X 7 Years (Sci) E-Sample NEW

INDEX
TM
PAST YEARS
BOARD PAPERS + SAMPLE PAPERS
CLASS - 10
2024 Syllabus Important Concepts (Ch-wise)
2024 Paper Design Past Years Question Paper

2017 (Delhi)
CBSE Official SQP 2024 2017 (Outside Delhi)
2023 (Series Z1XYW/4)
SQP 1 (Fully Solved) 2023 (Series Z1XYW/6)
The Only Book which has no out of syllabus questions
The only book which has no out of syllabus questions

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Contents
 Latest Syllabus (2024 EXAMINATION) ... ... (iv)

 Latest CBSE Question Paper Design ... ... (viii)
(Issued by CBSE for 2024)
 CBSE Sample Question Paper-2024 (Fully Solved) ... ... P-1
 Sample Question Papers (1 to 5) (Fully Solved) ... ... P-17
 Important Concepts (Chapterwise) ... ... CH-1
 Past Years’ CBSE Examination Papers (Fully Solved)
2017 (Delhi) ... ... 1
2017 (Outside Delhi) ... ... 12
2018 (Common for Delhi & Outside Delhi) ... ... 15
2018 Comptt. (Common for Delhi & Outside Delhi) ... ... 30
2019 (Series: JMS/1) ... ... 44
2019 (Series: JMS/4) ... ... 62
2020 (Series: JBB/1) ... ... 83
2020 (Series: JBB/3) ... ... 105
2021 (Term-I) ... ... 130
2022 (Term-II) ... ... 145
2023 (Series: Z1XYW/4) ... ... 154
2023 (Seires: Z1XYW/6) ... ... 179
❑❑❑❑
(iii)

Syllabus
Latest Syllabus Issued by CBSE
2023-24
SCIENCE (086)
Course Structure—Class X
Maximum Marks: 80
Unit No. Unit Name Total Marks
I. Chemical Substances—Nature and Behaviour 25
II. World of Living 25
III. Natural Phenomena 12
IV. Effects of Current 13
V. Natural Resources 05
Total 80
Internal Assessment 20
Grand Total 100
THEME: MATERIALS
UNIT I: Chemical Substances—Nature and Behaviour
Chemical reactions: Chemical equation, Balanced chemical equation, implications of a
balanced chemical equation, types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition,
displacement, double displacement, precipitation, endothermic exothermic reactions,
oxidation and reduction.
Acids, bases and salts: Their definitions in terms of furnishing of H+ and OH– ions, General
properties, examples and uses, neutralization, concept of pH scale (Definition relating to
logarithm not required), importance of pH in everyday life; preparation and uses of Sodium
Hydroxide, Bleaching powder, Baking soda, Washing soda and Plaster of Paris.
Metals and nonmetals: Properties of metals and non-metals; Reactivity series; Formation and
properties of ionic compounds; Basic metallurgical processes; Corrosion and its prevention.
Carbon compounds: Covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Versatile nature of carbon.
Homologous series. Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups
(halogens, alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, alkanes and alkynes), difference between saturated
hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chemical properties of carbon compounds
(combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution reaction). Ethanol and Ethanoic acid (only
properties and uses), soaps and detergents.
THEME: THE WORLD OF THE LIVING

UNIT II: World of Living
Life processes: ‘Living Beings’. Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion
in plants and animals.
(iv)

(v)
Control and co-ordination in animals and plants: Tropic movements in plants; Introduction
of plant hormones; Control and co-ordination in animals; Nervous system; Voluntary,
involuntary and reflex action; Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.
Reproduction: Reproduction in animals and plants (asexual and sexual) reproductive
health—need and methods of family planning. Safe sex vs. HIV/AIDS. Child bearing and
women’s health.
Heredity and Evolution: Heredity; Mendel’s contribution—Laws for inheritance of traits: Sex
determination: brief introduction (Topics excluded—evolution; evolution and classification and
evolution should not be equated with progress).
THEME: NATURAL PHENOMENA

UNIT III: Natural Phenomena
Reflection of light by curved surfaces; Images formed by spherical mirrors, centre of curvature,
principal axis, principal focus, focal length, mirror formula (Derivation not required),
magnification.
Refraction; Laws of refraction, refractive index.
Refraction of light by spherical lens; Image formed by spherical lenses; Lens formula
(Derivation not required); Magnification. Power of a lens.
Functioning of a lens in human eye, defects of vision and their corrections, applications of
spherical mirrors and lenses.
Refraction of light through a prism, dispersion of light, scattering of light, applications in
daily life (excluding colour of the sun at sunrise and sunset).
THEME: HOW THINGS WORK

UNIT IV: Effects of Current
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm’s law; Resistance, Resistivity,
Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of resistors,
parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of electric
current and its applications in daily life. Electric power, Interrelation between P, V, I and R.
Magnetic effects of current: Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying
conductor, field due to current carrying coil or solenoid; Force on current carrying conductor,
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, Direct current. Alternating current: frequency of AC. Advantage
of AC over DC. Domestic electric circuits.
THEME: NATURAL RESOURCES

UNIT V: Natural Resources
Our environment: Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, Waste production
and their solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.
Note for the Teachers:

1. The chapter Management of Natural Resources (NCERT Chapter 16) will not be assessed
in the year-end examination. However, learners may be assigned to read this chapter and
encouraged to prepare a brief write-up to any concept of this chapter in their Portfolio. This
may be for Internal Assessment and credit may be given Periodic Assessment/Portfolio.
2. The NCERT text book presents information in boxes across the book. These help students to
get conceptual clarity. However, the information in these boxes would not be assessed in the
year-end examination.

PRACTICALS
Practicals should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes.
List of Experiments
1. A. Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/ universal indicator:
Unit-I
(a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid (b) Dilute NaOH solution
(c) Dilute Ethanoic Acid solution (d) Lemon juice
(e) Water (f) Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate solution
B. Studying the properties of acids and bases (HCl & NaOH) on the basis of their reaction
with:Unit-I
(a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red)
(b) Zinc metal
(c) Solid sodium carbonate
2. Performing and observing the following reactions and classifying them into: Unit-I
(a) Combination reaction
(b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction
(d) Double displacement reaction
(i) Action of water on quicklime
(ii) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
(iii) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
(iv) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions
3. Observing the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:
Unit-I
(a) ZnSO4 (aq) (b) FeSO4 (aq) (c) CuSO4 (aq) (d) Al2 (SO4)3 (aq)
Arranging Zn, Fe, Cu and Al (metals) in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the
above result.
4. Studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I)
passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plotting a graph between V and I.
Unit-IV
5. Determination of the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series and
parallel. Unit-IV
6. Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata. Unit-II
7. Experimentally show that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration. Unit-II
8. Study of the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid): Unit-I
(i) odour (ii) solubility in water
(iii) effect on litmus (iv) reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
9. Study of the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.
Unit-I
10. Determination of the focal length of: Unit-III
(i) Concave mirror
(ii) Convex lens
by obtaining the image of a distant object.
(vi)

11. Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different
angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence
and interpret the result. Unit-III
12. Studying (a) binary fission in Amoeba, and (b) budding in yeast and Hydra with the help
of prepared slides. Unit-II
13. Tracing the path of the rays of light through a glass prism. Unit-III
14. Identification of the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (Pea, gram or red kidney
bean). Unit-II
Prescribed Books:
• Science—Text book for Class X–NCERT Publication
• Assessment of Practical Skills in Science—Class X–CBSE Publication
• Laboratory Manual—Science–Class X, NCERT Publication
• Exemplar Problems Class X–NCERT Publication
❑❑❑❑
For more
Sample Question Papers
Kindly SCAN

(vii)

CBSE QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
SCIENCE
CLASS X
(2024 Examination)
Theory (80 Marks)
Competencies Total
Demonstrate Knowledge and Understanding 46%
Application of Knowledge/Concepts 22%
Formulate, Analyze, Evaluate and Create 32%
100%
Note:
• Typology of Questions: VSA including objective type questions, Assertion–Reasoning
type questions; SA; LA; Source-based/Case-based/Passage-based/Integrated assessment
questions.
• An internal choice of approximately 33% would be provided.
Internal Assessment (20 Marks)
• Periodic Assessment—05 marks + 05 marks
• Subject Enrichment (Practical Work)—05 marks
• Portfolio—05 marks
Suggestive verbs for various competencies:
• Demonstrate Knowledge and Understanding. State, name, list, identify, define, suggest,
describe, outline, summarize, etc.
• Application of Knowledge/Concepts. Calculate, illustrate, show, adapt, explain,
distinguish, etc.
• Formulate, Analyze, Evaluate and Create. Interpret, analyze, compare, contrast, examine,
evaluate, discuss, construct, etc.
❑❑❑❑
(viii)

Series : CBSE SQP Code No. 086
Candidates must write the Q.P. Code on
Roll No. the title page of the answer-book.
• Please check that this question paper contains 7 printed pages.

• Q.P. Code given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on the
title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
• Please check that this question paper contains 39 questions.
• Please write down the serial number of the question in the answer-book before
attempting it.
SCIENCE –X
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
Issued by CBSE for 2024 Examination
s
Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum marks : 80
D a
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
hiv
(i) This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.
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(ii) All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.
(iii) Section A consists of 20 objective type questions carrying 01 mark each.
(iv) Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to these questions should be
in the range of 30 to 50 words.
(v) Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each. Answers to these questions
should be in the range of 50 to 80 words.
(vi) Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each. Answer to these questions
should be in the range of 80 to 120 words.
(vii) Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks each with sub-parts.
SECTION A
Select and write the most appropriate option out of the four options given for each of the questions 1–20.
There is no negative mark for incorrect response.
Q.1. 1
Test tube containing

solution of sodium sulphate
Test tube containing solution
of barium chloride
Identify the product which represents the solid state in the above reaction.
(a) Barium chloride (b) Barium sulphate
(c) Sodium chloride (d) Sodium sulphate
SCIENCE–CBSE SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER–2024 n P-1

