. Sajjan Singh Case-1964
D. Keshavananda Bharti case-1973
367
79.Which was the famous case in which SC protected freedom of speech by limiting the
application of the sedition laws under section 124 A of IPC?
A. Maneka Gandhi Case
B. S.P.Gupta Case
C. Bholanath Case
D. Kedarnath Singh Case
80.Partially responsible governments in the provinces were established under which one
of the following Acts?
(a)The Government of India Act, 1919
(b)The Government of India Act, 1935
(c)Indian Councils Act, 1909
(d)Indian Councils Act, 1892
81.In the Federation established by the Act of 1935, residuary powers were given to
the:
(a)Federal Legislature
(b)Provincial Legislature
(c)Governor General
(d)Provincial Governor
82.Which one of the following Acts laid the foundation of the British Administration in
India ?
(a)Regulating Act, 1773
(b)Pitt’s India Act, 1784
(c)Indian Councils Act, 1861
(d)Indian Councils Act, 1892
368
83.Who among the following was the first Law Minister of Independent India ?
(a)Jawahar Lal Nehru
(b)Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(c)Dr. BR Ambedkar
d)T Krishnamachari
86.Assertion (A):The Constituent Assembly of 1946 was not elected on the basis of
universal adult franchise.
Reason (R):The Constituent Assembly was constituted under the scheme formulated by
the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Options:
A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true
369
87.Consider the following statements:
1.Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha was elected as the Provisional President of the Constituent
Assembly.
2.H.C. Mukherjee was elected as the Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly.
Options:
E. Both Statement I and II are correct
F. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
G. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
H. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
370
91. When a bill is referred to a joint sitting of Parliament it has to be passed by?
92. Which committee is largest and also have members only from Lok Sabha ?
93. Which of these are the functions of cabinet Secretariat in central govt?
1. Preparation of agenda for the cabinet meeting
2.Secretarial assistance to the cabinet meetings
3.Allocation of financial resources to ministries to carry out cabinet decisions
Options:
A. Only 1
B. Only 2
C. 1,2
D. 1,2,3
A. Sending report to President for imposition of president’s rule under article 356
B. Appointing Chief minister when no party wins majority in state legislative assembly
C. Reserving certain bills passed by state legislative assembly for consideration of
president
D. Removing members of state Public Service Commission
371
96. Who gave Gandhiji the title of ‘Mahatma’
A. Gopal Krishna Gokhle
B. Tilak
C. Aurobindo
D. Rabindranath Tagore
A. Tilak
B. Gopal Krishna Gokhle
C. Maganlal
D. Chaganlal
99.Satyavir Ki Katha, translated into Gujarati by Gandhiji was from Apology of Plato;
to whom he called ‘Satyavir’?
A. Plato
B. Glaucon
C. Socrates
D. Thrasymachus
372
SAMPLE PAPER
SET 3
1. Which of these is not associated with Hobbes?
A. Individualism
B. Constitutionalism
C. Absolutism
D. Hedonism
E. Nominalism
373
6. Which is not true about Ideas/thoughts of J.S.Mill?
A. Pleasures differ in quality
B. active role of state in moral and intellectual development of citizen
C. Labour association should own joint stock of companies
D. Felicific calculator can objectively measure the pleasure
374
10. Match
1. Philosophy of Poverty A. Robert Nozick
2. The Poverty of Philosophy B. Karl Marx
Options:
1- D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A
1- C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
1- A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
11. Chief purpose of Rawl’s concept of ‘Veil of Ignorance’ and ‘Original Position’ is?
A. To make the theory of Justice universal which is applicable to all societies
B. To reconcile differing and competing conception of good held by different
people/groups
C. To make the theory align with value-pluralism of liberal doctrine
D. To have impartiality in reasoning, decision making and judgement
13. Which political thinker believed in natural sexual differentiation and, advocated man and
women developing as natural man and natural women?
A. Bentham
B. Edmund Burke
C. Hegel
D. Rousseau
375
14. who said “the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the affairs of the
whole bourgeoisie”
A. Ralph Miliband
B. Nicos Poulantzas
C. Lenin
D. Marx
A. Robert Nozick
B. Milton Friedman
C. Robert Dahl
D. Fredrich Hayek
376
19. Who was the first noted political thinker to give the idea of distributive
justice?
A. Plato
B. Aristotle
C. Cicero
D. St. Augustine
377
23.Structural-functionalism approach was used first in which social science?
A. Anthropology
B. Psychology
C. Political Science
D. Sociology
Options:
A. 1,3,4,2
B. 1,2,3,4
C. 1,4, 2, 3
D. 1,3,2,4
378
26.Which of these is Not one of credo of relevance(characteristics features) of post-
behaviouralism as given by David Easton?
A. Substance over technique
B. social change
C. Stress on Brute Reality
D. fact-value synthesis
E. Maintenance of the political system
F. Importance of Humans Values
G. Action oriented research
H. Politicization of the profession- Political scientists as actors of social change
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
379
29.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Landmark Case in US) List 2(Related to/impact)
1. Marbury v. Madison A.Racial Segregation in schools
2. Roe vs Wade B. judicial review
3. Brown v. Board of Education C. scope of the U.S. Congress's legislative
power
4. McCulloch v. Maryland D. Right to Abortion
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
380
32.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(On Bureaucracy) List 2(Related thinker)
5. Coined ‘Bureaucracy’ A.F.M. Marx
6. Bureaucracy as continental nuisance B. Max Weber
7. Guardian Bureaucracy’ C. Vincent de Gournay
8. Bureaucracy reflect rational approach D. Thomas Carlyle
Options:
M. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
N. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
O. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
P. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
381
34.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Defining books) List 2(Author)
1. The Study of Administration (1887) A. Henri Fayol
2. Politics and administration (1900) B Woodrow Wilson
3. General and Industrial Management (1916) C. Frank Goodnow
4. Papers on the science of administration (1937) D. Luther Gallick
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D
382
36.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Term) List 2(Who Coined?)
1. Scientific Management A. Christopher Hood
2. Bounded Rationality B Peter Drucker
3. NPM C. Herbert Simon
4. Management by Objective (MBO) D. Louis
brandies
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
383
38. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Theme) List 2(Report of 2nd ARC)
1. Right to Information A. 1st Report
2. Ethics in Governance B. 4th report
3. Social Capital C. 9th Report
4. E-Governance D. 11th Report
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
384
40.Which is Not correct about 73rd Amendments?
1. It is Not applicable to 6th Schedule states of Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram
2. It is Not applicable to ten 5th Schedule states
3. District Planning committee was proposed under it
4. Its provisions are contained in articles 243 to 243(O)
5. Its provisions are contained in Schedule 12
Options:
A. 1,3.5
B. 1,2,3,4,5
C. 2,3,5
D. 1,3,5
385
43. For Hugo Grotius which were causes of a Just War ?
1. Self Defence,
2. To establish lasting Peace
3. To seek compensation of injury,
4. To punish a wrong doer
Options:
1, 3, 4
1, 3
1,2,3, 4
1, 4
44. What is the correct sequence of Morton Kaplan’s models of systems analysis?
(i) Balance of Power
(ii) Loose Bipolarity
(iii) Tight Bipolarity
(iv) Universal International System
Codes :
(A) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(B) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(D) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
386
46. According to both IMF and World bank which region is the fastest growing in terms
of GDP?
A. East Africa
B. Latin America
C. South east Asia
D. Asia-Pacific
387
49. Which of the following is/are correct about Panchsheel’?
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3
D. 1, 4
388
52. Who is Not a classical realist Thinker?
J. Thucydides
K. E.H. Carr
L. Hobbes
M. John Mearsheimer
N. Machiavelli
O. Morgenthau
54. Which UN Secretary General said “Everything will be all right—you know when? When
people, just people, stop thinking of the United Nations as a weird Picasso abstraction and
see it as a drawing they made themselves.”
A. Boutros Boutros-Ghali
B. Dag Hammarskjöld
C. Trygve Lie
D. Kofi Anan
389
57. Which is Not correct about the Constructivism in IR?
A. anarchy is what states make of it’, that is anarchy can be interpreted in different ways
depending on the meaning that actors in IR assign to it.
B. Identity, interest, anarchy, and all other aspects of IR are not objective reality but are
socially constructed
C. Nicholas Onuf and Alexander Wendt are two main proponents
D. In comparison to traditional IR theories Constructivism failed to explain the new
world order after end of cold war
58. Which thinker of the English School integrated three philosophical traditions of
international politics- Realism, Rationalism, Revolutionism?
A. Hedley Bull
B. Martin Wight
C. Herbert Butterfield
D. James Mayall
A. Fareed Zakaria
B. Gideon Rose
C. Randall Schweller
D. Jennifer Sterling-Folker
60. ‘ The combination of liberal democracy and the market economy has drawn a
finishing line in the history of political and social development’ who made this
statement?
A. Daneil Bell
B. Raymond Aron
C. Stephen Walt
D. Francis Fukuyama
61.That the sources of knowledge lie beyond sense experience and transcendental in
nature is called?
A. Empiricism
B. Rationalism
C. Existentialism
D. Consequentialism
390
62.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Thinkers) List 2(How they defined Justice)
1. Aristotle A. Justice as perfect obligation
2. John Rawl B. Justice as fairness in distribution of primary social
goods
3. Plato C. Justice as harmony of the soul
4. J.S.Mill D. justice as proportional equality
Options:
E. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
G. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
H. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A
63. the belief that all people are entitled to equal respect, rights and consideration, no
matter what their citizenship status or other affiliations happen to be, is called?
A. Globalism
B. Universalism
C. Global Justice
D. Cosmopolitanism
391
66. Who defined citizenship as a status granting civil, political, and social privileges?
A. B.S.Turner
B. Anthony Giddens
C. T.H. Marshal
D. David Held
68. which of these rights are not included in the list of Rights to national minorities
recommended by Will Kymlicka ?
(A) rights of self‐government (involving the delegation of powers of government, often
within a federal structure)
(B) polyethnic rights (involving financial support and legal protection for certain practices
associated with particular ethnic or religious groups)
(C) special representation rights (guaranteeing representation of minority groups within the
central institutions of the larger state)
(D) Right of national self-determination.
69.Central argument of Charles Taylor in his book ‘Multiculturalism and the politics of
recognition’ is?
(A) Minorities should get right to equal status and recognition
(B) For developing self respect, dignity, and autonomy, one require a stable cultural structure
or framework
(C) To have positive relation to themselves Individual require other’s recognition– other’s
positive attitude/admiration towards one’s cultural identity
(D) State must treat each citizen with equal respect and dignity
392
70.People shouldn’t be worse off than others because of brute luck, such as, disease,
accidents, disabilities, disasters; this theme is the basis of ?
A) Liberal egalitarians
B) Socialist egalitarians
C) Chance egalitarians
D) Luck egalitarians
71. Match
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
72.Match
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
393
73. Match
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
74. Match
Options:
E. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
G. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
H. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
394
75.Match
Parts Subject/Issue
1. III A. Fundamental Duties
2. IV B. Cooperative Societies
3. IXB C. FR
4. IVA D. DPSP
Options:
a. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
b. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
c. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
d. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
76.Which is incorrect about Rajya Sabha membership?
A. Tenure of individual members is 6 years
B. one-third of its members retire every two years
C. The candidates are elected by members of state legislative assemblies by the method
of single transferrable vote system of Proportional representation
D. Entire state is considered the constituency of the Rajya Sabha Member
E. The candidate must be resident of the state from where they want to run for election.
77.Which famous case help establish ‘Due Process’ doctrine of judicial review in India?
A. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India-1978
B. Minerva Mills case-1980
C. Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation-1985
D. Balaji v/s State of Mysore-1962
78.Which of these is Not one of three Judges cases which established the ‘Collegium
system’ of appointments and transfers in higher Judiciary in India
A. SP Verma vs union of India(1981)
B. SP Gupta v Union of India (1981)
C. Supreme Court Advocates‐on‐Record Association v Union of India (1993)
D. Special Reference case of 1998
395
79.Which of these articles does not pertains to appointment, role, duties of the Prime
Minister?
A. Article 74
B. Article 79
C. Article 75
D. Article 78
81.Which President set a new precedent whereby it became mandatory for a person
staking a claim to the Prime Minister's office to produce letters of support from alliance
partners?
A. Pranab Mukherjee
B. R. Venkataraman
C. K.R. Narayana
D. Shankar Dayal Sharma
A. Provisions regarding money bills are contained in articles 109 and 110
B. Lok Sabha Speaker is the final authority to certify a bill as money bill
C. Rajya Sabha can hold money bill passed by Lok Sabha only for 14 days
D. Lok Sabha may or may not agree to amendments made in the money bill by Rajya
Sabha
E. President may refuse to give assent to the money bill passed by the Parliament.
396
84.Match:
Schedule Subject/Issue
5) 6th A. Anti-defection laws
6) 7th B. Recognition of the following 22 regional languages
7) 10th C. Division of powers between centre-state
8) 8th D. Administration of tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya,
Tripura, Mizoram,
Options:
I. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
J. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
K. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
L. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
85.Match
Most Important Articles Subject/Issue
5) 148 A. SCI
6) 76 B. AG
7) 124 C. CAG
8) 360 D. Financial Emergency
Options:
E. 1-C, 2-B, 3- D, 4-A
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
G. 1-C, 2-B, 3- A, 4-D
H. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
397
86.Match
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D
87.Match
Range of Articles Subject/Issue
9. 214-231 A. Panchayati Raj
10. 239-242 B. High Courts
11. 243 A- 243 O C. Union Territories
12. 315-323 D. Public Service Commission
Options:
I. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
J. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
K. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
L. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A
88.Match
Parts Subject/Issue
1. II A. Panchayati Raj
2. V B. Emergency Provisions
3. IX C. Union Government
4. XVIII D. Citizenship
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
398
89.Match
Pre-independence Constitutional reforms Features
1. GOI Act 1909 A. Start of Indian representation in Legislature
2. GOI Act 1919 B. Federal Court, Separate electorates depressed
classes, women and labourer, dyarchy in center
A. Impeachment of SC Judges
B. Impeachment of President
C. Impeachment of CEC
D. None of the above
399
94. The idea of welfare state in Indian Constitution is enshrined in?
A. Fundamental Rights
B. DPSP
C. Preamble
D. Seventh Schedule
95. “ to uphold and protect the Sovereignty , unity, and integrity of India” is a provision made
in the?
A. Fundamental Rights
B. DPSP
C. Fundamental Duties
D. Preamble
98.
Statement 1: Gandhiji mixed politics and religion
Statement 2: Religion for him was core of human life, but not dogmatic and divisive
Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
400
99: Who said “Swaraj will not be a free gift of the British Parliament, it will be a
declaration of India’s full expression.”?
