RANDOM REVIEW- GEN.

ED: MAJOR ENGLISH

1. Manila Bulletin- oldest existing newspaper since 1900 in Phil.

2. Aliguyon- hero of Ifugao epic Hudhud
3. Bantugan- hero of Maranaw epic Darangen
4. Book burning- event marked the 1st literary demonstration in Phil.
5. Mi Ultimo Adios- Rizal’s best work
6. Social Aspect- focus of MAKAMISA
7. Song of Hiawatha- epic of U.S. by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
8. Bidasari- Mindanao (adapted by the Muslims of Sulu)
9. Biag-ni-Lam-ang- Ilokano
10. Hudhud and Alim - Ifugao
11. Ibalon- Bikolano
12. Battle Horn- most cherished weapon of a boy in The Song of Roland
13. Children of God- A novel tells the story of Joseph Smith and how founded the
Mormon
religion in Utah.
14. Theogony- origin of Gods in mythology.
15. Theomanchy- battle among the gods of supremacy between good and evil in
mythologies.
16. Titanomachy-the war between the Titans and Olympian gods.
17. Theophany- visible appearance of a god to a man.
18. Amphion- son of Zeus and Antiope who built a wall around Thebes by charming the
stones into place with a lyre.
19. Ahasuerus- the Wandering Jew in Eugene Sue’s novel.
20. Athena- Zeus’ favorite daughter, goddess of cities, civilization, and wisdom.
Greek Mythology Roman Mythology Norse
Mythology/NorthGermanic
Zeus (god of heavens/sky) Jupiter Ymir- Ancestor of Giants
Poseidon (god of sea) Neptune Odin- King of the Aesir Gods
Hades (god of underworld) Pluto Frigg- Queen of the Aesir Gods
Athena (goddess of wisdom) Minerva Thor- Loyal defender of Asgard/
Aphrodite (goddess of love) Venus God of thunder & humanity
Aletheia (goddess of truth) Veritas Vidar- Silent God of Vengeance
Artemis (goddess of hunt) Diana Tyr- God of War
Hermes (the messenger God) Mercury Balder-God of Light and Purity
Ares (god of war) Mars Loki- God of deception/has ability
Hephaestus (god of forge) Vulcan to transform into animals.
Hera (goddess of marriage) Juno Heimdall-(white God) Asgards
guardian
Hestia (goddess of hearth) Vesta Sif- Thor’s wife; beauty, love, fertility
G.
21. Gilgamesh- oldest existing epic in history of mankind.
22. Homer- Iliad and Odyssey. (greatest epic writer in Greece).
23. Kung-fu-tzu- (Confucius) greatest philosopher in East. (Analects).
24. Deus Ex Machina-(God of the machines). Intervention of the Gods.
25. Plato- greatest Greek philosopher.
26. Valmiki- Ramayana is attributed to him. Ramayana is the 2nd longest epic with
96,000
lines or 24,000 couplets divided into seven books.
27. Euripides- writer of MEDEA, a tragedy play.
28. Vaisampayana- narrated Mahabharata.
29. Bhagavad Gita-(song of the Gods), conclusion of Mahabharata.
30. Aeneid- one of the greatest epics of Rome by Virgil.
31. Kalidasa- the “Indian Shakespeare” greatest Indian writer of all time; wrote
Shakuntala.
32. Rubaiyat- poem by Omar Khayyam.
33. Mahabharata- Indian longest epic attributed to Vyasa.
34. Rig Veda- Indian collection of sacred hymns, the oldest Sanskrit lit.
34. Upanishad- collection of Indian Sacred Text.
35. Nibelungenlied- greatest medieval German epic.
36. Rabindranath Tagore- Cabuliwallah: greatest Indian writer.
37. Gitanjali- by R. Tagore.
38. The Tale of Genji- by Lady Murasaki Shikibu, one of greatest literary
works in Japan.
39. Antigone- a play in the 3rd part of Greek playwright Sophocles.
40. Pilandok- Maranao
41. Oedipus- by Sophocles, gouges his own eyes after his mother’s death.
42. Art of War- a manual attributed to Sun-Tzu, (Confucius’ contemporary).
43. Kabuki- drama of Japanese bourgeoisie.
44. Aristophanes-Lysistrata (comedy) writer, brilliant stylist in Greek verse.
45. Song of Roland- by Turold, written in Medieval period A.D. 450-1300.*
46. Francois Villion- greatest poet of medieval period. Wrote “Testament 1461. Was thief,
Murderer and prison inmate. *
47. Beowulf-oldest and the national epic in England; 1st great work of English
literature.^
48. Francois Rabelais- wrote ‘Gargantua’, pioneered the rebirth in France. *
49. Michel de Montaigne- father of Essay. *
50. Francis Bacon- father of English Essays.
51. Pierre de Ronsard- considered the prince of Renaissance poets. *
52. Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux- wrote “The Art of Poetry”, founder of Literary Criticism.
Said: poem must have reason, proportion, and harmony.^
53. Pierre Cornellie-wrote “The Cid” 1637, about conflict between Duty and Passion: one
of the 2 great dramatists of this time. ^
54. Jean Racine- wrote “Andromache” 1667. ^
55. Voltaire- wrote “Dictionnaire Philosophique” 1764, and tragedies in classical mode
and
light verse. *
56. Charles de Montesquieu-“The Spirit of Laws”, adopted method of comparative
analysis.
57. Jean Jacques Rousseau- “The Social Contract”, “Return to Nature”, forerunner of
romanticism and naturalism. *
58. Jonathan Swift- wrote Gulliver’s Travels, A modest proposal. A Tale of a Tub. *
59. Daniel Defoe- Robinson Crusoe , Moll Flanders. *
60. John Locke- essay on Human Understanding. *
61. Charles Baudelaire- “The Flowers of Evil” 1857, Song of Autumn,. He was
determined
to create beauty out of morbid and horrific things. ^
62. Madame George Sand- Exemplified romanticism in its most individualistic sense. ^
63. Stendhal- injected the dominant role of passion in a romantic novel. ^
64. Victor Hugo- wrote “The Hunchback of Notre Dame”, “Les Miserables”.
Representative
of the romantic credo, evocated medieval Parisian life as seen in his works. ^
65. William Wordsworth –The Prelude, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud also known as
Daffodils’, The White Doe of Rylstone, My Heart Leaps Up, & She Dwelt Among the
Untrodden Ways.^
66. Samuel Taylor Coleridge- Kubla Khan, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. ^
67. Gustave Flaubert- wrote “Madame Bovary”, focused on realism. ^
68. Guy de Maupassant- Father of short story, wrote The Necklace. ^
69. Jean Paul Sartre- led existentialist movement in France.*
70. Dante Alighieri-Divine Comedy, ‘Inferno’, which consist of hell, purgatory & heaven.*
71. Petrarch- wrote Canzonierre, sonnets and songs, humanism forerunner..
72. Giovanni Boccaccio- wrote Decameron; Italian counterpart of Geoffrey Chaucer;
friend
and admirer of Petrarch..
73. Niccolo Machiavelli- author of “The Prince”, a unique political work..
74. Jane Austen- Pride & Prejudice, Sense & Sensibility, Mansfield Park, Emma,