Q.2. The colour of the solution observed after 30 minutes of placing zinc metal to copper
sulphate solution is 1
(a) Blue (b) Colourless (c) Dirty green (d) Reddish Brown
Q.3. Mild non-corrosive basic salt is 1
(a) Ca(OH)2 (b) NaCl (c) NaOH (d) NaHCO3
Q.4. On adding dilute sulphuric acid to a test tube containing a metal ‘X’, a colourless gas
is produced when a burning matchstick is brought near it. Which of the following
correctly represents metal ‘X’? 1
(a) Sodium (b) Zinc (c) Copper (d) Silver
Q.5. Which one of the following correctly represents Sodium oxide? 1
xx –2 xx –2
(a) Na+2 2 xx O xx (b) 2Na+ xx O xx
xx xx
x x –1 xx –2
(c) 2Na+ 2 xx O xx (d) Na+1 xx O xx
xx xx
Q.6. An element with atomic number __________ will form a basic oxide. 1
(a) 7 (2, 5) (b) 17 (2, 8, 7) (c) 14 (2, 8, 4) (d) 11 (2, 8, 1)
Q.7. An element ‘M’ has 50% of the electrons filled in the 3rd shell as in the 2nd shell. The
atomic number of ‘M’ is: 1
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(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 18
a
Q.8. Generally food is broken and absorbed within the body of organisms. In which of the
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following organisms is it done outside the body? 1
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(a) Amoeba (b) Mushroom (c) Paramecium (d) Lice
Q.9. Receptors are usually located in sense organs. Gustatory receptors are present in 1
(a) tongue (b) nose (c) eye (d) ear
Q.10. A farmer wants to grow banana plants genetically similar enough to the plants already
available in his field. Which one of the following methods would you suggest for this
purpose?1
(a) Regeneration (b) Budding
(c) Vegetative propagation (d) Sexual reproduction
Q.11. Height of a plant is regulated by: 1
(a) DNA which is directly influenced by growth hormone.
(b) Genes which regulate the proteins directly.
(c) Growth hormones under the influence of the enzymes coded by a gene.
(d) Growth hormones directly under the influence of a gene.
Q.12. A sportsman, after a long break of his routine exercise, suffered muscular cramps
during a heavy exercise session. This happened due to: 1
(a) lack of carbon dioxide and formation of pyruvate.
(b) presence of oxygen and formation of ethanol.
(c) lack of oxygen and formation of lactic acid.
(d) lack of oxygen and formation of carbon dioxide.
Q.13. An object is placed in front of a convex mirror. Its image is formed: 1
(a) at a distance equal to the object distance in front of the mirror.
(b) at twice the distance of the object in front of the mirror.
(c) half the distance of the object in front of the mirror.
(d) behind the mirror and it’s position varies according to the object distance.
Q.14. When light enters the atmosphere it strikes on extremely fine particles, which deflect
the rays of light in all possible directions, This is due to— 1
S-(2)nnSHIV
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(a) reflection of light (b) atmospheric refraction
(c) scattering of light (d) dispersion of light
Q.15. In 1987, an agreement was formulated by the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) to freeze the production of “X” to prevent depletion of “Y”. “X” and “Y”
respectively referred here are: 1
(a) Ozone; CFCs (b) CFCs; rays UV
(c) CFCs; Ozone (d) UV rays; Diatomic oxygen
Q.16. Which of the following features relates to biodegradable substances? 1
(a) Broken down by biological processes
(b) Remain inert
(c) Persist in environment for long time
(d) May harm the ecosystem
Question No. 17 to 20 consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these
questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
Q.17. Assertion (A): Rusting of Iron is endothermic in nature.1
Reason (R): As the reaction is slow, the release of heat is barely evident.
a s
Q.18. Assertion (A): Probability of survival of an organism produced through sexual reproduction
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is more than that of organism produced through asexual mode.1
hiv
Reason (R): Variations provide advantages to individuals for survival.
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Q.19. Assertion (A): A compass needle is placed near a current carrying wire. The deflection of
the compass needle decreases when the magnitude of the current in the wire is increased. 1
Reason (R): The strength of a magnetic field at a point near the conductor increases on
increasing the current.
Q.20. Assertion (A): Biodegradable substances result in the formation of compost and natural
replenishment.1
Reason (R): It is due to breakdown of complex inorganic substances into simple organic
substances.
SECTION B
Q. No. 21 to 26 are Very Short Answer Questions.
Q.21. “Dil. HCl is added to Zn granules.” How will you prove that chemical change has taken
place here? Support your response with two arguments.2
Q.22. State the post-fertilisation changes that lead to fruit formation in plants.2
Q.23. What is the purpose of making urine in the human body? Name the organs that store and
releases the urine.2
Or
Why do arteries have thick and elastic walls whereas veins have valves?
Q.24. The refractive indices of three media are given below: 2
Medium Refractive Index
A 1.6
B 1.8
C 1.5
A ray of light is travelling from A to B and another ray is travelling from B to C.
(a) In which of the two cases the refracted ray bends towards the normal?

(b) In which case does the speed of light increase in the second medium?
Give reasons for your answer.
Q.25. A piece of wire of resistance R is cut into three equal parts. These parts are then connected
in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this parallel combination is R1, what is the value
of the ratio R1 : R?2
Or
Refer to the image below and state how the magnetic field pattern indicates regions where
the magnetic field is stronger outside the magnet? What happens to the magnetic field
when the current in the circuit is reversed?
Solenoid
Magnetic eld lines
a s

iv D
Q.26. Study the food chain given below and answer the questions that follow: 2
Leaf Caterpillar
Sh Chameleon Snake Mongoose
(a) If the amount of energy available at the third trophic level is 100 joules, then how
much energy will be available at the producer level? Justify your answer.
(b) Is it possible to have 2 more trophic levels in this food chain just before the fourth
trophic level? Justify your answer.
SECTION C
Q. No. 27 to 33 are Short Answer Questions.
Q.27. The given reaction shows one of the processes to extract the metals like Iron and
Manganese. 3
MnO2 (s) + Al (s) Mn (l) + Al2O3 (s) + Heat
(a) Give reason why the above reaction is known as a thermite reaction.
(b) Identify the substance oxidised and reduced in the above reaction.
(c) Give a reason why Aluminium is preferably used in thermite reactions.
Q.28. An element ‘M’ with electronic configuration 2, 8, 3 combines separately with Cl–, SO4–2
anions. Write the chemical formulae of the compounds formed. Predict with the suitable
reason the nature of the bond formed by element ‘M’ in general. How will the electrical
conductivity of the compounds formed vary with respect to ‘M’?3
Or
A reddish-brown metal ‘X’, when heated in air, gives a black compound ‘Y’, which when
heated in presence of H2 gas gives ‘X’ back. ‘X’ is refined by the process of electrolysis;
this refined form of ‘X’ is used in electrical wiring.
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Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’. Draw a well-labelled diagram to represent the process of
refining ‘X’.
Q.29. We are advised to take iodised salt in our diet by doctors. Justify its importance in our
body.3
Q.30. What is the probability of a girl or a boy being born in a family? Justify your answer. 3
Q.31. (i) Explain why the refractive index of any Plastic block
material with respect to air is always Normal
greater than 1.
(ii) In the given figure, a light ray travels from
40°
air into the semi-circular plastic block. Give
a reason, why the ray does not deviate at the
semi-circular boundary of the plastic block.
(iii) Complete the ray diagram of the above Light ray
scenario when the light ray comes out of the
plastic block from the top flat end. 1+1+1
Q.32. (i) State the law that explains the heating effect of current with respect to the measurable
properties in an electrical circuit. 2+1
(ii) List the factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends.
Q.33. Anannya responded to the question: Why do electrical appliances with metallic bodies
s
are connected to the mains through a three pin plug, whereas an electric bulb can be
D a
connected with a two pin plug?
hiv
She wrote: Three pin connections reduce heating of connecting wires.2+1
(i) Is her answer correct or incorrect? Justify.
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(ii) What is the function of a fuse in a domestic circuit?
SECTION D
Q. No. 34 to 36 are Long Answer Questions.
Q.34. (a) Rehmat classified the reaction between Methane and Chlorine in the presence of
sunlight as a substitution reaction. Support Rehmat’s view with suitable justification
and illustrate the reaction with the help of a balanced chemical equation. 5
(b) Chlorine gas was prepared using electrolysis of brine solution. Write the chemical
equation to represent the change. Identify the other products formed in the process
and give one application of each.
Or
Raina while doing certain reactions observed that heating of substance ‘X’ with vinegar
like smell with a substance ‘Y’ (which is used as an industrial solvent) in presence of
Conc. Sulphuric acid on a water bath gives a sweet-smelling liquid ‘Z’ having molecular
formula C4H8O2. When heated with caustic soda (NaOH), ‘Z’ gives back the sodium salt
of and the compound ‘Y’.
Identify ‘X’, ‘Y’ and ‘Z’. Illustrate the changes with the help of suitable chemical
equations.
Q.35. Given below are certain situations. Analyze and describe its possible impact on a person: 5
(a) Testes of a male boy are not able to descend into scrotum during his embryonic
development.
(b) Vas deferens of a man is plugged.
(c) Prostrate and seminal vesicles are not functional.
(d) Egg is not fertilised in a human female.
(e) Placenta does not attach to the uterus optimally.

Or
(a) A doctor has advised Sameer to reduce sugar intake in his diet and do regular exercise
after checking his blood test reports. Which disease do you think Sameer is suffering
from? Name the hormone responsible for this disease and the organ producing the
hormone. 3+2
(b) Which hormone is present in the areas of rapid cell division in a plant and which
hormone inhibits the growth?
Q.36. The given image shows a thin lens of focal length 5 m. 1+2+2
Principal
F2 F1 axis

(i) What is the kind of lens shown in the above figure?
(ii) If a real inverted image is to be formed by this lens at a distance of 7 m from the pole,
then show with calculation where should the object be placed?
(iii) Draw a neatly labelled diagram of the image formation mentioned in (ii).
s
Or
a
A 10 cm long pencil is placed 5 cm in front of a concave mirror having a radius of
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curvature of 40 cm. 2+1+2
Sh
(i) Determine the position of the image formed by this mirror.
(ii) What is the size of the image?
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image as mentioned in the part (i).
SECTION E
Q. No. 37 to 39 are case-based/data based questions with 2 to 3 short sub-parts. Internal choice is provided
in one of these sub-parts.
Q.37. The table given below shows the hints given by the quiz master in a quiz. 4
S. No. HINT
1. Substance ‘C’ is used as a preservative.
2. ‘C’ has two carbon atoms; ‘C’ is obtained by the reaction of ‘A’ in presence of
alkaline Potassium permanganate followed by acidification.
3. Misuse of ‘A’ in industries is prevented by adding Methanol, Benzene and
Pyridine to ‘A’.
4. ‘F’ is formed on heating ‘A’ in presence of Conc. Sulphuric acid.
5. ‘F’ reacts with Hydrogen gas in presence of Nickel and Palladium catalyst.
Based on the above hints answer the following question.
(a) Give the IUPAC names of A and F.
(b) Illustrate with the help of chemical equations the changes taking place.
(A → C and A → F)
Or
Name the chemical reactions which occur in steps 2 and 5. Identify the compounds
formed in these steps if ‘A’ is replaced with its next homologue.
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Q.38. Figures (a) to (d) given below represent the type of ear lobes present in a family
consisting of 2 children—Rahul, Nisha and their parents. 4
(a) Rahul’s Father (b) Rahul (c) Rahul’s Mother (d) Rahul’s sister Nisha
(e) (f)
Type of ear lobes
Excited by his observation of different types of ear lobes present in his family, Rahul

conducted a survey of the type of ear lobes found {Figure (e) and (f)} in his classmates. He
found two types of ear lobes in his classmates as per the frequency given below:
Sex Free Attached
Male 36 14
Female 31 19
s
On the basis of above data answer the following questions.
a
(a) Which of the two characteristics—‘free ear lobe’ or ‘attached ear lobe’ appears to
hiv D
be dominant in this case? Why?
(b) Is the inheritance of the free ear lobe linked with sex of the individual? Give
S
reason for your answer.
(c) What type of ear lobe is present in father, mother, Rahul and his sister Nisha?
Write the genetic constitution of each of these family members which explains the
inheritance of this character in this family?
(Gene for Free ear lobe is represented by F and gene for attached ear lobe is
represented by f for writing the genetic constitution).
Or
Suresh’s parents have attached ear lobes. What type of ear lobe can be seen in
Suresh and his sister Siya? Explain by giving the genetic composition of all.4
Q.39. Vinita and Ahmed demonstrated a circuit A
1
that operates the two headlights and the two
2
sidelights of a car, in their school exhibition. 3
Based on their demonstrated circuit, answer the
following questions. 1+1+2 12 V 4.0 4.0 12 12
(i) State what happens when switch A is
connected to
(a) Position 2
(b) Position 3
(ii) Find the potential difference across each lamp when lit.
(iii) Calculate the current
(a) in each 12 Ω lamp when lit. (b) In each 4 Ω lamp when lit.
Or
(iv) Show, with calculations, which type of lamp, 4.0 Ω or 12 Ω, has the higher power.
✽ • •• • ✽