A. Gandhiji
B. Ambedkar
C. Tilak
D. Dada Bhai Naoroji
401
SAMPLE PAPER
SET 4
1. Which of the following is incorrect about Hegel’s theory of state?
A. John Rawl
B. T.H.Green
C. Harlod Laski
D. John Locke
A. Nicomachean Ethics
B. Timaeus
C. On the Soul
D. Metaphysics
402
4. Match :
1. Irish Marian Young A.Global Justice/cosmopolitanism
2. Thomas Pogge B.Democracy and difference
3. C. B. Macpherson C.Categorical Imperative
4. Immanuel Kant D.Possessive Individualism
Options:
Q. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
R. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
S. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
T. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
A. Francis Fukuyama
B. John Rawl
C. Daniel Bell
D. Hegel
6. Which pluralist thinker stated that State was simply one association among the
rest?
A. Robert Dahl
B. R.M. MacIver
C. Harold Laski
D. Seymour Martin Lipset
403
7. Who among the following believes that the goal of the utilitarian state is
Liberty rather than happiness?
A. Bentham
B. James Mill
C. J.S.Mill
D. John Rawl
8. Which of these is Not correct about theory of Justice by Robert Nozick in his
book ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia(1974)’?
404
11 Which egalitarian thinker’s idea contained Auction, Insurance, and Free
Market?
A. Michael Walzer
B. Ronald Dworkin
C. Michael Sandel
D. Susan Miller Okin
A. He argued that God is the source of both the light of natural reason and the light of faith
B. According to him man's ultimate happiness consists in Contemplating God
C. He gave 5 proof of ‘existence of God’
D. He is credited to have formulated a principle of medieval Secularism
13. Who said, 'make women rational creature, and free citizens, and they will quickly
become good wives, that is, if men do not neglect the duties of husband and fathers' ?
A. Marry Wollstonecraft
B. Alexandra Kollontai
C. Carole Pateman
D. Susan Miller Okin
14. The term 'Cultural Capital' is associated with which of the following?
A. Pierre Bourdie
B. Robert Putnam
C. James Coleman
D. Robert M. Solow
405
15. This great modern era thinker was empiricist, claiming that experience is source of
knowledge, not reason/rationality. He influenced utilitarianism and logical positivism; we are
talking about?
A. Edmund Burke
B. David Hume
C. Bentham
D. James Mill
16. which is wrongly matched about Marx Writings ( Concepts- his book)
A. Camera obscura - Ideology
B. History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce - The Eighteenth Brumaire of
Louis Bonaparte
C. Alienation - Economic and political manuscript of 1844
D. A spectre is haunting Europe – The Communist Manifesto
E. None of the above
18. For whom politics is the process of allocation of scarce resources; he accordingly defined
politics as who gets what, when and how?
A. Harold Laski
B. T.H.Green
C. Harold Lasswell
D. David Easton
19. Who among the following does not belong to normative philosophical tradition?
A. Aristotle
B. Thomas Aquinas
C. John Rawl
D. Montesquieu
406
20. State of nature described in the social contract of Locke was?
A. Pre social
B. Pre political
C. Pre political but social
D. Pre political and pre social
407
23.Which one is correct?
1. Swiss constitution is federal and rigid in character
2. Indian constitutional is the longest written constitution in the world
3. Existing constitution of France established the 5th Republic
4. 19th Amendments of US constitution gave voting rights to women
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,4
C. 2,4
D. 1,2,3,4
408
26.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(defining books in CP) List 2(Author)
1. The Process of Government A. Charles Merriam
2. Human Nature in Politics B. David Easton
3. New Aspects of Politics C. Arthur F. Bentley
4. The political system D. Graham Wallas
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D
409
28.Which is the correct sequence of Almond’s input functions?
1. Interest aggregation
2. Interest articulation
3. Political socialization and recruitment
4. Political communication
Options:
A. 3,2.1,4
B. 4,3.1,2
C. 1,2,4,3
D. 1,2,3,4
410
31.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Post) List 2(Incumbent)
1. CAG A. Sushil Chandra
2. AG B. Suman Bery
3. CEC C. K. K. Venugopal
4. Vice Chairperson Niti Aayog D. Girish Chandra Murmu
Options:
E. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
G. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
H. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
411
33.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1 ( Days celebrated as) List 2( date)
1. Civil Services Day A. 25 December
2. Good Governance Day B 19 November
3. Swachhta Diwas C. 21 April
4. National Integration Day D. 2 October
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D
412
37. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Theory) List 2(Thinker)
1. Classical Theory A. Vincent Ostrom
2. Neo- classical Theory B Fred Riggs
3. Ecological approach C. Elton Mayo
4. Public Choice Theory D. Lyndall Urwick
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D
413
40. Robert Dahl in his book ‘Science of Public Administration(1947) raised 3 problems
which make difficult for Public Administration to become science; which of these is Not
one of the problems?
A. Universalism
B. Values
C. Behaviour
D. Culture
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. 3,4
Options:
U. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
V. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
W. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
X. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
414
43. Which of these have been the issues within North South Dialogue?
1. Transfer of capital
2. Transfer of Technology
3. Favourable terms of trade in commodities
4. Reforming the UN
Options:
E. 1, 3, 4
F. 2, 3,4
G. 1,2,3, 4
H. 1,4
Options:
E. 1, 3, 4
F. 2, 3,4
G. 1,2,3, 4
H. 1,4
45. In which NAM summit issue of NIEO ( New International Economic Order) was
taken up?
A. 2nd NAM Summit Cairo, Egypt ( then called United Arab Republic)
B. 3rd NAM Summit in Lusaka, Zambia
C. 4th NAM Summit in Algiers, Algeria
D. 5th NAM Summit Colombo, Sri Lanka
A. Clausewitz
B. Hitler
C. Bismark
D. Mussolini
415
47. In 2+2 talks, who participate from the two nations?
A. Head of the state and Head of the Government
B. PM and Foreign Minister
C. PM and Defense minister
D. Foreign and Defense minister
416
50. Which is Not correct about G-20?
1. It is most important Inter Governmental Organization having both industrialized and
developing nations as its member
2. It includes 90% of world’s GDP, 75-80 of trade, 2/3rd population, and half the land
3. EU is also one of its member
4. Nine Asian nations are its members
5. Indonesia is the current President of G-20
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4,5
B. 1, 2,3,5
C. 1,2,3,4,5
D. 1, 2
51. Which of the following theories study and analyses international politics as
interaction of foreign policies of the states?
A. Realist Theory
B. System Theory
C. Neo-Marxist Theory
D. Decision making Theory
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-B, 3- D, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-B, 3- B, 4-D
417
53. Which is Not Correct about East Asian Summit ( EAS)?
55. Which Prominent IR thinker held the view that nuclear proliferation does not
threaten, but on the contrary, buttresses world peace?
A. Hans Morgenthau
B. Kenneth waltz
C. John Mearsheimer
D. Joseph Nye
56. Which countries have not signed NPT?
1. India
2. Israel
3. Pakistan
4. Iran
5. North Korea
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4,5
B. 1, 2,3,5
C. 1,2,3,4,5
D. 1, 2,3
418
57. Which of the following has not been the part of the process for disarmament and
arms control ?
(a) CTBT
(b) MAD
(c) NPT
(d) PTBT
60. First time IR as a separate academic discipline was taught in which university?
A. Howard University USA
B. Heidelberg University, Germany
C. Paris University, France
D. Aberystwyth University , Wales, UK
419
62.Which is Not correct about difference between Equality of Opportunity and equality
of Outcome?
A) Equality of Opportunity denotes liberal or soft egalitarianism, equality of Outcome
denotes socialism or hard egalitarianism
420
66.Which is Not correct about Rawl’s theory of Justice?
A. It adopted normative approach to theorizing
B. It was based on the difference principle
C. Applicable only to liberal societies having overlapping consensus on idea of Justice
and other foundational social principles
D. It indicated welfare state
E. It was end-state theory of Justice
F. It gave preference to societal common interest over individual Rights
421
70.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Thinkers of Multiculturalism) List 2(Books/Essay)
5. Will Kymlicka A. Rethinking Multiculturalism:
Cultural Diversity and Political Theory
6. Bhikhu Parekh B. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of
Minority Rights
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
A. If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House, the
Bill is rejected by the other House;
B. Even after passing the bill by parliament president has refused to give assent to the
bill.
C. the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill;
D. more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other
House without the Bill being passed by it
422
73.As per the 3rd Schedule of the constitution President’s oath include which of these?
1. Uphold the Constitution of India
2. Preserve the Constitution of India
3. Protect the Constitution of India
4. Defend the Constitution of India
Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,4
74.Which Article give the president situational discretion to dissolve the Lok Sabha?
A. Article 83(2)
B. Article 84(2)
C. Article 85(2)
D. Article 86(2)
423
77.Fundamental Duties was made by the Constitution (Forty‐Second Amendment) Act,
1976; and it was amended in 2002 by which 11th duty was inserted? Which was this
amendment?
A. 91st Amendments
B. 86th Amendments
C. 84th Amendments
D. 61th Amendments
78. When and in which state first communist govt in state was formed?
A. 1962, Kerala
B. 1957, West Bengal
C. 1957, Kerala
D. 1967, Kerala
79. Under the Citizenship Act, 1955, by which of the following ways can a person
become a citizen of India?
1.By birth
2.By descent
3.By registration
4.By nationalization
5.By incorporation of territory
Options:
(a)1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
(b)1 and 2
(c)1, 2, 3 and 5
(d)3, 4 and 5
80.In which of the following years, the Citizenship Act, 1955 has been amended?
1.1986
2.1992
3.2003
4.2005
5.2019
Options:
(a)2, 3, 4 ,5
(b)1, 2, 4
(c)1, 2, 3, 4 , 5
(d)1, 2, 3, 5
424
81.Match
PM Coalition/Front
1. Deve Gowda A. National Front
2. Chandra Shekhar B. Janta Dal
3. Morarji Desai C. United Front
4. V.P.Singh D. Janta Party
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-C, 2-B, 3- A, 4-D
82.
Statement 1: CEC can be removed only by Impeachment as in the case of Judges
Statement 2: ECs can be removed on the recommendations of CEC
Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 1,3
C. Only 3
D. 1,2,3,4
425
84.
Statement 1: Tenure of members of public service commission is 6 years
Statement 2: Tenure of CVC is 5 years
Options:
85. Match
Options:
A. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-C, 2-B, 3- A, 4-D
86. Which of these states does not have Bi-cameral Legislature?
A. Andhra Pradesh
B. Karnataka
C. Maharashtra
D. Uttar Pradesh
E. Odisha
87.Match
Book Author
1. Idea of India A. Myron Weiner
2. Political Economy of Development in India B. Atul Kohli
3. The politics of scarcity C. Pranab Bardhan
4. Democracy and Discontent D. Sunil Khilnani
Options:
A. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
426
88. Which of the following was Not one of the members of the so-called Syndicate in Congress in
1960s?
A. K.Kamraj
B. Nijalingappa
C. Swarn Singh
D. Morarji Desai
E. Atulya Ghosh
89.Which political party was the 2nd largest party in terms of Lok Sabha seats after the 1st
General Election?
A. CPI
B. Socialist Party
C. Swatantra Party
D. Bhartiya Jan Sangh
90.Match
Committee Issue
1. Sri Krishna Committee A. Personal data Protection
2. G.Rohini Commission B. Sub-categorisation of OBCs
3. Bhuria Committee C. Extension of PRI to 5th Schedule areas
4. MM Punchi Commission D. Centre-state relation
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
91.Which of these are conditions for Parliament to legislate on state subjects?
A. 1,2
B. Only 1
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,2,3,4
427
92.Right to vote in India is?
A. Fundamental Rights
B. Natural Right
C. Legal Right
D. Constitutional Right
A. Liberty of thought
B. Economic liberty
C. Liberty of expression
D. Liberty of belief
Options:
428
A. Madan Mohan Malaviya
B. Vinoba Bhave
C. Jawahar Lal Nehru
D. Vallabhbhai Patel
429
SAMPLE PAPER
SET 5
A. Equality
B. Accountability
C. Transparency
D. Liberty
430
5. Which is Not correct about the Social Contract tradition of political thoughts?
A. They denied divine rights of Kings
B. Absolute Sovereignty
C. Supported Natural Rights
D. Furthered Liberalism
6. ‘Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and
pleasure’- who said this?
A. Edmund Burke
B. David Hume
C. J.S. Mill
D. Bentham
7. Match
1. communication theory A. Hannah Arendt
2. Organisational communication theory B. Jürgen Habermas
431
8. Match
1. State necessary evil A. Plato
2. State unnecessary evil B. Karl Marx
Options:
1- D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A
1- C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
1- A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
9. Match
1. Justice as fairness A. Plato
2. Justice as perfect obligation B. J.S.Mill
3. Justice as functional division of society C. Aristotle
4. Justice as proportional equality D. John Rawl
Options:
1- D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C
1- C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
1- A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
432
11. Who argued ‘ probable mischief of obeying the state is less than probable mischief of
resistance’?
A. John Locke
B. J.S.Mill
C. Bentham
D. Hobbes
12. Marx inherited the ideas of class and class struggle from which utopian socialist
A. Henri de Saint-Simon
B. Charles Fourier
C. Robert Owen
D. Proudhon
433
16. Plato envisaged a device to check corruption by the guardian class; it was?
A. State sponsored Education
B. Functional division of society
C. Communism of wives & property
D. Rule by Philosopher Kings
18.Match
1. If justice taken away, state becomes band of robbers A. Aristotle
2. Property is theft B. Bentham
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
19. Which of the following statements is true of the Social Contract of Hobbes?
A. Everybody gives up their right of governing themselves
B. The Sovereign is a party to the contract
C. The contract is reversible
D. The contract takes away only some of the natural rights
434
20. Which of the following is false about John Locke ?
(A) He gave the concept of ‘ tacit consent’
(B) People retain the right of rebellion when the movement acts arbitrarily by breaking contract
(C) Natural rights are the product of social contract
(D) Raison d'etre of the government is to protect natural rights
21.Which of these orientations was not stated by Almond and Verba with regard to
political culture:
A. Evaluative orientation
B. Cognitive orientation
C. Affective orientation
D. Objective Orientation
22.Which was Not one of the type of political culture formulated by Almond and
Verba?
A. Homogeneous
B. Subject
C. Participative
D. Parochial
435
25.Who combined culture to political development?
A. Lucian Pye
B. James Coleman
C. W.W. Rostow
D. Edward Shils
26.Who in his book ‘ Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy’ gave an elitist theory of
democracy by defining it as the method by which people elect representatives in
competitive elections to carry out their will?
