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iAS Biology

Unit 3
Alternative to Practical

A Comprehensive Guide Based on the


Exam Assessment Objectives

Dr. Mohab Megahed


Index
AS Biology Edexcel - Unit 3

Content Page Number


Section 1: 1
Investigations With Classified
General Assessment Objectives 2
Vitamin C Content Investigation 6
Effect of Temperature on Cell Membranes 12
Semi quantitative food tests 24
Effect of Changing Substrate Concentration on ROR 26
Investigating Mitosis by Root Tip Squash 37
Measuring Tensile Strength of Plant Fibers 45
Investigating Effect of Mineral Deficiency 57
Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Extracts 69
Understanding Microscopy 83
Effect of sucrose concentration on pollen tube growth 108

Section 2: 109
Revision Questions
Section 3: 143
Full Exams
1

Section 1:
Investigations
With Classified
2
Question 1 Assessment Objectives
1. Variables of an investigation
› Independent variable: The variable changed by the experimenter (the
one you decide about)
› Dependent variable: The variable measured by the experimenter (the
one you measure)
› Controlled variables: The variables that must be kept constant during
the investigation as they might affect the results.
2. Aspects of an investigation
› Accuracy:
Accuracy can be defined as the difference between actual values
and measured values. The higher the difference the lower the
accuracy and vice versa.
Accuracy is increased by changing the measuring method and
using a more sensitive measuring apparatus.
› Validity:
This means how correct is your experimental procedure.
Validity is increased by keeping all other factors constant to have a
fair test (controlled variables).
› Reliability:
This means how similar your results are after several replications.
Error bars/ Range bars show spread of data around the mean. So,
they give an indication on the variability of data.
The larger the error bars, the wider the data variability and the
lower the data reliability (& vice
versa).
If error bars are overlapping, this
reduces data reliability.
Standard deviation (SD) is similar to
error bars but it takes the sample size
into consideration. It is equal sized on
both sides of the mean.
Reliability is increased by controlling
all variables and measuring the
dependent variable accurately.
Repetition only measures reliability
but doesn’t increase it (if repetition by
other scientists gave similar results this
enhances reliability)
3
3. Data tabulation
› Independent Variable: comes in the first column in vertically oriented
graphs OR upper row in horizontally oriented graphs.
› Dependent Variable: comes in the second column in vertically oriented
graphs OR lower row in horizontally oriented graphs.
› Include SI units in the headings of your columns / rows.
Remember:

› you may be asked to calculate the mean = , then you


might include the mean in a third column in your table.

4. Data presentation in Graphs


› Independent variable on X-axis.
› Dependent variable on Y-axis.
› Use more than 50% of both axes.
› Plot all points accurately. Use circled dots or crosses.
› Join points with neat straight lines, don’t extrapolate.
› Don’t forget the SI units in your axes labels.
Remember: Your comment on a given graph should include description of the
trend, pattern & data manipulation (subtraction, division or percentage change).
Don’t make theoretical assumptions except if you were asked to explain the
changes shown by the graph.
Don’t comment on minor changes like a small drop or increase between two
points except if it has a clear biological significance
4
N.B. Some commonly used technical terms:
Precise results: They are results taken using a sensitive instrument that
measures to smaller increments. (readings with more decimal places)
Qualitative: a qualitative test tells you what is present. It has the
disadvantage of being subjective.
Quantitative: a quantitative test tells you how much is present. It has the
advantage of being objective.
Random errors: unpredictable non consistent errors that occur while
taking measurements. They can affect each individual measurement in a
random way and they affect the pattern of change by producing anomalous
results (outliers)
Systematic errors: quantified consistent errors affecting all
measurements. They don’t affect the pattern of change. They most
commonly arise from poor calibration of the measuring equipment. For
example, if a stop watch is faulty and runs 10% slower than normal, then
all timings will be underestimated by 10%.
Hypothesis: a conclusion based on an observation.
5

5. Safety Precautions

When you are asked about safety precautions, you may use one of the following
answers:
Wear eye protection (Goggles):
Especially when chemicals or Bunsen burner are
used.
Use water bath for heating:
Use water bath for heating test tubes rather than direct flame to avoid jumping
of the heated liquid out of the tube.
Wash your hands after holding biological
materials:
Such as plants or soil to avoid contamination.
Take care of fragile glassware:
As pipette or microscopic slide to avoid cutting yourself.

6. Descriptive Statistics:

It describes the data you have but cannot generalize beyond that. Such as mean,
mode and median.

Mean: the average value =


Mode: the most commonly occurring value.
Median: it is the middle class with equal number of values on both sides.
N.B.: In a normal distribution curve, the mean = median = mode.
6
Investigating Vitamin C content of different juices

› Add equal sized drops of the tested


juice using a pipette (drop by drop)
to a test tube containing 2cm3 of the
blue DCPIP solution & shake well.
› Count the number of drops needed to
decolorize DCPIP.
› Repeat the process and calculate the average.
› To compare vitamin C concentration of different juices, use number of
drops as a reference.
› The higher the number of drops needed to decolorize DCPIP, the lower is
vitamin C concentration and vice versa.
› To increase reliability, you may suggest measuring the volume of drops
rather than just counting them (why?).
› To know the exact vitamin C concentration of the tested juice you can use
a calibration curve OR repeat the process with a vitamin C juice of know
concentration & record the results then use the following equation:

Conc. B = (Vol. A * conc. A)/ vol.B


Vol. A = volume of Vitamin C solution in ml
Conc. A = Concentration of vitamin C solution in mg/ml
Vol. B = Volume of fruit juice in ml
Conc. B = concentration of vitamin C in fruit juice in mg/ml
Independent variable: fruit juice
Dependent variable: volume of juice required to decolorize 1 cm3 of DCPIP.
Controlled variables:
› Temperature of the surroundings.
› Volume and concentration of DCPIP solution.
› Extent of shaking the tube.
› Same end point colour
7

Jan 2012 Q1

A student read about the benefits of an increased intake of vitamin C in the diet.
However, she disliked eating fruit and did not want to take vitamin tablets.
Therefore she wanted to obtain most of her daily intake of vitamin C from vegetables.
She also read that vitamin C in vegetables is destroyed when they are cooked.
She decided to do a project on the effect of temperature on vitamin C content.
She heated orange juice samples in boiling tubes at five different temperatures, in a
water bath. In each case, the tubes were left in the water bath for fifteen minutes and
then cooled in a beaker of ice for five minutes.
She determined the vitamin C content of each sample by titrating it with a 0.1%
DCPIP solution (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol). The vitamin C in the orange juice
decolourises the DCPIP solution.
She repeated this procedure five times for each temperature.
(a) (i) State variables that were controlled in this investigation.

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(ii) Name variable, in her method, which should have been controlled.
Describe how it could have been controlled.

Variable . .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

How it could be controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .

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*P39507A0216*
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(b) The results of her investigation are shown in the table below.

20 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.1 0.09


23 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.9 0.09
30 6.6 6.6 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5 0.22

40 7.4 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.0 ...........................


0.15

50 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.5 8.3 8.4 0.09

(i) Complete the table by calculating the mean volume of juice, kept at 40 °C,
needed to decolourise DCPIP. Show your working.

*P39507A0416*
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(ii) Plot a suitable graph to show the effect of temperature on the mean volume
of juice needed to decolourise DCPIP. On your graph, include the standard
deviations.

*P39507A0516* Turn over


10

(iii) Use the results of this investigation to describe the effect of temperature on
the vitamin C content of orange juice.

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(iv) Using the information in the table, comment on the reliability of these data.

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*P39507A0616*
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(c) To check the validity of her results, she found some data about the effects of
cooking on fresh vegetables.
The data are shown in the table below.

Soko (Celosia argentea) 38


Tete (Amaranthus hybridus) 35

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) 30

Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) 36

(i) Compare these data with those that the student obtained in her study and
comment on the validity of her results.

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... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

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... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

(ii) Suggest what further information she would need in order to make a valid
comparison of her results with these published data.

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

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... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

*P39507A0716* Turn over


12
Effect of temperature on cell membranes
› Use a cork borer to cut equal sized pieces of fresh beetroot.
› Rinse all discs under fresh water for 5 minutes to remove
any pigment produced from cutting.
› Label test tubes with temperatures ranging from 30ºC - 100
ºC with intervals of 10 ºC and place 5 cm3 of distilled water
in each test tube.
› Prepare a water bath using a large beaker, tripod, gauze and
Bunsen burner (wear goggles).
› Heat the first test tube gently to 30º C then remove the
Bunsen burner.
› Place 6 beetroot discs in this test tube.
› Leave beetroots for at least 20 minutes and then shake
the tube and hold it to light to observe the color of the
solution.
› Repeat the procedure for other test tubes with different
temperatures.
› Compare colors of solution in different test tubes.
› If possible, use a clean cuvette & a colorimeter which
could either measure transmission of light or
absorbance of color (to increase accuracy &
consequently reliability).
Independent variable: Temperature of water.
Dependent variable: Absorbance of color from the resulting solution.
Controlled variables:
› Volume of distilled water in the test tubes.
› Number of beetroot cubes in the test tubes.
› Time left in water.
› Size of beet root cubes.
› Storage age and storage conditions of beetroots.
Expected outcome:
As the temperature increases, the intensity of red color increases. Beetroots
have Betalain pigment stored in their vacuoles, High temperatures causes
coagulation of membrane proteins & melting of the phospholipid bilayer
leading to loss of selective permeability and escape of the Betalain pigment
from the vacuole into cytoplasm then outside the cells into water.
N.B. Alcohol also causes loss of membrane permeability as it dissolves
the phospholipid bilayer. To investigate the effect of alcohol on
membrane permeability, the same investigation is repeated but with using
a range of alcohol concentrations and fixing the temperature.
13

June 2009 Q1
The photograph below shows a vegetable called a beetroot. Beetroot cells contain
a reddish pigment called betalain. The molecules of this pigment are too large to
pass through intact cell membranes. If the membranes are damaged by heating the
pigment will leak out of the cells.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the cell
membranes of beetroot. The following method was used.
Equal-sized cylinders were cut from a beetroot. These cylinders were rinsed in a
beaker of distilled water. Labelled boiling tubes, each containing distilled water,
were placed into water baths at a range of temperatures and left for a few minutes.
A cylinder of beetroot was placed into each of the boiling tubes and left for five
minutes. Each cylinder of beetroot was then removed.
The water was now coloured red. The degree of redness was measured.
(a) (i) Explain why it is important to use equal-sized cylinders of beetroot in this
experiment.

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. . . . . . . . .. ................................... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .

. . . . . . . . . ...................................... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..

. . . . . . . . .. ................................... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . .. .. .. . .. ..

(ii) State the independent variable in this experiment.

. . . . . . . . ....................................... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .

*N34467A0216*
14

(iii) The dependent variable in this experiment is the degree of redness.


Describe how the degree of redness could be measured.

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. . . . . . . . ....................................... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .

. . . . . . . . .. ................................... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .

. . . . . . . . .. .................................... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .

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. . . . . . . . ...................................... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .

. . . . . . . . ........................................ .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . ..

. . . . . . . . . ..................................... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..

(iv) Name other variables in this experiment. In each case, describe how the
variable could be controlled.

1 .............................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. .. .. . .. .

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2 .............................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. .. .. . .. .

. . . . . . . . . ...................................... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .

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. . . . . . . . ..................................... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .

*N34467A0316* Turn over


15

(b) Five students each carried out this experiment and recorded the degree of redness
produced at eight different temperatures. Their results are shown in the table
below.

0 0.20 0.15 0.30 0.00 0.13 0.16


10 0.00 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.12 0.07
20 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.04
30 0.20 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.08
40 0.18 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07
50 0.10 0.26 0.00 0.60 0.18 0.23
60 0.60 0.89 0.80 0.80 0.55 0.72
70 0.75 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.70

(i) Complete the table by calculating the mean degree of redness at 70 C.


Show your working.

*N34467A0416*
16

(ii) Plot the mean values in the table of each temperature in a suitable graphical
form.

*N34467A0516* Turn over


17

(iii) Use the graph to describe and explain the pattern of these results.

. . . . . . . . ....................................... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .

. . . . . . . . .. ................................... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .

. . . . . . . . . ...................................... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..

. . . . . . . . .. ................................... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . .. .. .. . .. ..

. . . . . . . . ....................................... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..

. . . . . . . . ..................................... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .

. . . . . . . . .. ..................................... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .

. . . . . . . . ..................................... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .

. . . . . . . . ....................................... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . ..

. . . . . . . . ..................................... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .

. . . . . . . . ...................................... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . .. .. .. .. . ..

. . . . . . . . . ....................................... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .

. . . . . . . . . ..................................... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..

. . . . . . . . . ....................................... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .

*N34467A0616*
18

Jan 2014 Q1
Fenitrothion is an insecticide used to control insects that feed on crop plants.

Before an insecticide is approved for use, its effects on insects and other animals is
tested. The testing of fenitrothion showed that it affects the permeability of animal
cell membranes.
Some scientists investigated the effect of fenitrothion on the permeability of the
plant cell membranes of beetroot.
The diagram below shows a beetroot cell with a vacuole containing a red pigment
called betalain.

