UPSC CSE 2023

GS-1 Model Answers

Foreword

We, Shubham Kumar (AIR 1, CSE 2020) and Kartik Jivani (AIR 8, CSE 2020), both alumni
of IIT Bombay and batchmates (IAS 2021), have come together to bring this resource to
you. Leveraging our knowledge of Coding, Artificial Intelligence and UPSC CSE, we aim
to benefit all aspirants.

We present the Model Answers for UPSC CSE 2023 Mains GS Papers. Our goal is to
deliver curated answers using Artificial Intelligence Model, trained on the UPSC syllabus,
with minimal human intervention. We've employed Deep Learning to enhance its accuracy.
It’s not just the chatGPT; it is more than that! We hope you find this resource immensely
helpful in your journey to success.

Best Wishes,
Team Shubham and Kartik
 1. Explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient
India.

Vishnu Purana describes Bharat as the ‘Country that lies North of the Ocean and South of
the Snowy Mountains’. This showcases the importance of geographical features. India’s
diverse and varied landscape, including its climate, topography and natural resources, had a
profound impact on the civilisation, culture and history of the Ancient India.

Role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient India:

Civilization/ Time Period Geographical Factors

Dynasty
Indus Valley c. 3300–1300 BCE Flourished along the fertile alluvial
Civilization soil of the Indus River, supporting
agriculture and facilitating trade and
transportation.
Maurya Empire c. 322–185 BCE Bene ted from the vast Gangetic
plains with fertile soil and the Ganges
River, providing abundant agricultural
resources.
Gupta Empire c. 320–550 CE Thrived in the fertile Ganges plain
with dependable monsoon rains,
contributing to agricultural prosperity
and cultural advancements.
fi
 Chola Dynasty c. 9th–13th Proximity to the Indian Ocean
centuries CE enabled maritime trade networks
with Southeast Asia, fostering
prosperity.
Kushan Empire c. 1st–3rd Location along Silk Road trade
centuries CE routes and access to Himalayan
resources fueled economic success.
Rajputs c. 6th–15th Strongholds in arid and hilly regions
centuries CE of Rajasthan provided natural
defenses and in uenced martial
culture.
Pallava Dynasty c. 4th–9th Coastal access to the Bay of Bengal
centuries CE facilitated maritime trade and
relationships with Southeast Asian
kingdoms.
Gandhara Region c. 6th–4th Positioned on ancient trade routes
centuries BCE like the Silk Road, resulting in a
fusion of cultures and unique art and
architecture.

Geographical factors were instrumental in shaping the development of ancient India by

influencing agriculture, trade, culture and the distribution of resources. Even the
contemporary policies and programmes of the government like Act East policy, Look West
policy, SAGAR etc have been influenced by geographical features.

2. What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in
their approach towards education and nationalism?

Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore were two prominent figures in India's struggle
for independence from British colonial rule and they had distinct approaches towards
education and nationalism.

Aspect Mahatma Gandhi Rabindranath Tagore

Education Philosophy - Emphasized "Nai - Focused on holistic
Talim" or Basic education, nurturing
Education, rooted in creativity, art, and
practical skills and spirituality.
community-based - Promoted the idea of
learning. education as a means
- Advocated for learning of self-discovery and
by doing and self- self-expression.
su ciency.
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Educational Goals - Aimed at empowering - Strived for the holistic
individuals and development of
communities for self- individuals, cultivating
reliance and economic intellectual and artistic
independence. potential.
- Encouraged manual - Promoted an
labor and practical international outlook
skills. and cultural exchange.
Role of Manual Labor - Gandhi emphasized - Tagore did not
manual labor as a emphasize manual
fundamental part of labor to the same
education to connect extent and focused
with the masses. more on creativity and
artistry.

Rural vs. Urban Focus - Gandhi's educational - Tagore's approach was

vision had a strong cosmopolitan and
rural focus, with an aim located in an urban
to uplift villages and setting, with less
rural communities. emphasis on rural
development.

Nationalism Approach - Advocated nonviolent - Initially supported the

resistance and civil Swadeshi movement
disobedience but grew critical of
(Satyagraha) as means certain aspects of
to achieve political nationalism.
independence. - Emphasized the
- Believed in ethical and dangers of excessive
inclusive nationalism. political nationalism
and its potential
divisiveness.
Vision of Nationalism - Emphasized a united - Focused on a more
front against British nuanced and complex
colonialism, view of nationalism,
transcending caste, stressing cultural and
religion, and class spiritual unity over
divisions. political nationalism.

Internationalism - While Gandhi's primary - Tagore actively

focus was on Indian promoted
independence, he did internationalism,
not actively promote attracting students and
internationalism. scholars from around
the world to Visva-
Bharati University.
New Education Policy, 2020 integrates positive elements from ideologies of both Gandhi
and Tagore. Although their ideology and approach towards education and nationalism were
different, yet their contributions were significant in shaping India's struggle for
independence and its educational discourse.

3. Bring out the socio-economic effects of the introduction of railways in different

countries of the world.

The introduction of railways has had a significant impact on the economies and societies of
various countries around the world. These effects have been influenced by factors like when
the railways were built, how extensive they were, and the unique economic and social
conditions of each country.

Socio-economic effects of the introduction of railways:

1. Industrialization and Economic Growth:

• Railways promoted industrialization by facilitating cost-effective transportation of
raw materials and finished products.
• Example: The United Kingdom's early adoption of railways accelerated the
industrial revolution.

2. Urbanization:
• Railways spurred urban growth by granting better access to economic opportunities.
• Example: Railway networks in the United States contributed to the expansion of
cities like Chicago and Los Angeles.

3. Improved Accessibility:
• Railways enhanced access to remote areas, fostering economic development and
national integration.
• Example: Canada's transcontinental railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway,
connected coasts, aiding economic development and unity.

4. Agricultural Transformation:
• Railways facilitated agricultural product transport, reducing spoilage and increasing
profits.
• Example: India's extensive railway network benefited farmers and consumers alike.

5. Social Mobility:
• Railways created job opportunities, attracting rural residents to railway-related
industries.
• Example: Post-World War II Japan saw railways as a source of employment and
social mobility.

6. Cultural Exchange:
• Railways promoted cultural exchange and interconnected societies.
• Example: Europe's high-speed rail network facilitated cross-border travel and
cultural exchange.