 Persuasion; A lady(pen name).*
75. Mary Shelley- author of Frankenstein.*
76. Antoine de St.-Exupery- The Little Prince.
77. Aristophanes-comedy play writer appears amidst 3Greek tragedians. AES
78. Song of Hildebrand-written in alliterative verse fragment.(Med-Ger. Lit.)
79. Heliand-written as counterpart of “The Song of Hildebrand”
80. Ecbasis Captivi- considered the very 1st fable in Germany.
81. Hroswitha von Gandersheim- 1st German writer.
82. Wolfram Von Eschenbach- wrote Parzival (1210).
83. Martin Luther- translated Bible to German.
84. Seneca- modeled the 2 types of drama in 17th century.
85. Emile Bronte- Wuthering Heights ,(Ellis bell) pen name.*
86. Charlotte Bronte-“Jane Eyre”,eldest of Bronte sisters.(Currer bell) pen name. *
87. Anne Bronte- Agnes Grey; The Tenant of Wildfell Hall 1848;youngest Bronte. (Acton
bell) pen name. *
88. Rudyard Kipling- wrote If, The Jungle Book. *
89. Lewis Carroll-(true name:Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) wrote Alice’s Adventures in
Wonderland, Through the Looking Glass;The Walrus &Carp.
90. Robert Louis Stevenson- Treasure Island; Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll &
Mr. Hyde; Kidnapped; A Child’s Garden of Verses. *
91. Oscar Wilde- The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891); The Importance of Being
Earnest(1895); The Happy Prince; Lady Windermere’s Fan. *
92. Elizabeth Barrett Browning- How do I Love Thee?(Sonnet 43, 1845)a sonnet from
the
Portuguese; Let me Count the Ways: Aurora Leigh (1856). *
93. Charles Dickens- A Christmas Carol; A Tale of Two Cities; Great Expectations; The
Pickwick Papers; Oliver Twist; Nicholas Nickleby; regarded greatest novelist of
Victorian era.
94. Leo Tolstoy- War and Peace (about Napoleonic war); Anna Karenina;^
95. Anton Chekhov- Plays: Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters & Cherry Orchard.
Stories: The Chameleon, Vanka 1886, Kashtanka, Gooseberries, The Darling. He
coined the term “Brevity is the sister of talent”, A Day in a Country. his plays are
about isolation & despair.
Russia’s greatest dramatist.
96. Mark Twain- (true name Samuel Langhorne Clemens) wrote The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. ^
97. Henrik Ibsen- A Doll’s House, Brand, Hedda Gabler. First play, Catilina Father of
realism. Father of modern drama.^
98. Geoffrey Chaucer- Canterbury Tales, The Book of the Duchess. Morning Star of
English
Literature. Father of English Lit.
99. Thomas Malory- Le Morte d’ Arthur.
100. Christopher Marlowe- Dr. Faustus, Tamburlaine the Great, The Jew of Malta, Edward
the Second, & Dido. Known as the father of TRAGEDY.
101. William Shakespeare- Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, Othello,
King Lear, Bard of Avon; Merchant of Venice & Sonnets; The Tempest. Greatest
writer in English language. He then referred to as the Bard of Avon.
102. Virginia Woolf- Mrs. Dalloway, A Room of One’s Own, To the Lighthouse writer.
103. George Orwell- Animal Farm, 1984, The Lion and the Unicorn, Down & Out in Paris
& London. The Road to Wigan Pier.
104. William Golding- Lord of the Flies, The Inheritors, The Spire (1964).
105. Roald Dahl- Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, The Witches, The Magic
Finger.The BFG.
106. Alan Moore- Batman: The Killing Joke; From Hell; Lost Girls; Jerusalem, Vendetta.
107. Ben Jonson- author of Song: to Celia(lyric poem), The Alchemist, Volpone.
108. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow- wrote A Psalm of Life; The Midnight Ride of Paul
Revere, Evangeline and Hiawatha.
109. Washington Irving- author of Rip Van Winkle; The Legend of Sleepy Hollow; Tales
of
 the Alhambra; The Sketch Book.
110. Ralph Waldo Emerson- wrote Self Reliance; The American Scholar (1837); The
Lord’s
Supper..
111. Edgar Allan Poe- Author of The Raven; Annabel Lee; The Fall of the House of Usher;
The Black Cat; The Tell-Tale Heart; The Cask of Amontillado. Father of Detective Stories.
112. Noah Webster- wrote “American Dictionary of the English Language American
Lexicographer.
113. Henry David Thoreau-Walden or Life in the Woods(1854) , Civil Disobedience.
114. Emily Dickinson- Because I could not Stop for Death; I’m Nobody!, Who are you?;
Success is counted Sweetest. After Great Pain, A Formal Feeling Comes
(Transcedentalist)..
115. Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass(1855); O Captain!, My Captain!; Song of Myself..
116. Nathaniel Hawthorne- The Scarlet Letter(puritanism)1850; The House of the Seven
Gables; Young Goodman Brown; The Birthmark.
117. Herman Melville- wrote Moby Dick (1851); Billy Budd; Capitaine Achab..
118. Harriet Beecher Stowe- Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)..
119. Captain John Smith- Pocahontas; The Generall Historie of Virginia; The True
Travels.
120. John Winthrop- printed History of New England.*
121. William Bradford-published History of Plymouth Plantation 1856.
122. Edward Johnson-printed his version of History of New England 1654.
123.Thomas Morton- wrote The New English Canaan 1637.
124. William Byrd-published History of the Dividing Line 1841.
125. Michael Wigglesworth-wrote poem Day of Doom 1662.
126. Ann Bradstreet- wrote poem The 10th Muse Lately Sprung up in America 1650.
127. Thomas Shepard- wrote the autobiography The Sincere Convert 1640.
128. Jonathan Edwards-wrote his autobiography The Personal Narrative 1765.
129. Mary Rowlandson- wrote the narrative Captivity and Restoration 1682.
130. Cotton Mather- wrote Magnalia Christi Americana 1620.
131. Benjamin Franklin- wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac 1732.*
132. Jonathan Mayhew- wrote A Discourse concerning submission and non-resistance to
higher powers; sermons about political tracts of the patriots.
133. James Otis-wrote 5 controversial pamphlets. The Rights of British Colonies Asserted
and Proved.
134. John Dickinson- wrote a series of letters published as A Farmer Pennsylvania.
135. John Adams- wrote “A Dissertation on Cannon and Feudal Law” 1765.
136. Thomas Paine- pamphlet “Common Sense”.
137. John Trambull- satire author “M’ Fingal” 1775. Artwork: Declaration of
Independence.
138. Philip Freneau- author of poem On the Rising Glory of America 1772.
139. Phillis Wheatley- “Poems on Various Subjects”. African American slave considered
America’s first important black female writer.