Vacuole membrane Cell wall


(tonoplast) Cell surface membrane

Cytoplasm containing
mineral ions

Betalain
Nucleus

Small discs, 1 mm thick and 5 mm in diameter, were cut from a beetroot. Any
betalain on the outside of the discs was removed by washing the discs in water.
Twenty discs were placed into a beaker containing 20 cm3 of 1% fenitrothion solution
in water.
Betalain began to leak from the discs, changing the colour of the solution. The colour
of the solution in the beaker was recorded every hour.
(a) (i) Name the variable in this experiment.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P42914RA0216*
19

(ii) Suggest how the variable could have been measured.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) The temperature was kept constant throughout this investigation. Suggest a
suitable value for this temperature. Give a reason for your answer.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Suggest a suitable control for this investigation.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P42914RA0316* Turn over


20

(b) The table below shows the colour of the solution every hour.

0.0 0.00
1.0 0.00
2.0 0.00
3.0 0.03
4.0 0.05
5.0 0.10
6.0 0.12

*P42914RA0416*
21

(i) Plot a suitable graph to show these results.

*P42914RA0516* Turn over


22

(ii) Suggest how this investigation could be modified so that the reliability of the
results could be shown on the graph.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The scientists also investigated the loss of mineral ions from the discs treated
with fenitrothion. The table below shows the concentration of mineral ions in the
solution and the colour of the solution.

0.0 0.01 0.00


1.0 0.02 0.00
2.0 0.03 0.00
3.0 0.05 0.03
4.0 0.08 0.05
5.0 0.09 0.10
6.0 0.11 0.12

*P42914RA0616*
23

Describe similarity and difference between the trends in the results for
the colour of the solution and for the mineral ion concentration of the solution.

Similarity .......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. .......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

.. . .. . .. .. .......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Difference....................................................................................... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. . .. .. . ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. . .. .. . ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Using the information given, suggest explanations for the effect of fenitrothion
on the loss of betalain and mineral ions from beetroot cells.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P42914RA0716* Turn over


24

Semi quantitative food tests

Testing for Reducing sugars:

All monosaccharides and most disaccharides (except sucrose) will


reduce blue CuSO4(II) in Benedict’s reagent producing a precipitate of red Cu2O(I).

Add 2 cm³ of the test solution to ≥ 2 cm³ of Benedict’s reagent.

Shake, and heat for a few minutes at 95°C in a water bath.

The mass of precipitate or intensity of the


colour helps to estimate the amount of
reducing sugar present. This explains why the
test is said to be semi-quantitative.

0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% ≥

Testing for Starch:

Add few drops of iodine to the food sample

If it turns blue black, starch is present. If it remains yellow brown,


starch is absent.

The intensity of blue black colour produced reflects the amount of


starch present.

Testing for Proteins:

Place the protein sample (Egg white powder) in a test tube.

Add 2 cm3 of water to the test tube.

Shake well to mix the powder with water.

Add Biuret solution (5% potassium hydroxide + 1% copper sulphate)

The colour will change from blue into purple if proteins are present.
25

A quantitative test is one that also reveals the concentration of the molecule of interest
in the solution, not just whether the molecule is present, but how much. The intensity
of the color formed depends on the concentration of protein in the solution. The greater
the protein concentration, the deeper the purple.
The intensity of the purple colour can be measured
using a colorimeter. A colorimeter will measure the
absorbance of the solution, and also the % transmission
of the solution. The darker the colour, the greater the
absorbance and the lower the % transmission.
The absorbency or transmission recorded for an
unknown protein solution can be compared with a
‘Standard Curve’ of absorbance or transmission
produced from known concentrations of protein
solutions.
The graph can be used to determine the protein
concentration of the unknown solution.

The same method of quantitative assessment can be applied for the starch test
described above.
26
Effect of Changing Substrate Concentration on the Rate of Reaction

› Use a large syringe to measure 20 cm3 of pureed potato into a conical


flask.
› Half fill the water bowl with water.
› Fill the 50cm measuring cylinder with water and invert it over the water
bowl.
› Measure 2 cm3 of Hydrogen peroxide and add them to the pureed potato.
› After, 30 seconds note the volume of oxygen in the measuring cylinder.
› Divide the volume of oxygen given out by 30 to get the initial rate of
reaction in terms of cm3 s-1.
› Repeat the whole process using different concentration of H2O2.
› Record the results in a table.
› Plot a graph showing the effect of changing H2O2 concentration on the
rate of reaction.
Independent variable: substrate concentration
Dependent variable: Initial rate of reaction at each concentration.
Controlled variables:
› Temperature
› pH
› Volume of the enzyme
› Concentration of the enzyme
› Volume of the substrate

N.B. To investigate the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of


reaction, repeat the same investigation but with varying the volume of
pureed potatoes used and fixing H2O2 concentration.
27

June 2010 Q1

A student was interested in looking at some aspects of the efficiency of biological


washing powders. These powders contain protease enzymes.
She found three sources of information about enzymes used in biological washing
powders.
The first piece of information was about Savinase, which is made by a company called
Novozymes®.
The extract below is taken from the Novozymes® website:
Savinase is a cost-efficient protease, effective under most alkaline
conditions and is especially effective under medium-temperature wash
conditions. Its optimal activity is at 55 °C.
Further information, from a paper in the Archives of Dermatological Research in 1996,
said:
In conclusion, the present study suggests that Savinase produces blisters
on the skin.
The third source of information was from a National Centre for Biotechnology
Education worksheet on washing-powder enzymes:
The enzymes are coated in a low melting-point wax and are therefore safe
to handle and unlikely to form airborne dust. Unnecessary contact with the
dissolved enzyme should be avoided. Wash splashes with plenty of water.
Spills of enzyme solution should be wiped up promptly.
Using this information, she designed some experiments. She investigated how
much Savinase should be used to minimise cost but maximise efficiency in digesting
protein-based stains.
Pieces of photographic film which had a layer of gelatine containing black particles
were used. The gelatine (a protein) was the substrate for the enzyme. As the gelatine
is digested away, the black particles fall off and the film becomes clear.

*N35856A0316* Turn over


28

Black particles

Gelatine layer

Clear plastic backing

The efficiency of the enzyme was assessed by timing how long it took the film to
become clear. The student carried out the experiment a number of times at each of
six concentrations of the enzyme.
The results are shown in Table 1.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mean
1.0 484 476 440 415 479 390 410 362 492 490 480 475 449
1.5 734 115 190 94 125 760 112 248 214 x x x 288
2.0 621 116 390 88 207 295 146 348 130 377 123 188 252
3.0 510 107 367 132 182 282 250 310 114 355 122 176 242
4.0 300 201 356 171 170 250 205 271 188 330 152 167 230
5.0 219 216 300 219 213 232 279 256 223 274 204 199

(a) (i) Using the information given, name variables that should be controlled in
this experiment. For each, suggest a suitable value for the variable.

Variable 1 . ... ... ... ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ..

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ........................................................................ . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ... .

Variable 2 . ... ... ... ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ..

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ........................................................................ . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ... .

*N35856A0416*
29

(ii) Write a risk assessment for the practical work carried out. This should include
suggestions of the risks and how to minimise them.

. .. . .... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. . .. .... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... .. ... .. .. ... .. ..

. . .. . ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .

. .. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..

. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ......................................................................... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .

. .. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ........................................................................ . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

. .. . .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ........................................................................ . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ....................................................................... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..

. . .. . .... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ........................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .

. .. . .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ........................................................................ . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .... .. .. ... .. .. ... ..

(b) (i) Using the information in Table 1, calculate the mean time taken for the film to
become clear at an enzyme concentration of 5.0%.

Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seconds
(ii) The data obtained are not rates of reaction. An indication of the rate of
reaction can be obtained by calculating 1÷ mean time to become clear. The
table below shows 1÷ mean time for each enzyme concentration.
The values for 1÷ mean time are very small, so these are multiplied by 1000 to
make the data easier to plot on a graph.

1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0


2.2 3.5 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.2

*N35856A0516* Turn over


30

At an enzyme concentration of 0.0% the value for 1÷ mean time is 0.


Present this information and the data in Table 2 in a suitable graphical form.

*N35856A0616*
31

(iii) Describe and explain the shape of the graph you have plotted in (b)(ii).

. .. . .... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. . .. .... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... .. ... .. .. ... .. ..

. . .. . ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .

. .. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..

. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ......................................................................... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .

. .. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ........................................................................ . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

(iv) Using the information in Table 1, comment on the reliability of these data.

. .. . .... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. . .. .... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... .. ... .. .. ... .. ..

. . .. . ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .

. .. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

(v) Suggest conclusions that the student could make about efficiency and cost
effectiveness when using this enzyme in a biological washing powder.

. .. . .... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. . .. .... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... .. ... .. .. ... .. ..

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. .. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

*N35856A0716* Turn over


32

Answer ALL questions. Jan 2015 Q1


T riglycerides from palm oil are added to ethanol in the production of biodiesel.
The enzyme lipase can be used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel.
This process is shown in the diagram below.

Palm oil + Addition Conversion to biodiesel Extraction of


ethanol of catalyst and glycerol biodiesel

Part of a datasheet for the enzyme lipase is shown below.

Data sheet for lipase


A The following graphs show the effect of temperature and pH on lipase activity

100
90
80
70
Lipase
60
activity (%)
50
40
30
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature / °C
100

90
80
70
Lipase 60
activity (%)
50
40
30
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
pH
B Safety
Enzymes can cause allergic reactions

2
*P45030A0216*
33

An investigation was carried out into the effect of lipase concentration on the
breakdown of palm oil.
Palm oil, ethanol and lipase were put into a reaction chamber. At suitable time
intervals, samples were taken. The production of glycerol was measured.
(a) In this investigation the temperature and pH were controlled.
(i) Using the information given, suggest a suitable value for the temperature and
pH. Describe how each of these could be controlled.
(4)
Temperature value .............................................
How temperature could be controlled

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

pH value ...................................................................
How pH could be controlled

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Write a risk assessment for this investigation.


This assessment should include suggestions of the risks and how to minimise them.
(3)

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3
*P45030A0316* Turn over
34

(b) The graph below shows the production of glycerol at one concentration of lipase.

45

Production of glycerol / arbitrary units 40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time / seconds

Using the information in the graph, calculate the initial rate of reaction for this
concentration of lipase.
Show your working.
(3)

Initial rate of reaction = .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
*P45030A0416*
35

(c) The initial rates of reaction for a range of lipase concentrations are shown in the
table below.

Initial rate of reaction


Lipase concentration (%)
/ arbitrary units s−1

0.0 0.00

0.5 0.20

1.5 0.42

3.0 0.75

4.5 0.76

5.5 0.79

(i) Plot these data in a suitable graphical form.


(4)

5
*P45030A0516* Turn over
36

(ii) Suggest what further information is needed to estimate the reliability of


these data.
(2)

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Suggest which concentration of lipase should be used for the economic
conversion of oil to biodiesel. Use the information in your graph to explain
your answer.
(4)

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)

6
*P45030A0616*
37
Investigating Mitosis by squashing Root Tip
› Cut off 3 to 4 mm of the terminal 1cm of onion root.
› Place the root tips on a watch glass containing 2cm3 of HCL (HCL
dissolves pectin of the middle lamella allowing for spread and separation
of cells).
› In a short time, the root tips will feel soft, pick up the softened root tips
and transfer them gently using a forceps to a microscopic slide with a
drop of acetocarmine stain (to highlight chromosomes).
› Use a sharp scalpel to cut the root tip into tiny pieces (iron reacts with
acetocarmine giving a better stain).
› Apply a clean cover to the slide and heat gently over a slide warmer (This
the diffusion of the stain into cells)
› Invert the slide over filter paper and apply pressure by your thumb (this is
called squashing) to flatten and disperse cells in order to be easily viewed
under the microscope.
› Important Experimental Precaution:
Apply pressure straight downwards to avoid lateral movement of
the cover slip to prevent overlapping of the cells.
› Use the low power of light microscope to scan the area with dividing
cells then use the high power to view mitotic features & observe the
different stages of mitosis.

cutting 3mm Watch glass transfer to a slide & stain

Cut again Apply a cover slip heat in a slide warmer


38
Important Safety precautions:
1. Cut away from yourself to prevent injuring your hands.
2. Be careful while handling the microscopic slide as it is made of fragile
glassware so it might break cutting your hands.
3. Wear eye goggles to protect your eyes from HCL & stain.
4. Wear a lab coat to protect your clothes from the stain.

Different cell cycle phases as viewed under the light microscope

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Zones of the Root


› Protective root cap: constitutes the terminal 1mm of
the root tip and formed of dead cells.
› Zone of cell division: the cells are dividing and
increasing in number (Not size).
› Zone of cell elongation: the cells are growing and
increasing in size (Not number).

N.B.
39

June 2013 Q1
In a class practical, a student had studied cell division (mitosis) in onion roots.
(a) The student was shown the diagram below of a longitudinal section of a root tip.
Place a cross in the box next to the letter showing the zone where mitosis takes
place.