CBSE SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER—2024
SECTION A
1. (b) When an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate is added to aqueous solution of
barium chloride, a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.
BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4  + 2NaCl (aq)
2. (b) CuSO4 (aq) + Zn ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
(Blue) (Colourless)
3. (d) NaHCO3
4. (b) Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H 2
dil. (Colourless gas) which
burns with pop sound
5. (b) Sodium Oxide Na2O
6. (d) An atom with atomic number 11 loses one electron to obtain inert gas configuration.
s
Thus, it must be a metal and a metal forms a basic oxide.
iv D a
7. (c) K L M
x 50% of x
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 2 8 4
 Atomic number of M = 14
8. (b) As saprophytes brake down the food outside their body.
9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (c)
13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a)
17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (c)
SECTION B
21. Adding of dil. HCl to Zn granules is a chemical change because
1. Evolution of gas occurs (H2 gas evolved).
2. Change in temperature (heat is evolved).
Zn (s) + 2HCl ZnCl2 (aq) + H2
Zinc granules (dil.)
22. Post fertilisation changes:
1. The fertilized egg (or zygote) divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule.
2. The ovule develops a tough coat around it and is gradually converted into a seed
containing a baby plant.
3. The ovary of flower develops and becomes a fruit with seeds inside it.
4. The other parts of the flower like sepals, petals, stamens, stigma and style dry up and
fall off.
23. • The removal of the poisonous substances like urea, uric acid, other waste salts and
excess water from the blood in the form of a yellowish liquid takes place which is
called urine.
• Organ for storage: Urinary bladder
• Organ for release: Urethra
S-(8)nnSHIV
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Or
• Arteries are the thick-walled blood vessels because the blood emerges from the heart
under high pressure and flows through arteries from heart to all the other parts of
the body.
• Veins have valves in them which allow the blood to flow in only one direction i.e.,
towards the heart. The valves prevent the backflow of blood in veins.
24. We have nA = 1.6 nB = 1.8
nB = 1.8 nC = 1.5
(a) When a ray of light is travelling from A to B then it bends towards the normal after
refraction because when a light ray travels from an optically rarer medium to an
optically denser medium, it bends towards the normal as the Medium B is optically
denser than Medium A i.e., nB > nA.
(b) The speed of light increases with the decrease of optical density of the medium.
Since Medium C is optically rarer than Medium B. So, speed of light increases when it
travels from B to C as the light ray travels from optically denser medium to optically
rarer medium.
R
25. When a piece of wire is cut into three equal parts, then the resistance of each part is .
3
Equivalent resistance = R1
1 1 1
s
1 R/3

⇒ = R + R + R
a
R1
D
3 3 3
hiv
1 3+3+3 9 R/3

⇒ = =
R1 R R
S
R R/3

⇒ R1 =
9
R
Now, Ratio R1 : R = :R ...(i)
9
or 1 : 9 ...[From (i)
R 1
∴ 1 = .

R 9
Or
• The magnetic field strength is maximum near the poles as the magnetic field lines are
close to one another near the poles and magnetic strength reduces as we move away
from the poles since the distance between the field lines increases.
• The direction of the magnetic field is also reversed as the current in the circuit is
reversed, i.e., polarity of the magnet is also reversed.
26. (a) According to 10% law, only 10% of the energy entering a particular trophic level
of organisms is available for transfer to the next higher trophic level. It means the
energy available at each successive trophic level is 10% of the previous level.
Let the amount of energy available at producer level = x joules.
Leaf Caterpillar Chameleon Snake Mongoose

st (10,000 J)
I IInd (1,000 J) IIIrd (100 J) IV (10 J) V (1 J)

 At 1st level (producer level) = x J
Energy transfer to 2nd trophic level = 10% of x
10
= ×x
100
x
= J
10
x
Now, Energy transfer to 3rd transfer level = 10% of J
10
10 x
= ×
100 10
x
= J
100
x
 = 100 ...[Amount of energy available at the 3rd trophic level = 100 J (Given)
100
 x = 10,000 J
So energy available at producer level = 10,000 J.
(b) No more trophic levels in the food chain are possible after the fourth trophic level
because the loss of energy at each step is so great that very little energy will remain
after 4th trophic level for transfer to the next level.
s
SECTION C
iv D a
27. (a) The reaction of metal oxide with aluminium powder to produce metals is highly
exothermic in which a large amount of heat is evolved. The amount of heat evolved
Sh
is so large that the metals are produced in the molten state.
(b) MnO2 (s) + Al (s) Mn (l) + Al2O3 (s) + Heat
Substance oxidised. Al (s)
Substance reduced. MnO2 (s)
(c) Al is a more reactive metal than Mn and Fe and displaces these metals from their
metal oxides to give free metal.
28. M = 2, 8, 3
M acquires a stable electronic configuration by losing its three electrons to form M3+ cation.
When element M combines separately with Cl–, it forms MCl3.
When element M combines separately with SO42– it forms M2(SO4)3:
M forms ionic bond as it loses 3 electrons to obtain inert gas configuration and forms M3+.
Thus, the bond formed by losing or gaining of electron is ionic bond.
The ionic compound formed by M will conduct electricity when dissolved in water
or when melted. But it does not conduct electricity in solid state whereas M conducts
electricity in solid state.
Or
Metal X = Copper and Metal Y = CuO
Cu (s) + O2 (g) CuO (s)

(X) Black (Y)
CuO (s)
+ H2 (g) Cu (s) + H2O (l)
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Diagram representing the process of Copper (X):
Key
e– + e–
(–) Cathode Anode (+)

Pure Cu Metal Impure Cu Metal
Cu2+ Acidied copper
sulphate solution
Tank Cu2+
Impurities
(Anode mud)
29. People are advised to use iodised salt for cooking food so as to prevent Goitre disease.
Iodine is required by the thyroid gland to make thyroxine hormone. Iodised salt contains
appropriate amount of iodine compounds which can provide all the iodine needed by
thyroid gland to make sufficient thyroxine for our body. Since there will be no deficiency
of thyroxine in the body, Goitre cannot develop.
30. • There are 23 pairs of chromosomes present in human beings.
• There is 1 pair of sex chromosomes present in human beings.
• The chromosomes which determine the sex of a person are called sex chromosomes.
s
There are two types of sex chromosomes, one is called X chromosome and the other
a
is called Y chromosome. Males contain one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
D
(XY), while females contain two X chromosomes (XX).
hiv
Flow chart showing determination of sex of a child:
S
(i) A male has one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome. Thus half the male
gametes have X-chromosomes and the other half have Y-chromosomes.
(ii) A female has two X-chromosomes. Thus all female gametes have only
X-chromosomes.
(iii) If a sperm carrying Y-chromosome fertilises with an ovum carrying
X-chromosome, then the child born will be a boy.
(iv) If a sperm carrying X-chromosome fertilises with an ovum carrying
X-chromosome, then the child born will be a girl.
Female (XX) Male (XY)
Gametes X X X Y Gametes
XX XX XY XY
girl girl boy boy
Sex determination in human beings
Therefore it is the sperm from the father which determines the sex of the child.
Therefore, a child who inherits an ‘X’ chromosome from her father will be a girl and one
who inherits ‘Y’ chromosome from his father will be a boy.
Thus, there are 50% chances that a girl may be born and 50% chances that a boy may
be born.
31. (i) Air is the rarest medium (after vacuum). So the speed of light is maximum in air
except vacuum.

The refractive index of a medium with respect to air is given by
aη
Speed of light in air
x =
Speed of light in the medium (x )
Since speed of light in air is always greater than the speed of light in any other
medium, the above ratio aηx is always greater than 1.
(ii) Since the ray of light undergoes normal
incidence at the air plastic interface and for Air
normal incidence there is no deviation.
40°
Plastic
(iii) Since light is travelling from denser to rarer
medium when it comes out of the plastic block
from the top flat end, the light ray bends away from the normal.
32. (i) Joule’s law of heating states that the heat produced in a wire is directly proportional to
(a) Square of current (I2)
(b) resistance of wire (R)
(ii) Resistance of the conductor depends on
1. length of the conductor.
2. area of cross-section of the conductor (or thickness of the conductor).
a s
3. nature of the material of the conductor.
iv D
4. temperature of the conductor.
(iii) time (t) for which the current is passed.
Sh
H = I2 Rt
33. (i) Anannya’s answer is wrong. Electrical appliances with metallic bodies need an earth
wire which provides a low resistance conducting path to the flow of current, in
case there is an accidental leakage of current through the conducting body of the
appliances.
(ii) An electrical fuse is a safety device that operates to provide protection against the
overflow of current in an electrical circuit. An important component of an electrical
fuse is a metal wire or strip that melts when excess current flows through it.
SECTION D
34. (a) Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form chloromethane and
hydrogen chloride.
Sunlight
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
Methane chlorine Chloromethane
In this reaction one H atom of methane has been substituted (replaced) by a Cl atom,
converting CH4 into CH3Cl. So, Rehmat’s Observation is correct.
(b) Electrolysis of brine solution is given by the equation.
NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)
electric electric
NaCl current
 → Na+ + Cl– and H2O current
 → H+ + OH–
At anode:
2Cl– Cl2 (g) + 2e–
At cathode:
2H+ + 2e– H2 (g)
Na+ + OH– NaOH
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The products of electrolysis of brine solution are chlorine, hydrogen and sodium
hydroxide.
• Use of chlorine. Chlorine is used to sterilise drinking water and the water in the
swimming pools because chlorine is a disinfectant.
• Use of Hydrogen. It is used in the hydrogenation of oils to obtain saturated fats
(i.e., vegetable ghee).
• Use of sodium hydroxide. It is used for making soaps.
Or
X – Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
Y – Ethanol (CH3CH2OH / C2H5OH)
Z – Ester – Ethyl ethanoate CH3COOC2H5
conc. H2 SO 4
1. CH3—COOH + C2H5OH  Heat
→ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate
(Vinegar (Ester) sweet
like smell) smelling
This reaction is called esterification.
NaOH
2. CH3COOC2H5  → CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Sodium Ethanoate Ethanol
This reaction is called hydrolysis of ester.
s
35. (a) If testes of a male boy are not able to descend into scrotum during his embryonic
D a
development then sperm formation will be adversely affected because it requires a
hiv
lower temperature than the body temperature.
(b) If Vas deferens of a man is plugged then sperms will not be transferred as Vas
S
deferens is a passage for transfer of sperms.
(c) The secretions of seminal vesicles and prostrate gland provide nutrition to sperms
and also make their further transport easier. So, when prostrate and seminal vesicle
are not functional, they will not add secretions for nourishment and medium for the
transport of sperms. So, sperms will not survive and no fertilization will occur.
(d) If egg is not fertilised in a human female, then the breakdown and removal of the
inner, thick and soft lining of uterus along with its blood vessels in the form of
vaginal bleeding occurs. This is called menstruation.
(e) Placenta is the tissue that develops between the uterus wall and embryo through which
exchange of nutrients, oxygen, waste products between embryo and mother takes place.
If placenta does not attach to the uterus optimally then the nutrition and oxygen
will not be provided properly to the growing embryo and will affect its growth and
development which could have serious implications.
Or
(a) • Sameer is suffering from a disease called Diabetes.
• Hormone responsible for diabetes is Insulin.
• Organ producing insulin is called Pancreas.
(b) • Hormone present in the area of repaid cell division in plant is Cytokinins.
• Hormone that inhibits the growth is called Abscisic Acid.
36. (i) Convex lens
(ii) Given. Image distance, v = +7 cm (+ve sign for real image)
Object distance, u = ?
Focal length, f = +5 cm