A. Walter Lippman
B. Joseph Schumpeter
C. Robert Dahl
D. Robert Morrison MacIver
436
29.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Electoral system) List 2(Country)
1. Majoritarian (FPTP) A. Germany
2. Two round runoff B. France
3. Preferential Voting C. India
4. Mixed member proportional representation D. Australia
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
31. Which of these principles of management is Not associated with Henri Fayol?
A. Unity of Command
B. Gang Plank
C. Span of Control
D. Scaler Chain
437
32. Who compared District Collector as a tortoise on whose back stood the elephant of
the Government of India?
A. Warren Hastings
B. Lord Canning
C. Lord William Bentick
D. Ramsay MacDonald
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
D. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
438
35. Match the items in two column?
Stages in evolution of Public Administration Period
1) Identity crisis A.1938-47
2) Principles of administration B. 1927-37
3) Era of challenge C.1887-1926
4) Politics-Administration Dichotomy D. 1948-70
5) Public Policy approach E. 1970s onward
Options:
a) 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-E, 5-A
b) 1-D, 2-B, 3-A,4-C, 5-E
c) 1-D,2-B,3-C,4-A, 5-E
d) 1-C,2-B,3-E,4-A, 5-D
36. Which of these are Not one of the four principles of Organization, by Mooney and
Reiley
A. Coordination
B. Scalar Process
C. Unity of Command
D. Functional Differentiation
E. Line and staff
37. Which famous classical thinker gave the managerial functions in organization as
acronym POCCC ( Planning, Organizing, Commanding , Coordinating, Controlling)?
A. Luthar Gallick
B. Henri Fayol
C. Max Weber
D. Mooney and Riley
439
38. Who was the creator and coordinator of the Minnowbrook III conferences (2008)?-
A. Dwight Waldo
B. Frank Marini
C. Rosemary O'Leary
D. Mark Moore
39. Who defined Budget as series of goals with price tags attached?
A. Aaron Wildavsky
B. Felix A. Nigro
C. John D Millet
D. Peter A. Pyhrr
40. Under parliamentary form of Government the bureaucracy thrives under the clock
of ministerial responsibility; who said?
A. Lord Hewart
B. Ramsey Muir
C. Paul H Appleby
D. Herman Finer
41.Which of these organizations won Nobel peace prize during both world wars?
A. The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
B. Amnesty International
C. International Peace Bureau
D. International Committee of the Red Cross
440
42. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Motto) List 2( Regional Organisation)
1. One Vision, One Identity, One Community A. EU
2. United in diversity B. SAARC
3. Deeper Integration for Peace and Prosperity C. ASEAN
4. Free and Open Indo-Pacific D. QUAD
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
44.Who defined the state as a political institution that has the monopoly of violence?
A. Thomas Hobbes
B. Jean Bodin
C. Max Weber
D. Hugo Grotius
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
441
46.
Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Book) List 2( Author)
1. Capital in the Twenty-First Century A. Graham T. Allison
2. Preparing for the Twenty-first Century B. Richard Snyder
3. Foreign Policy Decision-making C. Thomas Piketty
4. Essence of Decision D. Paul Kennedy
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
442
49. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Books in IR) List 2(Author)
1. Foreign Policy Decision-making A. James N.
Rosenau
2. Essence of Decision B. Graham
Allison
3. Decision-Making Approach to the Study of International Politics C. Richard
Snyder
4. Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- C, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C
C. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- C, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C
C. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D
D. 1-C, 2-B, 3- A, 4-D
443
52. Which international practice is closely linked to ‘ Responsibility to Protect’
Doctrine?
A. Protecting women in conflict zone
B. Protecting Minorities in majoritarian states
C. Protecting environment for sustainable development
D. Protecting individuals through Humanitarian Intervention
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4,5
B. 1,3,2,4,5
C. 1,2,4,3,5
D. 1,2,3,5,4
444
56. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(IR Thinker of Security) List 2( Contribution)
1. Barry Buzan A. Security Regime
2. Robert Jervis B. Security Complex
3. Karl Deutsch C. Security Dilemma
4. John Hertz D. Security Community
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 3,1,4,2
C. 2,4,3,1
D. 4,3,1,2
445
59. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(foreign policy theory) List 2( country)
1. Palm and 5 fingers A. India
2. Peral of String B. China
3. Pivot to Asia C. USA
4. Necklace of Diamond
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1C, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
61. Who defined freedom as ‘it is a positive power of doing or enjoying something worth
doing or enjoying’?
A. Harold Laski
B. T.H.Green
C. Bosanquet
D. Ernest Barker
62.In 1950s, many thinkers declared demise of political theory; what they meant by the
demise of political theory?
A. Political science did not need political theory
B. Political theory was not scientific
C. Normative-philosophical political theory was not suitable for science of politics
D. Empirical political theory was not suitable for political science
446
63 As per David Easton which is the reason for decline of political theory?
1. Historicism
2. Hyperfactualism
3. Moral relativism
4. Value Pluralism
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 2,3,4
A. A belief system which helps to structure how the world is understood and explained
B. Set of ideas which provides the basis for political action
C. The term was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy, a French philosopher, who
conceived, in 1796, as the "science of ideas"
D. Ideology is same as theory
65.Who of the following didn’t predict or support decline and demise of political
theory?
A. Peter Laslett
B. Ishiah Berlin
C. S M Lipset
D. Alfred Cobban
E. Robert Dahl
447
67.Who of the following supported the revival of political theory after the onslaught of
behavioural revolution?
1. Isiah Berlin
2. Leo Strauss
3. George H. Sabine
4. Eric Vogelin
Options:
A. 1,2,4
B. 1,2
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,2,3,4
68. Regarding importance of value in political theory, who said ‘We cannot shed our
values in the way we remove our coats’?
A. Isiah Berlin
B. Leo Strauss
C. George H. Sabine
D. David Easton
69.The word ‘theory’, derived from the Greek word ‘Theoria’ means
(A) A well organized political system
(B) A well focused mental look
(C) A well articulated economic structure
(D) A system of physical arrangement
70.Who among the following said that Political theory contains factors of three kinds-
the factual, the causal and the valuational ?
(A) Leo Strauss
(B) Dunning
(C) G.H. Sabine
(D) Ebenstein
448
71. Who was the Prime Minister who never faced the House even once to remain as
'caretaker' Prime Minister ?
A. Chandrashekhar
B. Charan Singh
C. I.K.Gujral
D. D. Deve Gowda
73.Which article gives exclusive power to the Supreme court to issue order as is
necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it?
A. Article 144
B. Article 142
C. Article 143
D. Article 145
449
75. Who was Not part of the Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly (by Granvile
Austin):
A. Nehru
B. Azad
C. Rajendra Prasad
D. Ambedkar
76.
Statement 1: 73rd Amendments are Not applicable to 5th Schedule areas
Statement 2: 74th Amendments are Not applicable to 5th Schedule areas
Options:
78. In which case SCI decided that during national emergency even the FR of right to life can be
suspended?
450
80.Which is Not correct about PIL in India?
82. After Independence, which was the 1st state where Government was formed by engineering
split and defection?
A. Kerala
B. Madras
C. Gujrat
D. Maharashtra
A. 1931
B. 1941
C. 1951
D. 2011
451
85.According to the Citizenship Act, 1955, by which of the following ways can a person lose
citizenship of India?
1.By Renunciation
2.By Termination
3.By Deprivation
Options:
(a)1 and 2
(b)2 and 3
(c)1, 2 and 3
(d)1 and 3
86.Which one of the following committees is not associated with Panchayati Raj in India?
(A) Sadiq Ali Committee
(B) Dinesh Goswami Committee
(C) L.M. Singhvi Committee
(D) P.K. Thungan Committee
88. A deadlock between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha calls for a joint sitting of Parliament for
the passage of?
1. Ordinary bills
2. Money Bills
3. Constitutional amendment bills
Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 1 only
C. Only 2
D. 1,2
452
89.Who heads the zonal council?
A. PM
B. HM- Home Minister
C. FM- Finance Minister
D. President
E. Senior most CM( Chief Minister) of the zone
90.Which of these features of Indian Polity was not stated by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph?
A. India as ‘Polymorphous’ state
B. demand vs command polity
C. India as ‘weak-strong state’
D. Bullock cart capitalism
E. Indian Politics as “Politics of Scarcity”
92.What was the main findings of the Union Government administrative committee headed by
Home Secretary N.N. Vohra in 1993 ?
(A) Electoral Reforms
(B) Minimum qualification for politicians
(C) Nexus between politicians, criminals and bureaucrats.
(D) Internal security priorities
453
93.Arrange the following in chronological order
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 3,4,1,2
C. 1,3,4,2
D. 1,3,2,4
95. In which case the SCI held that both FR and DPSP are equally important and complement
each other?
454
97.Barni’s Fatwa-i-Jahandari- was?
A. advise to Muslim ruler on statecraft in non-Muslim land like India
B. Advise to all rulers on governance
C. Was call for annihilation of Non-Muslim Religion
D. Was advise for expansion of Islam in non-Islamic nations
A. Vivekananda
B. Dayananda Saraswati
C. Chandrashekhar Aazad
D. Bhagat Singh
B. Aurobindo
C. Tilak
D. Gandhiji
455
SECTION 4
ANSWER
KEYS
ADDL.
INFO
456
SET 1
ANSWER KEY
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.
1. B Value pluralism is the idea, most prominently
endorsed by Isaiah Berlin, that fundamental human
values are universal, plural, conflicting, and
incommensurable with one another.
Incommensurability is the key component of
pluralism, undermining familiar monist philosophies
such as utilitarianism
Thinkers who declared demise of ( normative) political
theory were
• Peter Laslett - political theory is dead
• Reimer- political theory in doghouse
• Robert Dahl
• Alfred Cobban
• Dante Germino
Berlin was Not one of them, rather he supported
revival of ( normative) political theory
Berlin’s books:
• Karl Marx: His Life and Environment– 1939
• "Two Concepts of Liberty"- Essay
• Four Essays on Liberty – 1969
• Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History
of Ideas – 1976
• Concept and Categories: Philosophical
Essays – 1978
• ‘Against the Current : Essays in the History of
Ideas’- 1979
457
1. Principle of Equal Liberty: Each person has an
equal right to the most extensive liberties compatible
with similar liberties for all
2.Difference Principle: Social and economic
inequalities should be arranged so that they are both (a)
to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged persons,
and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all
under conditions of equality of opportunity.
Priority: 1, 2 b, 2 a ( must know this!)
Rawl’s Books
• A Theory of Justice( 1971)
• Justice as Fairness( 1985)
• The Law of Peoples(1993)
• Political Liberalism(1993)
• Two Concepts of Rules
Also remember, he gave the concept of ‘ overlapping
consensus’ and society as ‘cooperative venture for
mutual advantage’
3. D Reverse is true, Rawlsian individuals had
unencumbered selves- they were independent and
autonomous in choosing their own goal/end based on
their own conception of good life; they were not
pursuing ends decided by society for them.
4. C Marx wrote profusely on Revolutionary traditions in
France
"The Civil War in France“
The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon
5. C In the name of forcing citizens to be guided by their
higher self, which is known to the state, the state may
force a particular way of life and ideology on them.
This May give rise to paternalism, authoritarianism,
and eventually totalitarianism…this is like slippery
slope…once you start there is no stopping.
458
Aristotle and Plato are considered founders of
philosophical-normative approach
459
13. C Polity was virtuous form of Government/ Constitution
as a rule of the Many in the interest of all
Polity, however, may degenerate into Democracy- rule
of the Many in the interest of few ( Elite theory)
Best practicable Government/ Constitution- Mix of
Polity and Aristocracy- named Polity again- don’t get
confused!
460
He wrote ‘Capitalism, Socialism and
Democracy(1942)’
21. B Studying human Behaviour was not part of the
Traditional Approach to Comparative Politics
22. I Legal-constitutional institutionalism was part of of the
Traditional Approach to Comparative Politics
461
33. A Rabble hypothesis takes the view of men being a
crowd of individuals interested in their individual
interest. Each one is guided by one’s own self-interest
disregarding concerns for other. Such a negative view
of man by Taylor's Scientific Management was called
rabble hypotheses
Mayo refuted( opposed) this hypothesis.
462
44. I Realism doubts on efficacies of International regimes (
covenants, international law, treaties, agreements, etc)
in helping maintain peace and cooperation in IR
50. C Yes, India had 2+2 with Russia, too in December 202
53. C
463
• AG Frank- ‘ Development of
Underdevelopment’,
• Cardoso- was also president of Brazil
• Wallerstein- ‘World System Theory’- Core &
Periphery
Dos Santos- "new dependency", which comprehends
the period of the dominion of multinational
corporations after World War II.
56. A Socialism/communism, both as ideology and form of
Government, is still exist
464
64. C Dirigisme is state directed economy; state interfere and
rectify market imperfections; a kind of welfare or
corporatist state; obviously Dirigisme would be
unacceptable to (classical) liberalism.
465
of the state is both head of executive and Legislature;
he also appoint chief Justice and other judges.
72. C Its is considered as ‘ holding together’ federal state ;
USA, Switzerland and Australia are examples of
coming together federations; India, Belgium and Spain
are examples of holding together federations.
74. D Art. 312-All India services- IAS, IPS, IFoS, and IJS,
etc- can only be created if Rajya Sabha passes
resolution to this effect.
All India services mentioned in the Constitution- IAS,
IPS, IJS
75. A 31 B was inserted through 1st Amendment
Now SC has taken 9th schedule within its purview of
judicial review.
76. A Committed Bureaucracy means the Bureaucracy is
completely aligning with the Government of the day; it
breaks the principle of neutrality of bureaucracy.
77. B These are the instances of presidential discretions
466
81. C ECI recognise only 3 types of party- national, State,
Registered
There is no officially recognised ‘Regional Party’
82. C Just remember
86. D
87. D
88. D
94. B 13(2): The State shall not make any law which takes
away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part ( part
III- FR) and any law made in contravention of this
clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.
467
Question before the Golaknath case was whether
Constitutional amendments are ‘ law’ as per this
article; the judgement said YES;
SCI, later on, in Keshvananda Bharti case, overturned
this and said that Parliament has right to amend any
part, including part III, but cannot change the basic
structure.
95. D Berubari Case: Preamble is not part of Constitution
Kesavananda Bharati case: Preamble is part of
Constitution but not self-standing and justiciable
Union Government Vs LIC of India: Preamble is
integral part of Constitution but not self-standing and
justiciable
96. C Both Gandhi and Savarkar were influenced by Mazzini
100. A
468
SET 2
ANSWER KEY
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.