7. Rural-Urban Migration:
• Railways facilitated rural-urban migration due to improved economic prospects in
cities.
• Example: China's high-speed rail network led to significant rural-to-urban
migration.

8. Environmental Impacts:
• Railway construction and operation could harm ecosystems with habitat disruption
and pollution.
• Example: Australia faced environmental challenges in ecologically sensitive areas
due to railways.

9. Infrastructure Development:
• Railways spurred infrastructure growth, including bridges and stations.
• Example: Spain's high-speed rail network (AVE) necessitated significant
infrastructure investment, boosting construction-related industries.

Railways have undoubtedly occupied a central position in moulding the contemporary

socio-economic fabric of numerous countries throughout history. The significant emphasis
placed by numerous countries on the development of high-speed rail systems today serves
as compelling evidence of the profound importance of railways.

4. Discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in tropical

countries.

Climate change poses significant and

multifaceted challenges to food security in
tropical countries, where agriculture plays
a vital role in the livelihoods and
sustenance of many communities.

Consequences of Climate Change on Food Security in Tropical Countries:

• Reduced Crop Yields: Increasing temperatures, altered rainfall patterns and a surge
in extreme weather events like droughts and floods can lead to diminished crop
yields. Staple crops like rice, maize, and wheat are especially vulnerable, resulting
in food shortages, price hikes, and economic instability.
• Shifts in Crop Suitability: Climate change can alter the geographic suitability of
crops, making some areas less conducive to traditional crops and others more
suitable for new ones. Farmers may struggle to adapt due to limited knowledge,
resources, or infrastructure.
• Pest and Disease Outbreaks: Warmer temperatures can create ideal conditions for
pests and diseases to proliferate, affecting both crops and livestock. Infestations can
lead to crop failures and higher production costs, impacting food availability.
• Water Scarcity: Changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation due to
higher temperatures can exacerbate water scarcity, hindering irrigation and reducing
water availability for crops and livestock.
• Loss of Biodiversity: Climate change disrupts ecosystems and threatens
biodiversity, affecting the availability of wild foods like fish and game, essential
components of many diets in tropical regions.
• Food Price Volatility: Climate-related disruptions in food production can lead to
price volatility in global food markets, impacting the affordability of imported food
for countries reliant on food imports.
• Displacement and Migration: As food resources become scarcer due to climate
change, communities may be forced to migrate in search of food and livelihoods,
potentially leading to social unrest and conflict.

Way Forward:

Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach:

• Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Promote climate-smart agricultural practices such
as drought-resistant crops, improved soil management, and efficient water use to
enhance resilience.
• Crop Diversification: Encourage crop diversification to reduce dependency on a
few staple crops and enhance food system resilience.
• Sustainable Land Use: Implement policies and practices that promote sustainable
land use, reforestation, and conservation to mitigate climate change and protect
ecosystems.
• International Cooperation: Collaborate on a global scale to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and limit global warming. Climate change is a transnational issue, and
collective action is essential.

Addressing the consequences of climate change on food security in tropical countries

requires a coordinated effort involving governments, international organizations and local
communities to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal of ‘Zero Hunger’ by 2030
( SDG 2 ).
5. Why is the world today confronted with a crisis of availability of and access to
freshwater resources?

The world is currently grappling with a crisis

concerning the availability and access to
freshwater resources.

Reasons for the Crisis of Availability:

• Population Growth: The global

population continues to surge,
intensifying the demand for freshwater
resources.
• Climate Change: Altered
precipitation patterns, coupled with the
increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events caused by climate
change, disrupt the natural distribution of freshwater resources.
• Water Pollution: Pollution from agricultural runoff, industrial discharges, and
untreated sewage contaminates freshwater sources. Example - 85% coral bleaching
in Great Barrier Reef.
• Over-Extraction: In many regions, freshwater sources are being over-exploited for
agriculture, industry, and municipal use, resulting in diminished water availability.

Reasons for the Crisis of Access:

• Urbanization: Rapid urbanization leads to an increased demand for freshwater in

cities. This can strain existing water infrastructure and hinder equitable access to
clean water in urban areas.
• Inequitable Distribution: Socioeconomic disparities can limit access to those who
lack the financial means or infrastructure to obtain clean water.
• Water Governance Issues: Poor water governance, corruption, and inadequate
regulation can exacerbate water scarcity issues, hindering equitable access to clean
water for all.
• Conflict Over Water: In some regions, water scarcity has led to conflicts and
tensions between countries and communities, further restricting access to water
resources.

The Way Forward:

Addressing the crisis of freshwater availability and access requires a comprehensive

approach:
• Sustainable Water Management: Implement sustainable water management
practices to ensure that water resources are used efficiently and conserved for future
generations.
• Pollution Control: Enforce strict regulations to control water pollution,
safeguarding the quality of available freshwater resources.
• International Cooperation: Foster cooperation between countries and regions to
manage transboundary water resources and mitigate conflicts over water.
• Public Awareness: Raise awareness about the importance of water as a finite and
essential resource, encouraging responsible water use at the individual and
community levels.

By addressing these issues comprehensively, the world can work towards mitigating the
crisis of freshwater availability and access, ensuring a sustainable and equitable water future
for all, thereby securing SDG6 ( Access to Clean Water and Sanitation ).

6. How are the fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque
areas of the world?

Fjords are long, narrow, deep inlets of the

sea that are typically flanked by steep cliffs
or mountains on either side.

Formation of Fjords:

1. Glacial Erosion:
• Fjords are shaped by the erosive
force of glaciers during the last Ice
Age.
• Glaciers carved deep valleys into
bedrock through glacial erosion.

2. U-shaped Valleys:
• Glaciers transformed V-shaped river valleys into U-shaped valleys, the hallmark of
fjords.
• The grinding action of ice removed rock and sediment, creating fjord basins.

3. Glacial Retreat:
• As the climate warmed, glaciers retreated.
• Retreating glaciers left behind U-shaped valleys that filled with seawater, forming
fjords.
• The depth of fjords often reflects extensive glacial erosion.

4. Steep Sides:
• Fjords are characterized by steep cliffs or mountainsides on both sides.
• This steep topography results from glacier erosion and the resistance of surrounding
rock to erosion, adding to fjords' dramatic beauty.
Why Fjords Constitute Some of the Most Picturesque Areas of the World?