1 1 1
According to lens formula – =
v u f
1 1 1
 – =
7 u 5
5−7 1
 =
35 u
−2 1
 =
35 u
35
 u = – = – 17.5 cm
2
The object would be placed 17.5 m on the other side (left side) of the lens (i.e., opposite
side of the image).
Or
(i) Given. Height of the object, h1 = 10 cm
Radius of curvature, R = 40 cm
Object distance, u = –5 cm
R
Focus, f = = –20 cm
2
s
[Negative sign for concave mirror
iv D a
v=?
Sh
h2 = ?
1 1 1
According to mirror formula, + =
v u f
1  1  1
 +   =
v  −5  −20
1 1 1
 – =–
v 5 20
1 1 1 −1 + 4 3
 =– + = =
v 20 5 20 20
20
∴ v=+ = 6.67 cm
3
Image is formed 6.67 cm behind the mirror.
h2 v
(ii) As we know, m = =–
h u
h2 20 h2  20 / 3  20
 =  = –  =
10 3 × 5 10  −5  3× 5
40
∴ h2 = 20 × 10 = cm
3× 5 3
(iii)
C F object P Image
Concave mirror
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SECTION E
37. (a) IUPAC name of A = Ethanol (CH3—CH2—OH)
F = Ethene (CH2 = CH2)
(b) Changes take place from A → C
H +
Alkaline KMnO 4 + Heat
CH3—CH2—OH or
 → CH3COONa + (Acidification)
→ CH3COOH
acidifed K2 Cr2 O7 + Heat
(A) (C)
Changes take place from A → F
conc. H2 SO 4
CH3—CH2—OH Dehydration
 → CH2 = CH2 + H2O
(A) (F)
Or
Name of the chemcial reaction which occurs in step (2) → Oxidation.

Name of the chemcial reaction which occurs in step (5) → Hydrogenation (addition of
hydrogen)

In case of step (2). If A is propanol
Alkaline KMnO 4 + Heat H +
CH3CH2CH2OH or

acidifed K Cr O + Heat
→ CH3CH2COONa (Acidification)
→ CH3CH2COOH
2 2 7
(A) (C)
(Propanol) (Propanoic acid)

In case of Step (5)
a s
conc.H SO
CH3—CH2—CH2—OH
2 4→
Dehydration
 CH3—CH = CH2
hiv D
(A) (Ethanol) (–H2O) Propene (F)
38. (a) ‘Free ear lobe’ is dominant over ‘attached ear lobe’ because it is found in a large
S
majority of population.
(b) No, the inheritance of the free ear lobe is not linked with sex of the individual. As
per the data of the family as well as the class, it is indicated that free lobe is present
in males as well as in females. Father Mother
(c) Father. Free ear lobe (Ff)
Mother. Free ear lobe (Ff) Ff × Ff
Rahul. Attached ear lobe (ff)
Rahul’s sister Nisha. Free ear lobe F f F f
(Ff)/(FF)
If both the parents have dominant
characters and if one child shows the
recessive character then both parents FF Ff Ff ff
should have mixed genes (One the Free Free Free Attached
dominant and other will be recessive). ear lobe ear lobe ear lobe ear lobe
Or
Suresh’s father. Attached ear lobe (ff) ff × ff

Suresh’s mother. Attached ear lobe (ff)
Thus, both the children Siya and Suresh f f f f
have attached ear lobes.
Because of both the parents have recessive
character, then all the children can have
recessive character only. ff ff ff ff
Attached Attached Attached Attached
ear lobe ear lobe ear lobe ear lobe

39. (i) (a) When Switch A is connected to position 2, then only two 12 Ω bulbs will lit up.
(b) When Switch A is connected to position 3, then only two 4 Ω bulbs will lit up.
(ii) Since all the 4 lamps are arranged in parallel, so potential difference across all the
four lamps will be 12 volts.
(iii) (a) Given. Voltage across 12 Ω bulbs, V = 12 volts; Resistance, R = 12 Ω
V = IR ...[By Ohm’s law
V 12
 I= = =1A
R 12
(b) Current in each 4 Ω lamp when lit up
V = 12 volts
R=4Ω
I=?
V 12
 I= = =3A
R 4
Or
(iv) Since all lamps are in parallel, hence V is same for all lamps i.e., 12 volts.
V2
As we know, formula for calculating power, P =
R
V2 12 × 12
Power for 4 Ω lamp, P = = = 36 W
s
R 4
a
V2
iv D
12 × 12
Power for 12 Ω lamp, P = = = 12 W
R 12
Sh
Hence, 4 Ω lamp will have higher power.
✽ • •• • ✽
S-(16)nnSHIV
P-16 Shiv Das
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Series : 2023-24 Code No. 086
Candidates must write the Code on

• Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should
be written on the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
• Please write down the Serial Number of the question before attempting it.
SCIENCE – X
Sample Question Paper-01
as
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80
v D
hi
(i) This Question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.
S
(ii) All Questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A
student is expected to attempt only one of these questions.
(iii) Section A consists of 20 objective type questions carrying 01 mark each.
(iv) Section B consists of 6 Very Short Answer type questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to
these questions should be in the range of 30 to 50 words.
(v) Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each. Answers to these
questions should be in the range of 50 to 80 words.
(vi) Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each. Answer to these
questions should be in the range of 80 to 120 words .
(vii) Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks each with sub-
parts.
SECTION A
Select and write one most appropriate option out of the four options given for each of the
questions 1-20.
1. Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mole ratio of hydrogen and
oxygen gases liberated during electrolysis of water is:
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
SCIENCE–SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-01  P-17

2. In which test tube effervescence will occur
(a) I (b) III (c) II (d) IV

3. Lime water reacts with chlorine to give:
(a) bleaching powder (b) baking powder
(c) baking soda (d) washing soda
4. The electronic configuration of three elements X, Y and Z are as follows:
X = 2, 4, Y = 2, 7, Z = 2, 1
Which two elements will combine to form an ionic compound.
(a) X2Y (b) YZ (c) XZ3 (d) Y2Z
5. Which of the following belongs to homologous series of alkynes?
C6H6, C2H6, C2H4, C3H4.
as
(a) C6H6 (b) C2H4 (c) C2H6 (d) C3H4
v D
6. Sodium hydroxide is a:
Shi
(a) weak base (b) weak acid (c) strong base (d) strong acid
7. Experiment set-up for the electrolytic refining of copper
A, B, C are as follows:
+ –
(a) A–pure copper, B–impure copper and C–CuSO4
solution
(b) A–pure copper, B–impure copper and C–acidified
B
CuSO4 solution
(c) A–impure copper, B–pure copper and C–CuSO4
A
solution
C
(d) A–impure copper, B–pure copper and C–acidified
Copper sulphate solution
8. What are the products obtained by anaerobic respiration in plants?
(a) Lactic acid + Energy (b) Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(c) Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (d) Pyruvate
9. Posture and balance of the body is controlled by
(a) Pons (b) Medulla oblongata
(c) Cerebellum (d) Cerebrum
10. Bryophyllum can be propagated vegetatively by the
(a) stem (b) leaf (c) root (d) flower
11. What does the progeny of a tall plant with round seeds and a short plant with wrinkled
seeds look like?
(a) All are tall with round seeds. (b) All are short with round seeds.
(c) All are tall with wrinkled seeds. (d) All are short with wrinkled seeds.
P-18  SHIV DAS CBSE SECONDARY SERIES [X]

12. Which one the following diagrams most appropriately illustrates binary fission in
amoeba?
I II III IV
(a) I (b) II (c) III (d) IV
13. Three resistors of 1 Ω, 2 Ω and 3 Ω are connected in parallel. The combined resistance of
the three resistors should be
(a) greater than 3 Ω (b) less than 1 Ω
(c) equal to 2 Ω (d) between 1 Ω and 3 Ω
14. Magnetic lines of force inside current carrying solenoid are
(a) perpendicular to axis.
(b) along the axis and are parallel to each other.
(c) parallel inside the solenoid and circular at the ends.
(d) circular.
15. Which mirror is used as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?
(a) Plane mirror (b) Concave mirror
s
(c) Convex mirror (d) Plane mirror as well as Convex mirror
Da
16. A student does the experiment on tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a
iv
rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence. He can get a correct measure of
Sh
the angle of incidence and the angle of emergence by following the labelling indicated
in figure:
(a) I (b) II (c) III (d) IV

Q. no 17 to 20 are Assertion-Reasoning based questions.
These consist of two statements—Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions
selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is False but R is true.
17. Assertion (A): Dry ammonia gas has no action on litmus paper but a solution of ammonia
Reason (R): Dry ammonia does not produce hydroxide ions (OH–), but a solution of
ammonia in water contains OH– ions.
18. Assertion (A): In a food chain consisting of grass, frog, bird and insects, bird will have the
maximum concentration of the harmful chemicals.

