Report On Survey of

THE DIVERSITY OF BIRD AT TAUDAHA LAKE

Group name: Simran Shah

Name of Student Roll Number

Simran Shah 2455
Bibek Kushwaha 2453
Shikshya Thakuri 2447

Word Count (Where required): 2673

Submitted to: Meenu Sakya
Department of Zoology
Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus
Tribhuvan University
Gangadhar, Kathmandu
Nepal

I confirm that I understand my report needs to be submitted report under the relevant

module page before the deadline in order for my assignment to be accepted and marked. I am fully aware that late

submissions will be treated as non-submission and a mark of zero will be awarded

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Simran Shah student of this campus with Roll Number 4566 and Tu
registration number A4374445 has prepared the report on “The Diversity of Bird Taiaha Lake”
as a part of this completion of the year examination as per the syllabus of BBs second years,
Tribhuvan University. is offering a Zoology stream and completed the laboratory work
satisfactorily.

Teacher in charge:

…………………………………
Department of
Zoology
Tri-Chandra
Multiple Campus
 ACKNOWLEGMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to those who contributed to the completion of the "Survey
of the Diversity of Birds at Taudaha Lake" report. Our sincere thanks to group members Bibek
Kushwaha and Shikshya Thakuri for their dedicated collaboration in data collection and
analysis. We appreciate Meenu Sakya, our instructor at the Department of Zoology, for her
guidance and support.Special thanks to the local communities and the teacher in charge for
their valuable contributions and certification.
This acknowledgment also extends to the diverse bird species at Taudaha Lake, forming the
core of our study.
 Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 5
2. BACKGROUND OF STUDY ............................................................................................... 6
2.1. Aim .............................................................................................................................. 7
2.2. Objectives: ................................................................................................................... 7
2.3. Background history of Taudaha lake ............................................................................ 7
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................ 8
3.1 Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.2. Materials .......................................................................................................................... 9
3.3. Direct observation............................................................................................................ 9
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 11
3.1 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 11
4. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................12
5. RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................13
6. REFRENCES .....................................................................................................................14
7. APPENDIX.........................................................................................................................15

Table of Figure
Figure 1 : map of Taudha lake ,Kathmandu Nepal ...................................................................... 8
Figure 2: Taudaha Lake figure where we used Seismic point ................................................... 9
Figure 3 : temperature of this taudaha lake during visit day...................................................... 11
 1. INTRODUCTION

Nepal, a country revered for its rich cultural tapestry and breathtaking landscapes, is equally
celebrated for its remarkable avian diversity (Ananta K. Karki, 2023). In the global context of bird
species, Nepal stands as a testament to the incredible variety found within its borders. Out of the
9,600 bird species documented worldwide, Nepal boasts a substantial share, with 879 species
recorded within its boundaries (Khatri, 2023). Among these, 640 species are native and have
been identified as breeding birds, adding a vital layer to Nepal's natural heritage. This significant
diversity is a testament to Nepal's unique ecological makeup, making it a focal point for
ornithological enthusiasts and researchers. Nepal's avian richness finds one of its sanctuaries in
the lush environs of Taudaha Lake, a haven nestled in the heart of the Kathmandu Valley. The
lake, covering approximately 4.2 hectares, not only holds aesthetic appeal but serves as a crucial
habitat for numerous bird species. In the larger context of Nepal's avian ecology, the country is
categorized into four major zones, each exhibiting distinct faunal distributions. Of particular note
are Nepal's wetlands, numbering over 405, which play a vital role in supporting the diverse avian
population (Saha, 2008). These wetlands, including the revered Taudaha Lake, provide essential
shelter, food, and climatic conditions for both local and migratory birds (pinkey, 7 july 201y).

However, Nepal's avian paradise faces an alarming threat – the escalating human population. As
urban centers expand and intersect with the natural habitats of birds, the delicate balance of
ecosystems is disrupted. The increasing encroachment on bird habitats has led to a concerning
decline in bird populations, with some species teetering on the brink of endangerment. The
consequences of this decline are far-reaching, posing a threat not only to the avian inhabitants
but also to the entire ecosystem's equilibrium.

