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Mechanical Properties of Laser Welded 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel*

Article in Materials Testing · October 2014

DOI: 10.3139/120.110632

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 MATERIALS TESTING FOR WELDING APPLICATIONS 779

Mechanical Properties of Laser

Welded 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel*
Ceyhun Köse and Ramazan Kaçar,
Karabuk, Turkey
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser Verlag (Office) on January 19, 2015
Duplex stainless steel is widely used in the oil, chemical industry and to
a lesser extent in the medical industry, because of the high mechanical
properties, corrosion resistance and good weldability. In this study, AISI
2205 (22Cr5Ni3Mo) duplex stainless steel samples were joined using
the CO2 laser beam welding method. In order to determine the mechani-

cal properties of the welded joints, tensile tests were applied and the
Article Information hardness of the welded sample was measured on the cross-section. The
Correspondence Address microstructure characterization of welded samples was also carried out
Ceyhun Köse
Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences
using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray
Karabuk University diffraction analysis. Although, the mechanical properties of welded
Karabuk 78050, Turkey samples were found acceptable, the final microstructure of the welded
E-mail: ceyhunia@gmail.com
metal and the heat affected zone (HAZ) were significantly affected by
Keywords
Materials testing, duplex stainless steel,
the ferrite phase due to the low heat input that caused high cooling
laser welding, mechanical properties rates, respectively.
For personal use only.

Besides its resistance and toughness in
harsh working conditions, duplex stain-
less steel is also a very good alternative to
austenitic stainless steel due to its excel-
lent corrosion resistance. Duplex stainless
steel shows such excellent mechanical
properties and corrosion resistance due to
the fact that its internal structure consists
of ferrite and austenite phases at equal
rates [1, 2]. The duplex microstructure
enables the steel to become especially
highly resistant to stress corrosion crack-
ing as well as intergranular and pitting
corrosion. Due to its superior corrosion re-
sistance, this type of steel is used in steam
boilers, chemical tanks and heat ex-
changer pipes as well as in a wide range of
areas in the chemical and petroleum
chemical industry and less in the medical
industry [3-5].
Weldability of duplex stainless steel is
very good and it can be joined by many fu-
sion welding techniques, such as sub-
merged arc welding (SAW), shielded metal
arc welding (SMAW) and tungsten inert
gas welding (TIG) [6].
* P
 resented during the 3rd International Conference on Welding Technologies and Exhibition
(ICWET’14) in Manisa, Turkey
However, laser beam welding of duplex
stainless steel is a very critical and challeng-
ing process. Laser beam welding consists of
two general types: solid state laser systems
(Nd: YAG laser) and gas laser systems (CO2
laser). The properties of Nd: YAG have been
widely studied and are best understood of all
solid state laser media [7]. In recent years,
the trend in solid-state laser technology has
been toward diode-pumped solid-state
(DPSS) lasers [8]. For many solid-state la-
sers, the technology has not changed much,
but more efficient materials with lower
pumping thresholds have been used. Com-
pact solid-state lasers have been developed
that are pumped by semiconductor laser di-
odes instead of lamps (flashlamps or more
commonly CW arc lamps) [8]. More recently,
high power diode pumped fiber lasers have
been developed [9]. Fiber laser technology
offers several benefits to the industrial user
[9]. They are essentially maintenance free
during their entire lifetime because there is
no need to replace flash lamps or diodes [9].
A CO2 laser is a laser system that can achieve
high and continuous power (up to 50 kW). It
has the best efficiency rate among all other
systems [7, 10, 11]. The conventional CO2
laser beam welding technique cannot be
used in conduction welding due to its longer
wavelength and poorer light absorption. It
can only be used in keyhole welding. The
keyhole welding technique, which has a low
heat input and a higher cooling rate at all
times, provides the opportunity to weld with-
out need of high condensation energy, high
welding speed, narrow weld zone, high pen-
etration depth, compatibility with automa-
tion, high mechanical resistance, low distor-
tion, and without any need to filler metal
[12-14]. However, the fact that duplex stain-
less steel weld cools as fast as laser beam
weld may cause problems. Fast cooling is
not allowed for the desired structural change
to occur in welded joint and causes un-
wanted changes in the structure.
In welded joint, weld metal and heat af-
fected zone (HAZ) may be forced to tense
and bend due to the stress they are ex-
posed to under service conditions. Addi-
tionally, the residual stress that occurs
during welding must be taken into consid-
eration under the service conditions as
well. Generally, the crack propagation un-
der static load does not occur in the weld
zone of ductile materials such as stainless