⎨ A
⎪⎩


⎨ B

⎪⎩


⎨ C




⎨ D

(b) Her teacher gave her the photograph below and asked her to identify cells
undergoing mitosis.

(i) Draw lines to all the cells that are undergoing mitosis and label them .

(ii) Draw a line to a cell which is in anaphase and label it .

*P39888A0316* Turn over


40

(iii) Give reason why you chose this cell.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) She decided to investigate how many cells were undergoing cell division in
different areas of a root.
She grew some onion roots in a conical flask containing water, as shown in the
diagram below.

Onion

Roots

Water

(i) In class, she had prepared a root tip squash.


To see the chromosomes in the cells, she had to stain them and observe them
using a microscope.
Name a suitable stain for observing chromosomes.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P39888A0416*
41

(ii) She counted the number of cells undergoing mitosis and the total number of
cells in the field of view and calculated the mitotic index.
The formula is shown below.

Number of cell undergoing mitosis


Mitotic index = × 100%
Total numbber of cells viewed

Calculate the mitotic index for the root cells shown in the photograph below.
There is a total of 84 cells.
Show your working.

Answer = . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

*P39888A0516* Turn over


42

(d) The student determined the mitotic index of cells at five distances from an onion
root tip. She repeated this procedure on another five root tips.
Her results are shown in the table below.

0.1 11.5 11.0 10.7 10.6 11.7 10.9 11.1 0.4


0.3 9.4 8.9 7.8 9.9 9.7 8.9 9.1 0.8
0.5 8.1 8.9 7.6 7.7 8.4 7.5 8.0 0.5
0.9 4.0 3.9 3.6 4.2 4.4 3.7 4.0 0.3
1.1 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.3 2.7 2.9 3.0 0.2

*P39888A0616*
43

(i) Plot the distance from the root tip, mean mitotic index and standard
deviations (SD) in a suitable graphical form.
Draw a straight line of best fit through the points.

*P39888A0716* Turn over


44

(ii) Use your line of best fit to predict the distance from the tip at which there will
be no mitosis. Write your prediction below.

Answer = . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . mm
(iii) State the relationship between mean mitotic index and distance from the root
tip.

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

(iv) The student was confident that there is a difference between the mean mitotic
index at 0.5 mm and the one at 0.9 mm. She was not confident that there is a
difference between the mean mitotic index at 0.3 mm and the one at 0.5 mm.
Using the information in the table, suggest why she thought this.

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

*P39888A0816*
45
Measuring Tensile Strength of Plant Fibers

› Suspend plant fibers using a force meter.


› Attach a recorded weight to the opposite end (100gm).
› Keep increasing the weight gradually until the fiber breaks.
› Determine the weight at which the tested fiber breaks.
› Repeat the process and get average.
› Repeat the process with different plant fibers to compare their tensile
strength.
Independent variable: Type & source of plant fibre.
Dependent variable: maximum weight the plant fibre can hold (tensile
strength)
Controlled variables:
› Same age of plants and same storage conditions.
› Fibers should be of the same length at the start and same diameter.
› External conditions as temperature of the room or humidity.

N.B.: Tensile strength: It is the maximum stress a material can


withstand without breaking. To measure tensile strength:
› Record the average mass at which the fiber breaks after several
repetitions.
› Covert mass into force
› Divide the force by the cross sectional area of the investigated fiber.
46

June 2011 Q1

Plant fibres have been used for thousands of years to make clothing, paper and rope.
The tensile strength of fibres such as hemp and sisal is sufficient for these materials.
The breaking force of plant fibres can be measured by applying a force until the fibre
breaks. Tensile strength, expressed in units called pascals, can be calculated from the
breaking force.
One pascal (Pa) is equal to a force of one newton per square metre.
It is possible that adding alkali will increase the tensile strength of these fibres so that
they can be used in new materials.
An investigation was carried out to study the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on
the tensile strength of hemp and sisal fibres.
Thirty fibres were soaked in distilled water and the breaking force of each fibre
was measured in newtons. The breaking force (N) was then converted into tensile
strength (Pa) and recorded.
This was repeated with fibres soaked in different concentrations of NaOH.
(a) (i) Name the variable that must be measured to convert the breaking force (N)
into tensile strength (Pa).

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

(ii) State the variable in this investigation.

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

*P37492A0316* Turn over


47

(iii) Give variables to be controlled in this investigation. Describe how they


could be controlled.

Variable 1 .. .... ..... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .

How it could be controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

.. .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

.. .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

.. .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

Variable 2 .. .... ..... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .

How it could be controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

.. .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

.. .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

.. .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

(b) (i) The results of an investigation using sisal fibres are shown in the table below
(1 MPa = 1 million pascals).

0.00 395
0.04 425
0.08 540
0.16 820
0.24 590
0.32 620

*P37492A0416*
48

Plot the data from the table, in a suitable graphical form.

*P37492A0516* Turn over


49

(ii) Describe the effects of sodium hydroxide concentration on the tensile


strength of sisal fibres.

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

(c) The experiments were repeated using hemp fibres. The results are shown in the
table below.

0.00 594 106


0.04 603 71
0.08 650 97
0.16 916 141
0.24 1074 185
0.32 969 118

(i) State similarity and difference in the conclusions you could make
about the effect of sodium hydroxide on the tensile strength of sisal and
hemp fibres.

Similarity .... ..... .... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .

. .. ... .. .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .

. .. ... .. .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .

Difference. ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .

. .. .. ... .. ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .

. .. .. ... .. ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .

*P37492A0616*
50

(ii) Comment on the reliability of the data for fibres and explain how this
affects your confidence in any conclusions drawn.

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

(iii) Plant fibres treated with sodium hydroxide could be used to reinforce new
materials.
Using the data given, suggest which of these two fibres is more suitable for
reinforcing new materials. Give an explanation for your answer.

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. ... ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

*P37492A0716* Turn over


51

Answer ALL questions. Jan 2016 Q1

Plants living in rivers and lakes experience pulling forces from water currents and waves.
These forces may damage or destroy the plants and it is important to know what forces they
can withstand.
Scientists investigated the force needed to break a plant stem. This force is called the
breaking strength.
In one series of experiments, they investigated the relationship between the cross-sectional
area of stems and the forces needed to break them.
These forces were measured with a newton meter, as shown in the diagram below. The
meter was pulled until each stem broke and the forces were recorded.

Pull

Newton meter

Plant stem

2
*P46933A0216*
52

(a) (i) Name the dependent variable in this experiment.


(1)

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(ii) Assuming that the stem is circular, suggest how stem cross-sectional area
could be determined accurately.
(2)

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(iii) The stems were collected from various lakes and taken back to the laboratory.
Suggest how these stems should be pre-treated before the experiment.
(2)

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(iv) Name one environmental variable that should be controlled during this
experiment.
Describe how this variable could be controlled.
(2)

Variable. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ............................................................................................................... . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . ..

How controlled. . .. . ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................................... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .

.. . .. . .. . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .

.. . .. . .. . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .

.. . .. . .. . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .

3
*P46933A0316* Turn over
53

(v) Identify three health and safety risks for this experiment.
Explain how each risk could be minimised.
(3)

1 . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. . ............................................................................................................................. . ...................

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2 . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. . ............................................................................................................................. . ...................

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3 . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. . ............................................................................................................................. . ...................

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(b) One experiment was carried out using Canadian pondweed, Elodea canadensis.
The results of this experiment are shown in the table below.

Cross-sectional area of stem Mean breaking strength Standard deviation


/ m2 10 –6 /N
0.4 2.5 0.4
0.7 3.9 0.2
0.9 5.2 0.1
1.5 8.0 0.3
2.0 10.9 0.5
2.5 13.1 0.4

4
*P46933A0416*
54

(i) Plot the means and the standard deviations, in a suitable graphical form, on
the axes provided below. Draw a line of best fit.
(4)
Mean breaking strength / N

Cross-sectional area of stem / m2 10–6

5
*P46933A0516* Turn over
55

(ii) What conclusion can be drawn from these results?


(1)

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(iii) With reference to the standard deviations, comment on the validity of this
conclusion.
(2)

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(c) In another experiment, the scientists used stems of bladderwort, Utricularia


vulgaris. The graph below shows the results of this experiment.

70

60
Breaking strength / N

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cross-sectional area of stem / m2 10–6

6
*P46933A0616*
56

Compare the results shown in these two experiments.


(3)

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(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)

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*P46933A0716* Turn over
57
Investigating Effect of Mineral Deficiency on Plant Growth

› Make up culture medium and set up 8 tubes containing the following:


Normal medium.
Medium lacking phosphate.
Medium lacking nitrate.
Medium lacking Sulphate.
Medium lacking calcium.
Medium lacking potassium.
Medium lacking iron.
Medium lacking magnesium.
› Wrap each tube in aluminum foil, to prevent entry of light (why?: To
avoid over growth of algae in water which might encourage
microorganisms & to simulate soil conditions).
› Select eight maize seedlings and set up the culture.
› Cover tubes with cotton wool not a plug, this allows air entry for
respiration of roots.
› Leave at room temperature and each weak record:
1. Shoot and root length.
2. Leaf numbers and size.
3. Appearance of any deficiency symptoms.
Independent variable: Deficient mineral (minerals in the solution)
Dependent variable: physical characteristics of the plant
Controlled variables:
› Age & species of the used seedlings.
› Volume of water in the solution.
› Temperature.
› Light intensity.
Precaution: Use sterile tubes to avoid bacterial or fungal growth.
Importance of minerals
› Nitrogen: formation of amino acids for protein synthesis.
› Calcium: formation of middle lamella “calcium pectate”.
› Magnesium: formation of chlorophyll pigment.
› Phosphate: making ATP, DNA and RNA
How to measure the Dry mass?
› Place the plant in an oven at temperature 80 C for 24 hours, this removes
all the water content. Then, measure the mass using a sensitive balance
until you get three successive similar readings.
58

Jan 2011 Q1

Farmers spend a lot of money every year adding fertiliser to their crops.
A student wondered whether this is money well spent and which are the most
important minerals to add.
These questions led him to do a simple ‘mineral deficiency’ investigation. He grew
radish plants (Raphanus sativus) in pots containing a mixture of washed sand and
an inert material. The pots absorbed water and minerals, via a wick system, from a
solution containing all the minerals required.
This is shown in the diagram below.

Radish Mixture of washed sand


seed and inert material

Wick system

Solution containing
minerals

Plastic support

The student took radish seeds of about the same mass and put one seed into each of
ten pots. The pots were left for three weeks for the seeds to germinate and the radish
seedlings to grow. The student then counted the number of seedlings and recorded
the mean dry mass of the shoots (stems and leaves) and roots.
The experiment was repeated six times using different solutions, each of which had
one mineral missing.
The results of this investigation are shown in the table below.

With all minerals present 8 235 139 374


Without potassium 10 188 139 327
Without iron 8 231 96 327
Without nitrate 10 141 75 216
Without calcium 9 167 40 207
Without magnesium 9 178 29 207
Without phosphate 9 186 16 202

*N37700A0216*
59

(a) (i) Plot the data from the table, in a suitable graphical form, to compare the
mean dry masses of shoots and roots in each of the solutions.

*N37700A0316* Turn over


60

(ii) Calculate the dry mass of all plant material from the seedlings grown in the
solution without magnesium.
Show your working.

Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mg
(iii) Describe and suggest an explanation for the effects of a deficiency of
magnesium and nitrate on the growth of radish seedlings in this investigation.

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.. ... .. .. .. .. .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

.. .. .. ... .. . ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

. .. ... .. .. ...... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .

. .. .. .. ... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .

*N37700A0416*
61

(b) (i) Suggest why it was important to make sure all the seeds were about the same
mass at the start of this investigation.

. .. .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . ..

... .. .. ... .. ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . ..

(ii) State the variable in this investigation.

. .. .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . ..

(iii) State variables, other than seed mass, that need to be controlled in this
investigation.
For each variable, describe how it could be controlled.

Variable 1 .... .... ..... .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .

How it could be controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . ..

. ... .. .. .. ...... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

... .. .. .. ...... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

.. ... .. .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .

. ... .. .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... ..... .... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

Variable 2 .... .... ..... .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .

How it could be controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . ..

. ... .. .. .. ...... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

... .. .. .. ...... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

.. ... .. .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .

. ... .. .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... ..... .... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

*N37700A0516* Turn over


62

(iv) The dry mass of shoots and roots was measured in this investigation.
Describe how to find the dry mass of shoots and roots.

. .. .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . ..

... .. .. ... .. ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . ..

.. .. .. ... .. ... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

. ... .. .. .. .... .... ..... .... ..... ..... .... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .

... .. .. .. .... .... ..... ..... .... ..... .... ..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

.. ... .. .. .. ...... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

*N37700A0616*
63

Answer ALL questions. June 2015 Q1


Duckweed (Lemna sp.) is a small plant that floats on the surface of water. Duckweed
can be used to remove minerals from polluted water.
The plant uses water and carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis.
To make other chemicals it needs a variety of mineral ions.
The plants grow mainly by vegetative reproduction. Each adult plant produces
daughter plants.