This report delves into the captivating world of birds thriving in the vicinity of Taudaha Lake,
offering a comprehensive study of their habitats, behaviors, and interactions with the changing
environment. By understanding the intricate dynamics of these avian inhabitants, we can
illuminate the path toward conservation and preservation. As we explore the depths of Taudaha
Lake's avian biodiversity, we also recognize the urgency of safeguarding these winged wonders,
ensuring the harmonious coexistence of nature and humanity for generations to come.
 2. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Taudaha Lake, situated on the outskirts of Kathmandu district, Nepal, is a small but ecologically
significant water body located within the Kantipur municipality (Katuwal, 2023). Covering an area
of approximately 7-12 sqm, the lake, with its irregular eight-cornered shape, sits at an altitude of
1350m above sea level. This unique geographical feature enhances its ecological importance,
making it a focal point for biodiversity enthusiasts and researchers alike (Bhattari, 2016).

Beyond its ecological value, Taudaha Lake holds immense cultural, religious, and economic
significance for the local communities. It is revered in religious traditions and cultural practices,
weaving it into the fabric of the region's heritage. Moreover, the lake plays a vital economic role,
supporting local livelihoods and economies through activities such as tourism and fishing (Subi,
June 2, 2023).
One of the lake's notable attractions is its thriving avian population, making it a hotspot for
birdwatchers, especially during the winter season. The diverse bird species that inhabit the area
have become a symbol of natural beauty and a source of fascination for locals and tourists alike
(Praveen Kumar Jha, 2019).
Considering the lake's unique characteristics, its ecological, cultural, and economic importance,
as well as its popularity among birdwatchers, this study aims to delve into the avian diversity of
Taudaha Lake. By exploring the bird species residing in this picturesque locale, the research
seeks to contribute valuable insights for both conservation efforts and the broader understanding
of Nepal's avian biodiversity.
 2.1. Aim
• The aim of the report is to investigate and document the diversity of migratory birds in
Taudaha Lake, focusing on their arrival and departure patterns, assessing diversity, and
exploring reasons for declines.

2.2. Objectives:
• access the diversity of migratory birds and seasonal change.
• examine the arrival and departure of the migratory birds and other species.
• explore the reason of decline of migratory birds and its consequences.

2.3. Background history of Taudaha lake

When we visit the Taudaha lake I get the different knowledge about this lake like the history
of that lake , some myth related to the this lake , some upcoming change which will be happen
in this area after few years which are given In details. In the mythological lore of Taudaha, a
serene lake nestled in the valley, there is a tale of ancient harmony and mystique. Manjushri, the
revered deity, once averted conflict with Karkotak Nagraj, a powerful serpent, by inviting him to
Taudaha. Later, when a Jyapu, a local farmer, aided Nagraj's ailing wife, the serpent was so
pleased that he gifted a Bhoto, a sacred vestment, to the kind soul. However, a theft led to a battle
between the Jyapu and the thief. To restore peace, Rato Machhindranath intervened, retaining
the Bhoto until proof was provided. Since then, the Bhoto has become an integral part of the
annual Rato Machhindranath Procession. Taudaha, known for its mythical healing properties,
hosts a grand fair on Nag Panchami, drawing devotees from various cities who pay homage to
the revered Nagraj, believed to reside in the lake, reinforcing the age-old legends of beauty,
fortune, and mysticism. During the visit we spend almost 12 hours , in this we find the different
fact and observation .
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study Area
Taudaha Lake is supposed to be one of the fascinating sites and histologically famous famous
lake of Kathmandu Valley. It is also an ecologically rich habitat for bird, Fishes and other aquatic
fauna. It is situated about the southern corner of the Kathmandu mid-way to Dashinkali.