56 (2014) 10 © Carl Hanser Verlag, München Materials Testing

 780 MATERIALS TESTING FOR WELDING APPLICATIONS

steel. On the other hand, it must be noted
that local strains that occur due to resid-
ual stresses, bending moments, thermal
gradients or sharp surface defects in ma-
terials under static load can cause small
cracks in these materials [15]. It is re-
ported that these small cracks induce the
formation of stress corrosion cracking in
welded joints [16].
The aim of this study is to provide ex-
haustive research on the mechanical prop-
erties and microstructural behavior of AISI
2205 duplex stainless steel welded joints
which are welded via the CO2 laser beam
welding technique as well as the effects un-
der unidirectional static stress.
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser Verlag (Office) on January 19, 2015
Experimental Procedure
Material and Welding Process. In this
study, AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel, of
which the chemical composition (wt.- %) is
provided in Table 1, has been used.
AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel plates,
which were prepared with dimensions of
95 × 330 × 4 mm, have been joined in butt
position without any need to filler metal by
being attached to a pre-prepared fixture
mold and in horizontal position by means
of a 4 kW Trumpf Lasercell 1005 CO2 laser
beam welding machine with 3500 W laser
power, 180 cm/min travel speed, 200 mm
focal length, gas flow rate of 10 liters per
minute, 50 % Ar + 50 % He shielding gas
and 0.116 kJ/mm heat input.
Preparation of Test Specimens. In order
to be able to identify the mechanical prop-
erties of the welded joint, tensile test speci-
mens have been prepared according to the
TS EN ISO 4136:2012 standard [17]. Sec-
tion thickness of the test specimens were
reduced to 3 mm and thus, formation of
any underfills was avoided. Three speci-
mens were prepared for each condition.
Tensile test was done by means of a Shi-
madzu AG-IS brand 100 kN capacity ten-
sile test device at a travel speed of 5 mm/
min. Hardness distribution was measured
on a electrolytically etched specimen (10 g

oxalic acid + 100 ml pure H2O) by applying

a load of 200 g onto the indenter.
Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Al Co Microstructure examinations were done
C 0.028
0.333 1.814 0.011 0.0072 22.88 3.105 5.450 0.019 0.119 by means of an optical microscope with 5X-
Cu Nb Ti V W Pb Sn Zn N Fe 100X magnification levels, JEOL JSM 6060
0.224 0.036 0.0089 0.116 0.050 0.0038 0:012 0.034 0.058 65.68 LV brand scanning electron microscope
(SEM) and an energy dispersive spectrom-
Table 1. Chemical composition of 2205 duplex stainless steel [wt.-%]
eter. XRD analysis was performed using
Rigaku DMAX-2200/PC at a voltage of
40 kV and 40 mA current with a scan rate
of 2°/min. by employing Cu Kα radiation.
For personal use only.

Radiographic inspection of the welded

joints were done at 90 kV, 30 mA energy,
exposure time of 45 s and source-to-film
Figure 1. Radiographic image of welded sample distance of ffd:1000 mm by applying X-
rays. The percent ferrite amount of weld
metal was also measured by ferrite meter.

Result and Discussion

Non-Destructive Radiographic Testing.

Radiographic inspection tests have been
performed on the welded test specimens in
Figure 2. Weld bead order to check whether discontinuity has
profile of the CO2 laser occurred in the welded joints, the results
welded joint
are shown in Figure 1.
No defects have been observed in the
base material, heat affected zone and weld
metal of the welded specimen. This result
indicates that AISI 2205 stainless steel has
been faultlessly and successfully joined.
Macrostructural Examinations. Weld
bead profile of the welded joint via laser
beam welding technique is shown in Fig-
ure 2. As can be seen in Figure 2, besides
having a high penetration/width ratio, la-
ser beam welding technique also provides
a narrower heat affected zone than other
fusion welding techniques. This arises
from the welding technique itself because
CO2 laser beam is a method that has high
energy density and low heat input [18, 19]
a) b)
with its continuous wave mode [18].
Microstructural Examinations. The study
Figure 3. Microstructure images of welded joint, a) weld metal (200×), b) heat affected zone (500×) includes a microstructure examination of