140. William Godfre- wrote the 1st play “Prince of Parthia” 1765.
141. Royal Tyler- wrote the 1st comedy “The Contrast” 1787 this introduced “Jonathan”
the first stage Yankee.
142. Thomas Jefferson- wrote the “Declaration of Independence 1787-1788.
143. Joel Barlow- author of epic “The Columbiad” 1807.
144. William Hill Brown- wrote “The Power of Sympathy” 1789.
145. Susanna Rowson- wrote “Charlotte Temple” 1791.
146. Hugh H. Brackenridge- author of Modern Chivalry 1792-1815.
147. Charles Brockden Brown- 1st professional novelist wrote Wieland 1798.
148. William Cullen Bryant- wrote “Thanatopsis” 1817.
149. James Fenimore Cooper-wrote “The Last of the Mohicans” and the “Spy” 1821.
150. William Dean Howells- author of “The Rise of Silas Lapham” 1885.
151. Henry James- author of The Portrait of a Lady” 1881.Wrote works with
psychological
Realism.
152. Booker T. Washington- wrote “Up From Slavery” 1901.
153. James Weldon Johnson- wrote The Ex-colored Man 1912.
154. W.E.B. Du Bois- author The Souls of Black Folk 1903.
155. Stephen Crane- author of The Red Badge of Courage; The Voice of the
Mountain;start of Ame. Naturalism.
156. Carl Sandburg- wrote “I am the People” and “The Mob”.
157. T.S. Eliot- (Thomas Sterns Eliot) wrote the poem “The Waste Land” 1922; The
Hollow Men; Preludes. Advocate of Imagism with Ezra Pound, Wallace etc.
158. Jack London- true name (John Griffith Chaney); “The Call of the Wild”; “The Martin
Eden” 1909 which showed social rejection.
159. EE Cummings- (Edward Estlin Cummings)- Enormous Room; I Carry your Heart
with Me book; Since Feeling is First 1926; poet debunked grammar rules.*
160. William Faulkner- wrote “The Sound and the Fury 1929”;”As I Lay Dying” 1930: “A
Rose for Emily” 1930.*
161. Ernest Hemingway- For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940; Farewell to Arms 1929; The Old
Man and the Sea 1952; The Sun Also Rises; Hills Like White Elephants.*
162. F. Scott Fitzgerald- (Francis Scott Key F.) The Great Gatsby 1925; The Curious
Case of Benjamin Button. *
163. Sinclair Lewis- Babbit 1922;*
164. Aleksandr Pushkin- one of the 1st poets who emerged during the 19th century.
165. Nikolai Gogol- introduced realism as reaction of romanticism.
166. Ivan Turgenev- Sportsman Sketches 1847 about serf of life; has six novels
including “Father and Sons”.
167. Fyodor Dostoyevsky- Crime and Punishment.
168. Kojiki- record of Ancient Matters. Man’ yoshu was written in mid 8th century.
169. Sun-Tzu- The Art of War.
170. Confucius-author of the Golden Rule; founder of civil service exa.
171. Lao-Tze- founder of Taoism; the concept of Yin Yang.
172. Sir Thomas Wyatt- introduced sonnet to England.
173. John Skelton- a vigorous satirist & sometimes a delightful lyricist.
174. Thomas More- Utopia; Richard III 1513; A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation;
a statesman, humanist, and a scholar.
175. Richard Hooker- wrote Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Politie.-Elizabethan prose.^
176. Thomas Derek & Stephen Gosson- prominent satirist & pamphleteers.
177. Sir Walter Raleigh- launched History of the World.
178. Raphael Holinshed- inspired most of Shakespeare’s works.
179. John Suckling- (cavalier poets).
180. Thomas Browne- Religio Medici 1642. Greatest prose writer.
181. John Milton- Paradise Lost 1660; The Fashionable Comedy of Manners.
182. Alexander Pope- The rape of Lock 1712; Essay on Criticism 1711; Dunciad. O.T.
183. John Gay- wrote “Beggar’s Opera”.
184. James Thomson- The Seasons
185. William Collins and William Cowper- wrote poems about quiet domestic themes.
186. Thomas Gray- wrote “Elegy Written in Country Churchyard”.
187. William Blake- wrote “Prophetic Books”; The Marriage of Heaven & Hell; Songs of
Innocence; Songs of Experience & lyric poems.
188. Laurence Stern- wrote “The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman””
189. Samuel Richardson- wrote the long novel “Pamela”; “Clarissa Harlowe”.
190. Henry Fielding- wrote “Tom Jones 1749.
191. Tobias Smollett- Peregrine Pickle 1751 & Humphrey Clicker 1771.
192. Oliver Goldsmith- wrote “Vicar of Wakefield.
193. Fanny Burney- Evelina; 1st female English novelist.
194. Samuel Taylor Coleridge- Kubla Khan; The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. R.P.
195. Lory Byron- wrote Don Juan.
196. Percy Bysshe Shelley- wrote Cenci 1819; Ode to the West Wind.
197. John Keats- Ode on a Grecian Urn; Ode to a Nightingale; To Autumn; published
Endymion 1818. (R.P.)
198. Sir Walter Scott-Ivanhoe; The Lay of the Last Minstrel;Marmion; Rob Boy; Waverly.
199. Benjamin Disraeli- Vivian Grey 1826; Coningsby; Sybil; Tancred 1847. (R.N.)
200. William Makepeace Thackeray- Vanity Fair, Pendennis, Henry Esmond, The
 Newcomes, The Luck of Barry London.
201. Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell- Cranford, Mary Barton, North and South.
202. George Eliot- (true: Mary Ann Evans) Silas Marner 1861 ; Adam Bede 1859; The
Mill on the Floss; Middlemarch; Daniel Deronda 1876.
203. George Meredith- “The Ordeal of Richard Feverel
204. Samuel Butler- The Way of all Flesh 1903; Erewhon; Life and Habit.
205. George Robert Gissing- New Grub Street 1891; The Odd Women 1893.
206. D.H. Lawrence-(David Herbert Lawrence) Sons and Lovers; The Women in Love;
The Fox; The Rainbow; Lady Chatterley’s Lover.
207. H.G. Wells-(Herbert George Wells) The Invisible Man; The Time Machine; The War
of the Worlds 1897.
208. Venerable Bede- Ecclesiastical History of the English People.
209. Robert Browning- My Last Duchess; Fra Lippo Lippi; Meeting at Night.
210. Martin Luther King Jr- I have a Dream
211. Clarice Lispector- The Hen;
212. Gabriel Garcia Marquez- Someone Has Touched These Roses; One Hundred Years
of Solitude;
213. Jorge Luis Borges- The Disk
214. Mario Benedetti- When we were Kids; The Truce
215. Jay Mclnerney- Bright Lights, Big City; Brightness Falls.
216. Shirley Jackson- The Lottery
217. Craig Raine- A Martian Sends a Postcard Home; How Snow Falls.
218. Luis Bernardo Honwana- Hands of the Black.
219. Anne Terry White- The Gorgon’s Head; All About Stars.
220. Nick Pontikis- Daedalus and Icarus.
221. Arthur Miller- Death of a Salesman; The Crucible writer.
222. Italo Calvino- If on a Winter’s Nigh a Traveller; Invisible Cities.
223. E. B. White- (Elwyn Brooks White) Charlotte’s Web; Stuart Little.
224. Jean Webster- Daddy Long Legs; Dear Enemy; When Patty Went to College.