1. Scenic Beauty:
• Fjords are known for their stunning landscapes with rugged terrain, towering cliffs,
lush forests, and cascading waterfalls.
• The contrast between deep blue seawater and towering rock formations creates
visually captivating scenery.

2. Biodiversity:
• Fjords boast rich biodiversity due to the mixing of cold, nutrient-rich glacial
meltwater with warmer seawater.
• This unique marine environment supports diverse marine life, including fish,
seabirds, and marine mammals.

3. Recreational Opportunities:
• Fjords offer various recreational activities, including hiking, kayaking, wildlife
observation, and boat tours.
• These activities allow visitors to immerse themselves in the natural beauty and
diverse ecosystems of fjord regions.

Fjords’ striking landscapes, steep cliffs, and unique combination of geological and natural
features make them some of the most picturesque areas in the world, attracting travelers and
nature enthusiasts seeking to experience their beauty and biodiversity firsthand.

7. Why is the South-West monsoon called "Purvaiya' ( easterly ) in Bhojpur

Region? How has this directional seasonal wind system influenced the cultural
ethos of the region?

The arrival of the South-West monsoon in eastern India is a highly anticipated annual event
around June-July that marks a significant turning point in the region's climate and culture.

Rationale for the name "Purvaiya' ( easterly ) in Bhojpur Region:

1. Local Wind Perspective:

• The term "Purvaiya" in the Bhojpur
Region refers to the "easterly" due to the
local perspective of wind direction and
its impact on the region.

2. Typical South-West Monsoon:

• In India, the South-West monsoon
usually blows from the southwest,
carrying moisture-laden air from the
 Indian Ocean toward the Indian subcontinent.

3. Local Perception in Bhojpur Region:

• When this monsoon system reaches the Bhojpur Region in northeastern India, it
may appear to be coming from the east or east-northeast, depending on the local
topography and the specific angle at which the monsoon winds approach the region.

4. Geographical Complexity:
• The rationale for this regional perspective lies in the complex geography of India.
The monsoon winds encounter various physical features such as mountains, valleys,
and plateaus as they traverse the country.

5. Influence of Geographical Features:

• These geographical features can significantly influence the direction of the monsoon
winds as they enter specific regions, leading to local variations in wind direction
terminology.

Some ways in which it has influenced the culture and way of life are:

1. Agriculture:
• South-West monsoon is crucial for agriculture, providing vital rainfall for crops and
livelihoods.
• Timing and intensity of the monsoon are critical for crop planning and harvesting,
shaping agricultural practices and calendars.

2. Festivals and Traditions:

• Arrival of the monsoon is celebrated with festivals and rituals in the Bhojpur Region
and across India.
• These festivities express gratitude for life-giving rains and are integral to local
culture.

3. Cuisine:
• Monsoon influences regional cuisine with the inclusion of rainy season crops like
lentils and vegetables.
• Food preservation methods like pickling are used to make the most of seasonal
produce.

4. Traditional Knowledge:
• Generations have developed deep monsoon understanding, passed down as
traditional knowledge.
• This knowledge covers crop planting, water resource management, and essential
skills for harmonious living with the monsoon.

5. Folklore, Movies and Art:

• The monsoon's impact on nature inspires local folklore, songs, Bhojpuri movies and
art forms.
• These cultural elements reflect the monsoon's significance and serve as a means of
storytelling and cultural heritage preservation.

Purvaiya's influence on agriculture, traditions, cuisine, traditional knowledge and cultural

expressions has been profound, shaping the cultural ethos of the region and connecting the
people to the rhythms of nature.

8. Do you think marriage as a sacrament is losing its value in modern India?

Marriage as a sacrament signifies the belief that marriage is a sacred and divine union
blessed by a higher power, emphasizing spiritual commitment beyond its legal dimensions.

Arguments in favour of the Decline of marriage as a sacrament:

• Changing Social Norms: Modern India has seen a shift in social norms towards
individualism and personal autonomy, leading to a decreased emphasis on the
sacramental aspect of marriage, with more focus on personal fulfillment.
• Rising Divorce Rates: The increasing incidence of divorce suggests that some
couples may not view marriage as an unbreakable sacrament, but rather as a contract
that can be dissolved when necessary.
• Economic Independence: As individuals, especially women, become financially
independent, the traditional need for marriage as an economic security arrangement
diminishes, potentially reducing its perceived sacramental value.
• Secularism: In an increasingly secular society, religious influence on marriage may
diminish, with some preferring to view it as a social commitment rather than a
sacred sacrament.

Counterarguments:

• Cultural Significance: India's cultural diversity upholds the sanctity of marriage as

a key cultural and religious milestone, with many communities considering it a
sacred and culturally significant event.
• Family and Community Values: India's family-centric society reinforces the
sacramental aspects of marriage, considering it a union not just between two
individuals but between two families.
• Religious Beliefs: For many Indians, marriage is deeply intertwined with religious
beliefs and practices and wedding ceremonies are conducted with profound spiritual
significance, maintaining the sacramental nature of marriage.
• Arranged Marriages: The prevalence of arranged marriages, where families play a
significant role in matchmaking and ceremonies, underscores the traditional and
sacramental aspects of marriage.
While the sanctity of marriage as a sacrament remains deeply cherished by many in modern
India, there is an undeniable trend toward a more individualistic and pragmatic approach to
marital unions. Evolving social norms, changing roles, and a greater emphasis on personal
happiness seem to be contributing to a gradual shift away from the traditional view of
marriage as an unbreakable sacrament in some segments of society.

9. Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in India.

According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), in the past year, out of the 1.6
lakh individuals who tragically lost their lives to suicide, 45,026 were females, an increase
from the 44,498 recorded in 2020. This equates to approximately one female suicide every 9
minutes.

Reasons for the Increasing Suicide Rates Among Young Women in India:

1. Gender Discrimination:
• Societal pressures related to marriage, family, and career.
• Expectations and inequalities contribute to stress.

2. Economic Stress:
• Unemployment, financial instability, and limited job opportunities.
• Amplify stress, especially during events like the COVID-19 pandemic.