56 (2014) 10

the welded joint, microstructure images
can be seen in Figure 3.
As can be seen in Figure 3, the weld
metal structure of AISI 2205 stainless steel
as it was provided consists of ferrite phase
(71 %) and austenite phase (29 %) and it has
almost fully ferritic structure with some
precipitation of austenite decorate to the
grain boundaries. The light colored grains
in the structure indicate the austenite phase
while the dark colored ones indicate the fer-
rite phase. It was also observed that chro-
mium nitride precipitates decorate to the
ferrite phase due to fast cooling rate of laser
welding process. The chromium nitrides
precipitate in the ferritic phase when a du-
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser Verlag (Office) on January 19, 2015
plex stainless steel is quenched from very
high annealing temperatures [20, 21], or
when rapid cooling occurs in weld metal or
the HAZ of welded duplex stainless steels
[22]. Laser welding results in a very fast
cooling rate, and the microstructure reflects
this effect. Copious precipitation of chro-
mium nitrides within the ferrite grains and
a precipitate-free zone near reformed aus-
tenite are also evident (Figures 3a and 3b).
However, it was observed during re-
For personal use only.
search that the heat affected zone that
Figure 4. Result of EDX analysis of the weld metal
Figure 5. Result of elemental mapping analysis of the welded sample
56 (2014) 10
MATERIALS TESTING FOR WELDING APPLICATIONS
formed on the base material under the ef-
fect of the welding thermal cycle is nar-
rower. Formation of a very narrow heat af-
fected zone is an expected result since low
heat input, which is a characteristic of la-
ser beam welding, causes fast cooling. For-
mation of a narrow heat affected zone
means that the toughness of the welded
joint will be very good when it comes under
the effect of a instant force and that the
joint will have very good ductility [23, 24].
In consideration of the temperature that is
reached in the heat affected zone in rela-
tion to the low heat input of laser beam
welding, it is seen that ferrite-austenite
balance changes in favor of ferrite due to
the coarsening of ferrite grains. Therefore,
the heat affected zone hardness is higher
than that of the base material but lower
than the weld metal. As it is known, the
high tensile strength and stress corrosion
resistance of duplex stainless steel results
from the delta ferrite phase in its structure
while its toughness and general corrosion
resistance results from the austenite phase
in its structure.
It is desired to reach a ferrite-austenite
phase distribution of 50/50 in welded
781
joints of duplex stainless steel, especially
in weld metal. This is because it is known
that the desired microstructure offers best
mechanical and corrosion properties at this
ratio [25-27]. On the other hand, this phase
ratio changes according to welding method
and heat treatment. For instance, solidifi-
cation process of all duplex stainless steel
from liquid state starts in the ferrite phase
but ferrite transforms into austenite under
the solvus temperature. The transforma-
tion cycle in duplex stainless steel can be
summarized as follows:
L→L+F→F→F+A
The first formation of austenite grains devel-
ops with the process of nucleation and
growth in the ferrite grain boundaries and
the transformation is thus completed. In ad-
dition, the generation of austenite can also
occur in the form of Widmanstatten side
plates in the austenite grain boundaries or
intergranularly within ferrite grains.
However, besides chemical composition
(wt.- %), the effect of cooling rate on the
microstructure of weld metal is significant
as well. The solidification that starts fer-
 782 MATERIALS TESTING FOR WELDING APPLICATIONS
rite mode in weld metal at high cooling
rate is expected to turn ferrite into austen-
ite during the process of cooling to room
temperature by nucleation at the ferrite
grain boundaries and within the grains.
But since there is not sufficient time for
the ferrite-austenite transformation that is
expected to occur in the diffusion con-
trolled process, most of the structure con-
sists of ferrite phase while it is observed
that austenite grains form at the ferrite
grain boundaries. Additionally, since the
nitrogen solubility limit in ferrite grains
increases with rising temperature, ferrite-
austenite transformation cannot be com-
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser Verlag (Office) on January 19, 2015
For personal use only.
Figure 6. XRD analysis result
Figure 7. Stress-strain curves of the welded samples
pleted due to fast cooling and this leads to
sensitization by generating nitrogen chro-
mium and chromium nitride in the struc-
ture. If the HAZ experiences a slower cool-
ing rate, austenite will be formed and ni-
trogen will diffuse to and will dissolve in
the austenite, thus reducing the amount of
Cr2N precipitation [28]. While the high ra-
tio of delta ferrite and chromium nitride
within the structure causes a higher hard-
ness of the weld metal than base material
it is also considered to cause a decrease in
corrosion resistance.
The sample was examined by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and a EDS point
analysis of weld metal was made. The result
is shown in Figure 4. In addition, weld metal
was analyzed by means of elemental map-
ping, the results can be seen in Figure 5.
After EDS point analysis of the weld
metal, it was seen that the steel contained
less chromium, nickel and molybdenum
compared to the results of the elemental
mapping and chemical composition
(wt.- %). This can be said to be caused by
the generation of chromium nitride which
occurred due to the reaction of chromium
with nitrogen in the structure since the
austenite transformation could not be com-
pleted because of the high cooling rate.
Since chromium nitride increases the hard-
ness and consequently, the resistance of
weld metal, it is thought that the fracture
during the tensile test occurs due to the
base material. However, a decrease of chro-
mium in this area is expected to cause a
decline in the corrosion resistance of the
welded joint.
The welded specimen was examined
within the interval of 5° < 2θ < 105° and
30° < 2θ < 105° by XRD method. The re-
sults are shown graphically in Figure 6.
When the peaks of the base material are
compared with the peaks of the laser beam
welded specimen, it can be observed that
peaks in the welded specimen graphic are
sharper and more frequent and that peak
intensity is higher. This is said to be due to
changes that occur in the crystal lattice pa-
rameter of the welded specimen because of
the weld thermal cycle effect. Develop-
ments such as precipitation of second
phase intermetallic sigma (σ) phase, chi (χ)
phase, chromium carbide (Cr23C6), (Cr7C3)
and chromium nitride (Cr2N) have not been
observed in the XRD graphics of heat af-
fected zone and weld metal. On the other
hand, it should be noted that second phase
developments that occur in low amounts
may not be able to be discovered in XRD
analyses. Since there is not enough time
due to fast cooling because of low heat in-
put, developments of second phases cannot
be expected. However, the amount of Cr2N
precipitation increases with increasing an-
nealing temperature, as the annealing tem-
perature increases, the volume fraction of
austenite decreases and the ferrite must
solve higher amounts of nitrogen in solid
solution. Although these levels of nitrogen
are soluble in ferrite at high temperatures,
Cr2N precipitates in the ferrite upon rapid
cooling because nitrogen is relatively in-
soluble in ferrite at lower temperatures. In
the case of weldments, the same mecha-
nism is operative, and regions in the HAZ
56 (2014) 10
 MATERIALS TESTING FOR WELDING APPLICATIONS 783