225. Edna St. Vincent Millay- Travel.
226. Lorie Moore- How to Become a Writer.
227. R.A. Montgomery- Choose Your Own Adventure; Journey Under the Sea.
228. Anne Frank- (Annelies Marie/diarist) The Diary of a Young Girl; The Diary of Anne
Frank 1959.
229. Eva Ibbotson- The Journey to the River Sea; The Star of Kazan.
230. Rasaq Malik- In Another World
231. Pablo Neruda- (Ricardo Eliezer Neftali Reyes y Basoalto) One Hundred Love
Sonnets XVII; Memoirs, The United Fruit Co.
232. Octavio Paz- The Labyrinth of Solitude; No more Cliches (A love for Women).
233. Chinua Achebe- Marriage is a Private Affair; Things Fall Apart
234. Alice Walker- The Color Purple
235. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o- Weep Not, Child
236. John Pepper Clark-Bekederemo- Song of a Goat
237. Wole Soyinka- Death and King’s Horseman; Telephone Conversation. 1st Nigerian
writer awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986.
238. Nadine Gordimer- The Moment Before the Gun Went Off; Burger’s Daughter.
239. European Folktale- Prince Kindhearted (Polish)
240. Asian Folktale- Who was the Sinner (Chinese)
241. South American Folktale- The Disobedient Son
242. Australian Folktale- Wayambeth the Turtle
243. Maya Angelou- Equality; And Still I Rise; I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings; On
the Pulse of Morning.
244. O. Henry-(William Sydney Porter real name)-The Gift of Magi; The Last Leaf;
245. Hans Christian Andersen- The Little Match Girl. Emperor’s New Clothes.
246. David Diop- Africa, My Africa
247. Roland Tombekai Dempster- Africa’s Plea
248. Aesop- The Hare & the Turtoise; The Boy who cried Wolf; The Wolf in Sheep’s
Clothing.
249. Joseph Condrad- Nostromo
250. Franz Kafka- The Trial, The Castle
251. James Joyce- Ulysses 1882
252. Robert Frost- The Road Not Taken; Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening.
253. E.M. Forster- A Passage to India
254. William Butler Yeats- Under Ben Buiben
255. Natsume Soseki- Kokoro
256. Marcel Proust- Remembrance of Things Past; In the Search of Lost Time
257. Thomas Mann- The Magic Mountain
258. Eugene O Neil – Mouming Becomes Electra, The Iceman Cometh, Long Day’s
Journey into Night.
259. Aldous Ruxley- Brave New World
260. Kawabata Yasunari- Beauty and Sadness
261. Jorge Luis Borges- Labyrinths; Dreamtigers
262. Vlademir Nabokov- Lolita, Pale Fire
263. R.K. Narayan-The English Teacher; The Vendor of Sweets
264. Samuel Beckett- Waiting for Godot, Endgame, Krapp’s Last Tape
265. Tanizaki Junichiro- The Makioka Sisters
266. H. Auden- The Nightmare of the Dark
267. Albert Camus- The Myth of Sisyphus
268. Saul Bellow- The Adventures of Augie March, Humboldt’s Gift.
269. Aleksander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn- The First Circle; Cancer Ward.
270. Thomas Khun- The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
271. Mishima Yukio- Confessions of a Mask, The Temple of the Golden Pavilion
272. John Bunyan- Pilgrims Progress; The Life and Death of Mr. Badman; The Holy War.
273. Lous-Ferdinand Celine- Journey to the End of the Night
274. John Buchan- The Thirty-Nine Steps; The Three Hostages.
275. Ford Madox Ford- The Good Soldier; Parade’s End
276. Kenneth Grahame- The Wind in the Willows; The Golden Age
277. Jack London- The Call of the Wild; The Story of Keesh; To Build a Fire
278. Erskine Childers- The Riddle of the Sands
279. Thomas Hardy- Jude the Obscure
280. George Grossmith- The Diary of a Nobody
281. Jerome K. Jerome- Three Men in a Boat
282. Henry James- The Portrait of a Lady
283. Little Women- Features Josephine “Jo” March
284. Honore De Balzac novel- Dangerous Liasons
285. Anne Rice- Interview with a Vampire
286. William Ernest Henley- Invictus
287. Alfred Lord Tennyson- Crossing the Bar
288. Thomas Moore- Believe Me, If All Those Endearing Young Charms.
289. Matsuo Basho- regarded as the greatest haiku poet.
290. Robert Penn Warren- All the King’s Men
291. Johana Rudolf- Swiss Family Robinson
292. Henry Sienkiewicz- Quo Vadis
293. Helen Keller- The Story of My Life
294. Samuel Johnson- Described as “arguably the most distinguished man of letters in
English history.
295. Washington Irving- The Alhambra; father of American literature.
296. Edgar Lew Wallace- Ben Hur
297. Edmund Rostand-Cyrano de Bergerac
298. Zane Grey- The Vanishing American
299. Paz Marquez Benitez- Dead Stars (known to be the very 1st successful short story
in English written 1925). The Cloister and The Hearth.
300. Alice Low- Orpheus
301. Olivia Coolidge- Arachne
302. Catherine F. Sellew- How Odin Lost His Eye
303. Francisco Petrarch’s, The Canzoniere Featured Sonnets: Laura, The White Doe &
Spring.
304. Alexander Dumas- The Three Musketeers
305. Ronald C. Israel- What Does It Mean to be a Global Citizen.
306. John Fandel- Cycle
307. Scarlett Bailey- The Night Before Christmas
308. Fulton J. Sheen- Love
309. Paulo Coelho- the Story of the Pencil
310. Yehuda Amichai-The Diameter of a Bomb
***. Awit- popular Phil. secular poetry in dodesyllabic quatrains.
***. Korido- popular Phil. Secular poetry in octosyllabic quatrains.
***. Moro-moro- type of drama focus on conflict between Christians and the Moros.
***. Ladino- a person who could read & write in Spanish and Tagalog.
***. 17- letters of Alibata.
***. Ninay- 1st Fil. social novel written by Pedro Paterno.
***. Kundiman- pag-iibigan sa Tagalog.
***. Balitaw- pag-iibigan sa Bisaya.
***. Tulinda- Pagtatanim
***. Umbay- Paglilibing
***. Of Studies- from which F. Bacon’s essay which the line taken “Some books are to
be tasted, others are to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested”.
***. O Captain! My Captain!- This poem commemorates the life of a public leader,
Abraham Lincoln.
***. Yasunari Kawabata- Japanese poet who won the Nobel prize for literature 1968.
***. Without Seeing the Dawn- Stevan Javellana’s 1947 novel that captured the moving
tale of the cruelty and the bravery of the war years.
***. Cavalier Poems- poems are often erotic and espouse CAPE DIEM or (seize the day).
***. Romeo and Juliet- line found stated “Good night, good night! Parting is such a
sweet sorrow that I shall say good night till it be morrow”? from Shakespeare.
***. Renaissance- period of English literature literally means “rebirth” in French.
***. Middle Ages- era of knights, chivalry, and castles in English literature.
***. The King James Bible- regarded as the most influential book in the history of
English civilization.