Mineral ion solution

Leaf ⎫ A duckweed

Petri dish Root ⎭ plant

2
*P44874A0216*
64

A single plant was placed in a Petri dish containing 20 cm3 of deionised water.
Another plant was placed in a Petri dish containing 20 cm3 of a solution with all
mineral ions present.
This procedure was repeated for a further seven Petri dishes containing solutions
with one mineral ion missing. These are shown in the table below.

Mineral ion missing


calcium
iron
potassium
magnesium
nitrate
phosphate
sulfate

(a) (i) Name the independent variable in this investigation.


(1)

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Suggest two variables that should be kept constant in this investigation and
describe how each variable could be controlled.
(4)

Variable....................... ...................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. .. . .. . . ........................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

. . .. .. . .. . . ........................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. .. . .. . . ........................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Variable....................... ...................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. .. . .. . . ........................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

. . .. .. . .. . . ........................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. .. . .. . . ........................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3
*P44874A0316* Turn over
65

(iii) Explain why deionised water and the solution containing all the mineral ions
are included in this investigation.
(2)

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The number of plants was counted over a two-week period and the results are
shown in the table below.

Number of plants
Petri dish containing
day 1 day 4 day 7 day 9 day 11 day 14
a solution with all mineral ions 3 8 11 15 19 37
no calcium 3 10 10 10 10 10
no iron 3 7 14 16 23 35
no potassium 3 5 7 8 15 24
no magnesium 3 5 6 6 10 12
no nitrate 3 4 4 4 4 5
no phosphate 3 5 5 5 7 14
no sulfate 3 6 9 12 19 27
deionised water 3 4 0 0 0 0

4
*P44874A0416*
66

(i) Plot the data for the solution containing all the mineral ions and the solution
with no magnesium ions in a suitable graphical form to allow a comparison to
be made.
(4)

5
*P44874A0516* Turn over
67

(ii) Suggest how the method for this investigation could be modified so that the
reliability of the data could be shown on the graph.
(3)

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The photograph below shows duckweed plants in one of the Petri dishes on day 14.

© Barbarossa
Magnification ×2
(i) Using the information in the photograph, suggest why counting plants will
give an inaccurate result for the growth rate of duckweed.
(1)

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
*P44874A0616*
68

(ii) Suggest an alternative method for measuring the growth rate of duckweed.
(2)

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Duckweed is grown as a source of food for farmed fish. Fish farmers need advice
on the best conditions for duckweed growth.
(i) Using the data in the table, state which of the mineral ions has the greatest
effect on the growth of the duckweed.
(1)

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain why this mineral ion has an effect on the growth of the duckweed.
(2)

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)

7
*P44874A0716* Turn over
69
Investigating The Antimicrobial Effect of Plant Extracts

› Spread bacterial culture over sterile agar plate


evenly (lawn distribution or streaking method).
› Prepare your plant extract by crushing in
alcohol as alcohol kills bacteria that may be
present.
› Make holes in the agar and transfer 0.1cm3 of
the extract then add distilled water in one of
the holes (control).
› Fix the lid vertically to prevent anaerobic conditions which encourage
harmful bacteria.
› Keep at 25 C for 24 hours (higher temperatures C encourage the growth
of pathogenic bacteria).
› Observe without opening the lid to prevent spread of bacteria.
› Notice the clear area around the plant extract, this is called inhibition
zone. The larger the zone, the more powerful the antibacterial effect of
the plant extract.
› For circular inhibition zones, measure the radius by a ruler and use πr2.
› For irregular inhibition zone, measure both diameters and get an average
then use it in the same formula.
Independent variable: Type of plant extract
Dependent variable: Zone of inhibition around the hole / disc.
Controlled variables:
› Volume of plant extract in each hole
› Concentration of plant extract
› Bacterial lawn on the petri dish
70

Jan 2010 Q1

Many bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics. Some plant extracts have
antibacterial properties and, in some cases, these extracts may be useful as
antibiotics.
Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of extracts, from garlic and
from nutmeg plants, on the growth of bacteria.
(a) (i) The two plant extracts were prepared using the following method.
Some plant material was crushed and shaken with ethanol. Suggest
improvements that could be made to this method.

1 .............................................................................................................................. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ... ..

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .

. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... ... .. ... .. .. ... ..

. . .. . .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. .. ... .. .. ... ..

2 .............................................................................................................................. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ... ..

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .

. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... ... .. ... .. .. ... ..

. . .. . .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. .. ... .. .. ... ..

*N35114A0216*
71

(ii) The diagram below shows the effect of garlic extract on bacteria growing on
an agar plate.

Bacteria

Garlic
extract

Clear zone
(no bacteria)

Describe how you would prepare an agar plate that would produce this result,
using a sterile Petri dish, sterile nutrient agar, a pure culture of a suitable
bacterium in a bottle and some garlic extract.

. .. . .... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. . .. .... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... .. ... .. .. ... .. ..

. . .. . ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .

. .. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..

. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ......................................................................... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .

. .. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ........................................................................ . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

. .. . .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ........................................................................ . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ....................................................................... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..

. . .. . .... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ........................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .

. .. . .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ........................................................................ . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .... .. .. ... .. .. ... ..

. .. . ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .

. . .. . .... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ........................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .

. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ........................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .

*N35114A0316* Turn over


72

(iii) The effectiveness of the extract can be estimated by measuring the size of the
clear zone. Suggest an accurate method for finding the size of the clear zone
in the diagram in (a)(ii).

. .. . .... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. . .. .... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... .. ... .. .. ... .. ..

. . .. . ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .

. .. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..

(b) The 100% garlic extract used was then diluted to produce 75%, 50%, 25% and
10% solutions and the experiment repeated.
The diameter of each clear zone was measured. The results are shown in the table
below.

0 0
10 0

25 0
50 11

75 15
100 20

*N35114A0416*
73

(i) Present the data in the table in a suitable graphical form.

*N35114A0516* Turn over


74

(ii) What do these results suggest about the relationship between the
concentration of garlic extract and its antibacterial effects?

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ...

. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . ....................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .

. .. . . .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . ... ... .. .. ... .. ... ..

(c) In a second investigation the antibacterial activity of the 100% garlic extract was
compared with that of three antibiotics.
The clear zones on 20 agar plates, for each of the antibiotics and the garlic extract,
were measured. The results are shown in the table below.

1 28 16 15 20
2 26 19 13 28
3 29 11 14 18
4 28 21 12 25
5 26 7 14 27
6 29 11 15 26
7 22 8 9 25
8 25 21 14 25
9 29 10 12 29
10 25 16 13 30
11 31 18 18 26
12 28 13 13 25
13 27 20 14 30
14 26 11 13 28
15 26 19 13 25
16 28 17 15 27
17 28 20 13 20
18 26 22 14 28
19 29 22 14 18
20 28 10 13 25

*N35114A0616*
75

(i) Complete the table opposite by calculating the mean diameter of the clear
zone for the garlic extract.

(ii) Compare the antibacterial effect of garlic extract with that of the three
antibiotics.

. .. . .... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. . .. .... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... .. ... .. .. ... .. ..

. . .. . ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .

. .. . ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..

. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ......................................................................... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .

*N35114A0716* Turn over


76

(d) To check the validity of the results for the garlic extract in the second
investigation, a student searched the scientific literature for similar studies. She
found data for the antibacterial effect of onion (Allium cepa), which is closely
related to garlic (Allium sativum). The data for onion extract are shown below.
Complete the table for the garlic extract in the second investigation by writing in
the mean you calculated in c(i).

Garlic
Onion 21

What does this information suggest about the validity of the results for the garlic
extract?

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ...

. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . ....................................................................... . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .

. .. . . .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .

.. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .......................................................................... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .

.. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . ... ... .. .. ... .. ... ..

. . .. . .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .......................................................................... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .

*N35114A0816*
77

June 2014 Q1

Chinese Senna (Senna obtusifolia) is a common plant found in many parts of the
world. It is traditionally used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
Some scientists decided to investigate the antimicrobial properties of extracts from
S. obtusifolia leaves.
The following method was used.
Dried leaves were crushed in sterile water, to produce an extract.
The extract was pipetted onto discs of filter paper.
Other discs of filter paper were soaked in sterile water to use as controls.
All of the discs were then dried.
Plates were prepared using agar containing the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
A disc containing the extract and a control disc were placed on each of three
agar plates.
The agar plates were incubated for 48 hours.
The diameter of the zone of inhibition was then measured for each disc as
shown in the diagram.

Disc impregnated
with extract

Bacterial
growth

Zone of
inhibition
Control
disc

This method was repeated using three organic solvents, A, B and C, to obtain extracts
from the leaves, instead of using sterile water.

*P42924A0216*
78

(a) (i) Name the independent variable in this investigation.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name the dependent variable in this investigation.


Suggest how this variable was measured.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Name variable that should have been controlled in this investigation.
Describe how this variable could be controlled.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P42924A0316* Turn over


79

(b) The table below shows the results of the investigation.

Water 2.1 0.10

Solvent A 11.9 0.51

Solvent B 2.1 0.09

Solvent C 5.8 0.29

None of the control discs had zones of inhibition.

*P42924A0416*
80

(i) Plot the information about the solvent used to prepare the extract and the
mean diameter of the zone of inhibition in a suitable graphical form.

*P42924A0516* Turn over


81

(ii) Comment on the reliability of these data.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain which solvent produces the most effective antimicrobial extract.

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .. . .. .. ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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82

(c) The scientists then studied the effect of of S. obtusifolia on three more
species of bacteria. The table below shows some of their results.

Streptococcus aeruginosa 2.1 8.1 5.8 5.8

Escherichia coli 5.0 10.0 4.1 6.9

Staphylococcus aureus 5.8 6.2 4.9 4.1

Suggest how these data support the validity of the investigation using Salmonella
typhi.

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.. . .. .. . .. ................................... ...................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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83

Understanding Microscopy
Magnification Vs Resolution

Magnification is how many bigger is the image compared with actual size while Resolution
is the smallest distance that two objects can be apart while still appearing as two objects.
In other words, resolution allows us to see more fine details.

Human eyes have limited magnification & resolution so to observe biology we need to
increase magnification and resolution using microscopes.

The resolution of the human eye is 0.1 mm.

The eukaryotic cells are roughly 1- 20 um in size while prokaryotic cells are 0.1 – 5 um in
size.
84

The Light Microscope (The Optical microscope)

The first microscope by mankind and the most commonly used.

Light is sent from a light source then passes through the specimen and then the image is
magnified by glass lenses.

They are the most common as:

- They are cheap


- They are Easy to use.
- They can be used to study Living cells so can view processes occurring in real time.

However,
- Light microscopes produce 2D images.
- They use visible light to create an image, this limits their
resolution to 200nm and magnification to 2000x.
85

The Electron Microscope

Instead of using light beams, the electron microscopes use beam of electrons to study
specimens.

Electrons have a shorter wavelength so they can create images with higher resolution.

There are two types of electron microscopes: scanning electron microscope (SEM) and
transmission electron microscope (TEM)

In both types a beam of electrons is focused by a magnet towards the specimen.

Specimen must be coated with metal and placed in vacuum. This preparation means electron
microscopy can only be used to study dead specimens.

SEM: After the electrons hit the specimen they become scattered on a
detector. This scattering allows to determine how far away are structures in
the specimen from each other and thus it produces a 3D image. However, the
scattering of electrons reduces magnification and resolution.

TEM: Electron beam travels through the specimen to a detector below with no
scattering. This allows for higher resolution and magnification, but produces a
2D image.
86

Comparing Microscopes

P.O.C. Light Microscope SEM TEM


Medium Light beam Electron beam Electron beam
Dimensions 2D 3D 2D
Max. X1500- 2000 X200,000 X2,000,000
Magnification
Max Resolution 200nm 20nm 0.1nm
Specimen Living or dead Dead only Dead only
Micrographs
87

Size Units

To make proper use of magnification calculations we need to know how to convert between
size units. The SI unit for distance is a meter.

The units we are interested in are the: meter, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer and
nanometer.

1m = 100 cm
1cm = 10 mm

So 1m= 1000 mm

1mm= 1000 um

1um= 1000 nm

Calculating Magnification

1- Write down the equation:

Image = Actual X Magnification

2- Covert given into the same units


3- Substitute in the equation

Practice: Calculate the magnification of the image below

Practice: If a plan drawing shows a leaf cross section, magnification 400x, and a nucleus on
it measures 0.5mm width, what is the actual nucleus width?
88

Staining cells for Microscopy

What is staining?

Staining is a technique where dye is used to highlight cells in the microscope.

Some structures already modify light as it passes through them so there is no


need to stain them as they are colorful. Example: Algae that contain chlorophyll
pigment.
We only stain when we need to view structures that we wouldn’t normally be
able to see as they are transparent.

How stains work?

Stains work by collecting around particular types of molecules. For example,


acetic orcein is a stain that collects around DNA producing a red colour.