experience temperatures of 1300 °C and
higher, at which the steel would be fully fer-
ritic with nitrogen in solid solution [28].
Under certain welding conditions such as
laser welding, this region could experience
a very rapid cooling cycle and severe Cr2N
precipitation can be observed in an almost
fully ferritic HAZ and weld metal [29].
Mechanical Properties. The behavioral
change of laser beam welded specimen that
is subjected to unidirectional static force
demonstrate what has been specified by
means of tensile test. Additionally, the hard-
ness distribution of the welded specimen
has been determined as well. The results
are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively.
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser Verlag (Office) on January 19, 2015
As stated previously, the strength and
stress corrosion resistance of duplex stain-
less steel depends on the ferrite phase,
while the corrosion resistance and tough-
ness depend on the austenite phase [30]. In
a similar study, Badji reported that the fer-
rite-austenite ratio of the fusion area influ-
ences the yield strength and tensile
strength [31].
It is reported in the literature that, due to
the fact that the structure consists of a
large ratio of delta ferrite phase and that
the nitrogen solubility increases under ris-
ing temperature, delta ferrite phase which
contains a high amount of nitrogen will not
be able to complete its transformation into
austenite under the solvus curve and gen-
erate chromium nitride by reacting with
the chromium that is present in large
amounts within the chemical composition
(weight %). The corrosion resistance of
these areas is expected to decrease due to

As seen in Figure 7, the mean yield

strength of welded joint is 609 MPa and
the mean tensile strength of it is 791 MPa
while its elongation fracture (%) is found to
be 25 %. At the end of the tests, the speci-
mens broke at the base material. The fact
that fracture occurred in the base material
indicates that specimens have acceptable
values in respect to weldability.
As demonstrated in Figure 8, the high-
est hardness value of the welded speci-
For personal use only.