1. A Just remember this
Bentham- father of utilitarianism
469
It was very similar to ‘Varna system’ of early Vedic
Period ( note not the caste system, which is
degenerated and perverted form of the ‘Varna system’)
10. B Marx was not influenced by David Hume’s
empiricism and his focus on feeling and emotions over
reason/rationality
Remember remaining all, asked frequently
11. C Plato's second best state was based on positive law,
made by the ruler following a Constitution
Note that Plato’s ideal state didn’t require any law!
470
Mary Wollstonecraft refuted this view of Rousseau in
her book ‘vindication of Rights of Women’
18. A two dimensional rights of men: in public/political
domain- equal civil & political rights
In private domain- rights over their wives
19. C Arbit, just mug it up…
471
29. A Since, in parliamentary for, executive emerge from
legislature hence there is NO Strict Separation of
power between executive & legislature
37. C RTI has NOT repealed the official Secret Act 1923; it
is still existing
472
Remember all these facts about RTI, asked frequently
45. C
46. C Both coercion and inducements ( stick and carrot) are
part of foreign policy
473
53. D Neo-realism doubt efficacies of International
Institutional Regimes in moderating the behaviours of
states
It believes in Relative gain in which cooperation
through international organisation/regime is a zero
sum game.
474
66. A Universalism- universal human nature, fate, worth,
rights, values- all are related to liberalism
75. A
76. B
475
78. C Important and interesting fact, must remember
84. D Oft-repeated
90. B
91. A Because of its numerical superiority, in the joint sitting
opinion of Lok Sabha will prevail
92. B Better to know about important parliamentary
committee
476
93. C Finance ministry does Allocation of financial
resources, as per the budget, to ministries to carry out
cabinet decisions
477
SET 3
ANSWER KEY
Questi Answ Hint/additional Info
on No. er
Key
1. B Constitutionalism- associated with Locke
Hobbes’ Sovereign was not bound by any law/Constitution
478
11. D Obviously, as no one knew his/her position, status, endowments ( natural
& social luck, abilities), bias or partiality would be removed
479
23. A The functionalism of Malinowski and the structural-functionalism of
Radcliffe-Brown were the dominant paradigms of anthropology in early
twentieth-century Britain
35. A
37. B
38. A Better to remember all 15 reports of 2nd ARC
480
39. C Very important facts; oft-repeated
41. A Was asked in SAU -2021, may be this year in other exams
46. D Recently in News as growth reports were published by IMF and World
bank
481
47. B Very important, oft-repeated
48. C Not that Mrs Gandhi used the term ‘hegemony’ but she stressed no
interference of external powers in India’s role and position in South Asia
Gujral Doctrine is oft-repeated
Non-reciprocity means, India will give one sided concession to its small
neighbours
56. A Copenhagen school consider Security issue not as objective truth but a
social construction and inter-subjective; clearly it is related to
constructivism
482
58. B Martin Wight combined rationalism of Hugo Grotius, Realism of Hobbes,
and Revolutionism of Kant to develop a synthetic IR theory within the
English School
60. D Francis Fukuyama said this in his famous book ‘End of History and the
Last Man(1992)’
Must remember this book and its theme ( given as the question)
64. C Opposite is true; Rawl did not extend his difference principle to global
level
69. C
483
71. B
72. B Note; under article 359, Right to life & liberty- 20 & 21- cannot be
suspended
73. A Inter-state council, this time, is important
76. E Residency condition was there previously but was removed later on.
77. A ‘Due Process’ doctrine- even the content/substance of the act comes
under judicial review
78. A Government of India tried to bring National Judicial Appointments
Commission (NJAC) to replace the collegium system through 99th
Constitutional amendments, but SCI declared the amendments un-
Constitutional on the basis of ‘basic Structure’ doctrine
79. B Note how very few articles mention PM
82. E Money bills are presented in the Parliament only after approval of the
President, hence, president cannot refuse to give assent to the money bill
passed by the Parliament.
85. C
86. B
87. B
88. C
89. B
90. D 74th amendments contained provisions for district planning committee
484
91. B Must know all about 42nd and 44th amendments
93. D Note, C and D are different; if the bill is not passed in Lok Sabha then it
does not lapse on its dissolution
94. B DPSP- idea of welfare state, economic rights, substantive rights, positive
rights
98. A
99. A
485
SET 4
ANSWER KEY
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.
1. D Hegel supported corporatist state
Corporatism: State recognizing and incorporating all
business/social associations such as trade guilds,
farmers union, and other interest groups.
486
11. B Auction, Insurance, and Free Market, etc.
are part of Ronald Dworkin’s theory of
‘equality of resources’
This theory is contained in his book ‘Sovereign
Virtue(2000)’
Dworkin is considered as founder of ‘Luck
Egalitarianism’- that is brute luck, social or
natural, should not effect the distributive
justice
487
15. B Must read more on David Hume, who gave more
weightage to feelings and emotions in decision making
than reason/rationality
488
Principle of separation of power was given by
Montesquieu in his book ‘The Spirit of the Laws(
1748)’
25. E Totalitarianism is ideological and cultural project to
bring new civilisation by the state led by a political
party.
27. A Oft-repeated
Remember ? S.E. Finer called pressure group
anonymous empire?
28. A From UGC NET, oft-repeated in PG ETs
489
38. A CVC is a statutory body, as it acts under a Act passed
by Parliament. There is no mention of CVC in
Constitution, hence it is Not a Constitutional body
40. A Dahl had the view that since public Admin involves
Values, human Behaviour and Societal Culture,
science of pub ad is impossible to be developed as
science is value neutral, agnostic to human
feeling/emotion/behaviour and not bound by cultural
context.
The problems raised by Dahl is applicable to all social
science discipline. Hence they cannot be studied as
pure Science.
41. D BIMSTEC Members - five from South Asia-
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, and
two from Southeast Asia- Myanmar and Thailand.
490
Compare this with Bio-polar Stability Theory
491
Some famous thinkers of decision making theory-
Richard C. Snyder, Graham T. Allison, H. W. Bruck
and Burton
52. A Martin Shaw: Degenerate war is the use of armed force
against a civilian population as the extension of military
struggle
Raymond Aron – ‘Peace and War: A Theory of
International Relations’
New wars is a term advanced by British academic
Mary Kaldor to characterize warfare in the post-Cold
War era
• William Cohen: US moderate Republican
Leader
Wrote: Obama's chance to cement ties with India-
2009 ; The India Deal that Merits- 2008
492
59. A Chapter 7 contain bridging peace by forceful means, if
required
Peace-keeping missions/operations are, therefore,
called chapter six and half intervention
493
71. C No joint sitting for breaking the deadlock in case of
constitutional amendment bills; neither required for
money bill
Thus, joint sitting only for ordinary bill
Note: only a simple majority required to pass bill
during the joint sitting.
72. B
74. C 85(2) simply says that president may dissolve the Lok
Sabha from time to time…there may be occasion when
the president may use his discretion to decide on the
dissolution, without going by the advise of council of
minister.
494
81. B Better to know and remember all about Indian PM,
their tenure, party/coalition/doctrine/policy/major
initiatives/events, etc.
87. D Many more are given the ET/IR guide- remember them
88. C Indira Gandhi had to fight a political battle with this
syndicate; Congress Split in 1969, the new Congress,
which went with Mrs Gandhi was called Congress( R),
the old one Congress ( O)
495
89. A Note: TDP was largest opposition party in 8th Lok
Sabha from 1984 to 1989, as all major political parties
fared poorly; BJP got only 2 seats.
97. D
98. D Swaraj will come not by acquisition of authority by a
few but by acquisition of capacity by all to resist
authority when it is abused- Gandhi
When in doubt in MCQs on quote ( IPT), go for
Ambedkar or Gandhi
99. A Oft-repeated
496
SET 5
ANSWER KEY
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.
1. C Civil society of Locke was the political community,
the body politic, the commonwealth, which later
created Government
Sovereignty lied with the civil society or members of
the political community- popular sovereignty
497
Perverted or bad form: Tyranny, Oligarchy,
Democracy
11. C Utilitarian argument for political obligation( why
should we obey the laws?)
12. A Henri de Saint-Simon inspired and influenced
utopian socialism, such as Pierre-Joseph
Proudhon, liberal political theorist John Stuart
Mill, and of course Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels
13. A Better to know the second title or full name of famous
books
14. B In fact, J S Mill was called "prophet of empty liberty
and abstract individual" by Barker
22. A
23. D
24. C
498
26. B For this, Joseph Schumpeter is considered as critic of
the classical Democracy; it is also considered as elitist
view of Democracy.
27. D Oft-repeated
28. C Robert Dahl was a pluralist thinker
Wrote ‘Who Governs?’, ‘ Polyarchy’ and ‘Democracy
and Its Critics’
29. B Very popular type of question, know few more
combinations
499
35. B Very important; oft-repeated’ must remember
500
48. C Defining books by feminist IR thinkers, must
remember
49. A
50. D Better to know about bit of the theme/contents of these
pathbreaking books
51. B Women in peace & Conflict
The resolution reaffirms the important role of women
in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, peace
negotiations, peace-building, peacekeeping,
humanitarian response and in post-conflict
reconstruction and stresses the importance of their
equal participation and full involvement in all efforts
for the maintenance and promotion of peace and
security.
Better to note/remember important UN resolutions
52. D Humanitarian Intervention cut Sovereignty of states,
hence is a touchy issue in IR
53. B All these conferences are often asked; know bit more
about them and remember them
54. D EU bodies:
• the European Parliament
• the European Council: overall political
directions and priorities
• the Council of the European Union: sectoral
execution
• the European Commission: executive branch of
EU
• the Court of Justice of the European Union
• the European Central Bank
• the Court of Auditors.
The European Commission (EC) is the executive
branch of the European Union, responsible for
proposing legislation, enforcing EU laws and directing
the union's administrative operations.
501
the Soviet Union- 1949
The United Kingdom -1952,
France -1960
China - 1964
57. C India has not signed the Rome Statute and hence not
member of ICC
502
63. B Oft-repeated
68. D Oft-repeated
503
Note: PESA was enacted on the recommendations of
the Bhuria Committee- often asked
77. C Santhanam Committee- anti-corruption committee
Note: CVC was set up in 1964 on the
recommendations of the Santhanam Committee - often
asked
82. B
83. A This is in news now because of many states passing
resolution for the caste survey/census
84. B
86. B
87. D
504
89. B zonal council, like Inter-state council, is Not a
Constitutional body; it was set up under the state re-
organisation act-1956
91. D
92. C N.N. Vohra was ex Home Secretary; this committee
was set up on the aftermath of Mumbai Bomb Blast
93. C Nehru Committee Report-bluprint of Indian
Constitution- headed by Motilal Nehru, his son,
Jawahar Lal Nehru was its secretary
Cripps Mission-1942- promised India a dominion
status after end of WW II; Gandhihi called it a ‘post
dated cheque on afalling bank’
505
SECTION 5
506
Tips & Tricks to prepare for MCQ Tests
507
Tips & Tricks to tackle MCQs
• First, mark on the question sheet (if allowed), or tick on the computer
monitor all answers you are sure about
• Then return to 50:50 doubt MCQs and finally to questions you don’t have
any clue.
• Trick is giving more time to confusing questions. Read them many times,
use all your skills, tricks, and gut feeling.
• The MCQ may include words like- denote, implies, informed, indicate,
etc. be fully aware about meaning of these words; in case of confusion
see the Hindi version of the question, you may get the clue!
• How to tackle doubtful MCQs?
• Use 50:50 trick- eliminate most unlikely options
• In case of matching type of MCQ, sometimes even if you know
one match, you get the right option; try this.
• If more than one option is correct, check for those option which is
definitely wrong; all codes/options containing the wrong one can
be eliminated.
• Try to identify very strong, crude, and outlandish statements; they
are generally incorrect.
• Statement containing data, definite data figures, very specific info
are generally correct.
• Moderate, standard, and average statements are generally correct.
• In case of options containing statements, normally the correct one
is the longest one, why? Because the question setter needs to right
completely correct statement, it becomes longer.
• If more than one option seems correct, go for the best option.
• In case of Assertion/Reason type of MCQ: go for option A even if
the reason(R) statement only slightly relates to or explain the
Assertion(A) statement.
• Guess? Depends
• No negative marking- Guess after doing 50:50
• If negative marking, but only 0.25 minus, guess intelligently
508
• If degree of negative marking high, like minus 1 for each wrong,
be careful in guessing
• In UGC NET no negative marking, hence must guess.
• Should we fill one option (either a, b, c, d) in remaining questions?
• In NET no negative marking- Yes, Do it
• More probability in b and c option (think why?)
• For example: suppose after doing all tricks you are completely
clueless about 10 MCQs; if suppose you choose option b or c in all
them, chances are that at least 2-3 would be correct
• You gain 3*2 =6 marks!
509
SECTION 6
510
UGC-NET
Theme Wise Past Paper Analysis
WPT, IPT, Pol Theory, CP,
Pub Ad, IR, Indian Polity +
2021 Paper Analysis
( Dec 2011-Oct 2020)
UGC-NET
Theme Wise Past Paper Analysis
Western Political
Thought
( Dec 2011-Oct 2020)
WPT Syllabus
• Unit - 2 : Western Political Thought( WPT):
Others prominent early socialists : Proudhon, Charles Fourier (1772-1837) : French social theorist who
Saint Simone, Campanella, john Wycliff, Norman advocated reconstruction of society based on communal
Cohn, ‘the revolutionary of upper Rhine’, etc. associations of producers known as phalanges. one of the
founders of utopian socialism
6. Which one of the following Mao has
not said ?
(A) Political power grows out of barrel of gun.
(B) Three years of hard work : ten thousand years of happiness.
(C) Atom bombs are real tigers.
(D) A revolution is not a dinner party.
Tips:
• Memorize the chronology of thinkers and their books
• Memorize famous quotes of great political thinkers
• Understand carefully main thoughts/concepts of thinkers included in the Syllabus
• Categorize thinkers into a) Liberal b) liberal pluralist c) liberal communitarian d) Marxist e) critical
f) post-structuralists/post-modernist g) socialists h) social democrats
• Practice as many PYQs as possible- both UGC-UGC-NET PG ET, and other exams
• Learn the tricks to crack MCQ even if answer is not known.
Sept 2013
Paper 3
3. Who amongst the following is a
defender of Plato ? Plato’s admirers: R.L. Nettleship (Lectures on the Republic of
(A) Popper (B) Crossman Plato), A.E. Taylor (The Man and His Work), Ernest Barker
(C) Berlin (D) Levinson (Greek Political Theory) , Levinson(‘In Defense of Plato’)
4. Who defines citizen as sharing “in Plato’s Critics: Karl Popper (The Open Society and its Enemies),
the civic life of ruling and being R.H.S. Crossman (Plato Today), W. Fite (The Platonic Legend)
ruled in turn” ?