Metachromatic stains: They are differential stains that highlight different components of the
cell with different colours. Iodine stains starch grains blue black while other cellular
components appear yellow. The all purpose metachromatic stain is Toluidine blue O (TBO).
For example, TBO stains lignin blue, pectin pinkish & nucleic acids purple.

Cells stained by Iodine

Lignin Pectin DNA


89

Core Practical: Using Light Microscope

Microscopes can be used to observe many types of specimens, from animal, plants and
microorganisms.

Laboratory prepared slides usually undergo:

- Dehydration
- Staining
- Slicing
- Embedded in wax to prevent sliding

Observing the slide occurs through the following steps:

- Examine by naked eye first to be able to position the slide


correctly on the microscope stage.
- Select the lower power lens first.
- Place the slide on the stage of the light microscope and
move it so the specimen is directly under the lens.
- Switch on the microscope light to shine through the
specimen.
- Use focus wheel to bring into focus.
- Scroll the stage around to view different areas of the
specimen.
- Move to the next power lens to view things more
specifically.
- Use the highest power lens to observe in more details and
the shift to the lower power whenever you need to
reposition the specimen.
90

Plant Tissue preparation: (Stem, Root or Leaves)

- Lay the stem on a chopping board.


- Use a scalpel to cut transvers sections of the stem.
(Make sure that the sharp end of the scalpel is facing
away from you to avoid cutting yourself & wet the
scalpel to reduce friction so that you don’t damage the
tissue)
- Ensure that you cut thin sections so that you become
able to see their components clearly.
- Place a drop of water onto the slide to house your
section.
- Place the stem section onto the slide.
- Use a mounted needle/forceps to lower the coverslip
onto it gently.
- Use absorbent tissue to mop up any leaked water at
the edges.
- Observe under microscope.
91

Observing samples of Animal/Plant cells:

N.B. Always wear gloves when handling samples to prevent bacteria on the hand from
infecting the specimen. Also use a sterile forceps to transfer the specimen to the slide as
this prevents pathogens reaching the sample & also prevents distortion of the sample.
92

Plan Drawings

- These drawings can be made when observing tissue or cell structures.


- To draw a tissue, we use the low or the medium power, to draw a cell we use the high
power.
- Always draw with a sharp HB pencil.
- Make a title explaining what the drawing is and what is the magnification used.
- Drawings should never include shading or colouring.
- Lines in a tissue drawing separate cell types.
- Draw to cover at least half the space provided and leave space for labels/annotations.
- Label tissue regions with sharp clear lines. Label lines shouldn’t intersect.
- Make it proportional to the sizes of structures in the real specimen.
- If italics needed, underline instead.

N.B. If you are drawing cells, only show structures visible inside cells such as cell wall, cell
membrane, cytoplasm & nucleus. Make sure to draw what you see not what you expected
to see!
93
94

Drawing Practice

Draw a low power plan for the tissues shown in the following micrographs

1) TS of a leaf
95

2) TS of a root
96

2) TS of a leaf
97

3) TS of a leaf
98

Draw a high power plans for 4 of the cells shown in this photomicrograph

1) Blood cells sample


99

2) Onion cells sample


100

3) Cheek cells sample


101

Graticule to make measurements

- Light/optical microscope enlarges in a linear fashion, so 100x magnification means


that the image is 100x wider & longer than the real object.
- The magnification is a product of the objective lens magnification and eyepiece
magnification.
- They eyepiece in a microscope can be fitted with a graticule – a transparent device
acting as a ruler.
- This means dimensions of what we see can be measured in eyepiece units (EPU).
- At different magnifications, EPUs represent different lengths, so we have to calibrate
the graticule for each objective lens.
- We use a stage graticule which is placed on the stage of the light microscope, to
calibrate the eyepiece graticule.
- This stage graticule is usually 1mm (1000um) long.

How to calibrate the EPUs :

- Place the eyepiece graticule into the 10x eyepiece of the microscope.
- Use the 4x objective lens and focus on the stage graticule.
- Use these 2 rulers aligned to work out how much distance one EPU represents at the
magnification of 40x. For example, if you found that 40 EPUs correspond to the stage
graticule which is 1000um in length, then 1 EPU = 25um.
- You can repeat this for any other objective lens.

Practice: If the smallest division in the stage micrometer is 10um. Calculate the size of the
smallest division of the eyepiece graticule.

N.B. Remember standard forms from your mathematics course.


102

Microscopy Evaluation

Conclusions: Through microscopy we can conclude:

- The type of cell or tissue present under the microscope.


- The presence or absence of certain pathogens, tissue damage, tumour invasion or
foreign bodies.
- The size of certain features using graticules.

Errors:
- Errors in preparation of the slide:
• Contaminating the sample with fingers or other objects.
• Damage to the sample during preparation (by crushing for example)
• Improper use of stains
• Dirty slides/ lenses.
- Error in identifying histological features leading to misdiagnosis of pathogens or
cancers.
- Error in size calculations or improper use of graticules.

Limitations:

- Bad preparation, staining or preservation of the specimens.


- Some features are difficult or impossible to stain so can’t be visualized.
- Poor resolution or magnification of the used microscope.
- Improper focus on the slides leading to blurring of the image.
- We only view a sample of a tissue not the whole tissue, so we can miss diagnosis of
abnormalities such as cancers or pathogens present.
- Some features appear differently in a transverse cut than longitudinal cut or in a 2D
image than in a 3D image. This might cause confusion.

Improvements:

- Careful preparation of the specimen.


- Examine more than one tissue sample.
- Double check calculations to ensure reliability.
103

Practice Question 1

A researcher is examining a crop which maybe exposed to a recent bacterial endemic. The
bacteria are thought to invade the epidermis of the leaves within the crop.

a) Describe a method the researcher could use to prepare the epidermis for inspection
under a light microscope. (4)

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b) One disadvantage of light microscopes is that their magnification is limited. State an


instrument the researcher could use with higher magnification, if the source of
infection was a very small virus. (1)

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104

c) In preparing the slide for the light microscope, what 2 actions could the researcher
take to minimise contamination of the slide? Explain your reasoning for each. (4)

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d) The researcher begins observing slides with an objective lens, magnification 4x. The
overall magnification is 40x. What is the magnification of the eyepiece lens? (2)

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e) Under 40x magnification, the bacterium found within the epidermis measures
100mm in his plan drawing.
What is the actual size of the bacterium in micrometers? (2)

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f) With a 10x eyepiece lens and 4x objective lens, the stage graticule covers 20 EPU on
the eyepiece graticule. How much distance does 1 EPU represent? (2)

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105

g) Across several slides, the bacteria appear to take on different shapes. They are all of
the same stain – what explanation would clarify the different shapes observed? (2)

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f) Suggest an error in the procedure the scientist could have made, to explain different
measurements in cell size across the slides. (1)

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106

Practice question 2
Vaccinerators is a biotech company which has developed a micropatch needle out of a
biosynthetic material which can be used to administer pain-free vaccines. The company is
concerned that the needles in the patch they have produced are too far apart, they require
the distance between the needles to be less than 100nm.

a- Suggest to the company whether an electron or a light microscope should be used to


check whether the needles are close enough. Explain your answer. (2)

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The disease that vaccinerators are attempting to target is a bacterial disease known as
meningitis. The vaccine causes damage to the plasma membrane of bacterial cells. The first
stage of this damage causes bumps to appear in the cell membrane.

b- Suggest, with a reason, what sort of microscope should be used to monitor the first
stage of vaccine action. (2)

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c- Explain the difference between magnification & resolution. (2)

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107

d- Below is a cross section of 2 flagella, calculate the magnification and state what sort
of microscope was used to obtain it. (3)

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108

Investigating the effect of sucrose concentration on pollen tube


growth

- Prepare pollen culture medium and add to it a known sucrose concentration.

- Add a drop of the solution you prepared to the center of a clean slide.

- To add pollen, use a low power microscope and knock pollen off the anthers of a
flower using a mounted needle.

- Observe under the microscope to note when pollen tubes start to


grow, this usually occurs after about 15 – 30 minutes depending on
the used plant species.
- At this point, use the eye piece and stage graticules to record the
pollen tube length every 3 minutes for half an hour.

- Repeat the same process with other slides using pollen from the
same anther and the same culture medium but with a range of
different sucrose concentrations.
109

Section 2
evision estions
110
Jan 2017 Q1
Answer ALL questions.

1 Pineapple is a very good source of vitamin C.


Published estimates show that fresh pineapple, of a variety called Queen Victoria,
contains 24.8 mg of vitamin C per 100 g of fruit. However, pineapple decays very
quickly and is often processed to extend its shelf life.
Processing procedures, and the length of time the processed fruit is stored, are known to
affect vitamin C content.
One way to process fruit is to make it into jam.
A study was carried out into the effects of making and storing jam on the vitamin C
content of pineapple.
Batches of pineapple, of the Queen Victoria variety, were made into jam by mixing
them with sugar and heating. The jam was stored in 25 jars, each containing 100 g.
The jars were stored at a temperature of 20 °C, as would be normal in a supermarket.
The mean vitamin C content of samples from each of five jars of jam was determined
at the start of the study and then every two weeks for eight weeks.
The vitamin C content of each sample was determined by titration with a 0.1% DCPIP
solution.
(a) (i) State the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name one variable that could have been controlled when making the jam.
Describe how this variable could have been controlled.
(2)

Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How the variable is controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................ ............................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) Describe how the samples of jam should be prepared for titration.
(3)

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(b) The results of this study are shown in the table below.

Storage time Mean vitamin C content


/ weeks / mg per 100 g

0 14.3

2 11.7

4 10.7

6 9.8

8 7.7

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112

(i) Plot a line graph to show the effect of storage time on the mean vitamin C
content of the jam. Draw a line of best fit through the points.
(4)

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113

(ii) Use the information in the table to calculate the mean rate of decrease of
vitamin C per day during storage.
Show your working.
(3)

Answer ...................................................................... mg per 100 g per day

(iii) The fresh pineapple contained 24.8 mg of vitamin C per 100 g.


Use the information in the table to calculate the percentage decrease of
vitamin C when jam is made.
Show your working.
(3)

Answer ........................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

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(c) The scientists who carried out this study also looked at the effect on the vitamin C
content when the fruit was used to make fresh juice and a frozen dessert.
The vitamin C content decreased by 35.8% when fresh juice was made and by
12.5% when the frozen dessert was made.
One recommended daily intake for adults is 40 mg of vitamin C.
Using all the information given, discuss the use of pineapple juice, jam and frozen
dessert as sources of vitamin C.
(4)

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(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)

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JUNE 2017 Q1
Answer ALL questions.

A class of students did not see many dividing cells (or stages of mitosis) when they
examined root tip squash preparations.
Their teacher suggested this might have been because of the time of day that the
samples were taken.
Some of the students decided to test the idea that time of day affects the number of
cells dividing.
The students used the following method:

• day 1 at 0900 – pea seeds put into a container of moist sawdust.


• day 3 at 0900 – root tips were taken from five randomly chosen germinating seeds.
• day 3 at 0900 – root tips squashes were prepared and observed.
• this was repeated on day 3 every two hours.
• on each occasion, the total number of cells showing evidence of mitosis was
recorded for each root tip.
(a) (i) Name a suitable stain for observing chromosomes in a root tip squash.
(1)

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(ii) There are variables that could affect the number of dividing cells.
Give two variables that would need to be controlled. Describe how each
variable could be controlled.
(4)

Variable 1 ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How it could be controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................... ...................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Variable 2 ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How it could be controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................... ...................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2
*P48415A0212*
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(iii) Explain why five root tips were chosen for each sample.
(2)

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(iv) Describe how a random sample of five root tips could have been chosen.
(2)

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3
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(b) For each sample of five root tips, the mean number of dividing cells was calculated.
The table below shows the results.

Time of day Mean number of


(24-hour clock) dividing cells

0900 259

1100 139

1300 341

1500 267

1700 397

1900 368

2100 237

2300 271

0100 295

0300 301

0500 381

0700 305

4
*P48415A0412*
118

(i) Plot a line graph using the data in the table.


Join the points with ruled straight lines.
(4)

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119

(ii) A second set of pea seeds was germinated, starting at 1400 instead of 0900.
These seeds were treated in the same way as the first set.
The maximum numbers of dividing cells in this second set were observed at
1800 and 2200 on the first day and at 1000 on the next day.
Using these two sets of data, the students made the following conclusion:
“The number of dividing cells does not depend on the time of day but it does
depend on the length of time after germination started.”
Explain how these two sets of data support this conclusion.
(4)

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6
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(c) To check the validity of their study, the students looked for information in the
literature about patterns of cell division in other plants.
They found the graph below in a peer-reviewed journal.
The graph shows the effect of time of day on cell division in the shoot tips of a
species of grass.