3. Education Pressure:
• High academic expectations and intense competition.
• Pressure to excel in exams and secure promising careers.

4. Social Isolation:
• Changing family structures and urbanization.
• Limited social support networks, loneliness, and depression.

5. Online Harassment and Cyberbullying:

• Prevalence of social media exposes young women.
• Negative online experiences affecting mental well-being.

6. Relationship Issues:
• Problems within relationships, including family and partners.
• Contributing to emotional distress and suicidal thoughts.

7. Access to Lethal Means:

• Easy access to self-harm methods like pesticides or medications.
• Higher risk in rural areas with ready availability.
8. Lack of Mental Health Support:
• Shortage of mental health professionals and facilities.
• Limited access to care and treatment.

Way Forward:

Addressing the rising suicide rates among young women in India necessitates a multifaceted
approach aimed at prevention and support, including:
• Mental Health Awareness: Comprehensive awareness campaigns should be
launched to educate the public about mental health, reduce stigma, and encourage
open conversations about emotional well-being.
• Gender Equality Promotion: Initiatives and policies promoting gender equality in
all aspects of life, including education, employment, and family dynamics, should
be encouraged to reduce the societal pressures faced by young women.
• Online Safety Measures: Stricter measures against online harassment and
cyberbullying should be implemented, with an emphasis on creating safe online
spaces for young women.
• Crisis Helplines: Establishing toll-free mental health helplines can provide
immediate support to individuals in crisis and connect them with professional help.

Addressing the issue of rising suicide rates among young women in India requires
collaboration between government agencies, non-governmental organizations, communities
and individuals to create a supportive environment where mental health is prioritized and
accessible to all, which will ultimately help achieve SDG 5 ( Achieve Gender Equality ).

10. Child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones. Discuss its impact on
socialisation of children.

Technology, including mobile phones, is now an integral part of modern life, and its impact
on children's socialization is a complex issue that depends on various factors, including how
parents and caregivers manage technology use.

Negative Impacts of mobile phones on socialisation of children:

1. Reduced Physical Interaction:

• Decreased bonding with parents, caregivers, and peers.
• Lack of physical affection can hinder emotional development and secure
attachments.

2. Impaired Social Skills:

• Over-reliance on phones can hinder the development of crucial social skills.
• Difficulty in face-to-face communication and building offline relationships.
3. Isolation:
• Excessive screen time can lead to social isolation.
• Children may choose screens over physical activities and friends.

4. Cyberbullying and Online Risks:

• Vulnerability to cyberbullying and exposure to inappropriate content.
• Negative emotional and psychological effects on social development.

5. Decreased Empathy:
• Constant screen exposure may desensitize children to others' emotions.
• Reduced ability to pick up on non-verbal cues and facial expressions, impacting
empathy development.

Positive Impacts of mobile phones on socialisation of children::

1. Access to Information:
• Mobile phones provide access to a wealth of information and educational content.
• Enhances knowledge and supports cognitive development.

2. Virtual Socialization:
• Facilitates socialization, especially when physically separated from friends and
family.
• Helps maintain relationships over long distances.

3. Learning Opportunities:
• Educational apps and games available on mobile devices promote learning,
problem-solving, and creativity in children.

4. Digital Literacy:
• Early exposure to technology fosters digital literacy, a crucial skill in the modern
world.

Promoting a well-rounded approach that includes a balance between screen time and real-
world interactions and fostering responsible and safe online conduct are essential strategies
to both minimize the adverse effects and maximize the beneficial aspects of mobile phone
use in a child's upbringing.

11. What are the main features of Vedic society and religion? Do you think some of
the features are still prevailing in Indian society?

Vedic society and religion refer to the ancient civilization and spiritual beliefs that
originated in the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BCE and continued for several centuries.
The Vedic period is characterized by a set of sacred texts called the Vedas, which laid the
foundation for the development of Hinduism.

Main Features of Vedic Society and Religion:

1. Oral Tradition:
• Vedic knowledge and sacred texts were primarily transmitted orally.

2. Caste System (Varna):

• Vedic society had a rigid caste system with four primary classes: Brahmins,
Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
• Castes were hereditary and determined social status and occupation.

3. Rituals and Sacrifices:

• Complex rituals and sacrifices conducted by Brahmins were central to Vedic
religion.

4. Polytheism:
• Vedic religion was polytheistic, with a pantheon of deities representing natural
forces and cosmic principles.

5. Veneration of Nature:
• Nature, represented by deities like Agni (fire) and Indra (rain god), was highly
revered.

6. Sanskrit Language:
• Sanskrit was the language of the Vedas and held great religious and scholarly
importance.

7. Patriarchy:
• Vedic society was largely patriarchal, with men dominating social and religious
spheres.
• Women had specific roles within families, primarily supporting husbands and
households.

8. Reincarnation and Karma:

• Belief in reincarnation (rebirth) and karma (the law of cause and effect) was central.

Features Still Prevalent in Indian Society:

1. Caste System:
• Despite legal and social reforms, the caste system persists in many parts of India.
Caste identity remains strong, and social and economic disparities based on caste
continue to be a challenge.
2. Rituals and Religious Practices:
• Hindu festivals, daily worship (puja), and temple visits are common and maintain a
significant presence in people's lives.

3. Veneration of Nature:
• The reverence for nature and its elements, a legacy from Vedic religion, is still
visible in cultural practices and rituals.

4. Reincarnation and Karma:

• Belief in reincarnation and karma continues to shape moral and ethical values.

While many features of Vedic society and religion continue to influence Indian society,
there are several aspects that are not prevalent in contemporary India due to cultural, social,
and historical changes. For example,

1. Oral Tradition:
• Oral transmission of knowledge has been replaced by written documentation and
modern education systems.

2. Religious Diversity:
• India is now home to various monotheistic religions like Islam, Christianity, and
Sikhism, diversifying the religious landscape.

3. Language Shift:
• Sanskrit is studied in traditional settings but not widely spoken in daily life.

4. Asceticism and Meditation:

• Yoga, popular worldwide, is often practiced for physical and mental well-being
rather than solely for spiritual enlightenment.

Vedic society and religion have left a lasting impact on Indian culture, with some features
persisting to this day. However, India's cultural and religious diversity has led to the
coexistence of various belief systems. It is essential to recognize and respect this complexity
while acknowledging the evolution and adaptation of Vedic traditions in contemporary
India.