Figure 1 : map of Taudha lake Kathmandu Nepal

The lake is situated about 6.8m in depth. It is also said to be one of the religious places. Occupies
an area of 8 ropanis and 14 Anas. It is about 6.8m depth. It is also said to be one of the religious
places. Thus, people celebrate naag Panchami in the name if karkat Naag raj and Naag rani,
once in a year.
 Figure 2: Taudaha Lake figure where we used Seismic point

3.2. Materials
• Field book
• DSLR camera
• OPPO Mobile
• Note book
• GSP
• Book

3.3. Direct observation

During our field visit to Taudaha Lake, our team, consisting of Simran Saha, Bibek Kushwaha,
and Shikshya Thakuri, embarked on an insightful exploration of the avian diversity thriving within
this ecological sanctuary. Armed with field books, DSLR cameras, mobile devices, notebooks,
and GPS equipment, our endeavor commenced at 6:30 AM, continuing until 7 PM, totaling
approximately 12 hours of meticulous observation.
As the day unfolded, we meticulously documented various bird species within the vicinity of
Taudaha Lake. The diverse array of birds observed included familiar species such as Crows
(Carvus Splendens), House-sparrows (Passer domesticus), Pigeons (Columba Livia), and Mynas
(Acridotheres tristis), alongside more distinctive inhabitants like Domestic Ducks (Anas
platyrhynchos) and White Browed Wagtails (Motacila moderaspatensis). Utilizing the Point Count
method, we noted fluctuations in bird populations throughout different times of the day and
locations around the lake. Our observations underscored the dynamic nature of the avian
community in this locale.
Amidst our scientific pursuits, we also took note of the delicate coexistence between nature and
human activities. The encroachment of urbanization poses a significant threat to these avian
habitats, leading to potential declines in bird populations. This sobering reality emphasized the
urgent need for conservation initiatives and heightened public awareness.
Furthermore, our visit allowed us to engage with local communities and gather valuable insights
from their experiences and knowledge about the birdlife at Taudaha Lake. Conversations with the
locals illuminated the intricate connections between these avian inhabitants and the cultural
heritage of the region. We also observed the economic significance of the lake, evident in activities
such as tourism and fishing, which further emphasized the lake's multifaceted importance to the
community. During this report making process we calculate the specific bird diversity using the
Shanon Wiener function

H =nlogn-∑fi logfi/n
Where,
H= index of species diversity
n = total individuals
fi = number of individual species.
To calculate Jackob’s coefficient,
J =H/H max
=H/LogK
Where,
J = relative diversity
H = observed diversity
H max = proportion of maximum possible diversity, H max = Log K
K= number of species present
 Figure 3 : temperature of this taudaha lake during visit day

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULTS

From the present study, about forty, species of birds belonging to eleven families were recorded.
These included twenty-one species of winter migrants, two species of summer migrants, and
seventeen species of resident birds but during our field trip, we fund only six species of bird. The
different species of birth observed during the field visit are written in the table below

S.N. Common Name Scientific Name Local Name Order

1 Crow Carvus Splendens Cag Passeiformes
2 House-sparrow Passer domesticus Bhangera Passeriformes
3 Pigeon Columb Livia Pareba Columbiformes
4 Myna Acridothers tritis Ruppi(Danger) Passeriformes
5 Domestic Duck Anas platyrlyncnus Hass Anseriformes
6 White Browed Motacila Khole tiktike Passerine
Wagtail moderaspatensis
The another main thing that we find during this trip was that the bird habitants (where they
perform to live during the day time ) The number of birds varied greatly with tree and time of the
day