30
Mean number of dividing cells

20

10

0700 1300 1900 0100 0700


Time / 24-hour clock

Compare these results with the results for cell division in germinating pea seeds.
(3)

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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)

7
*P48415A0712* Turn over
121
NOV. 2017 Q1
Answer ALL questions.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a plant grown for its fruits. These fruits are dried and
crushed to produce black pepper. Black pepper is used in many recipes and is also
thought to have medicinal properties.
The fruits contain alkaloids and phenols that have antimicrobial properties.
An investigation was carried out in a research laboratory.
Two extracts from black pepper were produced: one containing alkaloids and
one containing phenols. Each extract was used to prepare a solution containing
0.4 mg dm–3 of the chemicals.
The resulting solutions were then used to investigate the antimicrobial properties of
these two chemicals on a range of bacteria, using the following method.

• Each solution was pipetted onto discs of filter paper.


• All the discs were dried.
• Four plates were prepared, using agar, containing the following bacteria:
○ Escherichia coli
○ Staphylococcus aureus
○ Streptococcus agalactiae
○ Streptococcus pyogenes.
• A disc containing each chemical was placed on the agar in each of the four
agar plates, as shown in the diagram below.

filter paper disc agar with filter paper disc


with phenols bacteria with alkaloids

• The agar plates were incubated.


• The size of each zone of inhibition was then measured after 48 hours.

2
*P50748A0216*
122

(a) (i) Name the dependent variable in this investigation and explain how it could
be measured accurately.
(2)

Dependent variable............................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

How it could be measured accurately............... ................................................................................................................ ................................................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. . .....................

(ii) Suggest a suitable control for this investigation.


(1)

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

(iii) Name one variable that should be controlled in this investigation.


Describe how this variable could be controlled.
(2)

Variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................... . ..............................................................................................................................

How this variable could be controlled ............................................................................................................................... ...............................................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................................... .......... . .............................................................................................................................. ......................

3
*P50748A0316* Turn over
123

(b) The table below shows the results of the investigation.

Diameter of zone of inhibition / mm


Bacteria Source of bacteria
disc with alkaloids disc with phenols

Escherichia coli urinary tract infection 50 53

Staphylococcus aureus skin infection 35 48

Streptococcus agalactiae urinary tract infection 30 53

Streptococcus pyogenes blood infection 51 52

4
*P50748A0416*
124

(i) Plot the information in the table in a suitable graphical form.


(5)

5
*P50748A0516* Turn over
125

(ii) Using the results of this investigation, compare the effectiveness of these
two extracts.
(3)

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

(iii) Describe how this investigation could be modified to measure the variability
in the effects of these extracts.
(2)

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

(iv) Describe how the measure you described in (iii) could be shown on a graph.
(2)

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

6
*P50748A0616*
126

(c) Bacteria are becoming resistant to many antibiotics.


Suggest the advantages and disadvantages of using plant extracts instead of
antibiotics to treat infections caused by bacteria.
(3)

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .....................

(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)

7
*P50748A0716* Turn over
127
Jan 2018 Q1
Answer ALL questions.

Beetroot cells contain a red pigment called betalain. The molecules of this pigment
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are too large to pass through intact cell membranes. If the membranes are damaged,
the pigment will leak out of the cells.
An investigation was carried out into the effect of the concentration of two types of
alcohol on the permeability of beetroot cell membranes.
Cylinders were cut from beetroot tissue. These cylinders were rinsed in distilled
water. The cylinders were placed in test tubes containing different concentrations of
two different alcohols: methanol or ethanol.
After five minutes, each cylinder of beetroot tissue was removed. The degree of
redness of the solution in each test tube was then measured using a colorimeter.
A colorimeter is an instrument that measures the amount of light absorbed or
transmitted by a coloured solution. As the intensity of the colour increases, the
absorbance of light by the solution increases and the transmission of light through
the solution decreases.
(a) (i) Explain why the pieces of beetroot tissue were rinsed in distilled water after
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being cut.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name one variable, other than time, that should be controlled in this
investigation.
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Describe how this variable could be controlled.


(2)

Variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How it could be controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................... ........................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3
*P51858A0316* Turn over
128

(iii) Before measuring the absorbance of each coloured solution, the colorimeter
was set to zero using alcohol only.

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Suggest why this was done.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The table below shows the results of this investigation.

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Absorbance / a.u.
Concentration
of alcohol (%)
Methanol Ethanol

0 0.00 0.00

10 0.10 0.10

20 0.28 0.18

30 1.00 0.18

40 1.56 0.38

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*P51858A0416*
129

(i) Plot the information in the table in a suitable graphical form.


(5)
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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
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5
*P51858A0516* Turn over
130

(ii) Using the results of this investigation, compare the effects of methanol and
ethanol on beetroot membrane permeability.
(3)

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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Describe how this investigation could be modified to measure the variability
in the effects of these alcohols on beetroot membrane permeability.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) State how the variability in the results should be analysed.


(1)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
*P51858A0616*
131

(c) It was suggested that detergents have a similar effect to alcohol on the cell
membranes of beetroot tissue.
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To test the validity of this, cylinders of beetroot tissue were placed in a range of
concentrations of detergent solution.
The percentage of light transmitted through the coloured solutions obtained was
measured.
The data are shown in the table below.

Percentage of light
Concentration of
transmitted through
detergent solution
the coloured solution
(%)
(%)

0.0 100

0.1 29

0.5 16
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1.0 11

5.0 6

Explain how far the data support this suggestion.


(3)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)

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132
JUNE 2018 Q1
Answer ALL questions.

The photograph below shows some water hyacinth plants. These plants contain a lot

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of cellulose. The cellulose is used for the industrial production of glucose.

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Magnification ×0.1
In the production of glucose, cellulose from water hyacinths is mixed with the
enzyme cellulase. Cellulase breaks down the cellulose to produce glucose.
In an investigation, different masses of cellulose were added to beakers and the
volume made up to 100 cm3, using distilled water. Cellulase was also added to
each beaker.
After 15 minutes, the concentration of glucose in each beaker was determined.
(a) (i) State the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. .......................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. .......................


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(ii) In this investigation, the optimum temperature for cellulase was used.
Explain how the optimum temperature was determined.
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(3)

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................


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............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

(iii) Name one variable, other than temperature, that should be controlled in
this investigation.
Describe how this variable could be controlled.
(2)
Variable

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

How the variable could be controlled

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................


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............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... . ......................

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134

(b) The table below shows the results of this investigation.

Concentration of

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Rate of production of
Mass of cellulose / g glucose produced after
glucose / g min−1
15 minutes / g cm−3
0.25 0.31 0.020
0.50 0.44 0.029
1.00 0.59 0.039
1.50 0.73 0.049
2.00 0.80

(i) Calculate the rate of production of glucose for a mass of 2.00 g of cellulose.
Show your working.
(2)

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.............................................................. g min−1

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(ii) Plot a graph to show the relationship between the mass of cellulose used and
the rate of production of glucose. Join the points with ruled, straight lines.
(4)
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(c) Suggest how the variability of the results could be measured and shown on a graph.
(4)

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. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ........... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ....... .............. .. ................... ..

. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ........... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ....... .............. .. ................... ..

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. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ........... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ....... .............. .. ................... ..

. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ........... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ....... .............. .. ................... ..

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. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ........... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ....... .............. .. ................... ..

. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ........... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ....... .............. .. ................... ..

. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ........... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ....... .............. .. ................... ..

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(d) In another investigation, the effect of cellulase concentration on the rate of glucose
production was studied. The table below shows the results of this investigation.
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Cellulase concentration Rate of glucose production


/ a.u. / g min−1
1.0 0.35
3.0 0.43
6.0 0.59
9.0 0.71
18.0 0.71

Using the data in the table above, suggest conclusions that could be made about the
cost effectiveness of using cellulase to produce glucose in industrial processes.
(4)

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. .......................


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............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. .......................

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............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. .......................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. .......................

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. .......................

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............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. .......................

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(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)

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138
NOV. 2018 Q1
Answer ALL questions.

The pH of soil affects the growth of plants. Farmers often add chemicals to soil in
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order to adjust its pH.


A student investigated the effect of pH on the growth of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratenis).
An equal mass of soil was placed into each of 25 pots. The pH of the soil in each pot
was adjusted to give pH values of: 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 and 8.0. There were five pots for
each pH value.
Five grass seeds were planted in each of the pots.
The pots were watered every day for the next 14 days. The same volume of water
was added to each pot.
The height of each grass plant was measured and recorded after 14 days.
(a) (i) Name the independent variable in this investigation.

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(1)
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(ii) Suggest two variables, other than the mass of soil and the volume of water,
that should be kept constant in this investigation. Describe how each variable
could be controlled.
(4)

Variable 1 .................... ..................................................................... ...................................... ....................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How it could be controlled ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Variable 2 .................... ..................................................................... ...................................... ....................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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How it could be controlled ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) The table below shows the results of this investigation.

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Grass plant height / mm
pH Standard
Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3 Plant 4 Plant 5 Mean
deviation
6.0 8 9 8 9 8 8.4 0.5

6.5 38 39 36 36 34 36.6 1.9

7.0 38 35 37 39 39 37.6 1.7

7.5 12 10 10 10 11 10.6 0.9

8.0 6 7 7 6 7 6.6 0.5

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(i) Plot a line graph to show the effect of pH on the mean height of the grass plants.
Include the standard deviations on your graph.
(5)
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(ii) The student made two conclusions from these results:


• the grass plants grew taller in the soil at pH values 6.5 and 7.0 than in the

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soil with other pH values
• there was no significant difference in height between pH 6.5 and 7.0.
Using the information in the table, give reasons why the student came to
these conclusions.
(3)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The student found the following diagram online and suggested that the pH of the
soil affected the availability of mineral ions for the growth of the plants.
The diagram shows the availability to the plants of some mineral ions at a range
of pH values.
The height of the white bars shows the availability of each mineral ion.

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5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0

nitrate

phosphate

potassium

sulfate

calcium
magnesium

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142

(i) Using the information in this diagram and the data in part (b), explain why the
student suggested that the pH of the soil affected the availability of mineral
ions to the plants.
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(4)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State how three of the mineral ions shown in this diagram are used by plants.
(3)

Mineral ............................................................................................... ................................ ............................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Use.. ................................... .......................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

............ ........................................................................................................ ........... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Mineral ............................................................................................... ................................ ............................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Use.. ................................... .......................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

............ ........................................................................................................ ........... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mineral ............................................................................................... ................................ ............................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Use.. ................................... .......................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

............ ........................................................................................................ ........... ............................................................................................................................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)

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143

Section 3
Full Exams
144
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Biology
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
Unit 3: Practical Skills in Biology I

Sample Assessment Materials for first teaching September 2018 Paper Reference
Time: 1 hour 20 minutes WBI13/01
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, ruler, HB pencil

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where
appropriate.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 50.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check

Turn over

S58689A
©2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/
*S58689A0116*
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology – 75
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
145

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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1 A student made observations of plant cells and tissues through a microscope.
(a) (i) Photograph A shows part of a transverse section of a stem at a magnification
of ×40.

Source: John Adds

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Photograph A
Draw a low-power plan of the area within the triangle shown on
Photograph A and label two tissues on your drawing.
(3)

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*S58689A0216*
76 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology –
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
146

(ii) Photograph B shows part of a transverse section of the same stem at a


magnification of ×400.
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Source: John Adds

Photograph B
Draw the cells within the box shown on Photograph B.
(3)
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Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology – 77
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Turn over
147

(b) The diagram shows part of a stage micrometer scale and part of a graticule scale.
The smallest stage micrometer division is 10 m.

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stage micrometer scale

graticule scale

(i) Calculate the size of one small division of the graticule scale.
(2)

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Answer. .............................................. m

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*S58689A0416*
78 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology –
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
148

(ii) Using your answer to (b)(i), determine the internal diameter of the part
labelled ‘A’.
(2)
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0 10 20 30 40

graticule scale

Source: John Adds


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internal diameter of part A

Answer.. .............. .............. ....... .......... m

(Total for Question 1 = 10 marks)


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Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology – 79
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Turn over
149

2 Mercerisation is a treatment used to increase the tensile strength of natural plant fibres.
In this process, fibres are treated with sodium hydroxide solution.

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A study was carried out to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution to
produce the strongest fibres.
Samples of fibres were obtained from four Nigerian plants: baobab, roselle, okra and kenaf.
All of these fibres were then mercerised by placing them in four different concentrations of
sodium hydroxide solution.
The tensile strength of these fibres was then measured.
(a) (i) State the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)

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(ii) State how one named variable could be controlled when mercerising the fibres.
(2)

Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ................................... .............................................................................................................................

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How the variable could be controlled ............................................................................................................................... ..............................................

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6
*S58689A0616*
80 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology –
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
150

(iii) Devise a method that can be used to make a valid comparison of the tensile
strength of fibres from the same plant, treated with different concentrations
of sodium hydroxide solution.
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(5)

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7
*S58689A0716*
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology – 81
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Turn over
151

(b) The graph shows the tensile strength of fibres from these four plants, treated with
sodium hydroxide solutions.

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1.20
Key
Baobab
Roselle
1.00
Okra
Kenaf

0.80
Tensile strength / a.u.

0.60

0.40

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0.20

0.00
10 15 20 25

Concentration of sodium hydroxide (%)

(i) Using the graph, determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution
that should be used for mercerisation of fibres from each of these four plants.
(2)

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8
*S58689A0816*
82 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology –
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
152

(ii) Draw a suitable table to include the results for roselle and baobab only.
(3)
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9
*S58689A0916*
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology – 83
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Turn over
153

(c) Mercerisation causes plant fibres to swell.