***. Atin Cu PungSingsing- folk song that originated in Pampanga.
***. Panchatantra- collection of Indian fables originally written in Sanskrit.
***. Brothers Grimm- Ashputtel
***. Edna Ferber- Saratoga Trunk; Cimarron. Greatest woman novelist of the period.
***. Salvador Dali- Hidden Faces.
***. A. M. Rosenthal- (Abraham Michael) The Story of a Saint.
***. Maragtas- from Panay
***. Indarapatra and Sulayman- from Maranaw
***. Kerima Polotan Tuvera- wrote “The Virgin”
311. Pascual Poblete- Father of Tagalog Newspapers (Filipino Authors that follows***)
312. Genoveva Edroza Matute- “Kwento ni Mabuti”;1st Palanca Awardee for short story.
313. Dionisio Salazar- 1st Palanca Awardee for Play.
314. Ambrosio Bautista- author of Declaration of Phil. Independence.
315. Leona Florentino- 1st poetess of the Philippines.
316. Angel Magahum- called the Literary Colussus of the Visayas.
316. Tomas Pinpin- Prince of Filipino printers or the Patriarch of Filipino Printing.
317. Severino Reyes- (Lola Basyang) Alamat ng Lamok;Father of Filipino Drama.
319. Epifanio Delos Santos-greatest among the great Filipino scholars.
320. Lakambini Sitoy- Sweet Haven; Mens Rea; Touch; Jungle Planet.
321. Ibrahim Jubaria- The Blue Blood of Big Astana (deformity)
322. Susan Lara- The Reprieve
323. Edilberto K. Tiempo- Morsepugo wherever you are: The Witch. Finalities Seawrite
Awardee.
324. Bienvenido Santos- “The Contender”-boxer blindness: The Day the Dancers Came:
Courage UP graduate. Filipino migrant whose fiction stories reflect the Filipino’s
concept of American culture.
325. Arturo Rotor- At Last This Fragrance; The Wound and the Scar.
326. Manuel Arguilla- How my Brother Leon brought home a Wife; Morning in
Nagrebcan; Caps and Lower Case;
327. Ophelia Dimalanta-Polyester Woman; UST writing chair;the goddess of Phil. Poetry.
328. Michelle Cruz Skinner- Television Man
329. Gregorio C. Brillantes- Faith, Love, Time and Dr. Lazaro;
330. Francisco Arcellana- The Mats. A very versatile writer.
331. Carlos Bulosan- The Laughter of my Father; America is in the Heart(1946 literary
work that tells the painful reality of American dream).
332. Marian Villanueva- Mayor of the Roses; Ginseng and other Tales from Manila.
333. Carlos Ojeda Aureus- Typhoon
334. Merlinda Bobis- Fish Hair Woman; White Turtle.
335. Pedro Serrano Laktaw- Filipino tutor of Spanish King.
336. Clemente Zulueta- Historian of the Revolution.
337. Deogracias Rosario- Ama ng maiikling kwentong Tagalog ng bansa.
338. Lope K. Santos- Banaag at Sikat: Father of the Filipino Grammar.
339. Francisco Balagtas- Florante at Laura: Ama ng Makatang Tagalog.
340. Amado Hernandez- Mga Ibong Mandaragit: Makata ng Manggagawa.
341. Valeriano Pena- Ama ng nobelang Tagalog.
342. Modesto de Castro- Urbana at Felisa; Ama ng Tuluyang Klasika; Kinting Kulirat p.n
343. Jose Corazon de Jesus- poet of the love: Unang hari ng balagtasan. Huseng
Batute:pen name.
344. Apolinario Mabini- Dekalogo/ Paralitico/ Dakilang Lumpo.
345. Lualhati Bautista- Bata, Bata, Pa’no Ka Ginawa?; Dekada 70.
346. Zoilo Galang- A child of sorrow( 1st novel in English written in 1921
347. Nick Joaquin-; The Woman Who Had Two Navels; A History for the Young.
348. Pedro Bukaneg- Biag-ni-Lam-ang; Ama ng Panitikang Ilokano.
349. Jose Garcia Villa- Art for arts Sake;The Anchored Angel; The Emperor’s New
Sonnet; Footnote to Youth. known as doveglion. Phil. National artist awardee for
Literature and called the “comma poet” for extensively using commas in his works.
350. Marcelino Angana Jr.- New Yorker in Tondo.
351. Eriberto Gumban- Ama ng Panitikang Bisaya.
352. Padre Gaspar Aquino de Belen- Ama ng Pasyong Pilipino
353. Aurelio Tolentino- Ama ng Dulang Kapampangan.
354. Jose P. Rizal- Makata at Nobelista ng Propaganda.
355. Isabelo delos Reyes- Mamamahayag ng Propaganda.
356. Dominador Gomez- Mananalumpati ng Propaganda.
357. Jose Villa Panganiban- Kastilaloy
358. Maragtas- known as epic of Visaya.
359. Luis San Pedro- famous composer from Angono, Rizal & was given Natl. Artist
Award.
360. Tony Perez- Pork Empanada.
361. N.V.M. Gonzales- The Bread of Salt: Seven Hills Away: Tha Bamboo Dancers.
362. Edith L. Tiempo- The Tracks of Babylon: A Blade of Fern:
363. Carlos P. Romulo- I Am a Filipino
364. Alejandro R. Roces- My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken
365. Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero- In Unity
366. Jose LaVilla Tierra- Ballad of a Mother’s Heart
367. Amador Daguio- Quietness
368. Yay Panlilio- (Valeria)- The Crucible
369. Celso Carunungan- Biyaya ng Lupa(Blessings of the Land)
370. Inigo Ed Regalado- Sampaguitang Walang Bango 1921; Kung Magmahal ang
Dalaga 1911; Madaling Araw; Huling Pagluha.
371. Felix R. Hidalgo- (impressionist) Las Virgenes Christianas; La Barca de Aqueronte;
One of the greatest Filipino painters. Is also famous for The Artist & his Model.^^^
372. Diosdado Lorenzo- Art Rebel to Legend;visual artist
373. Victorio C. Edades- (modernist) The Sketch; The Builders; The Wrestlers. Father of
modern art in the Phil./father of modern Phil. Painting.
374. Vicente Manansala- (cubism) Planting Rice 1967; Madonna of the Slums 1950
375. Hernando R. Ocampo- modernist) Filipino natl. artist in visual arts.
376. Damian Domingo- father of Phil. Painting.
377. Salvador Lopez- former foreign minister of the Phils. And the pres. of U.P.
378. Pablo Picasso- Guernica; The Old Guitarist
379. Leonardo da Vinci- The Last Supper ; Mona Lisa painter.
380. Juan Luna- Spoliarium
381. Michaelangelo- pieta
382. Fernando C. Amorsolo- (impressionist) planting rice; Dalagang Bukid; Fruit
Gatherer. Nicknamed,
The Grand old man of the Phil. Art.
383. Demetrio Diego- Capas painter.
384. Fabian dela Rosa- painted Women Working in a Rice field. regarded as master of
genre in Phil. Art.
385. Leandro V. Locsin- designed Church of the Holy Sacrifice in U.P. Diliman.
Celebrated architect of the Phil.
386. Guillermo Tolentino- designed Bonifacio Monument. Known for portrait sculpture.
387. Angel Nakpil- (Ernesto Sancho) commissioner of the City Planning Office of Manila.
389. Napoleon Abueva- father of modern Phil. Sculpture.
390. Juan Nakpil- designed Quiapo Church in Manila.
391. Cesar Concio- 1st university architect of U.P.Baclaran Church in Paranaque.^^^