12. What were the major technological changes introduced during the Sultanate
period? How did those technological changes influence the Indian society?
The Sultanate period in India, which lasted from the 13th to the 16th century, witnessed
several major technological changes and innovations. These changes had a significant
impact on Indian society, economy, and culture.

Major technological changes introduced

during Sultanate period

1. Indo-Islamic Architecture:
• Fusion of Indian and Islamic
architectural elements.
• Resulted in structures with
domes, arches, minarets, like the
Qutub Minar and Alai Darwaza.

2. Irrigation Systems:
• Baoli (Stepwell) construction for
water storage and management.
• Vital for water management in
arid regions.

3. Metalwork and Coinage:

• Advances in metalwork using alloys like bronze and brass.
• Introduction of new coinage systems with Persian and Arabic inscriptions,
enhancing trade.

4. Textile Industry:
• Advancements in weaving and dyeing techniques.
• Production of fine textiles with intricate designs like brocades and silks.

5. Astronomy and Mathematics:

• Establishing observatories for celestial studies.
• Contributions to algebra and trigonometry in mathematical treatises.

6. Agricultural Innovations:
• Improved cultivation techniques, including Persian wheel irrigation (saqiya).
• Expansion of cash crops like sugarcane and cotton.

7. Paper and Writing Techniques:

• Widespread use of paper for writing and documentation.
• Emphasis on calligraphy and beautiful script writing.

These technological changes had significant influences on Indian society:

• Cultural Exchange: Indo-Islamic architecture and art represented a fusion of Indian
and Islamic styles, reflecting the cultural exchange between the two communities.
• Economic Growth: Advances in irrigation, agriculture, and trade facilitated
economic growth and prosperity in various regions, contributing to the overall
wealth of the Sultanate.
• Urbanization: The construction of forts, cities, and architectural marvels led to the
growth of urban centers, where trade and cultural exchange flourished.
• Intellectual Advancements: Advances in mathematics, astronomy, and literature
contributed to intellectual growth and the exchange of knowledge.
• Religious and Social Impact: The spread of Islam during this period also
influenced religious and social practices, leading to cultural changes and syncretism
in certain regions.

The technological changes introduced during the Sultanate period in India not only
transformed the physical landscape but also had a profound impact on the socio-cultural and
economic aspects of Indian society, marking an important chapter in the country's history.

13. How did the colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal
response to the colonial oppression?

The colonial rule in India, spanning nearly two centuries, brought about profound changes
in the lives of indigenous tribal communities. These tribes had long practiced a harmonious
existence with nature, relying on subsistence agriculture, hunting, and gathering. However,
colonial intrusion disrupted their traditional way of life, resulting in substantial socio-
economic and cultural transformations.

Impact of Colonial Rule on Tribals:

1. Land Alienation:
• Colonial powers introduced private property concepts and revenue systems.
• Led to extensive land dispossession among tribal communities, causing loss of
livelihoods and cultural dislocation.

2. Economic Exploitation:
• Tribals subjected to economic exploitation, forced into labor-intensive activities.
• Worked in mining and plantations under harsh conditions and low wages,
perpetuating poverty.

3. Social Disruption:
• Introduction of Western education and legal systems disrupted tribal societies.
• Traditional governance structures undermined, leading to social disintegration,
discrimination, and marginalization.

4. Cultural Erosion:
• Colonialism imposed Western values and religious beliefs, eroding tribal cultures.
• Active promotion of Christian conversion by missionaries contributed to the decline
of indigenous faiths.

5. Health Impacts:
• Arrival of colonial settlers brought diseases that devastated tribal populations.
• Disruption of traditional healthcare systems increased mortality rates among tribals.

Tribal Response to Colonial Oppression:

1. Rebellion and Resistance:

• Many tribal communities resisted colonial rule through armed uprisings (e.g., Santal
Rebellion, Bastar Rebellion).
• Motivated by opposition to land dispossession and oppression.

2. Revival Movements:
• Some tribal leaders initiated revival movements to preserve cultural heritage.
• Aimed to revitalize traditional practices, languages, and rituals in the face of cultural
assimilation.

3. Political Mobilization:
• Tribal communities recognized the need for political representation.
• Leaders like Birsa Munda and Alluri Sitarama Raju advocated for tribal rights
through negotiations and protests.

4. Forest Movements:
• Forests were vital for tribal livelihoods, but British forest policies were harmful.
• Tribes engaged in forest protection movements, e.g., Chipko Movement, to
safeguard their interests.

5. Cultural Preservation:
• Tribes actively preserved their cultural identity.
• Efforts included language preservation, folklore documentation, and promotion of
indigenous art and crafts.

Colonial rule in India had profound and far-reaching effects on tribal communities. Despite
these hardships, tribal communities didn't passively endure oppression. They initiated
diverse responses, setting the stage for ongoing efforts to secure land rights, preserve their
culture, and achieve socio-economic empowerment in the post-colonial era. Historical
injustice was corrected to a great extent post independence through various policies and
schemes like ‘Tribal Panchsheel’ , Tribal sub-plan etc.

14. Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight
the status of natural hazard preparedness in these areas.

India's extensive coastline, stretching over 7,500 kilometers, presents a plethora of resource
potentials and opportunities. Nevertheless, this vast coastal expanse is also susceptible to
natural hazards, necessitating a robust preparedness and mitigation strategy.

Resource Potentials:

1. Agriculture and Horticulture:

• Coastal areas have fertile soils and a favorable climate for crops like rice, coconut,
and cashews.
• They significantly contribute to India's agricultural production.

2. Marine Biodiversity:
• Coastal waters are rich in marine life, supporting aquaculture and mariculture.
• Cultivation of shrimp, prawns, and seaweed is a growing industry with export
potential.

3. Mineral Resources:
• Coastal regions often contain valuable mineral resources, including titanium, rare
earth elements, and industrial minerals in beach sands.
• These resources are crucial for industries like aerospace and electronics.

4. Tourism and Hospitality:

• Coastal regions are famous for pristine beaches, historical sites, and cultural
heritage.
• They attract domestic and international tourists, bolstering the tourism and
hospitality sectors.