(A) Plato (B) Aristotle ‘In Defense of Plato’- by Ronald B. Levinson
(C) Polybius (D) Cicero
5. Amongst the following whose political
theory is based on nominalism ?
(A) Hobbes (B) Locke
(C) Rousseau (D) Green
John Locke’s ‘Two Treatises on Civil
Government is a critique of criticism of Robert 6. John Locke’s ‘Two Treatises on
Filmer's Patriarcha, which argues in support of Civil Government is a critique of
the divine right of kings (A) Hobbes (B) Filmer
(C) Grotius (D) Diggers
Nominalism : denial of the existence of universals ; other
version specifically denies the existence of abstract objects—
objects that do not exist in space and time
2. Who among the following is not an exponent of
contextualism?
(A) Skinner
(B) Pocock
• Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889 –1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher
(C) Winch who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the
philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
(D) Wittgenstein
• Author of Logical-Philosophical Treatise( Latin: Tractatus Logico-
Philosophicus)
Berlin’s Books
• Karl Marx: His Life and Environment– 1939
• Four Essays on Liberty – 1969
• Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas – 1976
• Concept and Categories: Philosophical Essays – 1978
June/July 2016
PAPER 3
4. Who among the following dismissed John Rawl’s concept
of social justice as a ‘mirage’?
(a) Macpherson
(b) Friedrich Hayek
(c) Isaiah Berlin
(d) Robert Nozick
B
B
G.H. Sabine in his book ‘The History of Political theory’ said this
January, 2017
PAPER 2
Plato’s philosophy was influenced deeply by Socrates, but he
was also influenced by Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the
Pythagoreans.
• James Bryce, (1838 –1922) was a British academic, jurist, historian, and
Liberal politician.
• Author of The American Commonwealth (1888)
• Arend Lijphart (born 1936) is a Dutch-American political scientist specializing in comparative
politics, elections and voting systems, democratic institutions, and ethnicity and politics.
• He is influential for his work on consociational democracy and his contribution to the new
Institutionalism in political science
Jan, 2017
Paper 3
Peter Winch in his book ‘Idea of a Social Science’ written in
1956 said this…arbit …yes!
c
In the Timaeus Plato presents an detailed account of the
formation of the universe and an explanation of its impressive
order and beauty. The universe, he proposes, is the product of
rational, purposive, and beneficent agency.
Hedonism in Hobbes’ thought
Basic human attribute is Desire; 2 types : Appetite and
Aversion for something -driving force for man’s behaviour
Appetite(liking): external stimulus supporting vital motions;
Aversions(dis-liking): external stimulus disturbing vital motions;
David McLellan in his book ‘Ideology’ said this
Nov, 2017
PAPER 2
German Ideology ( 1845)- separates young Marx from Mature Marx
Friedrich Hegel:
• Civil Society: Differentia between Family & State
• Civil Society: Universal Egoism and System of Needs
• Family- Thesis; Civil Society- Anti-thesis; State- Synthesis
• Historical or Evolutionary theory of Origin of state
JUNE 2019 CYCLE
Frantz Fanon(1925-1961): French West Indian, Psychiatrist,
political philosopher and author ;
‘Black skin, while mask(1952)’ ‘A dying Colonialism(1959), ‘the
wretched of the Earth(1961)
Perhaps the most influential writer on post colonial studies
DECEMBER 2019 CYCLE
• rights are “those conditions of social life without which no
man can seek, in general, to be himself at his best”.- LASKI
• Grammar of Politics- Laski
• Liberalism- a temperament than creed
Rousseau’s Books
• whether restoration of science and arts contributed to the purification of
morals?(discourse on science and arts )1749
• what is the origin of inequality and is it authenticated by nature?-
• (Discourse on Inequality-1755)
• ‘ Social Contract’-1762
• Emile, or On Education- 1762
• The Confessions- 1782
JUNE 2020 CYCLE
Exam Held in OCT 2020
Machiavelli’s main creations- written during forced retirement
1532: The Prince- Monarchy, Statecraft
1531: Discourse on Livy- ‘Republicanism’
A History of Political Theory (1937)- George Holland Sabine
Gramsci’s Books:
• Prison Notebooks( 1929-35)
• The Southern Question
• A Great and Terrible World: The Pre-Prison Letters, 1908-
1926
• The Modern Prince and Other Writings
• The Modern State and Politics
Green’s book:
• Lectures on the principles of political obligation( 1885)
• Prolegomeria to Ethics
• Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary – with David
Hume
• Alienation from product of labour
• Alienation from the act of production, labour process
• Alienation from species-being (Gattungswesen)
• Alienation of man from man
• Memorize
• Books
• Quotes/phrases
• Unique facts, trivia
• Practice as many PYQs and matching level MCQs
• Books: Western Political Thoughts
• Political Thinkers: from Socrates to the Present Edited by David
Boucher and Paul Kelly
• A history of political thought: Plato to Marx by Subrata
Mukherjee and Sushila Ramaswamy
• Western Political Thought by O.P. Gauba
• Online Resources:
• IGNOU Study material: e gyankosh : http://egyankosh.ac.in/
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy :
https://plato.stanford.edu/
• Encyclopaedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/
• JSTOR articles: 100 free article a month: https://www.jstor.org/
POL SC HELP
UGC-NET Series
UGC-NET
Theme Wise Past Paper Analysis
(2011-2020)
Indian Political Thought
Dec, 2011 CYCLE
First UGC-NET Exam in MCQ form
4. ‘Hind Swaraj’ depends Both moderates like Gandhiji and militants like Savarkar were
(A) Mazzini’s Italy influenced by Mazzini and his role in making Italy a unified nation-state
(B) Disraeli’s England
(C) Lincoln’s USA Gandhiji was influenced by:
(D) Bismarck’s Germany John Ruskin (Unto This Last), Henry Thoreau( civil
disobedience), Tolstoy- an pacific anarchist ; Plato & Aristotle;
Dada Bhai Naoroji (drain of wealth) , Gopal Krishna Gokhle- his
political Guru
11. “Swaraj will not be a free gift of the
British Parliament, it will be a
declaration of India’s full 22. Given below are two statements, one
expression.” – Among the following labelled as Assertion (A) and the
who made this statement other labelled as Reason (R) :
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru Assertion (A) : Gandhi’s critique of
(B) Radhakrishnan determinism is revealed in his
(C) Mahatma Gandhi belief in relative truth.
(D) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Reason (R) : Because of this he
believed in the theory of one
……That it will be expressed through the Act of Parliament is step at a time.
true, but it will be merely a courteous ratification of the
declared wish of the people of India...” Gandhiji
37. Arrange the following in
chronological order and choose
correct answer from the codes given
below :
(i) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(ii) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
(iii) Rabindra Nath Tagore
(iv) Raja Ram Mohan Roy 38. Arrange the following books in order
Codes : in which they appeared. Use the
(A) (ii), (iii), (iv), (i) codes given below :
(B) (i), (ii), (iv), (iii) (i) India Wins Freedom- Azad
(C) (iv), (ii), (i), (iii) (ii) My Experiments with Truth- Gandhiji
(D) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i) (iii) Idea of Justice- Amartya Sen
(iv) The Indian struggle- Subhas Chandra
Bose
Code :
(A) (iv), (ii), (i), (iii)
(B) (iii), (i), (iv), (ii)
(C) (ii), (iv), (i), (iii)
(D) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)
June 2012
Paper 2
7. Gandhi described himself as a
(A) Liberal
(B) Socialist
(C) Social Democrat
(D) Philosophical Anarchist
36. “Roses in December” is the • ‘Politics and State-Society Relations in India’- James Manor
autobiography of • ‘The Political Economy of Democratic
(A) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Decentralization(1999)’
(B) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan • ‘The Politics of Poverty Reduction in India(2020)’
(C) Hakim Ajmal Khan
(D) Mohammad Karim Chhagala 40. Who has called India a Democratic
Developmental State ?
James Manor: Professor of Commonwealth (A) Paul Brass
Studies, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, (B) James Manor
London (C) Christopher Jefferlot
(D) Atul Kohli
43. Who has termed India as an example
of “Polycentric Nationalism” ?
(A) Partha Chatterji
‘Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History (2010)’-
(B) Anthony D. Smith
Anthony D. Smith
(C) Will Kymlicka
‘Ethnic vs polycentric nationality’
(D) Benedict Anderson
Atul Kohli, Rajni Kothari, Morris Jones, K.C. Wheare, Paul Brass, Francine Frankel,
Susan and Lloyd Rudolph, James Manor, Granville Austin, Myron Weiner,
Partha Chatterjee, Subipta Kaviraj, Pranab Bardhan, Asish Nandy,
T.N.Madan, Achin Vanaik, etc.
June 2014
Paper 2
1. To Kautilya, the concept “rupadarshaka”
means :
(A) Beautician
(B) Magistrate
(C) Inspector of coins
(D) Zamindar
9. In which place of South Africa did Gandhiji for the first time organize
mass protest ?
(A) Cape Town
(B) Johannesburg Tolstoy Farm, in Johannesburg, was the first ashram initiated
(C) Soweto and organized by Mohandas Gandhi during his South African
(D) Pretoria movement.
Paul Brass:
• ‘Factional Politics in an Indian State(1965)’
• ‘The Politics of India Since Independence(1990)’
• ‘Ethnicity and Nationalism(1991)’
• ‘The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary
India (2004)’
• ‘An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics,
1937 to 1961 (2011)’
June 2015
Paper 2
1. In Arthashastra, how many departments of the
government find mention?
(a) Sajal Basu (b) Myron Weiner (c) James Manor (d) Rob
Jenkivs
28. Match the following and select the correct pairs: List–I List–II
(Authors) (Books)
(A) Selig G. Harrison (i) Green Revolution in India
(B) Rudolf and Rudolf (ii) Indian Paradox
(C) Frankline Frankel (iii) In pursuit of Laxmi: The political Economy of the
Indian State
(D) Myron Weiner (iv) India: The Most Dangerous Decades
A B C D
(a) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
(b) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
(c) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(d)(iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
July 2016
Paper 2
8. Who among the following rejected the idea that caste
status was the result of divine reward or punishment?
(a) Bipin Chandra Pal (b) M.A. Jinnah (c) Jawaharlal Nehru (d)
M.K. Gandhi
25. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given
below:
List-I
(A) Granville Austin (i) ‘Quasi federal’
(B) K.C. Wheare (ii) ‘Federation with strong centralising tendency’
(C) Appleby (iii) ‘Cooperative federalism’
(D) Ivor Jennings (iv) ‘Extremely federal’
July 2016
Paper 3
Paul Brass:
8. Who among the following said: “Most religious men I have
met are politicians in disguise. I, however, who wear the • ‘Factional Politics in an Indian State(1965)’
• ‘The Politics of India Since
guise of a politician in disguise, am at heart a religious man”?
Independence(1990)’
• ‘Ethnicity and Nationalism(1991)’
(a) Bipin Chandra Pal (b) C.R. Das (c) M.K. Gandhi (d) M.A.
• ‘The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in
Jinnah
Contemporary India (2004)’
42. Match List–I with List–II and give the correct answer from the codes • ‘An Indian
given Political Life: Charan Singh and
below:
Congress Politics, 1937 to 1961 (2011)’
List–I (Author) List–II (Book)
(A) R.M. Jenkins (i) State Politics in India
(B) Myron Weiner(ed) (ii) Language Religion and Politics in North India
(C) Christophe Jafferlot (iii) Regional Reflections Comparing Politics Across India’s States
(D) Paul R. Brass (iv)India’s Silent Revolution: The rise of the Low Castes in North Indian
Politics
Politics and State-Society Relations in India- James Manor • James Manor books
Called India a Democratic Developmental State • ‘Politics and State-Society Relations in India’-
• ‘The Political Economy of Democratic
Decentralization(1999)’
• ‘The Politics of Poverty Reduction in India(2020)’
Rajni Kothari (1928 –2015) was an Indian political scientist, W. H. Morris-Jones(1918-1999): A Welsh,
political theorist, academic and writer. He was the founder of taught Indian politics at LSE, constitutional
Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) in 1963 adviser to the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten
Considered as authority on Indian politics
UGC-NET
Theme Wise Past Paper Analysis
(2011-2020)
Political Theory
Syllabus
• Unit - 1 : Political Theory Concepts:
• Modern Political values: Liberty, Equality, Justice, Rights,
• Democracy, Power, Citizenship,
• Political Traditions: Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism, Marxism,
Feminism, Ecologism, Multiculturalism, Postmodernism
Dec, 2011 CYCLE
First UGC-NET Exam in MCQ form
‘Peter Laslett declared death of
political philosophy in 1956
4 factors: 1. Historicism 2.
Moral Relativism 3.
Confusion between Science
and Theory 4. Hyper
Factualism
‘Democracy and the
Organization of
Political Parties
(1981)’- S M Lipset
The Decline of Political Theory(
1993)- Alfred Cobban
Thinkers who declared decline of political theory Thinkers who supported revival of political theory
• David Easton • Isiah Berlin
• Peter Laslett - political theory is dead • Leo Strauss
• Reimer- political theory in doghouse • George H. Sabine
• Robert Dahl • Hannah Arendt
• Alfred Cobban • Eric Vogelin
• Dante Germino • David Easton- yes !
• Oakeshott, John Rawls, Robert Nozick, Herbert Marcuse
4. Who among the following is
associated with the resurgence of Eric Voegelin (1901–1985), was a German-American political
political theory ? philosopher. Author of ‘The Political Religions’ and ‘the New
(A) David Easton Science of Politics’
(B) Alfred Cobban
(C) Vogelin Vogelin regards political science and political theory as inseparable and that one is
(D) Laslett not possible without the other. Political theory is not ideology, utopia or scientific
methodology, but an experiential science of the right order in both the individual
and society. It has to dissect critically and empirically the problem of order.
A??
JUNE 2018 CYCLE
Exam Held in July 2018
Level No.of Question (%)
Easy 19 (39%)
Medium 16 (33%)
Difficult 14 ( 28%)
Total 49
DECEMBER 2018 CYCLE
The Poverty of Historicism- Karl Popper
June 2019
As early as 1845 Marx renounced his Prussian citizenship, and failed to
acquire British citizenship by naturalization; he was Citizen of no country !
Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political
Theory- Bhikhu Parekh
DECEMBER 2019 CYCLE
‘Four Freedoms speech’ of Roosevelt- 1941
“Outline of a Theory of Citizenship”, in Dimensions of Radical
Democracy. Pluralism, Citizenship, Community- B.S. Turner
JUNE 2020 CYCLE
Exam Held in OCT 2020
Prominent advocates of luck egalitarianism - Ronald Dworkin,
Richard Arneson, Gerald Cohen, John Roemer
Edmund Burke- Trusteeship model
• Online Resources:
• DU reading list for Semester 1 paper on political theory
(http://www.du.ac.in/)
• IGNOU Study material: e gyankosh :
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20993/1/Unit-3.pdf
• https://schoolofpoliticalscience.com/decline-of-political-
theory/Encyclopaedia Britannica:
• JSTOR articles on decline and revival of political theory: 100 free article a
month: https://www.jstor.org/
POL SC HELP
UGC-NET Series
UGC-NET
Theme Wise Past Paper Analysis
(2011-2020)
Comparative Politics
Dec, 2011 CYCLE
First UGC-NET Exam in MCQ form
6. The ideal type of federalism is
5. Which one of the following is not (A) Dual federalism
one of the indicators of political (B) Bargaining federalism
development ? (C) New federalism
(A) Capacity (D) Co-operative federalism
(B) Equality
(C) Fraternity
(D) Differentiation 31. Identify the correct chronological
order in which the following
approaches emerged in comparative
13. The foremost pioneer of politics.
contemporary world-system (i) New Institutional Approach
theory (ii) Marxist Approach
is (iii) Philosophical Approach
(A) Paul Sweezy (iv) Behavioural Approach
(B) Immanuel Wallerstein Codes :
(C) Tariq Ali (A) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)
(D) Andre G. Frank (B) (iv), (ii), (i), (iii)
(C) (iii), (ii), (iv), (i)
Paul Sweezy (1910 –2004) one of the leading Marxian (D) (i), (iii), (ii), (iv)
economists of the second half of the 20th century
Wrote ‘Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic
and Social Order(1966)’
June 2012
Paper 2
9. Who among the following first
10. Structural functionalism as a method developed the concept of general
was developed to study the politics of systems theory ?
(A) Advanced capitalism (A) Ludwig Von Bertallanfy
(B) Developed socialism (B) Colin Cherry
(C) Modern totalitarianism (C) Robert K. Merton
(D) Politics of developing countries (D) Talcott Parsons
ANS D
16. What is ‘Cultural Dualism” ?
(A) The existence of two religious
cultures.
(B) Newly emerging nations have
two languages.
(C) A small elite is modernized
while the vast majority remains
in rigid ascriptive patterns of
tradition.
(D) It is separation of the sacred
from the secular.
D
17. Identify the correct sequence of
the
following input functions of
Almond’s Political System :
(i) Interest aggregation
(ii) Interest articulation
(iii) Political socialisation and
recruitment
(iv) Political communication
Select the correct answer from the
codes given below :
(A) (ii), (iii), (i) and (iv)
(B) (iii), (ii), (i) and (iv)
(C) (iii), (i), (ii) and (iv)
(D) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
JUNE 2013
PAPER 3
15. Given below are two statements, one
labelled as Assertion (A) and the
other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : For Daniel Bell
C
there is the ‘end of ideology’.
Reason (R) : This is to validate a
single ideology and to discredit
every other ideology.
Elite Theorists:
A??
Mosca- ‘The Ruling Class’
Pareto-‘ Circulation of Elite’; ‘History- graveyard of Elites’;
Lions and Foxes
C Wright Mills- ‘The Power Elite’
Robert Michael-‘ Iron law of oligarchy’
Dec 2014
PAPER 2
An Economic Theory of Democracy(1957)- Anthony Downs
Communication theory of Karl Deutsch- Cybernetics
14. Edward Shils in his book Political Development in New States
presented a fivefold classification of modern political systems:
i) Political democracy as in Britain and USA,
ii) Tutelary democracy - states which are not democratic but try
to copy the ways of political democracy,
iii) Modernising Oligarchy - states where the power is in the
hands of a few civilians who rule with the help of armed forces
or vice-versa,
iv) Totalitarian Oligarcliy of either Communist or Fascist type,
v) Traditional Oligarcliy - states which are ruled by dynastic
rulers and are associated with traditional religious beliefs.
A
B??
Jan, 2017
paper2
•C Wright Mills: ‘The Power Elites(1956)’
•Nexus of the leaders of the military, corporate, and political
class in USA and how the ordinary citizen is a relatively
powerless subject of manipulation by the power elites
c
Consociational state as one which has major internal divisions along ethnic,
religious, or linguistic lines, but which remains stable due to consultation
among the elites of these groups. Consociational states are often contrasted
with states with majoritarian electoral systems.
Examples: Belgium, Italy, Israel, Lebanon, the Netherlands, Switzerland,
Ethiopia, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia and South Africa
Jan 2017
Paper 3
D??
b
A??
D??
“Political Development and Political Decay(1965)”- Samuel P. Huntington
a
a
Harold Lasswell said this in his book ‘Politics: Who Gets What,
When, How? (1936)’
(a) Huntingtion said this in his book ‘Political Order in
Changing Societies(1968)’
22. Who was the author of the book “The Presidential Republic” ?
(1) Jean Blondel
(2) (2) Dorothy Pickles
(3) (3) Walter Bagehot
(4) (4) E.H. Carr
According to Gabriel Almond following is the sequential order: (a) Institutional groups (b)
Non-associational groups (c) Associational groups (d) Anomic groups
Comparative Politics Today: Gabriel Almond
Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, A.M. Henderson and Joseph la
Palombara: political development is linked with legal and
administrative development
•Samuel P. Huntington- ‘Political Development & Political
Decay’
Marbury Vs Madison, 1803, the U.S. Supreme Court first declared an act of
Congress/Parliament unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review
DECEMBER 2018 CYCLE
The Rights of Man (1791): Thomas Paine
Once elected for a four-year-term, Federal Councillors can
neither be voted out of office by a motion of no confidence
nor can they be impeached.
David Apter, Edward Shils, Organski, James Coleman, and Sidney Verba , Gabriel Almond-
Development and Modernisation theorists
Thinkers who gave Elite Theory
o Mosca- ‘The Ruling Class’
o Pareto-‘ Circulation of Elite’; ‘History- graveyard of
Elites’
• C Wright Mills-‘The Power Elite’
• Robert Michels: ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’
JUNE 2020 CYCLE
Exam Held in OCT 2020
UK, New Zealand, Israel have unwritten constitution
Johann Gottfried (1744 –1803) was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary
critic; he created the concept of ‘Volk’- German nation/people having distinct language,
culture
• Consociational state: in which has major internal divisions
along ethnic, religious, or linguistic lines, with none of the
divisions large enough to form a majority group, but which
remains stable due to power sharing among these groups
• Ex: Lebanon, Israel. Northern Ireland, South Africa, etc.
• Dependency Theories:
• Raul Prebisch( founder)
• AG Frank- ‘ Development of Underdevelopment’,
• Cardoso- was also president of Brazil
• Wallerstein- ‘World System Theory’- Core &
Periphery
Books by Rajni Kothari
1. Politics in India
2. Caste in Indian Politics
3. Rethinking Democracy
UGC-NET
Theme Wise Past Paper Analysis
(2011-2020)
Public Administration
2011
Dec
17. Which one of the following is not
correct about New Public Administration ?
(A) It is more public oriented than The overall focus in NPA movement seems to be to make
generic. administration to be less "generic" and more "public", less
(B) It is more analytical than "descriptive" and more "prescriptive", less "institution-
descriptive. oriented" and more "client-oriented", less "neutral" and more
(C) It is more customer-oriented "normative" but should be no less scientific all the same.
than institution-oriented.
(D) It is more value-laden than
being neutral.
54. Which of the following committee 55. When was the Central Vigilance
recommended two-tier Panchayatiraj Commission set up by the
institutions ? Government of India ?
(A) Ashok Mehta Committee (A) 1961
(B) G.V.K. Rao Committee (B) 1964
(C) R.R. Diwakar Committee (C) 1967
(D) L.M. Singhvi Committee (D) 1971
60. Given below are two statements, one
labelled as Assertion (A) and the
59. The institution of ‘Ombudsman’ other labelled as Reason (R).
was Assertion (A) : Talking about
first introduced in responsibility, Follett
(A) Denmark maintains that “the distinction
(B) UK between those who manage
(C) Sweden and those who are managed is
(D) Switzerland somewhat fading.’
B
Dec 2012
Paper 2
20. Which one of the following is not a
feature of F.M. Marx’s guardian 31. The Book ‘Introduction to Public
bureaucracy ? Administration’ was authored by
(A) Custodian of Public interest (A) W.F. Willoughby
(B) Competent (B) Woodrow Wilson
(C) Authoritarian (C) M.P. Follet
(D) Corrupt (D) Leonard D. White
32. The concept of ‘Informal Organisation’ 33. ‘Clect’ is the sub-system of Riggs’
was proPounded by Prismatic society
(A) F.W. Taylor (A) Social system
(B) Herbert Simon (B) Administrative system
(C) Elton Mayo (C) Economic system
(D) F.M. Marx (D) Political system
34. ‘Jacksonian Theory’ is also
called 35. Which of the four major issues of
(A) Merit system Public Administration were debated in
(B) Outsource theory the Minnowbrooke Conference, 1968
(C) Spoils system ?
(D) Contract system (A) Relevance, values, equity and
• Spoil system or Patronage Bureaucracy: by President change.
Jackson (B) History, qualities, values and
• Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 1883- removed development.
the spoil system; merit system (C) Text, context, relevance and
status.
(D) Norms, values, context and
36. Who said, ‘Successful Management progress.
involves Management by Objectives” ? • 5 themes of NPA: relevance, values, social equity,
(A) F.W. Taylor change and client focus
(B) Peter F. Drucker
(C) Kothari Committee 37. In which book of the following, Robert
(D) Edwin B. Flippo
Dahl explained the Theory of Decision
Making ?
(A) Democracy, Liberty and Equality
(B) Democracy at Cross Roads
(C) Who Governs ?
(D) Modern Political Analysis
38. Which Committee recommended
“Unified Grading Structure” for the
British Civil Service ?
(A) Masterman
(B) Fulton
(C) Asheton
(D) McGraw
C
Dec 2012
paper3
46. Consider the following statements
about Civil Service in a developing
society :
1. It should act as an instrument of
change.
2. It should have concern for social
equity.
3. It should have common concern
for vested interests.
4. It should be politically neutral.
Select the correct statements from the
codes given below :
(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (B) 1, 3 and 4
(C) 1, 2 and 4 (D) 2, 3 and 4
48. Which one of the following was not 49. The principle of unity of command
included as a principle of mainly ensures
administration by Willoughby in his (A) Accountability
‘Principles of Public Administration’ ? (B) Specialization
(A) General and overhead (C) Acceptability
administration (D) Coordination
(B) Coordination
(C) Finance
(D) Personnel administration
50. Which one of the following is not one 51. Who among the following has called
of the main characteristics of Taylor’s Weber’s ideal type of bureaucracy as
scientific management ? unsuitable for developing societies ?
(A) Time and motion studies (A) H. Simon
(B) Participation in decision making (B) Chester I. Barnard
(C) Differential piece-rate system (C) Fred W. Riggs
(D) Functional foremanship (D) Dwight Waldo
52. The Committee on Assurances of the 53. According to Herbert Simon, if a
Parliament of India is an instrument of decision is directed towards
(A) Executive Control individual’s goal, it is
(B) Judicial Control (A) Organizationally rational
(C) Civil-Society Control (B) Personally rational
(D) Legislative Control (C) Objectively rational
(D) Subjectively rational
54. The most logical criterion to 55. Central Vigilance Commission was set
distinguish a line function from staff is up on the recommendations of
(A) the functional relationship (A) First Administrative Reforms
(B) the authority relationship Commission
(C) the grouping of functions (B) Gorwala Committee Report
(D) the departmentalization (C) Kripalani Committee Report
(D) Santhanam Committee Report
57. Which one of the following
56. The Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill 1968
committee’s report said that
passed by the Lok Sabha lapsed
Community Development Programme
because
and National Extension Service had
(A) Rajya Sabha rejected the Bill
failed to evoke popular enthusiasm ?
(B) President withheld the Bill
(A) Sarkaria Committee Report
(C) Joint Committee of the two
(B) L.M. Singhvi Committee Report
Houses rejected the Bill
(C) G.V.K. Rao Committee Report
(D) of early Dissolution of Fourth
(D) Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
Lok Sabha
Report
Josia Stamp
• Public Admin- 4 differences from private Admin
• Rigid Rules & Regulations
55. Which of the following concepts of • External Financial Control
administration is action oriented • Public accountability/responsibility
rather than structure oriented ? • Principle of service motive
(A) Democratic Administration
(B) Autocratic Administration
(C) Development Administration
(D) All of the above
54. Who among the following are called
staff officials ?
(A) Field workers
(B) Advisory staff Line Function: directly contributing to core goals of
(C) Those who help the chief organisation
executive in the performance of
his primary functions. Staff Function: profession & expert support to Line staff
(D) Those who help the chief Adopted from Military
executive in the implementation
of his functions. Line- represented as scaler chain- vertical
Staff- represented as horizontal- coordination
58. Assertion (A) : The District
Collector is the most important
functionary at the apex of the
district administration.
Reason (R) : After independence,
his role has become
increasingly multi-dimensional.
The Plowden Report is the unofficial name for the 1967 report
of the Central Advisory Council For Education into Primary
education in England.
Five Functions of Management (Fayol)
1. Planning.
2. Organizing.
3. Commanding.
B 4. Coordinating.
5. Controlling.
Ashok Mehta Committee: The 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj
should be replaced by the 2-tier system: Zilla Parishad at the
district level, and below it, the Mandal Panchayat consisting of
a group of villages covering a population of 15000 to 20000.
Dec, 2015
Paper 2
c
Bureaucracy is categorised into four types by Morstein Marx
viz., Guardian Bureaucracy, . Caste Bureaucracy, Patronage
Bureaucracy, and Merit Bureaucracy
b
c
Dec, 2015
PAPER 3
•Luthar Gullick’s POSDCORB
Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating,
Reporting and Budgeting
•5 themes of NPA: relevance, values, social equity, change and
client focus
The notion of a representative bureaucracy was first
articulated by Donald Kingsley in 1944. Kingsley coined the
term “representative bureaucracy” in response to what he
observed in the British civil service during World War II.
A??
June 2016
Paper 2
b
C
B
D
A
C??
B??