Tree name Sisau Pipal Bar

Morning 30 20 10
Day 40 35 25
Evening 50 10 15

5. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the survey conducted at Taudaha Lake provides a valuable glimpse into the avian
diversity thriving in this ecologically rich habitat. The findings underscore the lake's importance as
a sanctuary for a wide array of bird species, from the common Crow and House-sparrow to the
more distinctive White Browed Wagtail and Domestic Duck. Through the Point Count method,
variations in bird populations across different times of the day and locations within the area were
observed, emphasizing the dynamic nature of the avian community.
However, amidst the beauty of this avian paradise, there exists a looming threat – the
encroachment of human activities. The study reveals the delicate balance between nature and
urbanization, emphasizing the urgent need for conservation efforts. As the human population
continues to expand, the habitats of these birds are shrinking, leading to declines in their numbers.
This not only poses a risk to individual species but also disrupts the overall ecological equilibrium
of the region.
The implications of these findings are far-reaching. It is imperative for local communities,
conservationists, and policymakers to work collaboratively to safeguard the habitats of these
birds. Public awareness campaigns, stringent environmental regulations, and community-based
initiatives can play pivotal roles in ensuring the protection of Taudaha Lake and its avian
inhabitants. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of continued research and
monitoring. Regular surveys and data collection are essential to track changes in bird populations,
understand their behaviors, and assess the impact of human activities. Such knowledge is crucial
for implementing informed conservation strategies and policies.

In essence, the avian diversity of Taudaha Lake stands as a testament to Nepal's natural heritage.
Preserving this diversity requires not only scientific understanding but also active participation
and commitment from society as a whole. By valuing and protecting these winged wonders, we
can uphold the delicate balance of our ecosystems and leave a legacy of biodiversity for future
generations.

6. RECOMMENDATION

This is to recommend that the report entitled ‘A report on Diversity of Bird in Taudaha Lake’ has
been carried out by Ms. Simran Saha and his group member (Simran Saha leader, Bibek
Kushwaha, Shikshya Thakuri) partial fulfillment of the requirements for practical examination of
Zoology BSc. Second years. This is her original work and has been carried out under my
supervision. To the best of my knowledge, this report has not been submitted for any other
requirement in any institutions.
 Signature ……………………….
Department of Zoology
Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal

7. REFRENCES

Ananta K. Karki, A. K. (2023). Land use land cover change and its implication on water fowl
diversity. 1.
Bhattari, K. (2016). UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION PRACTICES OF WETLAND: A CASE
STUDY OF TAUDAHA LAKE, KIRTIPUR KRITI BHATTARAI DECEMBER, 2016.
Academia.edu.
Katuwal, K. B. (2023). Waterbird migration in Taudaha Lake, kathmandu, Nepal: Understanding
factors driving migration at a small stopover site. Kathmandu: Research Gate .
Khatri, K. B. (2023, april 2). Waterbird migration in Taudaha Lake, kathmandu, Nepal:
Understanding factors driving migration at a small stopover site. p. 2.
pinkey, s. (7 july 201y). A checklist of birds of Taudaha Lake of Kathmandu, Nepal. 262.
Praveen Kumar Jha, P. (2019). Diversity of Waterbirds in Taudaha Lake, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Katmandu : Google Schoolar.
Subi. (June 2, 2023). Taudaha Lake: All you need to know. What the nepal.

8. APPENDIX
1. Place of Collection: Taudaha lake
Date and Time of Report collection:7 am
Sunday, October 22, 2023
Scientific Name: Ansa Platyrhyneho
Local Name: Hass
Common Name: Domestic Duck
2. Place of Collection: Taudaha lake
Date and Time of Report collection: 7 am.
Sunday, October 22, 2023
Scientific Name: corvus splendens
Local Name: Cag
Common Name: Crow

3. Place of Collection: Taudaha lake

Date and Time of Report collection : 10 am .
Sunday, October 22, 2023
Scientific Name: Passer domestucus
Local Name: Bhangera
Common Name: House-Sparrow
4. Place of Collection: Taudaha lake
Date and Time of Report collection: 1 pm.
Sunday, October 22, 2023
Scientific Name: Clumba Livia
Local Name: paraba
Common Name:Pigion

5. Place of Collection: Taudaha lake

Date and Time of Report collection: 3:30 pm.
Sunday, October 22, 2023
Scientific Name: Acridothres tritis
Local Name: Dangre
Common Name:Mayn
6. Place of Collection: Taudaha lake
Date and Time of Report collection : 4 pm .
Sunday, October 22, 2023
Scientific Name: Motoacila Moderaspantensis
Local Name: Kalo toiktike
Common Name: White Browed Wagtail