Reason (R): In a food chain consisting of grass, frog, bird and insects, bird is at highest
trophic level.
19. Assertion (A): Inheritance of factors controlling a particular trait in an organism is
independent of the other.
Reason (R): At the time of reproduction, factors in a monohybrid cross segregate
independently during gamete formation and randomly formed combinations in F2
generation.
20. Assertion (A): After white-washing the walls, a shiny white finish on walls is obtained
after two to three days.
Reason (R): Calcium Oxide reacts with Carbon dioxide to form Calcium Hydrogen
Carbonate which gives shiny white finish.
SECTION B
Q. no 21 to 26 are Very Short Answer Questions.
21. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following reaction and identify the type of
reaction and define it.
‘Iron III oxide reacts with Aluminium and gives molten iron and aluminium oxide’.
Or
A reddish brown coloured metal, used in electrical wires, when powdered and heated
strongly in an open china dish, its colour turns black. When hydrogen gas is passed over
s
this back substance, it regains its original colour.
Da
Based on the above information answer the following questions:
Shiv
(i) Name the metal and the black coloured substance formed.
(ii) Write balanced chemical equations for both the reactions.
22. We often observe domestic waste decomposing in the bylanes of residential colonies.
Suggest ways to make people realise that the improper disposal of waste is harmful to the
environment.
23. State the importance of chromosomal difference between sperms and eggs of humans.
24. “A concave mirror of focal length ‘f ’ can form a magnified erect as well as an inverted
image of an object placed in front of it.” Justify this statement stating the position of the
object with respect to the mirror in each case for obtaining these images.
Or
List four characteristics of the images formed by plane mirrors.
25. What is meant by “sustainable management”? Why is reuse considered better than
recycling?
26. A student has two resistors—2 Ω and 3 Ω. She has to put one of
them in place of R2 as shown in the circuit. The current that she
needs in the entire circuit is exactly 9A. Show by calculation
which of the two resistors she should choose.
SECTION C
Q. no 27 to 33 are Short Answer Questions.
27. (a) Give an example for a combination reaction which is exothermic.
(b) Identify the oxidising agent, reducing agent in the following reaction.
H2S + Cl2 Æ 2 HCl + S

(c) Name the phenomenon due to which the taste and smell of oily food changes when
kept for a long time in open. Suggest one method to prevent it.
Or
(a) Write the name given to bases that are highly soluble in water? Give an example.
(b) How is tooth decay related to pH? How can it be prevented?
(c) Why does bee sting cause pain and irritation? Rubbing of baking soda on the sting
area gives relief. How?
28. (a) Why does calcium start floating when added to water?
(b) Most of the metals do not give hydrogen while reacting with nitric acid. Why?
(c) Write equation for the reaction of iron with steam. Name the compound of iron
obtained.
29 (a) Name the part of brain which controls
(i) voluntary action, (ii) involuntary action.
(b) What is the significance of the peripheral nervous system? Name the components of
this nervous system and distinguish between the origin of the two.
30. Write two examples each of sexually transmitted diseases caused by (i) virus, (ii) bacteria.
Explain how the transmission of such diseases be prevented?
31. (i) State Maxwell’s right-hand thumb rule. P
(ii) PQ is a current carrying conductor in the plane of the paper as r1 A
shown in the figure. Mention the direction of magnetic fields
s
produced by it at points A and B. Given r1 < r2, where will the
a
I
D
strength of the magnetic field be larger? r2
B
iv
Justify your answer in each case.
h
Or Q
S
Three resistors of 5 W, 10 W and 15 W are connected in series and the combination is
connected to battery of 30 V. Ammeter and Voltmeter are connected in the circuit. Draw a
circuit diagram to connect all the devices in proper correct order. What is the current
flowing and potential difference across 10 W resistance?
32. A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification –1 on a screen placed at a
distance of 50 cm from the mirror.
(a) Write the type of mirror.
(b) Find the distance of the image from the object.
(c) What is the focal length of the mirror?
(d) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
33. What do you mean by biomagnification of harmful chemicals? How does this
phenomenon affect the human health?
SECTION D
Q. no 34 to 36 are Long Answer Questions.
34. (a) In the formation of compound between two atoms A and B, A loses two electrons and
B gains one electron.
(i) What is the nature of bond between A and B?
(ii) Suggest the formula of the compound formed between A and B.
(b) On similar lines explain the formation of MgCl2 molecule.
(c) Common salt conducts electricity only in the molten state. Why?
(d) Why is melting point of NaCl high?

Or
(a) Explain the steps for extraction of copper from its ore. Write the reaction involved.
(b) Draw a neat, labelled diagram for electrolytic refining of copper and explain the
process.
35. (a) Calculate the resistance of the wire using the graph below.
(b) How many 176 Ω resistors in parallel are required to carry 5 A on a 220 V line?
(c) Define electric power. Derive relation between power, potential difference and resistance.
36. (a) List three distinguishing features between sexual and asexual types of reproduction.
(b) Explain why variations are observed in the offsprings of sexually reproducing
organisms? Or
(a) Identify A, B and C in the given diagram and write their functions.
Das
Shiv
(b) Mention the role of gamete and zygote in sexually reproducing organisms.
SECTION E
Q.no. 37 to 39 are case-based/data-based questions with 2 to 3 short sub-parts. Internal choice
is provided in one of these sub-parts.
37. Anita wanted to make an instrument to see the space objects clearly. For this she took two
lenses and set them in a tube like structure as shown in the figure given on the next page.
So she decided to make a refracting telescope. She bought two lenses, L1 and L2 out of
which L1 was bigger and L2 was smaller. The larger lens gathers and bends the light, while
the smaller lens magnifies the image. Big, thick lenses are more powerful. So to see far
away, she needed a big powerful lens. Unfortunately, she realized that a big lens is very
heavy.

Heavy lenses are hard to make and difficult to hold in the right place. Also since the light
is passing through the lens, the surface of the lens has to be extremely smooth. Any flaws
in the lens will change the image. It would be like looking through a dirty window.
(a) Based on the diagram shown, what kind of lenses would Anita need to make the telescope?
(b) Anita did some preliminary experiment with the lenses and found out that the
magnification of the eyepiece (L2) is 3. If in her experiment with L2 she found an
image at 24 cm from the lens, at what distance did she put the object?
(c) If the powers of the lenses L1 and L2 are in the ratio of 4 : 1, what would be the ratio
of the focal length of L1 and L2?
Or
as
(c) What advantages, if any would she have with her choice of lenses? Anita bought not-
D
so-thick lenses for the telescope and polished them.
iv
38. Blood is a fluid connective tissue which helps in the transportation of nutrients to all parts
Sh
of the body. It consists of plasma, a colourless fluid which helps in transportation of food,
gases, nitrogenous wastes, etc. It also prevents coagulation of blood inside blood vessels
and blood cells. Blood cells are of three types—RBCs (contains haemoglobin), WBCs and
platelets.
Below Table-X shows the range of haemoglobin in blood a normal person should have:
Table-X
Blood concentration haemoglobin (ctHb g/L)
Adult Male 13-5–17.5
Adult Female 11.5–15.5
Child (1 year to puberty) 11.0–13.5
Baby (3 months) 9.5–12.5
Newborn 15.0–21.0
(a) What is the function of haemoglobin in RBCs?
(b) Following Table-Y gives the blood report of John’s family.
Table-Y
Name of the person Haemoglobin Concentration (dHb g/L) Age of the person
John 14.5 32
John’s wife 10 30
John’s daughter 13 4
John’s son 8 56 days
Observe the table and find out who is suffering from low level of haemoglobin.

(c) Refer to Table Y showing the blood report of the haemoglobin level in the blood of
John’s family. Infer the disease which can be diagnosed from the low level of
haemoglobin. Which diet would you recommend to the affected patients?
(d) Study the graph below that represents the Haemoglobin count in the blood of two
twin sisters Siya and Riya.
Choose the correct observation.

(a) Siya is suffering from low haemoglobin at the age of 5 to 10 years.
(b) Riya is suffering from low haemoglobin from the age of 20 years.
s
(c) Siya is suffering from low haemoglobin till 5 years of her age.
a
(d) Riya is suffering from low haemoglobin from the age of 24 years.
v D
39. A farmer was unhappy because of his low crop yield. He discussed the problem with an
Shi
agricultural scientist and told him that the soil of his field was either too acidic or too basic.
The Agricultural scientist advised him to do soil-testing before going for any cultivation.
On testing the soil of his field it was found that pH value of his soil was lesser than the
optimum value of pH.
(a) On the basis of the above testing which type of soil does the farmer has.
(b) Which chemical materials can an agricultural scientist suggest to mix with soil to
adjust pH of the soil?
(c) Why did the agriculturist suggest to add chemical substances to soil?
Or
(c) What will happen if these substances were added in excess? How can it be
neutralized?
________________

Sample Question Paper-01
SECTION A
1. (b) 2. (c)
3. (a) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 æææ
Æ CaO Cl2 + H2O
Slaked lime Chlorine Bleaching Powder
4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (c) Reason : Sodium hydroxide ionises in water and produces a large amount of
hydroxide ions.
7. (d) A–impure copper, B–pure copper, C–acidified copper sulphate solution
8. (c) Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
Ethanol + CO2 + Energy
9. (c) Cerebellum
10. (b) leaf
s
11. (a) All are tall with round seeds
a
12. (c) III
D
Here R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = 3 Ω
v
13. (b)
hi
1 1 1 1
S
= + + 1 1 1 1
R R1 R2 R3 ∴ = + +
R 1 2 3
1 6+3+2 11 6
fi = = ∴ R= <1
R 6 6 11
14. (c) parallel inside the solenoid and circular at the ends.
15. (c) Convex mirror
16. (d) IV
17. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
18. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
19. (c) A is true, but R is false
[Hint: At the time of reproduction, two pairs of factors of each of the two traits in a dihybrid cross
segregate independently during gamete formation and randomly form combinations in F2 generation.
20. (c) A is true, but R is false
SECTION B
21. Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al (s) ⎯⎯⎯ → 2Fe (l) + Al2O3 (l) + Heat
• It is a displacement reaction which is highly exothermic. The amount of heat evolved
is so large that the metal is produced in the molten state.
• The displacement reaction of iron (III) oxide with aluminium is known as thermite
reaction.
Or
(i) The reddish brown coloured metal used in electric wires is Copper.
When copper is heated strongly in air, it combines with oxygen to form Copper (II)
oxide, a black oxide.