B B
Jan, 2017
paper2
•USA: Hatch Act of 1939- No political
Activity by Civil Servants
Ward Committee as
per article 243S, 74th
Amendments
Public Vs Pvt Administration
• Paul H Appleby
• Josia Stamp
• Herbert A Simon,
• Peter Drucke
Jan, 2017
Paper 3
Stage 1: politics administration dichotomy
(1887-1926) Stage 2: principles of
administration (1927-1937) Stage 3: era of
challenge (1938-1947) Stage 4: crises of identity
(1948-1970) Stage 5: public policy perspective(
1970 onward)
The Bank Wiring Experiment(1931-32)
• Rate buster:- one who produce more than the social norm. ·
• Chiseler:- the one who produces less than the social
norm/target
•Squaller :- the one who complain the management about his
peer/co-worker
b
a
b
Nov, 2017
Paper 2
• Spoil system or Patronage Bureaucracy: by President
Jackson
• Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act- removed the spoil
system; merit system
a
A??
C?
JUNE 2018 CYCLE
Exam Held in July 2018
DECEMBER 2018 CYCLE
The five functions of management/administration as defined by
Henri Fayol : Planning, Organizing, Command, Coordination,
and Control
• Introduction to the study of Public Administration-1926:
L.D.White- 1st text book in Public Administration
SIMON’S View:
• Public administration is bureaucratic, whereas private administration is business –
like.
• Public administration is political ,while private administration is non political.
• Public administration is characterised by red tape, while private administration is
free from it
The intellectual crisis in American public administration(
1974): Vincent Ostrom
Domination
• Forcing the issue by one sided or liner response; use of
coercive power; zero sum game
Compromise
• Each party give away part of their values/desire/interests;
uneasy truce, unsatisfying
Integration
• Synthesis and integration of conflicting
values/desire/interests produces ‘new’ or synthesized
values/desire interests ; Neither party give away,
compromises, or loses; Win-Win game
Civil Services Exam:
Kothari committee-1976- 3 stage CSE
Satish Chandra Committee-1989- essay paper
Y.K. Alagh Committee- 2001- CSAT
Hota Committee, 2004: Age-21-24; aptitude and leadership
tests
Second Administrative Reforms (Veerappa Moily)
Commission-2008- CSAT, and present model
Line Vs Staff:
Line Function: directly contributing to core goals of
organisation
Staff Function: profession & expert support to Line staff
Adopted from Military
Line- represented as scaler chain- vertical
Staff- represented as horizontal- coordination
DECEMBER 2019 CYCLE
Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective-
Frank marini
Dwight Waldo’s Books
• The Administrative State( 1948)
• The study of public administration(1955)
• The Enterprise of Public Administration: A Summary
View(1980)
• Perspectives on Administration(1956)
• Democracy, bureaucracy, and hypocrisy(1977)
JUNE 2020 CYCLE
Exam Held in OCT 2020
Organisation: "system of consciously coordinated personal
activities or forces of two or more persons”
UGC-NET
Theme Wise Past Paper Analysis
(2011-2020)
International Relation
Dec 2011
30. Arrange the following Earth 35. Arrange the following in correct
Summits held so far in chronological chronological order and give answer
order : from the codes given below :
(i) Rio-de-Jeneiro Summit (i) Ostpolitic
(ii) Kyoto Summit (ii) Warsaw Pact
(iii) Bali Summit (iii) NATO
(iv) Copenhagen Summit (iv) Helsinki Agreement
Codes : Codes :
(A) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv) (A) (iv), (i), (iii), (ii)
(B) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (B) (ii), (iv), (i), (iii)
(C) (iii), (ii), (i), (iv) (C) (iii), (ii), (i), (iv)
(D) (iii), (iv), (i), (ii) (D) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)
44. Russia has been given permanent seat • Marshall Plan (1948) Official name: European Recovery Program
on the UN Security Council by virtue
of its being
(A) Second most powerful country in
the world
(B) Successor State to the former
Soviet Union.
(C) Largest country in the world in
terms of area
(D) One of the oldest civilisations in
the world
45. The major argument of Neo-realism of
Kenneth Waltz is that 46. Non-reciprocity principle of India’s
(A) Structures are more important policy towards neighbouring countries
than actors. envisages
(B) Actors play more crucial role (A) hegemonic designs towards
than structures. neighbouring countries.
(C) Human nature is crucial element (B) efforts for improving ties with
in politics. the neighbouring countries
(D) The states override the without reciprocity.
constraints imposed by (C) non-aligned policy posture in the
international structures. South Asian context.
(D) the disciplining of the
neighbouring countries.
69. What is the correct sequence of the following Ministers of External Affairs of India ?
(i) S.M. Krishna
(ii) Atal. B. Vajpayee
(iii) Pranab Mukherjee
(iv) Swarna Singh
Arrange the following chronologically from who came first :
(A) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(B) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
(C) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(D) (i) (iii) (iv) (ii)
70. “Indira Doctrine” is considered an
71. The United Nations Charter is
important aspect of India’s foreign
mainly
policy for it defines
(A) largely concerned with
(A) The objectives of India’s
individual human rights.
foreign policy.
(B) wholly concerned with the
(B) It equates India’s security with
relationship between States.
that of the region and the
(C) devoted to a wide range of
predominance of India.
subjects including peace,
(C) India’s security is coterminous
justice, freedom and economic
with the region and any
and social rights.
interference of external powers
(D) devoted to duties and rights of
is taken as a threat to India’s
great, medium and small
security.
powers.
(D) Doctrine enunciated by Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi which
was for the neighbours.
72. International society tradition is also
known as the 73. The main purpose of the Indo-Sri
(A) Anglo-American School of Lanka Accord was
International Relations. (A) India’s war against Tamils.
(B) English School of International (B) India’s intention to partition
Relations. Sri Lanka.
(C) European School of (C) To end the ethnic strife
International Relations between the Sinhalese and
(D) Alternative School of Tamils.
International Relations (D) To legalise Tamil Militant
groups.
74. The Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC) forum
(A) is part of a more general trend
towards regional blocs. 75. The US approach to the Cold War
(B) accounts for over half the was originally set out in
world’s GDP (A) The Nixon Doctrine
(C) has member states which (B) The Marshall Plan
include authoritarian regimes (C) The Monroe Doctrine
as well as democracies. (D) The Truman Doctrine
(D) All of the above are true.
APEC( 1989): HQ: Singapore; India is Not a member
Dec 2012
Paper 2
41. In the post Soviet era Russia’s outlook
42. Who of the following has coined the
at global level is marked by
term under-development ?
(A) Rigid Ideological positions
(A) Antonio Gramsci
(B) Enhanced role for Soviet era
(B) Rosa Luxemburg
legacies.
(C) Emmanual Wallerstein
(C) Pragmatic de-ideologised worldview.
(D) Kenneth Waltz
(D) Rigidities of cold war era.
•Dependency Theories:
• Raul Prebisch( founder)
• AG Frank- ‘ Development of Underdevelopment’,
• Cardoso- was also president of Brazil
• Wallerstein- ‘World System Theory’- Core & Periphery
43. The policy of containment formulated
44. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 adopted
by the U.S. aimed at
the programme for
(A) Checking globally the influence
(A) ending global poverty
of the Soviet Union.
(B) the democratisation of U.N.
(B) Checking the nuclear
system
proliferation of Iran.
(C) broadening the participation
(C) Containing defiant North Korea.
within I.M.F. and World Bank.
(D) Countering the expansionist
(D) reducing greenhouse emissions.
policies of People’s Republic of
China
Atoms for Peace- Speech- Atoms for Peace" was the title of a
speech delivered by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to
the UN General Assembly in New York City on December 8,
1953
a Mary Kaldor: New war - warfare in the post-Cold War era
Martin Shaw: Degenerate war
use of armed force against a civilian population as the
extension of military struggle
Raymond Aron: Hyperbolic war
Stephen D. Krasner defined International Regimes as “Implicit
or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision-making
procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in
a given area of international relations.”
a
d
Dec 2013
Paper 3
B why not a??
68.Which country has the world’s largest reserves of natural
gas, the second largest coal reserves, and the eighth largest
oil reserves?
72.As part of a regional initiative, India initiated the 2004
Tokyo Agreement. Name the organization which emerged as
a result.
b
a
b
June 2015
Paper 2
a
a
Kudankulam Nuclear plant with the cooperation of Russia
d
a
d
c
a
a
49
a
June 2016
PAPER 3
A
65
B
Asian country G-20- China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Saudi
Arabia, South Korea, and Turkey.
C
Jan, 2017
Paper 2
d
Balance of terror:
It describes the tenuous peace that existed between the two
countries as a result of both governments being terrified at the
prospect of a world-destroying nuclear war.
The term is usually used for rhetorical purposes, and was
probably coined by Lester Pearson in June 1955 at the 10th
anniversary of the signing of the UN Charter: "the balance of
terror has succeeded the balance of power“ ( Wikipedia)
The 5 Principal Assumptions of Balance of Power: (1) states
are determined to protect their vital rights and interests by all
means, including war. (2) vital interests of the states are
threatened. (3) The relative power position of states can be
measured with a degree of accuracy. (4) “balance” will either
deter the threatening state from launching an attack or permit
the victim to avoid defeat if an attack should occur. (5) The
statesmen can make foreign policy decisions intelligently on
basis of power considerations.
Jan, 2017
Paper 3
Kaplan gave various types of international state systems:
the "balance of power" system,
the loose bipolar system,
the tight bipolar system,
the universal international system,
the hierarchical international system,
and the Unit Veto International System
c
A??
d
a
USA in response launched Operation Infinite Reach -cruise
missile strikes on Al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan and Sudan, on
August 20, 1998.
b
Nov, 2017
Paper 2
• John von Neumann- father of the Game theory
• ‘Theory of Games and Economic Behavior(1944)’- his book
(2) the war must have a just cause (e.g., defense of the
common good or a response to grave injustice);
(3) the warring state must have just intentions (i.e., it must
wage the war for justice rather than for self-interest); and
5 Founders:
1. Josip Broz Tito from Yugoslavia · 2. Jawaharlal Nehru from
India · 3. Gamal Abdel Nasser from Egypt · 4. Sukarno from
Indonesia · 5. Kwame Nkrumah from Ghana
The responsibility to protect (commonly referred to as ‘RtoP’)
rests upon three pillars :
• the responsibility of each State to protect its populations
(pillar I);
• the responsibility of the international community to assist
States in protecting their populations (pillar II);
• and the responsibility of the international community to
protect when a State is manifestly failing to protect its
populations (pillar III).
Nov,2017
PAPER3
B?
b
73
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JUNE 2018 CYCLE
Exam Held in July 2018
USA-August 1945.
the Soviet Union- 1949
The United Kingdom -1952,
France -1960
China - 1964
India became a Sectoral Partner of the ASEAN
in 1992, Dialogue Partner in 1996 and Summit
Level Partner in 2002
The European Commission (EC) is the executive branch of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation,
enforcing EU laws and directing the union's administrative operations.
jus ad bellum:
• Legitimate Authority
• Just Cause
• Just-intentions
• Just Peace
• Main Security Theories- Realism:
• Security Complex concept of Barry Buzan
• Security Regime concept of Robert Jervis
• Security Community concept of Karl Deutsch
• Security Dilemma was used by John Hertz
POL SC HELP
UGC-NET Series
UGC-NET
Theme Wise Past Paper Analysis
(2011-2020)
Indian Polity
34. Identify the correct chronological order in which the
12. A political party is recognised as a following states were created. Use the codes given below :
regional party if (i) Goa
(A) It gets 4 per cent votes in the (ii) Himachal Pradesh
state either in the Lok Sabha or (iii) Haryana
the Assembly elections. (iv) Sikkim
(B) It gets 5 per cent votes in the Codes :
state either in the Lok Sabha or (A) (iv), (ii), (iii), (i)
the Assembly elections. (B) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)
(C) It gets 6 per cent votes in the (C) (i), (ii), (iv), (iii)
state either in the Lok Sabha or (D) (iii), (ii), (iv), (i)
the Assembly elections.
(D) It gets 7 per cent votes in the
state either in the Lok Sabha or
A party has to fulfill any of the following conditions for recognition as a state party:
in the Assembly elections.
1. A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to the state legislative
assembly and win at least 2 seats in that state assembly.
2. A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to Lok Sabha and win at
least 1 seat in Lok Sabha.
3. A party should win minimum three percent of the total number of seats or a minimum of
three seats in the Legislative Assembly, which ever is higher.
4. A party should win at least one seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction
thereof allotted to that State.
38. Arrange the following books in order
in which they appeared. Use the
codes given below :
(i) India Wins Freedom
(ii) My Experiments with Truth
(iii) Idea of Justice
(iv) The Indian struggle
Code :
(A) (iv), (ii), (i), (iii)
(B) (iii), (i), (iv), (ii)
(C) (ii), (iv), (i), (iii)
(D) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)
B
June 2012
Paper 2
23. Who gave the Indian National
25. Identify the States whose State
Congress the Constitution and made it
Assemblies are meet at places other
a mass and cadre party ?
than the State capital :
(A) Tilak
(A) Jammu-Kashmir & Madhya
(B) Gokhale
Pradesh
(C) Motilal Nehru
(B) Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka
(D) Gandhi
(C) Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
(D) Jammu-Kashmir and Maharashtra
c
Indian thinker of Sunaltern Studies
Dipesh Chakrabarty. Partha Chatterjee. Ranajit Guha, Gayatri
Chakravorty Spivak.
Dec, 2013
PAPER 3
359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during
emergencies
(1) Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the President may by
order declare that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such of
the rights conferred by Part III (except Article 20 and 21) as may be mentioned
in the order
b
GOI 1935 provided separate Electorate for depressed classes
(scheduled castes), women and labour (workers).
State Politics in India(1968)- Myron Weiner
JUNE 2014
PAPER2
C??
Only Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Karnataka, Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of
Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh out of 28 states a Public Service Commission.
have bicameral legislatures
Article 368.
Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure
therefor.
June 2015
Paper 3
b
40
Dec 2015
Paper 2
C??
Article 34: parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State
or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or
restoration of order in any area within the territory of India where martial law was in force
d
d
b
c
B??
June 2016
Paper 2
• Justice Party – 1917
Article 156.
• Shiromani Akali Dal – 1920
Term of office of Governor.—(1) The Governor shall hold office
• Hindu Maha Sabha – 1921
during the pleasure of the President.
• National Conference – 1932
(2) The Governor may, by writing under his hand addressed to
the President, resign his office.
c
June 2016
PAPER 3
d
c
B??
b
• Fundamental Rights are granted only to citizens of India
are:
• Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race,
caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15).
• Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
(Article 16).
• Protection of six rights to freedom of: Article 19
• Protection of language, script and culture of minorities
(Article 29).
• Right of minorities to establish and administer educational
institutions (Article 30).
c
D??
B
B
The Janata Government terminated the fifth five year plan in 1977–78
and launched its own sixth five year plan for period 1978–83 and called
it a Rolling Plan.
b
C??