A study was carried out on the effect of temperature and the concentration of

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sodium hydroxide on the degree of swelling of cotton fibres.
The graph shows the results of this study.

1000
Key
900 Temperatures
800 0 °C
20 °C
700
Degree of swelling (%)

60 °C
600 100 °C

500

400

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300

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40
Concentration of sodium hydroxide (%)

(i) Compare and contrast the trends shown by the results at 20 °C with those at 0 °C.
(2)

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10
*S58689A01016*
84 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology –
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
154

(ii) Describe the effect of temperature on the degree of swelling of cotton fibres
at a sodium hydroxide concentration of 5%.
(2)
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(Total for Question 2 = 17 marks)


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11
*S58689A01116*
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology – 85
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Turn over
155

3 A student studied the water potential of carrot tissue.


Pieces of weighed carrot tissue were placed in a range of sucrose solutions.

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After two hours, the tissue was blotted and weighed again. The results are shown in
the table.

Percentage change
Concentration of Original mass of Final mass of
in mass of
sucrose solution carrot tissue carrot tissue
carrot tissue
/mol dm–3 /g /g
(%)
0.0 2.40 3.10 29.17
0.2 2.48 2.68 8.06
0.4 2.48 2.42 –2.42
0.6 2.31 1.96 –15.15
0.8 2.41 1.78 –26.14
1.0 2.75 1.92

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(a) (i) Calculate the percentage change in mass when the carrot tissue was in a
sucrose solution of 1.0 mol dm–3.
(2)

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Answer. .............................................. %

12
*S58689A01216*
86 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology –
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
156

(ii) Plot a suitable graph to show the relationship between sucrose concentration
and percentage change in mass. Join the points with straight lines.
(4)
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13
*S58689A01316*
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology – 87
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Turn over
157

(iii) Using your graph, determine the concentration of sucrose solution which
caused no change in mass of the carrot tissue.
(2)

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(iv) Explain why there is no change in mass of the carrot at this concentration.
(2)

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(b) Five students investigated the effect of temperature on the movement of


materials through the membranes of cells in a plant tissue. Beetroot was chosen

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for this investigation because the cells contain a red pigment called betalain.
One piece of beetroot was placed into a tube containing 15 cm3 of water at
0 °C and left for 15 minutes. The procedure was repeated for seven further
temperatures between 10 °C and 70 °C.
Each piece of beetroot was removed and a sample of the fluid was placed in
a colorimeter. The colorimeter was used to determine the intensity of the red
colour of the fluid.
(i) Name two variables, other than those mentioned above, which should be
kept constant during this experiment.
(2)

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14
*S58689A01416*
88 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology –
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
158

(ii) State the dependent variable in this investigation.


(1)
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(iii) The table shows the results of this investigation.

Intensity of the red colour / a.u.


Temperature
/°C Student Student Student Student Student Standard
Mean
1 2 3 4 5 deviation
0 0.20 0.15 0.30 0.00 0.13 0.16 0.11
10 0.00 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.12 0.07 0.06
20 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02
30 0.20 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.07
40 0.18 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.06
50 0.10 0.26 0.00 0.60 0.18 0.23 0.23
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60 0.60 0.89 0.80 0.80 0.55 0.72 0.15


70 0.75 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.69 0.11

The graph showing the relationship between temperature and the mean
intensity of red colour is incomplete.
Complete the graph.
(3)
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15
*S58689A01516*
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology – 89
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Turn over
159

(iv) Suggest why four of the readings were above zero a.u. at 0 °C.
(2)

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(v) The students concluded that as temperature increases, membrane permeability


increases.
Using the information in the table and graph, criticise this conclusion.
(5)

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(Total for Question 3 = 23 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 50 MARKS

16
*S58689A01616*
90 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Biology –
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
160
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number


International
Advanced Level

Monday 6 May 2019


Morning (Time: 1 hour 20 minutes) Paper Reference WBI13/01

Biology
International Advanced Subsidiary / Advanced Level
Unit 3: Practical Skills in Biology I

You must have: Total Marks


Scientific calculator, ruler, HB pencil

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where
appropriate.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 50.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check

Turn over

P61471A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/
*P61471A0116*
161

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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1 The stigma of a flower secretes a solution of sucrose. Pollen grains germinate in this
solution to produce pollen tubes.
The effect of sucrose concentration on the germination of pollen grains was
investigated.
Pollen grains from a single flower were scraped into the cavity of a slide containing
sucrose solution.
After one hour, the slide was viewed through the high power of a microscope.
The number of germinating pollen grains was counted together with the total number
of grains in the field of view.
This procedure was repeated for each sucrose solution, using pollen grains from the
same flower.
The percentage germination of pollen grains was calculated.

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(a) (i) State the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)

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(ii) State one abiotic (environmental) variable that should be controlled in this
investigation.
(1)

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(iii) Explain why the results might have been affected if the variable you named in (a)(ii)
had not been controlled.
(3)

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(b) The table shows the results of this investigation.

Concentration of sucrose solution Percentage germination of


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/ g dm–3 pollen grains (%)


0 10

20 39

40 73

60 50

80 41

100 0

120 0

(i) Plot a suitable graph to show the results of this investigation.


Join the points with straight lines.
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(4)
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163

(ii) These results suggest that the optimum concentration of sucrose for pollen grain
germination is 40 g dm–3.

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Explain how the method could be modified to find the actual optimum
concentration of sucrose.
(2)

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(c) The table shows the results of an investigation into the effect of boric acid
concentration, in a sucrose solution, on the growth of pollen tubes.

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Boric acid concentration Pollen tube length
/ parts per million (ppm) / µm

25 78

50 126

100 166

200 134

300 112

400 90
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(i) Calculate the percentage increase in pollen tube length at 100 ppm compared
with that at 25 ppm.
(2)

Answer . .............................................. %

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(ii) You are provided with a solution containing 500 g dm–3 of sucrose .
Devise a procedure to investigate the effect of different concentrations of
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sucrose on the rate of growth of pollen tubes, using this sucrose solution.
(5)

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(Total for Question 1 = 18 marks)


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165

2 An investigation was carried out to determine the relative concentration of reducing


sugars in a range of foods.

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In each case, some food was ground up with distilled water. The resulting liquid was
filtered to give an extract.
This extract was then tested for the presence of reducing sugars using a reagent.
(a) (i) Describe how a test for reducing sugars is carried out.
(2)

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(ii) Explain how this investigation should be carried out to give a semi-quantitative
estimate of the concentration of the reducing sugars by comparing the colour
of the precipitate with a colour chart.
(3)

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(iii) It was assumed that the extract contained all the reducing sugars from the
food sample.
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Suggest how this assumption could be tested.


(2)

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(b) The table shows the results of the investigation.

Food Colour of precipitate


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apple brick red

bread green

cashew nut no precipitate

potato yellow

sweet potato orange

Complete the table below by writing the names of the foods in order from the
highest concentration of reducing sugars to the lowest concentration.
(2)

highest lowest
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167

(c) The reagent used to test for reducing sugars is a blue solution containing soluble
copper ions. Reducing sugars react with the copper to form an insoluble precipitate.

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After testing, the precipitate formed can be removed. This leaves a solution that
is less blue.
(i) Explain which food extract would leave the least blue solution when the
precipitate is removed.
(3)

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(ii) Devise a procedure to determine the concentration of reducing sugars in


a sweet potato.
(4)
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(Total for Question 2 = 16 marks)


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169

3 The enzyme urease catalyses the following reaction:

urea ammonia + carbon dioxide

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The effect of pH on this reaction was investigated using the following method.
One test tube containing 5 cm3 of urease solution was placed in a water bath at 40 C
and left for 10 minutes.
Another test tube containing 5 cm3 of urea solution in a buffer at pH 3.0 was placed in
the same water bath and left for 10 minutes.
After 10 minutes, the contents of both tubes were mixed together in one test tube.
This test tube was replaced in the water bath.
The concentration of ammonia was measured after 15 minutes and again after
60 minutes.
The procedure was repeated for pH values of 4.0, 6.5, 6.8, 7.3, 8.0 and 9.0.

(a) (i) Explain why the urease solution and the urea solution were kept in the water bath
at 40 C before and after being mixed.

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(4)

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(ii) Explain how you could determine suitable concentrations of urea and
urease solutions to use in this investigation.
(2)
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171

(b) The graph shows the results of this investigation.

120

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100
Concentration of ammonia / a.u.

80

60

40

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at 60 minutes

20

at 15 minutes

0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH

(i) Draw a suitable table to include the results for the experiment at 60 minutes.
(4)

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*P61471A01216*
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(ii) Calculate the rate of reaction at a pH of 7.3 during the first 15 minutes of this
investigation.
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Include appropriate units with your answer.


(2)

Answer . ..............................................

(iii) Compare and contrast the results shown in the graph at 60 minutes with
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those at 15 minutes.
(3)

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(c) In another investigation, the concentration of ammonia was recorded every


5 minutes for 35 minutes, at a pH of 6.0.

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The graph shows the results of this investigation.

7
Concentration of ammonia / a.u.

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

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Time / minutes

Calculate the initial rate of this reaction.


Include appropriate units with your answer.
(1)

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Answer . ..............................................

(Total for Question 3 = 16 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 50 MARKS

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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number


International
Advanced Level

Thursday 17 October 2019


Morning (Time: 1 hour 20 minutes) Paper Reference WBI13/01

Biology
International Advanced Subsidiary / Advanced Level
Unit 3: Practical Skills in Biology I

You must have: Total Marks


Scientific calculator, ruler, HB pencil

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where
appropriate.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 50.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check

Turn over

P62790A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/
*P62790A0116*
175

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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1 The effect of mineral deficiency on plant growth can be studied.
The diagram shows a plant growing in a solution of inorganic ions.

cotton wool

inorganic ion solution

aluminium foil to

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exclude light

(a) (i) Name an inorganic ion needed for the synthesis of each of the following.
(3)

Amino acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chlorophyll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Middle lamella. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

2
*P62790A0216*
176

(ii) Devise an experiment, which will produce valid data, to investigate the deficiency of
a named inorganic ion on the growth of a plant.
(4)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

3
*P62790A0316* Turn over
177

(b) The table shows the results of an investigation into the effect of nitrate ion
deficiency on the growth of a plant.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


Mean
Standard
Solution Growth after 21 days / a.u. growth
deviation
/ a.u.

complete 380 370 387 378 369 368 359 358 360 381 371 ±17.4

without
220 197 231 189 225 230 204 235 236 193 216 ±9.7
nitrate ions

(i) Calculate the difference in the mean daily growth rate of the plants grown in
these two solutions.
(2)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

4
*P62790A0416*
178

(ii) The bar chart shows the mean growth after 21 days.

400
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

350

300

250
Mean growth / a.u.
200

150

100

50

0
without complete
nitrate ions
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Solution

Complete the bar chart by showing the standard deviations.

Explain what the standard deviations indicate about the results of this investigation.
(3)

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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(Total for Question 1 = 12 marks)

5
*P62790A0516* Turn over
179

2 The flow chart shows how garlic root tips can be treated to observe mitosis in the
root cells.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


Step 1
Root tips were placed in hydrochloric acid in a
water bath at 55 °C, left for five minutes
and then rinsed with water

Step 2
Root tips were then placed in acetic orcein in a
water bath at 55 °C and left for five minutes

Step 3
Root tips were placed on a microscope slide and

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


broken apart using mounted needles

Step 4
A coverslip was placed over the root tips and
squashed gently

Step 5
The slide was then viewed first using low power and
then high power of a microscope
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

6
*P62790A0616*
180

(a) (i) Give one reason why each of the following steps was taken.
(3)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Step 2 ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

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Step 4 ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

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Step 5 ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(ii) Explain one safety precaution that must be taken when carrying out this procedure.
(2)

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

7
*P62790A0716* Turn over
181

(b) Describe how the procedure shown in the flow chart could be used to investigate
the effect of pH on the mitotic index.
(5)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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8
*P62790A0816*
182

(c) The graph shows the results of an investigation into the effect of pH on mitotic index.