5. Renewable Energy:
• Coastal areas offer ideal conditions for harnessing offshore wind and tidal energy.
• These resources play a pivotal role in achieving India's renewable energy goals.

Steps taken to improve Natural Hazard Preparedness in coastal areas:

1. NCRMP (National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project):

• Launched by the Union government to reduce cyclone risk in coastal states.
• Includes measures like enhancing cyclone forecasting and warning systems,
building cyclone shelters, and community awareness programs.

2. Tsunami Early Warning System:

• Developed by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)
with Union government and international collaboration.
• Monitors seismic activity and provides timely tsunami alerts to coastal communities.

3. Gujarat's Coastal Infrastructure Development:

• Focuses on sea walls, embankments, and the development of smart cities like
Dholera.
• Aims to protect against sea-level rise and cyclone-induced flooding.

4. West Bengal's Riverbank and Coastal Protection:

• 'Sundarbans Development Program' emphasizes mangrove conservation and
protective embankment construction.

5. Maharashtra's Coastal Vulnerability Mapping:

• Maharashtra conducts assessments to identify at-risk areas.
• Tailors preparedness measures based on data-driven insights.

Gaps in Natural Hazard Preparedness in Coastal Areas:

• Inadequate Infrastructure: Many coastal areas lack critical infrastructure, such as

cyclone shelters, flood protection, and reliable transportation networks, rendering
communities vulnerable during natural disasters.
• Limited Early Warning Systems: Some coastal regions struggle to access timely,
accurate early warning information, leading to delayed evacuations and inadequate
preparedness.
• Community Awareness: Despite engagement efforts, there are gaps in raising
awareness and educating coastal residents about disaster preparedness, hindering
effective actions during emergencies.
• Resource Allocation Disparities: Uneven distribution of resources among states
and regions results in disparities in disaster preparedness, with some areas receiving
more attention and funding than others.
• Climate Change Adaptation: While climate resilience efforts are underway,
comprehensive and accelerated adaptation measures are needed to address long-term
climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels and intensifying cyclones.

Addressing gaps in coastal natural hazard preparedness requires prioritizing infrastructure

development, advanced early warning systems, and community empowerment.
Strengthening policy frameworks, fostering international collaboration, and involving the
private sector can enhance disaster preparedness, while sustained public awareness
campaigns play a crucial role in educating communities about climate change and disaster
response.
15. Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in
India. Assess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rain forest regions of India.

Natural vegetation refers to the plant life that grows in a particular region without human
intervention. India is blessed with a remarkable diversity of natural vegetation, owing to its
vast geographical expanse and varying environmental conditions.

Diversity of Natural Vegetation in India:

India's natural vegetation can be classified into several distinct types, each with its unique
characteristics:

• Tropical Rainforests: Found primarily in the Western Ghats, these lush forests are
characterized by high rainfall, dense canopies, and exceptional biodiversity.
• Tropical Deciduous Forests: These forests, prevalent in central and southern India,
experience distinct wet and dry seasons. They are home to a variety of hardwood
trees, including teak and sal.
• Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs: These arid and semi-arid regions in
northwestern India have adapted to harsh conditions, with drought-resistant
vegetation like acacia and cacti.
• Mangrove Forests: Located along the coastal regions, mangrove forests have salt-
tolerant trees and support unique ecosystems that serve as nurseries for marine life.
• Alpine and Tundra Vegetation: In the Himalayan region, alpine meadows and
tundra vegetation thrive at higher altitudes, featuring a different set of cold-adapted
plants.

Factors Responsible for Diversity of Natural Vegetation in India:

• Climatic Variations: India's diverse climate zones, from tropical in the south to
alpine in the north, are a primary driver of vegetation diversity. Varied rainfall
patterns and temperature regimes create distinct ecological niches.
• Geographical Features: The country's diverse topography, including mountains,
plateaus, plains, and coastlines, influences microclimates and elevational gradients,
leading to different vegetation types.
• Edaphic Factors: Soil characteristics such as texture, nutrient content, and pH
levels impact plant growth and determine the types of vegetation that can thrive in
specific areas.
• Historical and Evolutionary Factors: India's geological history, including its
separation from Gondwana, has shaped its unique flora and fauna. Evolutionary
processes have contributed to endemism and species diversity.
• Altitude Variation: India's varied altitude levels, from high mountain peaks to low-
lying plains, result in distinct vegetation zones. Alpine vegetation in the Himalayas
contrasts with the tropical and subtropical vegetation in the lowlands.

Significance of Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rainforest Regions:

• Biodiversity Conservation: Rainforests are biodiversity hotspots, and these

sanctuaries provide safe havens for numerous endangered and endemic species,
protecting them from habitat destruction and poaching.
• Ecosystem Services: Rainforests are vital for regulating climate, maintaining
ecological balance, and supporting the water cycle. Sanctuaries help preserve these
essential ecosystem services.
• Research and Education: These sanctuaries serve as living laboratories for
scientific research, allowing the study of unique flora and fauna that can lead to
advancements in various fields. They also educate the public about the importance
of biodiversity conservation.
• Tourism and Socio-economic Benefits: Well-managed sanctuaries promote eco-
tourism, generating revenue for local communities and contributing to conservation
efforts through sustainable practices.

To conserve India's diverse natural vegetation and wildlife sanctuaries, it is imperative to:
• Strengthen and enforce conservation laws and regulations.
• Promote sustainable land-use practices.
• Encourage community-based conservation initiatives.
India's natural vegetation is a testament to the country's environmental richness. To secure
these ecosystems for future generations, concerted efforts in conservation and sustainable
management are essential.

16. Why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in
India?

Human development and economic development represent two intertwined facets of a

nation's progress. Economic development encompasses a country's growth in terms of GDP,
industrialization, infrastructure and wealth creation. Whereas, human development centers
on enhancing individual well-being through factors such as education, healthcare and access
to basic amenities. Ideally, these two dimensions should advance in harmony; however,
India has experienced a substantial disparity between them.