Article 19(2): Nothing in sub clause (a) of clause ( 1 ) shall affect the
operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law,
in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of
the right conferred by the said sub clause in the interests of the
sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly
relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in
relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence
a
• ADM Jabalpur case ( 1975): Art. 21 can be suspended by the declaration of Emergency- Justice H.R. Khanna
dissented
• MC Mehta Case (1986): Absolute Liability of factories/firms polluting environment
• Bandhua Mukti Morcha Case(1997): Banned Child labour (below 14 years) in carpet industry of UP
• BALCO employee Union case (2001): against disinvestment of BALCO
a
d
UGC-NET
Theme Wise Past Paper Analysis
(2011-13, 2018-2020)
Indian Constitution
For remaining Cycles, PYQs merged with Indian Polity
2011
DEC
33. Identify the correct chronological
order of the following :
(i) Cabinet Mission Plan
(ii) Cripps Mission
(iii) Simon Commission
(iv) Communal Award
Codes :
(A) (ii), (i), (iii), (iv)
(B) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i)
(C) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)
(D) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)
9. Which of the following 7. Independence of executive is the
Commissions does not have the principle of
constitutional status ? (A) Indian Constitution
(A) Finance Commission (B) British Constitution
(B) Union Public Service (C) American Constitution
Commission (D) Swiss Constitution
(C) National Commission for
Scheduled Castes
(D) Planning Commission
Diarchy (dual Government ) at the level of the provincial Separate Electorate to Muslims
government Included Indians to Executive councils of Viceroy
Transferred subjects- elected legislative council members- and Governors
nominated as ministers Further Increased the number of additional and non-
Reserved Subjects: important subjects/portfolio reserved official members in the legislative councils- 16 to 60
for members of executive council Legislature given more powers to ask questions from
Separate Electorate for Sikhs and other minority executives
communities
Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and
70% of the members were to be elected.
Thus, GOI Act 1919 strengthened popular and
representative Government in British India
June 2012
Paper 2
40. Which one of the following articles of
26. Which amendment of the
the Constitution empowers Parliament
Constitution of India limits the number
to create an All India Service ?
of Ministers ?
(A) Article 300 (B) Article 312
(A) 73rd (B) 86th
(C) Article 320 (D) Article 410
(C) 87th (D) 91st
??
A ??
42. In order to ensure free and fair 36. The power of Supreme Court of
elections and to conduct all elections India to decide the dispute between
to the Panchayats, the power is the Centre and the States falls under
vested with its
(A) Chief Election Commissioner (A) Advisory Jurisdiction
of India (B) Appellate Jurisdiction
(B) Chief Minister of the State (C) Original Jurisdiction
(C) State Election Commission (D) Advisory and Appellate
(D) Chief Secretary of the State Jurisdiction
35. Which of the following statements is not correct ? 28. Which one of the following is the
(A) First Proclamation of Emergency was declared in 1962. most important characteristic of a
(B) Second Proclamation of Emergency was declared in 1971. Parliamentary Government ?
(C) Third Proclamation of Emergency was declared in (A) Majority Rule
1975. (B) Rule of Law
(D) Second and Third Proclamations of Emergency (C) Direct election of Member of
were revoked in 1978. Parliament
(D) Collective responsibility of the
Executive to the Legislature
31. The Constituent Assembly was setup under the
(A) Cripp Mission
(B) Cabinet Mission Plan
(C) Wavell Plan
Cabinet Mission Plan-1946
(D) Nehru Report
3 members- Lord Pethick-Lawrence (the Secretary of State for India) Sir Stafford
Cripps (of Cripps Mission) and A.V. Alexander
Genuine attempt by British to keep India one nation-state
India as federation of 3 groups of provinces
Group A: provinces such as UP, CP, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa and Madras
Group B -Sind, Punjab, Northwest Frontier and Baluchistan
Group C : Bengal and Assam
Central/federal Government- Foreign affairs, defense, currency, and
communications; rest left to provincial or group Government
INC and AIML first accepted the plan but later on both almost rejected it
AIML- wanted grouping mandatory, provinces could not opt out; INC – voluntary
INC- the sovereign Indian constituent Assembly won’t be bound by the Plan;
AIML- it was binding.
Dec 2012
PAPER 2
29. When were the Lok Sabha rules 30. Which one of the following
amended to provide for Department Acts/Reports created the Federal Court
Related Parliamentary Standing in India ?
Committees ? (A) Government of India Act, 1909.
(A) 1988 (B) Government of India Act, 1919.
(B) 1989 (C) Montague-Chelmsford Report
(C) 1991 (D) Government of India Act, 1935
(D) 1995
Government of India Act, 1935
Outcome of 3 Round Table Conference- 1930-32
Introduced Diarchy in Centre ; never implemented
Diarchy in provinces abolished
Provincial Autonomy- to act as autonomous units of administration in their defined spheres
All India Federation- if 50% of Indian states decided to join it.
Bicameral Legislatures in Provinces
However, the provisions with regards to the federation were not implemented
Separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labourer (workers).
Independent’s India’s constitution has taken maximum clauses from GOI Act 1935
26. Who prefers to characterize the
24. Which of the following statements are
Indian federalism as “bargaining
correct about Indian Government ?
federalism” ?
(i) Rajya Sabha represents the local
(A) A.K. Chanda
interests of the States.
(B) Morris Jones
(ii) A member of Rajya Sabha must
(C) K.C.Wheare
be a resident of the State from
(D) D.D. Basu
which he is elected.
(iii) Number of seats allotted to a
State has to be proportionate to
its population.
(iv) The term of a member of Rajya
Sabha is same as that of Senator
in the US.
Codes :
(A) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(C) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(D) (i) and (ii)
Dec 2012
PAPER 3
22. “We are under the Constitution but the
Constitution is what the judges say it
is”. Which of the following countries
can this be applicable to ?
1. India
2. America
3. Switzerland
4. Australia
Select the correct answer from the
codes given below :
Codes :
(A) 1 and 3 (B) 1 and 2
(C) 2 and 3 (D) 3 and 4
24. Which of the following statements are
not correct ?
1. The Swiss Federal Tribunal has
In comparison with the constitutions of other democratic
the power to declare
states, the Swiss Federal Constitution has one unique feature: it
unconstitutional a law passed by
makes no provision for a constitutional objection to federal
the Federal Legislature.
legislation, i.e. once legislation has been enacted by
2. The Communist Party is banned
Parliament, it cannot be declared invalid by the Federal
in the U.S.A.
Supreme Court on the grounds that it is unconstitutional. The
3. The Constitution of India on the
only exception that the Federal Supreme Court makes to this
date of its commencement did
rule applies in conflicts between a federal act and international
have a provision that the advice
law.
of the Council of Ministers
would be binding on the
Also unlike other constitutions (e.g. the US Constitution), the
President.
Federal Constitution is amended regularly. Swiss citizens can
4. Tories in England are known as
demand an amendment to the Constitution or the adoption of
Conservatives.
a new article by organising a popular initiative. A partial or
Select the correct answer from the
complete revision of the Constitution must be approved by a
codes given below :
majority of voters and a majority of cantons.
Codes :
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3
(C) 2 and 4 (D) 1 and 3
31. The Preamble of the Constitution of
32. The name of a candidate for the Office
India enshrines the ideals of liberty,
of President of India is proposed by
equality and fraternity – ideals mainly
(A) any five citizens of India
inspired by the
(B) any five Members of the
(A) Russian Revolution
Parliament
(B) Irish Revolution
(C) any fifty Members of the
(C) French Revolution
Electoral College
(D) Cultural Revolution
(D) any ten members of the Electoral
College
A A
36. Which one of the following 37. According to Article 170, the
committees, is an exclusive maximum members of the State
committee of Rajya Sabha ? Legislative Assemblies which are
(i) Committee on Subordinate directly elected could be
Legislation. (A) 403 (B) 485
(ii) Committee on Government (C) 484 (D) 500
Assurance.
(iii) Committee on Papers Laid on
Article 170: the Legislative Assembly of each State shall consist
the Table.
of not more than five hundred, and not less than sixty,
(iv) Committee on Public
members chosen by direct election from territorial
Undertakings.
constituencies in the State
Choose the correct answer from the
codes given below :
Codes : Article 171. Composition of the Legislative Councils.—(1) The
(A) (i), (iii), (iv) (B) (i), (ii), (iv) total number of members in the Legislative
(C) (iv), (iii), (ii) (D) (i), (ii), (iii) Council of a State having such a Council shall not exceed
one third of the total number of members in the
Legislative Assembly of that State, Provided that the total
number of members in the Legislative Council of a State shall in
no case be less than forty
57. Reservation for the Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes in the services
has been provided under
(A) Article 315 (B) Article 335
(C) Article 365 (D) Article 375
Level Numbers of MCQs
Easy 16
Medium 18
Difficult 15
Total 49
JUNE 2018 CYCLE
Exam Held in July 2018
43: Which of the following is true about the fundamental rights under
Indian Constitution ?
(a) It is protected and enforced by the Constitution.
(b) (b) It can be changed by the common legislative process.
(c) (c) Supreme Court is the guardian of fundamental rights.
(d) (d) All Constitutional rights are fundamental rights. Select
47. Which article of the Indian Constitution empower the Parliament to make provisions for
a contingency when the offices of both the President and the Vice-President fall vacant by
reasons of death, resignation, removal or otherwise ?
UGC-NET
POLITICAL SCIENCE
2021- Shift One
PAPER ANALYSIS
Useful for all Entrance Tests & Competitive Exams
A, B and C only/केवल A, B और C, Option ID :- 24880,
. A, B and D only/केवल A, B और D, Option ID :- 24881,
. A, B, C and D/A, B, C और D, Option ID :- 24879,
. B, C and D only/केवल B, C और D, Option ID :- 24882,
Frantz Fanon/फ्रैंट् ज़ फैिि, Option ID :- 24732, Frantz Fanon(1925-1961): French West Indian,
. Hannah Arendt/है िा अरे न्ड् ट, Option ID :- 24731, Psychiatrist, political philosopher and author ;
. Hobbes/हॉब्स, Option ID :- 24734, ‘Black skin, while mask(1952)’ ‘A dying Colonialism(1959),
. Machiavelli/िैमकयावेल , Option ID :- 24733, ‘the wretched of the Earth(1961)
Perhaps the most influential writer on post colonial
studies
Question ID:- 6323
Which one of the following is NOT a function of political parties?
मिम्नमलखित िें से कौि-सा रािि मतक पामटक यों का कायक िह ं है ?
Options:-
.Formation of government and alternate government/सरकार और वैकखल्पक
सरकार बिािा, Option ID :- 24756,
. Formation of public opinion/ििित बिािा, Option ID :- 24755,
. Political education to public/ििता को रािि मतक मर्क्षा दे िा, Option ID :-
24757,
. To control the judiciary/न्यायपामलका पर मियंत्रर् रििा, Option ID :- 24758,
Question ID:- 6345
Which of the following statements is incorrect about the "Human Relations Theory"?
'िािव संबंि मसद्धां त' (ह्यू िेि ररलेर्ंस मथयोर ) के बारे िें मिम्नमलखित कथिों िें से कौि-सा सह
िह ं है ?
Options:-
.Informal elements do not play an important role in the overall organizational output/अिौपचाररक तत्व सिग्र
संगठिात्मक उत्पादि िें िहत्वपूर्क भू मिदा का मि वाक ह िह ं करते।, Option ID :- 24845,
. Organization has social ethics, instead of individual ethics/संगठि िें
व्यखिगत िूल्ों क बिाय सािामिक िूल् होते हैं ।, Option ID :- 24846,
. Organization is to be viewed as a social system/संगठि को सािामिक पद्धमत
के रूप िें दे िा िािा चामहए, Option ID :- 24843,
. Workers are human beings with all humanly attributes/श्रमिक संपूर्क
िािवगत लक्षर्ों से संपन्न िािव य प्रार् हैं ।, Option ID :- 24844,
Article 62: ….” An election to fill a vacancy in the office of .Five years/पााँ च वर्क, Option ID :- 24802,
President occurring by reason of his death, resignation or . One year/एक वर्क, Option ID :- 24800,
removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after, . Six months/छह िह िे, Option ID :- 24799,
and in no case later than six months from, …..” . Two years/दो वर्क, Option ID :- 24801,
Question ID:- 6336
By which Constitutional Amendment the word 'Socialist, Secular' and
'Integrity' were incorporated in our Constitution?
कौि-से संमविाि संर्ोिि के िाध्यि से 'सिािवाद , पंथमिरपेक्ष' और 'अिंिता' र्ब्ों
का हिारे
संमविाि िें सिावेर् मकया गया ?
Options:-
.40th Amendment/40 वााँ संर्ोिि, Option ID :- 24807,
. 42th Amendment/42 वााँ संर्ोिि, Option ID :- 24808,
. 44th Amendment/44 वााँ संर्ोिि, Option ID :- 24809,
. 46th Amendment/46 वााँ संर्ोिि, Option ID :- 24810,
Options:-
.A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV, Option ID :- 24971,
. A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV, Option ID :- 24973,
. A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II, Option ID :- 24972,
. A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III, Option ID :- 24974,
Question ID:- 6386
Arrange the work of Hannah Arendt in ascending order
A. The origin of totalitarianism- 1951
B. The Human Condition- 1958 .A, B, C, D, Option ID :- 25009,
C. On Revolution- 1963 . B, C, A, D, Option ID :- 25007,
D. On Violence- 1970 . C, B, A, D, Option ID :- 25010,
. D, B, C, A, Option ID :- 25008,
Reason R: Indian nuclear policy is rooted to meet, both its global and
regional concerns
Question ID:- 6311
In which aspect does Modern Liberalism NOT believe?
.Articulate the demands of NRIs/प्रवास भारत यों क िााँ गों को िुिरता प्रदाि करिा,
Option ID :- 25087,
. Increase in Indian cultural activities/भारत य सां स्कृमतक मियाकलापों िें वृखद्ध,
Option ID :- 25089,
. Linkage between Bollywood and Holywood/बॉल वुि और हॉल वुि के ब च संबंि,
Option ID :- 25090
. Representing articulated interests of various people of India origin/ भारत य िूल के मवमभन्न लोगों
के िुिर कृत महतों का प्रमतमिमित्त्व करिा, Option ID :- 25088,
UGC-NET
UGC-NET Series
POLITICAL SCIENCE
2021- Shift 2
PAPER ANALYSIS
Useful for all Entrance Tests & Competitive Exams
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Organizations and groups whose primary purpose is to coordinate
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6503
6500: On what basis is the UN ready to intervene in the matters
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Options:-