mens has been obtained in the weld metal

while the second highest value was ob-
tained in the heat affected zone, while the
lowest hardness value was observed in
the base material. The hardness of the
heat affected zone was observed to be very
Figure 8. Micro-hardness distribution of the welded joint
close to that of the weld metal. The reason
for the fact that weld metal hardness of
the welded joint was found to be higher in
comparison to those of the heat affected
zone and the base material is considered
to be relevant to the ferrite-austenite bal-
ance which changed in favor of ferrite and
the fine grained weld metal microstruc-
ture that was acquired as a result of fast
cooling after welding due to low heat in-
put. It is thought that the heat affected
zone has a higher hardness value com-
pared to the base material because of the
transformation in favor of ferrite grains
and that it has a lover hardness value
compared to weld metal because of the
ferrite grains that coarsen in the presence
of the reached temperature.
The findings indicate that depending on
the welding technique, the ferrite-austen-
ite transformation of duplex stainless steel
weld metal cannot be completed in a short
time after the welding within the diffusion
controlled process due to fast cooling. The
transformation of the structure of weld
metal in favor of ferrite causes the strength
to be at acceptable levels and hardness to
be at higher values than the base material. Figure 9. SEM images of the fracture surfaces after tensile test, a) base metal, b) welded sample

56 (2014) 10
 784 MATERIALS TESTING FOR WELDING APPLICATIONS

the decline in chromium amount. There-
fore laser beam welds of duplex stainless
steel are recommended to a heat treatment
process in order to improve their corrosion
resistance.
In addition, the fracture surfaces of the
specimens of the study were examined as
well, the results can be seen in Figure 9. As
can be seen in Figure 9, the specimens ex-
hibited ductile fracture behavior and there
was no development of inclusions or cracks
in the pits of fracture surfaces or their sur-
roundings.
Conclusions
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser Verlag (Office) on January 19, 2015
the base material for the tensile test
specimens. All laser beam welding speci-
mens fractured at the base material at
the end of the tensile test. The fact that
fracture occurred in the base material
indicates that weldability of duplex
stainless steel is at acceptable level.
• The tensile test specimens exhibited duc-
tile fracture behavior. There was no devel-
opment of inclusions or cracks in the pits
of fracture surfaces or their surroundings.
• It is thought that the reason for the weld
metal hardness of the welded joint was
found to be higher in comparison to
those of the heat affected zone and the
base material is relevant to the ferrite-
2 J. J. Diaz, M. Rodriguez, G. Nieto, D. Fresno:
Comparative analysis of TIG welding distor-
tions between austenitic and duplex stainless
steel by FEM, Applied Thermal Engineering
30 (2010), pp. 2448-2459
DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.06.016
3 I. Varol, J. C. Lippold, W. A. Baeslack:
Characterization of weld solidification
cracking in a duplex stainless steel,
Materials Characterization 39 (1997),
pp. 555-573
DOI:10.1016/S1044-5803(97)00144-7
4 G. Martin, S. K. Yerra, Y. Brechet,
B. A. Chehab: A macro- and micromechanics
investigation of hot cracking in duplex steels,
Acta Materialia 60 (2012), pp. 4646-4660
DOI:10.1016/j.actamat.2012.03.040
5 R. L. Garcia, M. J. Portero, J. Anton: Corrosion

behavior of sensitized and unsensitized alloy

• It was found that the low heat input and
high cooling rate of laser beam welding
technique had an effect on the micro-
structure and morphology of the weld
metal. It was discovered that the ferrite-
austenite balance of the weld metal and
the heat affected zone differed from that
of the base material as to be in favor of
ferrite. The low heat input caused a very
narrow heat affected zone. The ferrite
grains in a heat affected zone of which
For personal use only.
austenite balance which changed in fa-
vor of ferrite and the fine grained weld
metal microstructure that was acquired
as a result of fast cooling after welding.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowlege the sup-
port of Karabuk University, Project and
Science Research Commission, Turkey.
They also thank the laser companies for
900 (UNS 1.4462) in concentrated aqueous
lithium bromide solutions and different
temperatures, Corrosion Science 52 (2010),
pp. 950-959
DOI:10.1016/j.corsci.2009.11.018
6 H. Sieurin, R. Sandström: Fracture toughness
of a welded duplex stainless steel, Engineering
Fracture Mechanics 73 (2006), pp. 377-390
DOI:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2005.03.009
7 C. Singh, H. Zeng, C. Guo, W. Cai: Lasers:
fundamentals, types and operations, nanoma-
terials: processing and characterization with