LITERARY CRITICISMS/MOVEMENTS

392. Transcedentalism- 19th century Religious, literary, political movement/ of

writers that evolved from New England. The spiritual connection between humans
& nature was a driving force in this movement. The American Renaissance also
known as American Romantic Movement gives birth to.***
Writers: Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Louisa May Alcott
393. Romanticism- a late 18th to early 19th century movement that sought to break
from
the previous Age of Reason; brings us back to the adoration of nature. Both
realism and naturalism opposed to.
Romanticism writers: John Keats, Mary Shelley, Edgar Allan Poe,Samuel Taylor Coleridge
394. Naturalism- notes that we should let nature take its course.
395. Realism- literary movement in America that looks through life as it is.
Writers N-R: Jack London, Henry James, Willa Cather, & Edith Wharton
396. Classicism- 18th century movement pertains to the Greek and Roman antiquity.
Writers: Homer, Cicero, Aeneid, Virgil, Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine,Euripides, TS. E
397. Surrealism- French movement that uses surprising images and transitions to play
off to formal expectations and depict the unconscious rather than conscious mind.
Writers: Salvador Dali, Andre Breton, Leonora Carrington, Simone Yoyotte.
398. Post Modernism-postwar movement skeptical of absolutes & embracing diversity,
irony and word play.
399. Expressionism- an avant-grade movement originating in Germany, w/c rejects in
order to depict EMOTIONS & SUBJECTIVE THOUGHTS.
400. Gothic- Fiction in w/c Romantic ideals are combined with an interest in the
supernatural & in violence.
401. Puritanism- religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17the centuries that
sought to “purify” the Church of England of remnants of the Roman Catholic “popery”.
Writers: John Bunyan, Thomas Vincent, John Flavel, William Perkins
402. Postcolonialism- a diverse, loosely connected movement of writers from former
colonies of European countries, whose work is frequently politically charged.
Writers: Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Chinua Achebe, Salman Rushdie, Toni Morrison
403. Colonialism- primarily a feature of British literature, given that the British
dominated the imperial age.
Writers: Joseph Condrad, E.M. Forster, Rudyard Kipling, Katherine Mansfield.
404. Modernism- started around the early 1900s & continued until the early 1940s w/c
considered an overturn of traditional writing way. Technology made significant strides.
Writers: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, Hilda “H.D.” Doolittle.
405. Regionalism- (or local color) writing that was true to a particular REGION of the
country. Writing will reflect the region, its dialect, culture, & landscape. It is often
told by a narrator that reveals his or her “country” life to a more “urban” reader.
 Writers: William Faulkner, Flannery O’Connor, and Wendell Berry.
406. Postmodernism- born out of the post WWII era, defined by ISOLATION,
fragmentation, often w/ an unreliable narrator in unrealistic or impossible
circumstances. Writers often wrote about DISILLUSIONMENT and relied on literary
devices such as irony, paradox & intertextuality.
Writers: Vladimir Nabokov, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut and Jean Rhys.
407. Existentialism- The world is an INDIFFERENT PLACE, with no preset rules
that
would define one’s behavior. Life is at times absurd, difficult events cannot be
explained, & bad things seem to happen for no reason. Importance of CHOICE.
Writers: Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett, Albert Camus. ***
408. Idealism-a philosophical concept that the mind constitutes the fundamental reality.
Reality is not what it is but what your mind wants it to be.
409. Taoism- founded by Lao Tzu & directed against Confucius’s socially responsible
“Tao”.
410. Confucianism- combines the theory of human nature and political theory. Based on
HEAVEN’S MANDATE.
411. Hinduism- focused on commitment & respect for an ideal way of life called Dharma.
412. Buddhism- 1 major religion of the world founded by Siddhartha Gautama.
413. Islam- major religion in the world. Doctrines discussed by means of Catechism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
414. Synecdoche- association of some important part w/ whole it represents.
Ex: The face who launched a thousand ships. (refers to Helen of Troy)
415. Metonymy- association wherein the name of something is substituted by
Something that represents it.
Ex: Toothpaste is sometimes called colgate./ Pen is mightier than sword.
416. Oxymoron- self-contrasting statement. Ex: loud silence
417. Euphemism- positive connotation of something negative.
Ex: Loved child (illegitimate child)
418. Ellipsis- omission of words in a sentence.
Ex: She walked away and so the world turns…
419. Asyndeton- not putting any connectors (conjunctions or prepositions).
Ex: No retreat, no surrender.
420. Onomatopoeia- words that sound like their meaning.
Ex: Kablog says the tree as the strong wind passes by.
421. Litotes- use understatement to make a point. Often sarcastic in tone. The
statement
is affirmed by negating the opposite.
Ex: I can’t say I disagree with what you are saying.
422. Alliteration- repetition of initial consonant sound.
Ex: The clamoring clash or dished cracking on concrete burned my ears.
423. Allusion- reference to a well-known place, thing or event of historical, cultural
or
literary merit.
Ex: She was Helen of Troy of the class and made the boys fight.
424. Pun- play on words that sound the same
Ex: It’s hard to beat scrambled eggs for breakfast.
425. Antithesis-juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balance phrases.
Ex: As Abraham Lincoln said,”Folks who have no vices have very few virtues.
426. Assonance- identity and similarity of sound between internal vowels in
neighboring
words. Ex: How now, brown cow?
427. Chiasmus- verbal pattern in w/c the 2nd half of an expression is balanced against
the
1st but with the parts reversed.
Ex: The famous chef said people should live to eat, not eat to live.
428. Euphemism- substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively
explicit. Ex: We’re teaching our toddler how to go potty’ Bob said.
429. Paradox- statement that appears to contradict itself.
 Ex: This is the beginning of the end,” said Eeyore, always the pessimist.
430. Understatement- writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less
important or serious than it is.
Ex: You could say Babe Ruth was a decent ballplayer,” the reporter said w/a wink.
431. Anaphora-repetition of same word or phrase at the beginning of successive
clauses or verses.
Ex: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place at the wrong time on the wrong day.
432. Apostrophe- directly addressing a nonexistent person or an inanimate object as
though it were a living being.
Ex: Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are.
433. Simile- using like or us or direct comparison. Ex: white as snow.
434. Metaphor- implied comparison. Ex: Life is a highway.
435. Irony- the use of words to convey the opposite/contradict of their literal
meaning. Ex: You are good that’s why I don’t like you.
436. Hyperbole- obvious exaggerations.
Ex: I have a ton of things to do when I get home.
437. Personification- inanimate object w/human qualities.
Ex: Bamboo dances gracefully in curse of the wind.
438. Cliché- phrase or opinion that has become overly familiar or commonplace.
Ex: Break the ice (taming of the shrew; What’s done is done by Shakespeare.