Factors Responsible for Human Development Lagging Behind Economic Development in

India:

• Income Inequality: Robust economic growth in India has disproportionately

benefited the affluent, leaving a significant portion of the population in poverty with
limited access to resources and development opportunities.
• Education Disparities: Despite improved literacy rates, challenges like inadequate
infrastructure and poor quality education persist, hindering the development
prospects of millions of children and perpetuating poverty.
• Healthcare Challenges: Disparities in healthcare access and quality exist between
urban and rural areas, leading to high infant mortality rates, malnutrition, and
limited healthcare access, hindering human development.
• Gender Inequality: Gender disparities affect women's participation in economic
activities and overall human development, with limited access to education,
healthcare, and economic opportunities for women.
• Urban-Rural Divide: Economic development has concentrated in urban areas,
leaving rural regions with significant gaps in resource access and opportunities,
impacting human development indicators.
• Inadequate Social Safety Nets: Inefficient social safety nets and welfare programs
undermine their role in supporting vulnerable populations, hindering human
development.
• Environmental Degradation: Rampant environmental degradation from unchecked
economic growth poses health risks and threatens progress in various human
development indices.
• Corruption and Governance Issues: Persistent corruption and governance
challenges hinder the efficient implementation of policies and programs aimed at
human development, affecting the delivery of essential services to the population.

Way Forward:

1. Equitable Economic Growth:

• Prioritize policies for fair wealth distribution.
• Use progressive taxation and targeted subsidies.
• Boost rural and agricultural incomes.

2. Education Reforms:
• Enhance education quality, accessibility, and relevance.
• Invest in teacher training and curriculum modernization.
• Expand digital and distance learning in remote areas.

3. Healthcare Expansion:
• Increase access to quality healthcare, especially in rural areas.
• Build more healthcare infrastructure and train healthcare workers.
• Raise public health awareness.

4. Gender Empowerment:
• Promote gender equality through legal reforms.
• Launch awareness campaigns and economic empowerment programs.
• Encourage women's participation in the workforce and decision-making.

5. Strengthen Social Safety Nets:

• Improve the efficiency and reach of welfare programs.
• Use technology to reduce leakages.
• Ensure benefits reach intended beneficiaries.
If India wants to become ‘Vikasit desh’ ( developed nation ) by 2047, it needs to focus on
human development aspect as well aspect along with economic development.

17. From being net food importer in 1960s, India has emerged as a net food exporter
to the world. Provide reasons.

India's journey from being a net food importer in the 1960s to becoming a net food exporter
to the world is a testament to its remarkable agricultural transformation. This transformation
is rooted in a combination of factors, ranging from agricultural practices and policies to
technological advancements and globalization.

Key reasons behind India's transition:

1. Green Revolution (1960s):

• Introduced high-yielding crop varieties and modern farming techniques.
• Dwarf wheat and rice varieties, along with fertilizers and pesticides, boosted crop
yields significantly.

2. Irrigation Infrastructure:
• Investment in dams, canals, and tube wells expanded water resources access.
• Reduced reliance on unpredictable rainfall, enabling multiple cropping seasons and
increased productivity.

3. Policy Reforms:
• Introduction of Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for key crops.
• Provided price guarantees to farmers, encouraging higher production.
• Subsidies on fertilizers, credit facilities, and agricultural research supported
agriculture.

4. Technological Advancements:
• Agricultural research and development led to pest-resistant, drought-tolerant crop
varieties.
• Shorter growth cycles and mechanization reduced labor requirements and increased
efficiency.

5. Land Reforms:
• Aimed at providing land to landless and marginalized farmers.
• Reduced landownership inequality, promoting investment in agriculture and
boosting productivity.

6. Globalization and Market Access (1990s):

• Economic liberalization opened global markets for Indian farmers.
• Access to international markets and increased exports, especially to countries facing
food shortages.
7. Investment in Research and Development:
• Continuous investment in agricultural research and development institutions, like
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• Development of improved farming techniques and technologies.

8. Entrepreneurship and Innovation:

• Rise of agri-entrepreneurs and startups in India.
• Driving innovations in agriculture, including precision farming, organic farming,
and value-added agri-products.

Way Forward:

1. Market Diversification:
• Explore new international markets through research and promotion.
• Secure favorable access with trade agreements and partnerships.

2. Quality Assurance and Certification:

• Enhance quality control and food safety standards.
• Promote Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and certifications like ISO, HACCP,
and GlobalGAP.

3. Export Promotion:
• Establish export promotion agencies and provide incentives.
• Facilitate interaction through trade fairs and exhibitions.

4. Product Diversification:
• Encourage high-value and niche crop diversification.
• Invest in R&D for unique agri-products.

5. Branding and Marketing:

• Create a strong brand image for Indian agricultural products.
• Utilize digital marketing and e-commerce platforms.

By pursuing these strategies, India can further strengthen its position as a global agricultural
exporter, increase revenue from agri-exports, create employment opportunities in rural
areas, and contribute to the overall growth of the agriculture sector and the economy.

18. Does urbanisation lead to more segregation and/or marginalisation of the poor in
Indian metropolis?
Segregation and marginalization of the poor in the context of urbanization in Indian
metropolises refer to the systematic separation and social exclusion of economically
disadvantaged populations within these cities. Segregation manifests as the physical
clustering of impoverished communities in marginal areas with limited access to basic
amenities, while marginalization encompasses their exclusion from economic, social and
political opportunities.

Arguments in favour of Urbanization Leading to Segregation and Marginalization:

1. Economic Disparities:
• Segregation: Urbanization often leads to the concentration of wealth in specific
areas, resulting in economic segregation. The wealthy tend to reside in upscale
neighborhoods with better infrastructure and services, while the poor are pushed to
peripheral slums or informal settlements with inadequate facilities.
• Marginalization: Economic disparities can lead to the exclusion of the poor from
economic opportunities, quality education and healthcare, perpetuating their
marginalized status.

2. Gentrification:
• Segregation: The process of gentrification can displace low-income residents as
property values rise. This can lead to the separation of communities and their
displacement to even more marginalized areas.
• Marginalization: Gentrification can marginalize the poor by eroding their access to
affordable housing and services, forcing them into impoverished conditions.
• Example - Forceful eviction of slum dwellers in Worlie area of Mumbai to build
high rise buildings

3. Lack of Adequate Housing:

• Segregation: The shortage of
affordable housing in Indian
cities often leads to informal
settlements on the outskirts,
segregating the poor from the rest
of the city's population.
• Marginalization: Inadequate
housing conditions in slums
contribute to the marginalization
of the poor as they lack access to
proper sanitation, clean water,
and other basic amenities.

