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01. Whirling of Shafts - lab experiment in kinematics of

machines lab to draw velocity and acceleration
Kinematics of machines (Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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WHIRLING OF SHAFTS APPARATUS

( For Demonstration Only )

AIM : To study the Whirl Phenomenon for the given test shafts. And also, to

measure the Critical Speed (Whirl Speed) of the shaft under test.

DESCRIPTION

This apparatus is developed for the demonstration of Whirling phenomenon. The

shaft can be tested for different end conditions.

The apparatus consists of a frame to support its driving motor, end fixing and

sliding blocks etc. A special design is provided to clear out the effects of bearings

of motor spindle from those of testing shafts. The special design features of this

equipment are as follows …

SPECIFICATIONS :

A) COUPLING.

A flexible shaft is used to drive the test shaft from motor.

Grub Screw for fixing : M6 x 6mm.

B) BALL BEARING FIXING ENDS ( M and N )

These ends fix the shafts while it rotates. The shaft can be replaced within a

short time with the help of this unit. The fixing ends provide change of end

fixing condition of the rotating shaft as per the requirement.

i) Self Aligned Bearing Block (Free Bearing) – 2 Nos.

Bearing No. : 22205

ii)Fixed Bearing Block – 2 Nos.

Bearing No. :6205 ZZ

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C) SHAFT SUPPLIED WITH THE EQUIPMENT

Spring Steel Shafts are supplied with the machine, the dimensions being as

under…

Shaft No. Dia. (approx) Length (approx.)

01. 3 mm. 1000 mm.

02. 4 mm. 1000 mm.

03. 5 mm. 1000 mm.

D) END FIXING ARRANGEMENT

1) Supported end condition: Make use of end block with single self aligning

Bearing.

E) GUARDS D1 AND D2

The guards D1 and D2 (Fig.1) can be fixed at any position on the supporting bar

frame which fits on side supports F. Rotating shafts are to be fitted in blocks in

A and B stands.

F) Control Panel :

SPEED CONTROL OF DRIVING MOTOR

i) Drive motor : A.C./D.C. Motor, F.H.P., 6000 rpm., 50 c/s., 250 volts.

ii) Speed control unit is a Dimmerstat of 240 V., 4 Amps., 50 c/s.

iii) Speed Indicator : Digital Display, Size of Indicator : 45mm x 45mm with

Proximity Switch M18 size. To measure the Shaft Speed.

G) Base Frame Size :

i) M.S. Channel – 1500mm Lt. x 150mm Wd. : for fixing Motor, Bearing Block,

Guards.

ii) Table type frame and stand : Made from MS Angle. With Laminated Ply-

board on Top.

Size : 1800mm Lt. x 40mm Width x 700mm Ht.

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Specimen Calculations (For Reference Only)

WHIRLING OF ELASTIC SHAFTS

If,

L = Length of the shaft = 1000mm or 1.0mtr.

E = Young’s Modulus = 2.060 x 1011 N/m2

I = 2nd moment of inertia of the shaft - m4

W = Weight of the shaft per unit length Kg x 9.81/m = N/m

g = Acceleration due to gravity in m/sec2 = 9.81

Then the frequency of vibration for the various modes is given by the equation

E.I.g
f = k x
W.L4
(R.P.S.)

The various values for K are given below :

End Condition Value of K

1st Mode 2nd mode

Supported, Supported 1.57 6.28

DATA

Shaft Dia. I = m4 W = Kg/m W = N/m

4 mm 2.1 x 10-11 m4 0.15 Kg/m 1.47

6 mm 6.362 x 10-11 m4 0.24 Kg/m 2.35

8 mm 2.01 x 10-10 m4 0.38 Kg/m 3.72

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OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr.No. End Condition Shaft Dia. 1st Mode 2nd Mode

(mm) (rpm) (rpm)
01. Free – Free 3 & 4 mm
02. Free - Fixed 4 & 5 mm

Important Note :

It is for Demonstration Only. Calculations mentioned in the manual are for

reference only and should not be used to compare result experimentally
and Theoretically. Due to variations beyond limit, we are asking Students /
Lect. not to do calculations, as many conditions and limitations are there
in experimental set-ups.

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TYPICAL TEST OBSERVATIONS

1) Both ends of shaft free (supported) 1st and 2nd mode of vibration can be

observed on shafts with 3mm dia. and 4 mm dia.

2) There is a difference between theoretical speed of whirling and actual

speed observed and calculated, due to following reasons ….

 The end conditions are not as exact as assumed in theory.

 Pressure of damping at the end of bearings.

 Assumptions made in theoretical predictions.

 Due to lack of knowledge one has, of exact properties of shaft material.

 A uniformly loaded shaft has, theoretically infinite no. of natural

frequencies of transverse vibration for fundamental mode observation of

the first mode of whirling is therefore not so defined and thus difficult.

2nd mode can be very easily observed.

 Tightness of the shaft will also affect the critical speed of the shaft while

in operation.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN EXPERIMENTS

1) If the revolutions of an unloaded shaft are gradually increased it will be

found that a certain speed will be reached at which violent instability will

occur, the shaft deflecting into a single bow and whirling round like a

skipping rope. If this speed is maintained, then the deflection will become

so large that the shaft will be fractured. But if this speed is quickly run

through the shaft will become straight again and run true until at another

higher speed the same phenomenon will occur, the defection now however,

being in a double bow and so on. Such speeds are called critical speeds of

whirling.

2) It is advisable to increase the speed of shaft rapidly and pass through the

critical speeds first rather than observing the 1st critical speed which

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increases the speed of rotation slowly. In this process there is a possibility

that the amplitude of vibration will increase suddenly bringing the failure of

the shaft. If, however, the shaft speed is taken to maximum first and then

slowly reduced, (thus not allowing time to build-up the amplitude of

vibration at resonance) higher mode will be observed first and the

corresponding speed noted and then by reducing the speed further the next

mode of lower frequency can be observed without any danger or rise in

amplitude as the speed is being decreased and the inertia forces are smaller

in comparison with the bending spring forces hence possibility of build-up

of dangerous amplitudes at resonance or near resonance is avoided.

3) Thus it can be seen that it is a destructive test of shafts and it is observed

that the elastic behaviors of the shaft material changes a little after testing
it for a few times and it is advisable therefore, to use fresh shaft samples
afterwards.
4) Fix the apparatus firmly on the suitable foundation.
5) Shaft should not be tightened too much as it will give erratic readings.

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