PARTS OF SPEECH

Pangngalan (png)- noun

Panghalip (pnh)- pronoun
Pandiwa- verb
Pang-abay (pnb) - adverb
Pang-uri (pnr) - adjective
Pangatnig (pnt)- conjunction
Pang-ukol (pnu) - preposition
Pantukoy (pnt)- determiner
Padamdam (pdd) – interjection

GENRES OF LITERATURE

PROSE- in paragraph POETRY-in verse DRAMA

-FICTION -DRAMATIC -Comedy
*Novel -LYRICAL-ode,sonnet,elegy - Tragedy
* Short Story -NARRATIVE - Melodrama
- NON-FICTION Epic
* Biography Metrical Tale
* Autobiography Ballad
* Diary
* Memoir
* Essay
* Academic Books

ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY

Character- how a character behaves in a certain situation.
Setting- Place, time, weather condition, mood or atmosphere.
Plot- what happened & how it happened’.
- Conflict is essential to plot.
- Sequence of events or actions in the story.
Theme- idea that comments on human condition/symbol/figures of speech.
- “the heart of the story”
 Conflict- struggle between 2 people or things in a short story.

ELEMENTS OF A PLOT
1. Exposition- background info. Or introduces characters & setting.
2. Rising Action- development of the problem, of the conflict between characters
revealed, and etc.
3. Climax- highest point of interest lies.
4. Falling Action- resolution begins; events & complications start to fall into place.
5. Resolution- resolves the problem & brings the plot to end’/denouement.

POV
1 PERSON- principal character in the story is narrating.
ST

2nd PERSON- indirect disclosure of the narrating self for characterization & analysis.
3rd PERSON(unlimited)-omnisicent’ point of view wherein the narrator is an all-knowing.
3rd PERSON (limited)- central intelligence point of view’; author chooses a character
from whose consciousness the entire story told.

TYPES OF CHARACTERS
STATIC- remains primarily the same throughout a story or novel.
DYNAMIC- who changes the course of the story or a novel. Called a developing
character’.
ROUND- A well-developed character who demonstrates varied & sometimes
contradictory
traits.
FLAT- reveals only one, maybe two, personality traits in a story or novel & traits do not
change.
TYPES OF METRICAL FOOT

IAMBIC- unaccented followed by accented syllable

TROCHAIC- accented followed by unaccented syllable
DACTYLIC- accented followed by 2 unaccented syllables
ANAPESTIC- 2 unaccented followed by accented syllable
SPONDAIC- foot consists of 2 accented syllables
PYRRHIC- foot consists of 2 unaccented syllables

PLOT DEVICES
1. Chekhov’s Gun- insignificant at first but ends critically important.
2. Deus Ex Machina- w/ some powerful outside force historically-a GOD saving the day.
3. In Medias Res- beginning a story in the middle’ of the action w/ background info.
given later in flashback.
4. Red Herring- anything you use to misdirect the reader.
5. Flashback- dramatically presents often by means of character’s dreams. The action is
interrupted to tell about an earlier event.
6. Foreshadowing- puts in detail at the earlier part of the story. A clue about the coming.
7. Suspense- feeling of excitement/tension in the reader’s experiences as the plot unfold
8. Surprise Ending- catches the reader off guard’ w an unexpected turn of events.
9. False Ending- the ability to tease the reader or audience into thinking that the story
has come to end, but with an additional ending that is even better.
10. Death Trap- method for offing the main character-like the classic example of
someone being tied to the train tracks- usually leaving just enough time for the main
character to figure out an escape plan.
11. Race Against Time- also called ‘ticking time bomb’ this plot device creates urgency
for your characters; simply a consequence for not achieving the goal in time.

Denotation- the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or

ideas that the word suggests.
Connotation- idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary
meaning. The suggested meaning.
 TERMINOLOGIES
Linguistics- scientific study of language and its structure including the study of
morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics. *
Stylistics- study & interpretation of style & tones in languages.
Morphology- is the study of word structures or formation of words.
Phonology- study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages.
Phonetics- study of sounds in speech in physical terms.
Syntax- study of formation and structure of sentences.
Semantics- the study of meaning of a word.
Pragmatics- study of the use of language
Morpheme- smallest unit in a language that have meaning.
Phoneme- smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from
another, as the element p in “tap,” which separates that word from “tab,” “tag,”& etc.*

Folklore- fictional beliefs, traditions of community passed through generations by word