the ferrite-austenite balance was in favor
of ferrite coarsened. Moreover, it is
thought that since fast cooling rate did
not give sufficient time to ferrite-austen-
ite transformation to be completed, nitro-
gen reacts with chromium at this tem-
perature and generates chromium ni-
tride. The corrosion resistance of these
areas is expected to decrease due to the
decline in chromium amount. Therefore
laser beam welds of duplex stainless
steel are recommended to be subjected
to heat treatment processing in order to
improve their corrosion resistance.
• The results of EDS and elemental map-
ping analyses indicate that nitrogen re-
acts with chromium at high tempera-
tures and generates chromium nitride
due to the fact that fast cooling rate does
not give sufficient time to ferrite-austen-
ite transformation to be completed and
that the chemical composition (wt.- %) of
weld metal contains more chromium
than base material. However, the results
of XRD analyses did not show any devel-
opments of second phase in the heat af-
fected zone and the weld metal. It should
be noted that second phase particles that
are at low amounts may not be identified
by XRD method.
• The delta ferrite phase increase caused
by the fast cooling rate led to a rise in the
tensile strength and hardness of the
welded joint and this caused a fracture at
their support in the laser welding process. lasers, 1th Ed., Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co,
Weinheim (2012)
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Abstract
Mechanische Eigenschaften eines lasergeschweißten 2205 Duplexstahls.
Duplexstahl wird weitgehend in der Öl- und chemischen Industrie und we-
niger in der Medizintechnik aufgrund seiner guten mechanischen Eigen-
schaften, eines guten Korrosionswiderstandes und einer guten Schweiß-
barkeit eingesetzt. In der diesem Beitrag zugrunde liegenden Studie wurde
ein 2205 Duplexstahl (22Cr5Ni3Mo) mittels des CO2 Laserschweißprozes-
ses verbunden. Um die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Schweißverbin-
dungen zu untersuchen, wurden Zugversuche und Härtemessungen am
Querschnitt der geschweißten Proben durchgeführt. Außerdem wurde die
Mikrostruktur der geschweißten Proben mittels Lichtmikroskopie, Raster-
elektronenmikroskopie und Röntgendiffraktionsanalyse charakterisiert.
Obwohl die mechanischen Eigenschaften der geschweißten Proben akzep-
tabel waren, wurde die finale Mikrostruktur des Schweißgutes und der
Wärmeeinflusszone (heat affected zone (HAZ)) signifikant durch die Fer-
ritphase geprägt, die infolge des niedrigen Wärmeeintrags und der da-
durch verursachten hohen Abkühlrate entstand.

56 (2014) 10

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K. Y. Benyounis: Weld-bead profile and costs
optimization of the CO2 dissimilar laser weld-
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steel AISI 316, Optics & Laser Technology 43
(2011), pp. 82–90
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13. K. R. Balasubramanian, S. Shanmugam,
G. Buvanashekaran and K. Sankaranayana-
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Materials Testing
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© Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG
ISSN 0025-5300
The Authors of This Contribution
Ceyhun Köse, born in 1983, Istanbul, Turkey, re-
ceived his welding technician degree from Edirne
Vocational High School at Trakya University, Tur-
key, in 2003. He received his bachelor degree in
Metallurgy Education from Marmara University
in 2008 and his master degree in Metallurgy Edu-
cation from the Institute of Science, Sakarya Uni-
versity, Turkey, in 2011. He is now pursuing his
PhD program in Manufacturing Engineering with
Professor Ramazan Kaçar from Karabuk Univer-
sity, Institute of Science. His PhD research is fo-
cused on laser beam welding and stainless steels.
Dr. Ramazan Kaçar was born 1969 in Bursa,
Turkey. He received his PhD from University of
Leeds, United Kingdom. He is professor of Manu-
facturing Enginering in the Technology Faculty of
Karabük University in Turkey. He has more than
10 years experience in welding metallurgy and
materials science.