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1 Reservoir sizing
The annual demand for water at a particular site may be less than the
total inflow there, but the time distribution of the demand may not
match the time distribution of inflow, resulting in surplus in some
periods and deficit in some other periods of the year. A reservoir serves
the purpose of temporarily storing water in periods of excess inflow and
releasing it in periods of low flow so that the demands may be met in all
periods. The problem of reservoir sizing involves determination of the
required storage capacity of the reservoir when inflows and demands in
a sequence of periods are given.
Cont.…
The total storage can be divided into three components: dead storage
(for accumulation of sediments), active storage (for conservation
purpose such as water supply and hydropower production), and flood
storage (for reducing flood peak). While each of these components may
be determined by separate modeling studies, we confine ourselves in
this section only to the determination of the active storage capacity of
the reservoir. The inflow to the reservoir is in fact a random variable.
The problem gets complicated if the randomness of the inflow has to be
taken into account.
Cont.…
Let us consider the simpler case of deterministic inflow for the purpose
of the present discussion, and also assume that the given inflow
sequence repeats itself. If the length of the inflow sequence is a year, it
means that the inflow in a given (within-the-year) period is the same in
all the years.
7.1.1.Mass curve method
One common method, extensively used in practice, is to determine the
active storage capacity using the Ripple diagram or the mass diagram by
plotting cumulative inflow with time.
Cont.…
The method involves finding the maximum positive cumulative
difference between a sequence of reservoir releases (equal to demands)
and historical inflows over a sequence of time periods in which the
demand is constant.
Cont.…
If the demand is constant in each time period, the method is quite simple
to apply. When the demand varies across time periods, the procedure
requires a plot of the cumulative deficits in time from the period in
which a deficit sets in, for the duration of the deficit, and finding the
maximum deficit among all such durations. The total deficit duration
containing this maximum deficit is known as the critical period.
7.1.2 The sequent peak
The sequent peak analysis can be applied for constant or varying
demands in time. In this method, we find the maximum cumulative
deficit over adjacent sequences of deficit periods, and determine the
maximum of these cumulative deficits. The inflow sequence is assumed
to repeat and the analysis is carried. out over two cycles, or two
consecutive inflow sequences. If the critical period lies towards the end
of an inflow sequence, carrying out the analysis over two cycles ensures
the capture of the maximum value of the cumulative deficit, which
really is the required active storage capacity.
Cont.…
The sequent peak algorithm is as follows: Let t denote the time period,
Qt the inflow, and Rt , the required release or demand in period t. Let
Kt be defined as follows:
Period, t 1 2 3 4 5 6
Inflow, Qt 4 8 7 3 2 0
Demand,Dt 5 0 5 6 2 6
It is assumed that the sequence repeats itself. In this case, total inflow = total
demand in the six periods of the sequence and is equal to 24.
Cont.…
Since evaporation loss is neglected, it is possible to determine the
required storage to meet the demands in full. In this case, release equals
demand in each period and there is no spill.
Table7.1 illustrates the computations using the sequent peak Sequent
Peak Method (Evaporation Neglected)
Cont.…
The computations in the second cycle repeat after period 5 (hence, are not
shown). The required capacity of the reservoir is max {Kt} = 10.
The standard operating policy (SOP) aims to best meet the demand in
each period based on the water availability in that period
Cont.…
It thus uses no foresight on what is likely to be the scenario during the
future periods in a year.
LP Formulation
Consider the simplest objective of meeting the demand to the best extent
possible (the same objective as considered in the standard operating
policy), such that the sum of the demands met over a year is maximum.
This may be formulated as a LP problem as follows:
Cont.…