of mouth.^
Mythology- fictional gods & goddesses
Folktales- narrative”; stories or tales of ancient times w/c usually project lessons
Fairytales- power/magic; dwarfs, drag, elves, giants, goblins mermaids, talking animals.
Legends- local story’; authentic or improbable stories; explanation of origin of local
phenomenon not verifiable but historically & traditionally believed.
Proverbs- sayings popularly known & repeated; expresses truth based on experience.
Fables- animals, inanimate objects being animated/invented to embody morals
Riddles- questions or statements that offer a puzzle to be solved. They often involve
critical thinking on the reader’s part in order to figure out the answer, and this offers
challenging entertainment.^
Aphorism- concise, terse, laconic, or memorable expression of a general truth or
principle.
PARTS OF A NEWSPAPER
Feature-informative and entertaining article
Byline- author of the article of news item
Headline- title of a news item
Nameplate- name of the newspaper
Banner- main headline, usually stretching from 1st to last column of page.
Masthead- the printed matter in a newspaper or periodical that gives the title and
details of ownership, advertising rates, and subscription rates.
Lead- the first paragraph of a news story answering the 5Ws and 1H.
Flag- publication name
Staff box-This includes the names of the editors, a phone number and the statement
of policy.
Editorial- opinions
Classified Ads- Advertisements like work, selling lands, etc.
Sports Section- where can you see sports news
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Stops/Plosives- sounds produced when the air stream is blocked completely before it
is abruptly released. The sounds P,T,K,B,D,G, are the members of this family.
Fricatives- sounds produced when the air stream is compressed & passes through a
small opening creating friction. The sounds F,V,S,Z,H,TH (voiced) & (voicelss), Sh, Zh,
are the members.
Affricates- sounds produced when a plosive is followed by a fricative. Ts (Ch), & Dz(J).
Nasals- produced when the oral cavity is blocked, & so the air passes through the nose.
N,M, and Ng are nasal sounds.
Liquid/Lateral- sounds are produced when air stream moves around the tongue in an
unobstructed manner. Sounds like L & R are examples.
Glides- sounds that ar close to vowel sounds. Sounds like W & Y.
POINT OF ARTICULATION
Bilabial- 2 lips touching each other
Labio Dental- lower lip touches the upper teeth
Dental- tip of the tongue & inner edge of upper teeth
Alveolar- tip of the tongue & alveolar ridge
Palatal- tongue & hard palate
Velar- dorsal tongue & soft palate
Glottal- throat passage
THE SUPRASEGMENTALS
Juncture- pauses and rests in a given speaking discourse.
Pitch- the highness or lowness of sound
Volume- loudness or softness of sound
Intonation- rising and falling of sound
Stress- placement of emphasis or force on certain word or syllables
THE FIVE SENSES
Sight- visual Hear- auditory Smell- olfactory Taste- gustatory Touch- tactile

FAULTY MODIFIERS & ETC.

Dangling Modifier- absence of the word being modified.
Ex: Incorrect: With one last look at the room, the door closed.
Correct: With one last look at the room, my dad closed the door.
Misplaced Modifier- the modifier modifies the wrong word.
Ex: Incorrect: I saw 3 bears on the way to class.(Were the bears on their way to class)?
Ex: Correct: On the way to class, I saw three bears.
Squinting Modifiers- modifiers that appear to be modifying the words coming both
before and after it.
Ex: Incorrect: Eating junk food sometimes does not affect your health.
Correct: Sometimes, eating junk food does not affect your health.
Place squinting modifier close to a word it modifies
Parallelism in writing refers to the structure of a sentence with regards to the way items
or actions are listed.
Faulty parallelism- also called faulty parallel structure, is when the list is incorrectly
written—when the items are not written in the same way and don't "match."
Ex: In the meeting, we will discuss establishing our new guidelines, how to implement
the new system, and planning the holiday party.
Here, there are two gerund phrases, "establishing" and "planning," but then there is
an infinitive (a verb phrase that includes the word "to" and the verb at its basic, stem
level), "to implement," that doesn't match the other phrases.
Faulty coordination- that two clauses are joined together in an illogical order.
Ex: Although she walked to school, it was snowing.
The order of these two clauses does not make sense.
Comma Splice- incorrect use of comma to connect two independent clauses.
Ex: Incorrect: I love classical music, it makes me feel joyful.
Correct: I love classical music because it makes me feel joyful.
Correct: I love classical music; it makes me feel joyful.
Fragment- group of words masquerading as a sentence.
Ex: The justice system in the olden times
Mixed Construction- when you start a sentence with one grammatical structure and
then switch to another.
Ex: Incorrect: For most people who have pets live longer, happier lives.
The sentence seems to be going in one grammatical direction, but suddenly
switches to another without warning. It can be revised this way:
Correct: For most people who have pets, life is longer and happier.
Correct: Most people who have pets live longer, happier lives.

TENSES
Present Tense- verbs in the present tense express habitual or factual actions.
Past Tense- express actions that happened in the past.
Future Tense- express actions that will happen in the future.
Present Progressive Tense- express actions that are happening at the moment.
Past Progressive Tense- expresses a continuing action that started & ended in the
past.
Future Progressive Tense- expresses a continuing action that will happen in the
future.
Present Perfect Tense- expresses an action that started in the past, but still
happening at present or just recently ended.
Past Perfect Tense- This expresses 2 past actions, 1 happened before the other.
Future Perfect Tense- expresses 2 future actions, 1 will happen before the other.
Present Perfect Progressive- expresses an action that started in the past & still
happening at present and will most likely continue to happen in the future.
Past Perfect Progressive- expresses 2 past actions wherein the first one is still
happening when the second one transpired.
Future Perfect Progressive- expresses 2 future actions, wherein the first future action
is still happening when the second one transpires.
Summary Samples:

Present: I dance.
Past: I danced.
Future: I will dance.
Present Progressive: I am dancing.
Past Progressive: I was dancing all afternoon yesterday.
Future Progressive: I will be dancing.
Present Perfect: I have danced.
Past Perfect: I had danced before I sang.
Future Perfect: I will have danced before I sing.
Present Perfect Progressive: I have been dancing since then.
Past Perfect Progressive: I had been dancing when the bomb exploded.
Future Perfect Progressive: I will have been dancing when the party ends.
WORD FORMATIONS
Blending- joining 2 words together by taking parts of both words & combining it into a
new word.
Examples: motor+hotel = motel
Clipping- process of cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving
apart to stand for the whole.
Examples: bicycle = bike Mathematics= Math Influenza= flu
Compounding- joining of 2 separate words to produce a single form.
Examples: book+case= bookcase air+port=airport basket+ball= basketball
Acronym- new words are form from the initial letters of a set of other words.
Examples: SCUBA= Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.
RADAR= Radio Detection and Ranging
LASER= Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
Rhyming Compounds- are compounded from 2 rhyming words. (Compounds subtype)
Ex: lovey-dovey hodge-podge humpty-dumpty
Affixation- is the addition of one or more affixes to a root. (derivation subtype)
Ex: laugh+ing= laughing(suffix) in+capable= incapable (prefix)

REFERENCE SOURCES

Dictionary- definition and pronunciation of words.

Almanac- publication containing astronomical and meteorological data published
annually that often includes facts on many topics & other current miscellaneous info.
Contains: important dates, weather, top news stories of the year, statistics on
sports, facts about famous persons, world population figures, holidays, and other
miscellaneous topics.
Encyclopedia- set of books which contains short articles about many topics; volumes
are arranged in alphabetical order.
Contains: short articles about many topics; animals, presidents, countries, people,
plants, & more.
Atlas- book of maps’ usually of regions of the world. May it be physical or political
map.
Thesaurus- book of words with their synonyms and antonyms. Words are listed
alphabetically. You can use thesaurus when you want to replace word w/ similar
meaning.
Gazetters- geographical dictionary or directory, an important reference for information
about places and place names (see: toponomy), used in conjunction with a map or a
full atlas.
Contains: information concerning the geographical makeup of a country, region, or
continent as well as the social statistics and physical features, such as
mountains, waterways, or roads.

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