4. Limited Access to Services:

• Segregation: Unequal distribution of essential services, such as healthcare and
education, can lead to the geographic separation of the poor from these services.
• Marginalization: Poor access to services marginalizes the economically
disadvantaged by limiting their ability to break the cycle of poverty.

Counterarguments:

1. Economic Opportunities:
• Urbanization can provide economic opportunities that benefit the poor. The growth
of urban job markets can lead to increased employment and income generation for
impoverished communities.
2. Inclusive Policies:
• Some Indian cities have implemented inclusive policies such as affordable housing
programs and slum redevelopment projects, which aim to uplift the poor and reduce
segregation and marginalization.
3. Social Mobility:
• Access to better educational institutions and skill development centers in cities can
empower the poor with the skills needed for improved job prospects and social
mobility.
4. Community Resilience:
• Urban communities often develop strong social networks and support systems,
which can help the poor overcome challenges and social marginalization.

To mitigate segregation and marginalization, there must be a concerted effort to create

inclusive urban environments that provide equitable access to opportunities, services and
resources for all residents, regardless of their economic status.

19. Why is caste identity in india both fluid and static?

Caste identity in India is a multifaceted phenomenon, characterized by its dual nature of

being both fluid and static.

The static aspect refers to the enduring influence of traditional caste hierarchies and
identities, often rooted in centuries of history. In contrast, the fluid aspect reflects the
changing dynamics of caste identity, where individuals and communities are increasingly
able to transcend traditional constraints.

Factors Contributing to Caste Identity Being Static:

• Historical Roots: The caste system in India has deep historical roots, dating back
thousands of years. These entrenched hierarchies, based on occupation and birth,
have left a lasting impact on society. The static nature of caste identity is a reflection
of this historical continuity.
• Endogamy: The practice of endogamy, where individuals are expected to marry
within their own caste, reinforces the boundaries of caste identity. This practice has
 been pervasive for centuries and has contributed to the preservation of caste
distinctions.
• Social Stigma: Discrimination and social stigma associated with certain castes
continue to persist in many parts of India. This discrimination can be so severe that
it becomes a significant barrier to upward social mobility, reinforcing the static
nature of caste identity.
• Inherited Privileges and Disadvantages: Privileges and disadvantages associated
with caste identity are often inherited from one generation to the next. Those born
into higher castes may continue to enjoy social and economic advantages, while
those from lower castes may face ongoing disadvantages.

Factors Contributing to Caste Identity Being Fluid:

• Social Mobility: Economic development, urbanization and increased access to

education have provided opportunities for individuals from lower castes to break
free from traditional occupational constraints. This upward social mobility allows
individuals to adopt new identities based on their achievements rather than their
birth.
• Inter-caste Marriages: Inter-caste marriages challenge traditional caste boundaries
and create opportunities for individuals to adopt new identities or transcend caste
distinctions altogether. These unions contribute to the fluidity of caste identity.
• Political Mobilization: Caste identity is often mobilized for political purposes in
India. Political parties form alliances and coalitions across different caste groups to
secure votes. This political instrumentalization can lead to temporary shifts in caste-
based affiliations.
• Urbanization and Modernization: As people migrate to urban areas and engage in
a more cosmopolitan lifestyle, the traditional social structures of rural life become
less influential. Individuals in urban settings may find it easier to create new social
networks and identities that are less tied to their caste background.

While certain aspects remain static due to historical legacies and social structures, others are
increasingly fluid as individuals and communities adapt to a rapidly evolving society.
Recognizing both the static and fluid dimensions of caste identity is crucial for addressing
the challenges posed by caste-based discrimination while promoting inclusivity and social
progress in the country.

20. Discuss the impact of post liberal economy on ethnic identity and communalism.

Post-liberal economy represents a departure from classical liberal economic principles,

emphasizing a greater role for the government in addressing economic disparities, social
justice, and environmental concerns.
Positive Impacts of post liberal economy on Ethnic Identity:

• Reduced Economic Disparities: Post-liberal economic policies often aim to reduce

income inequality and poverty.
• Cultural Preservation: Post-liberal economies recognize the importance of
preserving cultural diversity. Efforts to protect and promote diverse cultural
traditions can be seen as positive impacts on ethnic identity, as they validate and
celebrate the unique customs, languages, and traditions of different ethnic
communities.
• Political Representation: Post-liberal policies often lead to greater political
representation for ethnic communities. When these communities have a voice in
governance, it can result in policies that better address their specific needs and
concerns, reinforcing their sense of ethnic identity.

Negative Impacts of post liberal economy on Ethnic Identity:

• Resource Allocation Tensions: Post-liberal policies may involve resource

allocation or subsidies based on social and economic indicators. When some ethnic
groups perceive that resources are being distributed unfairly, it can lead to
resentment and division, undermining a sense of unity.
• Identity Politicization: There is a risk that post-liberal policies may inadvertently
politicize ethnic identities, with politicians using these identities for electoral gains.
This can deepen divisions and reinforce stereotypes, turning ethnic identity into a
tool for political mobilization.

Positive Impacts of post liberal economy on Communalism:

• Reduced Economic Disparities: Post-liberal policies can help reduce economic

disparities among religious communities. When communities see more equitable
access to economic opportunities, it can lead to reduced resentment and conflicts
rooted in economic grievances.
• Inclusive Development: Post-liberal economies prioritize inclusive development,
fostering a sense of belonging and shared progress among different religious groups.
Inclusive policies can mitigate communal tensions by addressing the socio-
economic factors that contribute to conflict.

Negative Impacts of post liberal economy on Communalism:

• Communal Polarization: Post-liberal policies perceived as favoring one religious

or ethnic community over others can intensify communal polarization and distrust.
This can lead to heightened divisions and conflicts.
• Identity-Based Violence: Economic disparities and perceived inequities in resource
allocation can fuel identity-based violence and conflict. Communal incidents may
escalate due to economic factors, making it challenging to achieve social harmony.
Effective governance and inclusive policies are essential to harness the potential benefits
while minimizing the negative consequences for ethnic identity and communalism in India.
Post liberal economic policies in India should be aligned to achieve Sustainable
Development Goal of ‘Peaceful and Inclusive society’ ( SDG 10 and SDG 16 ) .