12
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

10

8
Mitotic
index (%) 6

0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
pH

(i) Draw a suitable table for the results shown in the graph.
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(3)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

9
*P62790A0916* Turn over
183

(ii) The photograph shows 35 cells from a root tip at one of the pH values investigated.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


Calculate the mitotic index of this root tip.
Using the graph, determine the pH at which this root tip was grown.
(3)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


Mitotic index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

10
*P62790A01016*
184

(iii) Explain why the mitotic index is affected by pH, as shown by the graph.
(4)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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(Total for Question 2 = 20 marks)


DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

11
*P62790A01116* Turn over
185

3 Antimicrobial chemicals can be used in food preservation to reduce the risk of food poisoning.
Antimicrobial chemicals derived from plants may be used in food preservation.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


An investigation was carried out to assess the antimicrobial properties of extracts
from five plants: clove, cumin, ginger, pomegranate and thyme.
Two types of bacteria were used, type A and type B.
Filter paper discs were placed in each extract for 10 minutes and then allowed to dry.
Five discs, one for each extract, were placed onto an agar plate spread with bacteria
of type A. This was repeated for bacteria of type B.
A control disc was added to each plate.
The diagram shows one agar plate after this procedure was completed.

disc with extract

agar spread with


bacteria

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


control disc

These plates were kept at 5 °C for two hours, and then incubated at 30 °C for 24 hours.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

12
*P62790A01216*
186

The diagram shows a typical result for one disc.

disc with extract


DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

bacterial growth
zone with no
bacteria

After this time, the antimicrobial effect was assessed by determining the area of the
zone with no bacteria (zone of inhibition).

(a) (i) State the dependent variable in this investigation.


(1)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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(ii) Suggest why the plates were kept at 5 °C, before they were incubated.
(1)

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

13
*P62790A01316* Turn over
187

(iii) Describe how the area of a zone of inhibition could be determined.


(2)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


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(iv) Describe the control disc used in this investigation.


(2)

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


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(b) The table shows the results of this investigation.

Area of zone of inhibition / mm2


Plant extract
Bacteria type A Bacteria type B
clove 196 111
cumin 71 0
ginger 186 0
pomegranate
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

269 158
thyme 243 0

14
*P62790A01416*
188

(i) Calculate the percentage difference between the inhibitory effect of clove
extract on type A and type B bacteria.
(2)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(ii) Plot a suitable graph to show the results of this investigation.


(5)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

15
*P62790A01516* Turn over
189

(iii) Comment on the results of this investigation into the preservation of food
using plant extracts.
(3)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


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(c) This method can be used to suggest that an extract has an antimicrobial effect.
Other factors can affect the size of the zone of inhibition.
State two factors, other than the antimicrobial effect, that could affect the area of
the zone of inhibition in this investigation.
(2)

1 . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 3 = 18 marks)


DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 50 MARKS

16
*P62790A01616*
190
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number


International
Advanced Level

Wednesday 15 January 2020


Morning (Time: 1 hour 20 minutes) Paper Reference WBI13/01

Biology
International Advanced Subsidiary / Advanced Level
Unit 3: Practical Skills in Biology I

You must have: Total Marks


Scientific calculator, ruler, HB pencil

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where
appropriate.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 50.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.

Turn over

*P60570A0116*
P60570A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/
191

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


1 Dietary vitamin C is an antioxidant that may be linked to the risk of cardiovascular
disease (CVD).

(a) Explain what is meant by this statement.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The vitamin C content of food and drink can be measured using DCPIP.
The concentration of vitamin C in a solution can be determined by finding the volume
of the solution that causes DCPIP to change colour.
The higher the concentration of vitamin C in the solution, the smaller the volume
needed to cause the colour change.
(i) Explain what happens to DCPIP in the presence of vitamin C.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2
*P60570A0216*
192

(ii) In an investigation, a student compared the vitamin C concentration of freshly


squeezed fruit juice and fruit juice stored in a carton.
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The table shows the results of this investigation.

Mean volume of Mean


fruit juice needed to concentration
Standard
Fruit juice decolourise 1 cm3 of 1% of vitamin C in
deviation
DCPIP solution fruit juice
/ cm3 / mg cm−3
fresh orange 2.2 6.8 1.0
fresh lemon 2.1 7.1 1.2
fresh lime 1.6 9.4 1.4
carton orange 12.0 1.3 0.2
carton lemon 26.1 0.2
carton lime 42.0 0.4 0.1
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The standard solution contained 10 mg of vitamin C per cm3.


1.5 cm3 of this standard solution decolourised 1 cm3 of 1% DCPIP.
Calculate the concentration of vitamin C in carton lemon juice.
(2)

Answer .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . mg cm–3


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3
*P60570A0316* Turn over
193

(iii) Calculate the concentration of vitamin C in lime juice from a carton as a


percentage of fresh lime juice.
(2)

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Answer ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(iv) The results in the table were plotted as a bar chart.


Complete the bar chart by labelling the axes and showing the standard deviation
for fresh orange juice and for orange juice from a carton.
(2)

10.0

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9.0

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0
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4
*P60570A0416*
194

(v) Comment on the vitamin C content of fresh juice compared with juice from a carton.
(3)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(Total for Question 1 = 13 marks)


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5
*P60570A0516* Turn over
195

2 In an investigation, the tensile strength of fibres from five plant species was determined.
The breaking force was measured by finding the mass in grams that would break the

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fibre.

(a) Describe a valid method that could be used to compare the breaking force of
these fibres.
(4)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6
*P60570A0616*
196

(b) To calculate the tensile strength of the fibre, the cross-sectional area has to be determined.
(i) Devise a method to determine the cross-sectional area of a fibre, using the
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following equipment:
• a sharp blade
• a microscope
• a microscope slide and coverslip
• an eyepiece graticule
• a stage micrometer.
(5)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7
*P60570A0716* Turn over
197

(ii) The breaking force and the cross-sectional area were used to determine the
tensile strength of fibres from five species of plant.

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The graph shows the results of this investigation.

600

500

400
Tensile strength
/ MPa 300

200

100

0
curaua jute coir piassava sisal
Fibre

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Draw a suitable table to show these results.
(3)

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8
*P60570A0816*
198

(iii) The breaking force of a jute fibre is 1.08 newtons.


Calculate the cross-sectional area of a jute fibre, using the information in the
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graph and the following formula

breaking force in newtons


Tensile strength =
cross-sectionall area in mm2
(3)

Answer ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm2

(Total for Question 2 = 15 marks)


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9
*P60570A0916* Turn over
199

3 Beetroot cells contain a red pigment called betalain. This pigment does not leak out
of the cells, unless their membranes are damaged.

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A student investigated the effect of detergent on beetroot cell membranes.
Discs of tissue were cut from a beetroot. Any betalain on the outside of the discs was removed.
One disc was placed into each of five test tubes, containing 0.2% detergent solution.
The five tubes were left for 30 minutes at 20 °C.
The discs were then removed carefully.
Betalain had leaked from the discs and formed a red solution in each test tube.
Light was shone through this solution. The percentage of the light transmitted
through the solution was recorded.
The same procedure was repeated using detergent concentrations of 0.0%, 0.5%,
1.0% and 2.0%.

(a) (i) State the independent variable in this investigation.

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(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State two abiotic (environmental) variables that should be controlled in this investigation.
(2)

1 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Choose one of the variables you named in (a)(ii) and state how it could be controlled.
(1)

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How it could be controlled .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iv) Explain why the discs were removed carefully.


(2)
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(v) Explain why five discs were used for each concentration of detergent.
(2)

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*P60570A01116* Turn over
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(b) The table shows the results of this investigation.

Concentration of Mean percentage of light

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detergent solution transmitted through the solution
(%) (%)
0.0 97

0.2 90

0.5 75

1.0 65

2.0 50

(i) Suggest why this investigation included a 0.0% detergent solution.


Use the information in the table to support your answer.
(1)

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(ii) Plot a line graph to show the relationship between detergent concentration
and percentage of light transmitted.
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Join the points with straight lines.


(4)
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*P60570A01316* Turn over
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(iii) Detergent permanently damages beetroot cell membranes.


Explain what will happen to the rate of loss of betalain if these discs are then

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transferred to test tubes of distilled water.
(3)

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(iv) In a second investigation, the effect of temperature on beetroot cell


membrane permeability was studied.
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The graph shows the results of the second investigation.

100

90

80

70

60
Percentage
of light 50
transmitted
(%) 40

30

20
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10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature / °C

Compare and contrast the effects of detergent concentration and temperature


on the leakage of betalain from beetroot cells.
(3)

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(v) Estimate the percentage of light transmitted at 80 °C.


Use the information in the graph and your own knowledge to support your answer.

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(3)

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(Total for Question 3 = 22 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 50 MARKS

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16
*P60570A01616*
206
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number


International
Advanced Level

Monday 4 May 2020


Morning (Time: 1 hour 20 minutes) Paper Reference WBI13/01

Biology
International Advanced Subsidiary / Advanced Level
Unit 3: Practical Skills in Biology I

You must have: Total Marks


Scientific calculator, ruler, HB pencil

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where
appropriate.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 50.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.

Turn over

*P62460A0120*
P62460A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/
207

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 Pieces of plant tissue, placed in a solution of salt (sodium chloride) in water, may gain
or lose mass or remain unchanged.
(a) Explain the changes that occur when the mass increases.
(3)

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208

(b) A student investigated the water potential of potato tissue by measuring the
change in mass of pieces of potato in a range of concentrations of salt solutions.
The table shows the results of this investigation.

Concentration Mean percentage


of salt solution change in mass
/ mol dm–3 (%)

0.0 +17.0

0.2 +8.0

0.4 –6.0

0.6 –14.0

0.8 –20.5

1.0 –25.0

(i) Describe a method that could have been used to obtain these results.
(5)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
*P62460A0420*
209

(ii) Plot a graph of these results and draw a straight line of best fit through
the points.
(4)

5
*P62460A0520* Turn over
210

(iii) The graph shows the water potential of different concentrations of salt solution.

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


0.0

–1.0

–2.0
Water
potential –3.0
/ MPa
–4.0

–5.0

–6.0
Concentration of salt solution / mol dm–3

Determine the water potential of the potato tissue used in this investigation.
Indicate on each graph how you arrived at your answer.
(2)

Answer ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MPa

6
*P62460A0620*
211

(c) A scientist investigated the effect of storage time on the water potential of
potato tubers.
The results of this investigation are shown in the graph.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.00

–0.10

–0.20
Water
potential
–0.30
/ MPa
–0.40

–0.50

–0.60

–0.70
Storage time / weeks

Explain these results.


(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 17 marks)

7
*P62460A0720* Turn over
212

2 The enzyme invertase breaks down sucrose into its two component monosaccharides.
(a) (i) Describe the structure of sucrose.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The effect of pH on the initial rate of the reaction catalysed by invertase was
investigated at 25 °C.
State the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Suggest why the temperature was kept at 25 °C.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Name one non‑biological (abiotic) variable, other than temperature, that
should be kept constant in this investigation.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
*P62460A0820*
213

(v) Describe how you would keep the variable you have named in (a)(iv) at a
constant value.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(vi) Explain why the initial rate of this reaction was determined.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(vii) Suggest how the initial rate of this reaction could be determined.
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9
*P62460A0920* Turn over
214

(b) The graph shows the results of this investigation.

100

80

Initial rate of
60
reaction as a
percentage of
the maximum
initial rate (%)
40

20

0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH

(i) Draw a suitable table to show these results.


(3)

10
*P62460A01020*
215

(ii) Criticise the conclusion that 5.5 is the optimum pH for this enzyme.
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11
*P62460A01120* Turn over
216

(c) Invertase is used in the food industry. Scientists wanted to increase the efficiency
of the enzyme to save time and money.
One way is to immobilise the enzyme by binding it to a surface. This stops the
enzyme molecules from moving.
The effect of temperature on immobilised invertase and non‑immobilised
invertase was investigated. The results are shown in the graph.

1600

1400

1200

1000
Invertase
800
activity / a.u.
600

400 immobilised
non-immobilised
200

0
30 40 50 60 70
Temperature / °C

Compare and contrast the effect of temperature on these two forms of invertase.
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 22 marks)

12
*P62460A01220*
217

3 This photograph, taken through a light microscope, shows three of the stomata on
the underside of a leaf.

Box A

(Source: John Adds)

(a) (i) Draw the cells within Box A on the photograph.


(3)

14
*P62460A01420*
218

(ii) An eyepiece graticule is shown over one of the pores.


Each of the smallest units on the graticule is 3 × 10–6 m.
Calculate the length of this pore in micrometres (μm).
(2)

Answer .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . μm

15
*P62460A01520* Turn over
219

(b) The area of a sample of pores in fossil leaves was investigated and the
means calculated.
These means were correlated with estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration at the time the fossil was formed.
The results are shown in the table.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide Mean area of Standard


concentration / ppm pore / μm2 deviation
250 200    1
550 240    2
700 2050 150
800 1800   70
1300 4100 160
2550 6300 1600

The data in the table were plotted on a graph.

8000

7000

6000

5000
Mean area of
4000
pore / μm2
3000

2000

1000

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration / ppm

16
*P62460A01620*
220

(i) Add the scale for carbon dioxide concentration to the graph.
(1)
(ii) Draw the standard deviation for the mean area of the pores 4100 μm2 and
6300 μm2 on the graph.
(1)
(iii) It was concluded that the mean areas of these pores were significantly different.
Justify this conclusion.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Predict the mean area of pores at a time in the Earth’s history when the
carbon dioxide concentration was 6500 ppm.
Use the equation y = mx + c, where m = 2.8 and c = –397.5
(2)

Answer ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . μm2

(Total for Question 3 = 11 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 50 MARKS

17
*P62460A01720*

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