Δ
(ii) 2Cu + O2 ⎯⎯⎯→ 2 CuO
Copper Copper (II) Oxide
(black)
CuO + H2 ⎯⎯⎯
→ H2O + Cu
Copper
(Reddish brown)
22. (i) When the domestic waste is decomposed by the action of micro-organisms then it
becomes the breeding place of flies and mosquitoes. Flies and mosquitoes are the
carrier and vector of many dangerous diseases. So some posters related to the spread
of such diseases can be pasted on the walls in public places to create awareness.
(ii) There should be a strict fine imposed by the sanitary officer on the families which
throw their domestic waste on the roads.
23. A male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Thus half the sperms will have X
chromosome and the other half will have Y chromosome.
A female has two X chromosomes. So all the female gametes will have only X
chromosomes.
If a sperm carrying X chromosome fertilizes an ovum then the child born will be a girl. If
a sperm carrying Y chromosome fertilizes an ovum then the child born will be a boy.
Thus the chromosomal difference between sperms and eggs of humans determines the sex
of the child.
24. When the object is placed at a distance less than ‘f ’ (focal length) from the mirror, the
s
image formed is virtual, magnified and erect.
a
When the object is placed at a distance of ‘f ’ (focal length) from the mirror, the image is
v D
real, inverted and highly magnified.
Shi
When the object is placed at a distance more than ‘f ’ (focal length) but less than ‘2f ’, the
image formed is real, inverted and magnified.
When the object is placed at the distance of ‘2f ’ from the mirror, the image is real, inverted
and same size of the object.
When the object is placed at a distance more than ‘2f ’ from the mirror, the image formed
is real, inverted and diminished.
Or
The characteristics of the images formed by plane mirrors are:
(i) The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual and erect. It cannot be received on a
screen.
(ii) The image formed by a plane mirror is of the same size as the object.
(iii) The image formed by a plane mirror is at the same distance behind the mirror as the
object is in front of the mirror.
(iv) The image formed in a plane mirror is laterally inverted.
25. The development and management of resources is done in such a way that meets the
current basic human needs and also preserves the resources for the needs of future
generations. It is called sustainable management.
The process of ‘reuse’ is considered better than the process of ‘recycling’ because recycling
requires the use of a large amount of energy and money whereas no energy is required for
reusing materials.
26. Given: Overall current (I) needed = 9A; Voltage (V) = 12V
Hence, by Ohm’s Law, V = IR
V 12 4
The Resistance (R) for the entire circuit = = = W=R
I 9 3
Since R1 and R2 are in parallel,

(R 1R 2 ) 4R 2 4
Hence, R = fi (4+R ) = 3
(R 1 +R 2 ) 2
fi 12 R2 = 16 + 4R2 fi 8 R2 = 16
16
\ R2 = =2W
8
SECTION C
27. (a) When calcium oxide and water combine to form a single product calcium hydroxide, a
large amount of heat is also released. Therefore it is a combination reaction which is
exothermic.
CaO (s) + H2O (l) ⎯⎯⎯ → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat (≠)
reduction
↓
(b) H2S + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯
→ 2HCl + S
≠
oxidation
Oxidising agent: Cl2 Reducing agent: H2S
(c) The phenomenon is rancidity. When fats and oils are oxidised, they become rancid
and their smell and taste changes. This phenomenon is called rancidity.
Prevention from rancidity. Antioxidants are added to food containing fats and oils to
s
prevent them from oxidation. For example, An inert gas such as nitrogen is added to
a
prevent the packed chips from getting oxidised.
D
Or
hiv
(a) Water soluble bases are called alkalis, e.g., NaOH, KOH.
S
(b) Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5. Bacteria present in
the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the
mouth after eating. This can be prevented by cleaning the mouth and teeth using
tooth pastes which are generally basic and can neutralize the excess acid.
(c) Bee sting leaves an acid which causes pain and irritation. Therefore, to give relief
from the pain, a mild base like baking soda is rubbed on the stung area as the mild
base neutralizes the acid.
28. (a) The reaction of calcium with water is less violent. The heat evolved is not sufficient
for hydrogen to catch fire.
Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) ⎯⎯⎯ → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the
surface of the metal.
(b) Most of the metals do not give hydrogen while reacting with nitric acid because
HNO3 is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises the H2 produced to water (H2O) and
itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO, NO2).
(c) Iron reacts with steam to form iron oxide and hydrogen
3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) ⎯⎯⎯ → Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)
29. (a) (i) All the voluntary actions of the body are coordinated by the Cerebellum.
(ii) Various involuntary actions are controlled by Medulla.
(b) Peripheral nervous system is extended between central nervous system and body
parts. The communication between the central nervous system and the other parts of
the body is facilitated by the peripheral nervous system. On the basis of their origin,
it is divided into two types of nerves.

(i) Cranial nerves. These nerves extend between the brain and parts of head except
10th cranial nerve which extends up to the abdomen.
(ii) Spinal nerves. There nerves extend between spinal cord and the body parts.
Character Cranial nerves Spinal nerves
1. Extension Between brain and body Between spinal cord and body
parts. parts.
2. Number 12 pairs 31 pairs
3. Nature May be sensory or motor or Always mixed.
mixed.
30. Sexually transmitted diseases caused by—
(i) Virus: (1) AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome); (2) Genital warts
(ii) Bacteria: (1) Gonorrhoea; (2) Syphilis
Transmission of such diseases can be prevented by the—
— Screening tests for blood donors
— Mutually faithful monogamous relationships
— Educating people in high risk groups
— Using condoms, etc.
31. (i) Maxwell’s right hand thumb rule. The direction of
the current is given by Maxwell’s right hand
s
thumb rule. “If the current carrying conductor is
a
gripped with the right hand in such a way that the
v D
thumb gives the direction of the current, then the
Shi
direction of the fingers gives the direction of the
magnetic field produced around the conductor”.
(ii) Since the direction of current in the straight conductor is P

from Q to P, then according to Maxwell’s right hand thumb r1 A
rule, magnetic field at point A is inside the paper and at
point B, outside the paper. Since r1 < r2 the strength of the I
magnetic field at A is more than at B because greater the B r2
distance of a point from the current carrying wire, weaker
Q
will be the magnetic field produced at that point.
Or
Current flowing, I = ?, V2 = ?
Total resistance, R = R1 + R2 + R3
= 5 + 10 + 15 = 30 W
Total potential difference, V = 30 volts
According to Ohm’s law
V 30
V = IR fi I= = = 1 amp.
R 30
 Current remains constant in series
\ I1 = I2 = I3= I I2 = 1 amp R2 = 10 W V2 = ?
As V2 = I2 R2 = 1 × 10 = 10 volts
\ Potential difference across 10 W is 10 volts.
32. If magnification, m = –1 v = 50 cm
If the magnification has minus sign, then the image is real and inverted.

\ v = –50 (for real image)
−v − ( −50)
 m= fi −1 = fi u = –50 cm
u −u
(a) Since image is formed on the screen therefore the mirror formed is real image which
is formed by concave mirror only.
(b) Image distance = 50 cm in front of the mirror.
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) = + fi = +
f v u f −50 −50
1 1 1 −2 −1
= − − fi =
f 50 50 50 25
\ f = –25 cm
(d) Ray Diagram:
33. Biomagnification of harmful chemicals:
s
Harmful chemicals enter through the soil and water in the first trophic level of the food-
Da
chain and then their concentration goes on increasing in the second trophic level to the
iv
last trophic level.
h
This increasing concentration of toxic substances within each successive trophic level in
S
the food chain is known as biomagnification of harmful chemicals.
Human being is at the last trophic level of its food chain. So harmful chemicals enter into
human bodies in maximum quantity and thus damage our internal body organs and cause
many types of diseases in our body.
SECTION D
−
−2e
34. (a) A ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → A2+
−
+1e
B ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ B–
(i) Ionic bond is formed between A and B.
A B
(ii) Þ AB2
2 1
(b) (i) Mg has 2 electrons in its outermost shell so it loses its 2 electrons to achieve the
inert gas configuration of eight valence electrons and forms positively charged
ion or divalent cation.
−2e −
Mg ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → Mg2+
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion
K LM K L
2 8 2 2 8
(ii) Cl has 7 electrons in its outermost shell so it gains one electron to achieve the stable
inert gas configuration and forms negatively charged ion or monovalent anion.

−
+e
Cl ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ Cl–
Chlorine atom Chloride ion
K LM K LM
2 8 7 2 8 8
Mg2+ + 2Cl– ⎯⎯⎯
→ MgCl2
(c) Common salt (NaCl) is an ionic compound which conducts electricity only in molten
state because in molten state the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely
charged ions (Na+ and Cl–) are overcome due to heat. Thus the ions move freely and
conduct electricity.
(d) NaCl is an ionic compound so there is a strong force of attraction between the
positively charged sodium ion and negatively charged chloride ion. Therefore a
considerable amount of energy is required to break the strong inter-ionic attraction.
Thus NaCl has high melting point.
Or
(a) Copper is found as Cu2S in nature. The concentrated Cu2S is roasted in presence of
air and Cu2O is formed.
Heat
2Cu2S + 3O2 (g) ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2Cu2O (s) + 2SO2 (g)
Copper oxide (Cu2O) is then heated in the absence of air. This reduces Cu2O into
copper metal. The copper obtained is called blister copper because the SO2 produced
during this reaction gets trapped inside its surface causing blisters to appear on the
s
surface of copper metal.
Da
Heat
2Cu2O + Cu2S ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 6Cu (s) + SO2 (g)
Shiv
(b) Electrolytic refining of copper:
Key
e– – + e–
(–) Cathode Anode (+)

Pure Cu Metal Impure Cu Metal
Cu2+ Acidified copper
sulphate solution
Cu2+
Tank
Impurities
(Anode mud)
35. (a) Resistance of wire = Slope of the graph
According to Ohm’s law,
V
V = IR or R=
I
V −V 4−2 2×10
\ R = I2 − I 1 = 0.2 − 0.1 = 1 = 20 Ω
2 1
(b) Resistance, R¢ = 176 W, No. of resistors = n, Current, I = 5A
Potential difference, V = 220 volts, Resultant resistance = R
According to Ohm’s law,
V 220
V = IR fi R= = = 44 W
I 5
1
R
= ( R1′ + R1′ + ..... n times ) =
1 + 1 + 1 + ..... n times
R’
1 n R′ 176
= fi n= = =4
R R′ R 44

Thus 4 resistors of 176 W in parallel combination are required to carry 5 A on a 220 V
line.
(c) Electric power is defined as the electrical work done per unit-time.
Work done W
Power = fi P=
Time taken t
The work done, W by current, I when it flows for time t under potential difference V
is given by, W = V × I × t joules
W V×I×t
 P= \ P= \ P=V×I
t t
V
But I =
R
2
V×V
So, P = fi P= V
R R
(Potential difference)2
Electric power = Resistance
36. (a) Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
(i) Only one organism is required. (i) Two separate individuals, male and
female are required.
(ii) New organism produced is (ii) New organism produced is
genetically similar to the parent genetically different from both.
s
organism.
Da
(iii) All divisions involved are mitotic. (iii) During gamete formation meiosis
iv
occurs. After fertilization, all
h
divisions are mitotic.
S
(iv) It does not help in evolution. (iv) It helps in evolution.
(b) Reason. There is always a possibility of diversity of characters in the offsprings

because the offspring is formed as a result of fusion of two gametes produced by two
different individuals—the male and the female parents. So there is an opportunity for
new combinations of characters.
Or
(a) A—Stigma. The top part of carpel is called stigma. Stigma is for receiving the pollen
grains from the anther of stamen during pollination.
B—Pollen tube. When a pollen grain falls on the stigma, it bursts open and grows a
pollen tube downward through the style towards the female gamete in the ovary. A
male gamete moves down the pollen tube.
C—Female gamete (ovum). It is a special reproductive female sex cell which
combines with male gamete to form zygote.
(b) Sexual reproduction takes place by the combination of special reproductive cells
called sex cells. These cells are of two types—male sex cells and female sex cells,
which are coming from two different parents—a male and a female. The cells
involved in sexual reproduction are called gametes. In sexual reproduction, a male
gamete fuses with a female gamete to form a new cell called zygote. This zygote then
grows and develops into a new organism in due course of time.

