stem, Care hes to be taken in the selection of packing, gland design, ond chi and application of lubricant, As an option the bonnet may inluds 3 “entern ring’ which serves two purposes — either to act as scllection point to rain off any hazardous seepayes, or a5 a point where’ lubricant can be injected. LANTERN RING 1h Selection of material to fabricate the interior of the vee body is important with @ valve used for process chemicels. These is often a choice with regerd to the body and trim, and some valves may be obtained with the entire interior of the body lined with corrosion-resistant material \Vaves are connected to pie, fittings or vesos by thair bady ends, which may bo flanged, scraned, butt- or socket-weding, of finished for hose, Victeulic coupling, et, Jecketed valves are also avallablo—suo 6,8, SEAL, In most stem-operated valves, whether the stem has rotary oF linea] move ‘ment, packing or seals ae used between stom and bonnet (or body). If high vacuum oF corrosive, flammeble er toxic fluid is to be handled, the disc or stam may be seoled by a metal nellovn, ar by flexible diaphragm (the latter is tormed ‘packs’ construction), A gasket is used 3s 3 seal between a bolted ‘bonnet and volve body, "PACKLESS' VALVE ‘ange verves use yooneta Wy ae! ayeIDG Lie Hie Hon, BULLET vaNWES Hy fectend the relent seat to als seve as line gaskts. The pressureseal bonnet jint utilizes the pressure of the conveyed fluids to tighten the seal — sxe Frossure sel’ under ‘Bonrat, this section, MANUAL OPERATORS: HANDLEVER used to astuate the stoms of small butterfly and rotay-all vies, and small cocks, Wrench operation is used for cocks and small plug valves. HANDLEVERS ON SMALL VALVES HANOWHEEL is the most common means for rating the stem on the majority of popular smaller valves such 2§ the gate clobe and diaphragm types. Additional operating torque for gate and globe valves is offered by “hammerblow’ or ‘impact’ handvtheels which may be substituted for normal hndwvteals if eater operation Is needed but where gearing is unnecessary. HAKIVER-ALOW HANOWHEEL Boe oe uianewaicc mien rit (CHAIN operator is used where a handwheel would be out of reach, The stem js fitted with @ chainwheel or wrench (or lever-operated valves) and the loop of the chain is brought within 3 ft of working floor level. Universa-type crsinwheels which attach to the regular hancwhee! have been biamed for accidents: in corrosive atmospheres where an infrequently-operated valve has ssuck, the attaching bolts have been known to fell, This problem does not avis with the choinwhel that replaces the regular vee handel. GEAR operator is uso to reduce the operating torque. For menual operation, cansists of = handvieelopereted goat train actuating the valve stem. As @ ide, gear operators should bie considered for valves of the following sizes and classes: 125, 160, and 200, 14-inch and lerger; 400 and 600, &inch and larger; 800 and 1800, 6inch end larger; 2500, 4-inch and larger.