SECTION E
37. (a) Convex lenses.
(b) Given: Magnification (m) = 3; Image (v) = 24 cm; Distance (u) = ?
v 24 24
As we know, m = fi 3= \u= = 8 cm
u u 3
1 1 1
(c) We know, P = f ; P1= f1 and P2 = f2
⎛ 1 ⎞
P1 4 ⎜⎝ f 1 ⎟⎠ 4 f1 1
Given: = fi = \ f = 4 \ f1 : f2 = 1 : 4
P2 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 2
⎜⎝ f2 ⎠ ⎟
Or
Not-so-thick lenses would not make the telescope very heavy and also allow considerable
amount of light to pass.
38. (a) Hemoglobin carries oxygen to various cells of the body.
(b) John’s wife and his son.
(c) Anaemia and Iron rich diet.
Or
(d) Riya is suffering from low haemoglobin from the age of 24 years
s
39. (a) Since pH value of farmer’s soil is less than ideal pH range(6.0 and 7.0) therefore the
Da
field soil is acidic in nature.
Shiv
(b) The soil can be treated with the chemicals such as calcium oxide or calcium
hydroxide which are basic and commonly called quick lime and slaked lime.
(c) As,these substances are basic in nature and hence react with the excess acid present
in the soil and reduce its acidity.
Or
(d) The soil may be acidic or basic naturally but if there is an excess use of materials like
quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk(calcium
carbonate), the pH of the soil can go up to 8.3.
The alkalinity of the soil can be reduced by adding decaying matter (manure or
compost) which contains acidic materials.
________________
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Sample Question Papers
Kindly SCAN


1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
Important Concepts Chapter-wise

1. Chemical Reaction. During chemical reactions, chemical composition of
substances changes or new substances are formed.
2. Chemical Equation. Chemical reactions can be written in chemical equation
form which should always be balanced.
3. Types of Chemical Reactions:
(i) Combination reaction. A single product is formed from two or more
reactants.
2Mg + O2 ⎯⎯⎯ → 2MgO
(ii) Decomposition reaction. A single reactant breaks down to yield two or
more products.
• Thermal decomposition: 2Pb(NO3)2 ⎯⎯⎯ → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
• Electrolysis: 2H2O ⎯⎯⎯ → 2H2 + O2
• Photochemical reaction: 2AgBr ⎯⎯⎯ → 2Ag + Br2
(iii) Displacement reaction. One element is displaced by another element.
Zn + CuSO4 ⎯⎯⎯ → ZnSO4 + Cu
(iv) Double displacement reaction. Exchange of ions between reactants.
AgNO3 + NaCl ⎯⎯⎯ → AgCl + NaNO3
(v) Redox reaction. Both oxidation and reduction take place
s
simultaneously.
Da
CuO + H2 ⎯⎯⎯ → Cu + H2O
iv
(vi) Exothermic reaction. A chemical reaction in which heat energy is
Sh
evolved.
C + O2 ⎯⎯⎯ → CO2 (g) + heat
(vii) Endothermic reaction. A chemical reaction in which heat energy is
absorbed.
ZnCO3 + Heat ⎯⎯⎯ → ZnO + CO2
(viii) Redox reaction. Chemical reaction in which both oxidation and
reduction take place simultaneously.
4. Oxidation. Reaction that involves the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.
5. Reduction. Reaction that shows the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
ZnO + C ⎯⎯⎯ → Zn + CO
ZnO is reduced to Zn—reduction. C is oxidized to CO—oxidation.
6. Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Our Daily Life:
(i) Corrosion. It is an undesirable change that occurs in metals, when they
are attacked by moisture, air, acids and bases.
Example, Corrosion (rusting) of Iron: Fe2O3 . nH2O (Hydrated iron oxide)
(ii) Rancidity. Undesirable change that takes place in oil containing food
items due to the oxidation of fatty acids.
Preventive methods of rancidity. Adding antioxidants to the food
materials, storing food in air tight container, flushing out air with
nitrogen gas and refrigeration.
✽ • •• • ✽
SCIENCE : IMPORTANT CONCEPTS (Chapter-wise)  CH-1

2. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
1. Acids. Substances which turn blue litmus solution red are called acids. Acids are sour in
taste.
2. Bases. Substances which change red litmus solution blue are called bases. They are bitter in
taste.
3. Mineral Acids. Acids which are obtained from minerals like sulphates, nitrates, chlorides etc.
are called mineral acids, example, H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid), HNO3 (Nitric acid) and HCl
(Hydrochloric acid).
4. Organic Acids. Acids which are obtained from plants and animals are called organic acids.
Example citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid.
5. Hydronium Ions. They are formed by reaction of H+ (from acid) and H2O. It is because H+ is
unstable.
6. Universal Indicator. A universal indicator is a mixture of indicators which shows a gradual
but well-marked series of colour changes over a very wide range of change in concentration
of H+ ions.
7. Strong Acids. Acids which dissociate into ions completely are called strong acids. Example,
H2SO4, HCl.
s
8. Weak Acids. Acids which do not dissociate into ions completely are called weak acids.
a
Example, citric acid, acetic acid.
v D
9. Chemical Properties of Acids:
Shi
(i) Acids react with active metals to give salt and hydrogen gas.
(ii) Acids react with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates to give salt, water
and carbon dioxide.
(iii) Acids react with bases to give salt and water. This reaction is called neutralization
reaction.
(iv) Acids react with metal oxides to give salt and water.
10. Chemical Properties of Bases:
(i) Reaction with metals. Certain metals such as zinc, aluminium and tin react with alkali
solutions on heating and hydrogen gas is evolved.
(ii) Reaction with acids. Bases react with acids to form salt and water.
11. Indicators. Indicators are substances which indicate the acidic or basic nature of the solution
by their colour change.
12. pH Scale. A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in
moles per litre.
pH = –log [H+]
pH = –log [H3O+]
where [H+] or [H3O+] represents concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution.
The pH of a neutral solution is 7.
The pH of an acidic solution is < 7.
The pH of a basic solution is > 7.
CH-2  SHIV DAS CBSE SECONDARY SERIES [X]

13. Some Important Compounds and their Uses:
Common Name Chemical name Chemical formula Uses
Washing soda Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 . 10H2O Manufacture of borax, caustic soda,
decahydrate softening of hard water.
Baking soda Sodium hydrogen NaHCO3 Used as antacid, ingredient of baking
carbonate powder.
Bleaching powder Calcium CaOCl2 Bleaching clothes, used as oxidizing
oxychloride agent, disinfecting water, manufacture
of chloroform.
Plaster of Paris Calcium sulphate CaSO4 . 1/2H2O Plastering fractured bones, making
hemihydrate toys, decorative materials, statues.
14. Equations of Acids, Bases and Salts:
(i) Acid + Metal ⎯⎯⎯
→ Salt + Hydrogen gas
H2SO4 + Zn ⎯⎯⎯
→ ZnSO4 + H2
(ii) Base + Metal ⎯⎯⎯
→ Salt + Hydrogen gas
2NaOH + Zn ⎯⎯⎯
→ Na2ZnO2 + H2
(Sodium zincate)
(iii) Base + Acid ⎯⎯⎯ → Salt + Water
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) ⎯⎯⎯ → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
s
(iv) Acids give hydronium ions in water
a
⎯⎯⎯ → H3O+ Cl–
D
HCl + H2O +
v
–
i
(v) Bases generate OH ions in water
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NaOH (aq) + H2O ⎯⎯⎯ → Na+ (aq) + OH– (aq)
15. Reactions Of Important Chemical Compounds:
(i) Preparation of Bleaching powder. By the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯ → CaOCl2 + H2O
(ii) On heating, baking soda liberates CO2
Heat
2NaHCO3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 10H2O ⎯⎯⎯

→ Na2CO3 . 10H2O
Washing soda Sodium carbonatedecahydrate
(iii) Preparation of Plaster of Paris:
373 K (Heat)
CaSO42H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → CaSO4 . 1/2H2O + 11/2H2O
On mixing plaster of Paris with water, gypsum is obtained
CaSO4 . 1/2H2O + 11/2H2O ⎯⎯⎯
→ CaSO4 . 2H2O
✽ • •• • ✽

3. METALS AND NON-METALS
1. Metals and Non-metals:
Metals Non-metals
1. Metals generally occur as hard solid 1. Non-metals generally occur in all the
substances. three forms of matter—solid, liquid and
gases.
2. Metals are malleable and ductile. 2. Non-metals are non-malleable and
non-ductile.
3. Metals produce ringing sound on 3. Non-metals do not show this sonorous
striking which is called their sonorous property.
property.
4. Metals are good conductors of heat and 4. Non-metals are poor conductors of heat
electricity. and electricity with the exception of
graphite which is a good conductor of
heat and electricity.
2. Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-metals.
Reaction of metals with oxygen. Metals form their oxides when react with oxygen.
Metal + Oxygen ⎯⎯→ Metal oxide
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Metal oxides are basic in nature. Example, Reaction of Iron metal with oxygen When iron
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reacts with moist air, it forms rust.
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Rust is iron oxide. Articles made of iron, such as grills, fencing, etc. are get rusted because of
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reaction with moist air.
Iron (Fe) + Water (H2O) + Oxygen (O2) ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4n.H2O (Iron II, III) Oxide (Rust)
Rust is reddish brown in colour and is iron oxide. Iron oxide is basic in nature. It turns red
litmus blue.
Rusting of iron can be prevented:
(i) by galvanizing the iron articles with zinc coating.
(ii) by painting and applying grease on the articles.
Reaction of Magnesium metal with oxygen. When magnesium is burnt in air, it forms
magnesium oxide. Burning in air means reaction with oxygen.
Magnesium + Oxygen (O2) ⎯⎯→ MgO (Magnesium oxide)
Magnesium oxide forms magnesium hydroxide with water. Solution of Magnesium oxide
turns red litmus paper blue. This means magnesium oxide is basic in nature.
MgO + H2O ⎯⎯→ Mg(OH)2 (Magnesium Hydroxide)
Reaction of Non-metals with oxygen. Non-metals form their oxides when they react with
oxygen.
Non-metal + Oxygen ⎯⎯→ Non-metal oxide
Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature.
Example., Reaction of sulphur with oxygen.
When sulphur is burnt in air, it forms sulphur dioxide.
Sulphur + Oxygen (O2) ⎯⎯→ SO2 (Sulphur dioxide)
Solution of sulphur dioxide turns blue litmus paper red. Sulphur dioxide forms sulphurous
acid when dissolved in water. Thus, sulphur dioxide is acidic in nature.
SO2 + H2O ⎯⎯→ Sulphurous acid (H2SO3)

Reaction of carbon with oxygen—When carbon is burnt in air, it forms carbon dioxide.
Carbon + Oxygen (O2) ⎯⎯→ CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
You can observe that when coal (carbon) is burnt it forms smoke, which contains carbon
dioxide. Carbon dioxide is acidic in nature. The solution of carbon dioxide in water turns
blue litmus paper red.
CO2 + H2O ⎯⎯→ Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Reaction of Metals and Non-metals with water. Generally, metals form respective hydroxides
when they react with water.
Metal + Water ⎯⎯→ Metal hydroxide
Reaction of sodium metal with water. Sodium metal vigorously reacts with water and forms
sodium hydroxide along with lot of heat.
Na + H2O ⎯⎯→ NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) + H2 (Hydrogen) + Heat
Non-metals generally do not react with water. Rather some non-metals which react with air
vigorously are stored in water. Reaction of metals and non-metals with dilute acid.
Metals give hydrogen gas when they react with dilute acid.
Metal + Acid ⎯⎯→ Hydrogen gas + Salt
Reaction of zinc with dilute acid. Zinc gives hydrogen gas along with zinc chloride when it
reacts with hydrochloric acid. Similarly, zinc gives hydrogen gas along with zinc sulphate
when it reacts with sulphuric acid. This method is used to produce hydrogen gas in
laboratory.
as
Zn + H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid) ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4 (Zinc sulphate) + H2 (Hydrogen)
D
Reaction of Aluminium with dilute acid. Aluminium gives hydrogen gas along with
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aluminium chloride when it reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
2Al + 6HCl (Hydrochloric acid) ⎯⎯→ 2AlCl3 (Aluminium Chloride) + 3H2 (Hydrogen)
Copper does not react with dilute sulphuric acid even on heating, but it reacts with
concentrated sulphuric acid. Copper, silver and gold are considered as noble metals as do
not react with dilute acid.
Generally, non-metals do not react with dilute acid.
Reaction of metals and non-metals with base. Metals give hydrogen gas when they react with
a base.
Metal + Base ⎯⎯→ Hydrogen gas + Salt
Reaction of aluminium metal with sodium hydroxide.
Water
Al + NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → NaAlO2 (Sodium aluminate) + H2 (Hydrogen)
Aluminium metal forms hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate when it reacts with sodium
hydroxide. Similarly, zinc gives sodium zincate and hydrogen gas when it reacts with
sodium hydroxide.
3. Displacement Reaction. When a more reactive metal reacts with the salt solution of less
reactive metal, more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its solution.
Metal A + Salt Solution of metal B ⎯⎯→ Salt Solution of metal A + metal B
In the above equation, metal A is more reactive than metal B.
Example., When aluminium metal is dipped in the solution of copper sulphate, it forms
aluminium sulphate and copper.
Al + CuSO4 (Copper sulphate) ⎯⎯→ Al2(SO4)3 (Aluminium sulphate) + Cu (Copper)
In the above reaction, aluminium is more reactive than copper, that is why it replaces copper
from the solution of copper sulphate.

When copper metal is dipped in the solution of aluminium nitrate, no reaction takes place.
Because copper is less reactive than aluminium.
4.
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5. Roasting and Calcination:
Roasting Calcination
1. It is done in case of sulphide ores. 1. It is done in case of carbonate ores.
2. In this, the ore is heated in the pre- 2. The carbonate ore is heated in the
sence of air to convert it into oxide absence of air to convert into oxide.
compound. 3. The gas given out is CO2 (carbon
3. The gas given out is SO2 (sulphur dioxide) gas.
dioxide) gas. 4. Example:
Heat
4. Example: ZnCO3 æææÆ ZnO + CO2≠
Heat
2ZnS + 3O2 æææÆ 2ZnO + 2SO2≠
(air)
✽ • •• • ✽

4. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
1. Covalent Bond. A chemical bond formed between two atoms by sharing of valence electrons
between two atoms so that each atom acquires the stable electronic configuration of the
nearest noble gas.
2. Covalency. The number of electrons contributed by each atom for sharing.
3. Carbon always forms covalent bond. Atomic no of carbon is 6. So, its configuration is K-2,
L-4. Therefore, it should either lose or gain 4 electrons to achieve the noble gas configuration
and become stable.
However, it is difficult for carbon to gain or lose four electrons because of the following
reasons:
(i) It cannot gain 4 electrons to form C4– ion having Neon gas (2, 8) configuration because
this anion would be highly unstable due to the large amount of energy required to
overcome the forces of repulsion between the four electrons being added and the six
electrons already present in the carbon atom.
(ii) It cannot lose 4 electrons to form C4+ ion having Helium gas (2) configuration because
this cation would be highly unstable due to the large amount of energy required to
remove four electrons from the carbon atom.
4. Tetravalency of Carbon. A carbon atom has four electrons in the valence shell. Therefore,
carbon forms four covalent bonds, i.e., carbon is tetravalent.
s
5. Allotropic forms of Carbon: The phenomenon of existence of an element in two or more forms
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which have different physical properties but identical chemical properties is called allotropy.
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Three allotropic forms of carbon: (i) Diamond (ii) Graphite (iii) Fullerenes
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6. Hydrocarbon. Organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
7. Saturated Compound. Compounds of carbon which have only single bonds between the
carbon atoms are called saturated compounds e.g., Ethane, Propane, Butane etc.
8. Unsaturated Compound. Compounds of carbon which contain one or more double or triple
bonds between carbon atoms are called unsaturated compounds e.g., Ethene, Propene,
Butyne, etc.
9. Alkanes
• General formula—CnH2n+2 • Saturated hydrocarbons
• Methane—CH4 • Ethane—C2H6
10. Alkenes
• General formula—CnH2n • Unsaturated hydrocarbon.
• Ethene—C2H4 • Propene—C3H6.
11. Homologous series. A family of organic compounds having the same functional group,
similar chemical properties and the successive (adjacent) members differ by a CH2 unit or 14
mass unit.
Characteristics of a homologous series: All the members of a homologous series can be
represented by a general formula.
• Alkane—CnH2n+2 • Alkene—CnH2n
• Alkyne—CnH2n-2 • Halo alkane—CnH2n+1X
• Alcohol—CnH2n+1OH • Aldehyde—CnH2n+1CHO
• Ketone—CnH2n+1COCn’H2n’+1 • Carboxylic acid—CnH2n+1COOH
• The molecular formula of two successive (adjacent) members of a homologous series
differs by a CH2 unit.

• The molecular masses of any two successive members of a homologous series differ by
14 u.
• All the members of a given homologous series have same functional group.
• All the members of a series show similar chemical properties.
• The members of a homologous series show a gradation in physical properties.
12. Nomenclature of carbon compound. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) decided some rules to name the carbon compounds. This was done to maintain the
uniformity throughout the world. Names which are given on this basis are popularly known
as IUPAC name. The rules for nomenclature are as follows:
(i) Identify the number of carbon atoms in carbon compound. Name the carbon compounds
according to the number of carbon atoms.
Example, Saturated hydrocarbon having one carbon atom is named as Methane.
Saturated hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is named as Ethane.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon with double bond having two carbon atoms is named as
Ethene.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon with triple bond between carbon atoms is named as Ethyne.
(ii) If the structure has branched chain, identify the longest chain and then identify the
number of carbon atoms.
(iii) In case of a functional group present, write the prefix or suffix of the functional group as
given below. Then write the name of the parent compound:
Functional group Prefix Suffix
as
Alkyl Alkyl n/a
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Halogen Chloro-for chlorine,
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Bromo-for bromine
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Iodo- for iodine n/a
Alcohol n/a ol
Aldehyde n/a al
Ketone n/a one
Carboxylic acid n/a oic acid
Double bond n/a ene
Triple bond n/a yne
13. Chemical properties of Ethanol
(i) Ethanol (C2H5OH) compound is a colourless liquid at room temperature. It is the
second member of the homologous series of alcohols. Its common name is ethyl alcohol.
Its functional group is — OH.
(ii) It has very low melting point (156 K) and low boiling point (351 K or 78°C).
(iii) Ethanol is highly soluble in water.
(iv) Ethanol is one of the main components of alcoholic drinks.
(v) It is a good organic solvent.
(vi) It is a neutral substance, so it does not have any effect on either blue litmus solution or
red litmus solution.
(vii) It burns with blue flame in the presence of O2 of air. This combustion is an oxidation
process.
Combustion
C2H5OH + 3O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O + Heat and light
(air)
(viii) In the presence of alkaline KMnO4, it is oxidised to ethanoic acid.
Alk/KMnO
C2H5OH + 2[O] ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
→ CH3COOH + H2O

(ix) Ethanol alcohol reacts with sodium(Na) metal vigorously to form sodium ethoxide and
evolves H2 gas.
2C2H5OH + 2Na ⎯⎯ → 2C2H5ONa + H2 (g)
Sodium ethoxide
(x) Ethanol on dehydration in the presence of conc. H2SO4 acid at 443 K forms ethene gas.
H2SO4 acid absorbs water molecules from the alcohol molecules and acts as a strong
dehydrating agent.
Conc. H SO
C2H5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2
443 K
4
→ H2C = CH2 + H2O
Ethene (Absorbed by H2SO4)
14. Chemical properties of Ethanoic acid
(i) Ethanoic acid commonly called acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a colourless liquid. The
functional group present in it is carboxylic acid —COOH.
(ii) Its melting point is 290 K and boiling point is 391 K.
(iii) Being an acid, it turns blue litmus red.
(iv) It is sour in taste.
(v) Ethanoic acid reacts with alcohols in the presence of conc. H2SO4 acid to form sweet
smelling compounds called esters.
Warm
CH3COOH + C2H5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
H SO (conc.)
2 4
Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate
(an ester)
as
(vi) Ethanoic acid reacts with bases to form its salt and water.
D
CH3COOH + NaOH ⎯⎯ → CH3COONa + H2O
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Sodium hydroxide Sodium ethanoate
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(an alkali base) (Sodium acetate)
(vii) It reacts with carbonate and hydrogen-carbonate compounds of metals to form its salt
(sodium ethanoate commonly called sodium acetate) and release CO2 gas.
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ⎯⎯→ 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Ethanoic acid Sodium carbonate Sodium ethanoate
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ⎯⎯
→ CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Ethanoic acid Sodium hydrogen Sodium ethanoate
carbonate
15. Cleansing action of soap. The dirt is generally held to the surface of a dirty cloth by a thin film
of oil or grease. When a dirty cloth is treated with soap or detergent solution, the non- polar
tail of the soap or the detergent dissolve in oil or grease Hydrophilic Hydrophobic end
while the polar heads are held by surrounding water. Soap end
Soap molecule
or detergent micelle are formed with the oily or greasy dirt Na+
lying at their Centre (Soap or detergent is attracted both by

the greasy dirt and water. When the surface of the cloth is Oil droplet
Na+
mechanically scrubbed or beaten on a stone or with a
wooden paddle or agitated in a washing machine, the
loosened oily particle are removed from the dirty surface Na+
and the cloth is cleaned. Detergents lower the surface Na+

Formation of micelles
tension of water to a greater extent than soap, therefore the
cleansing action of detergent is much higher than those of soaps.
✽ • •• • ✽

5. LIFE PROCESSES
NUTRITION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
1. Nutrition. Process of obtaining and utilizing of food is known as nutrition.
2. Mode of nutrition:
(i) Autotrophic Nutrition (All green plants)
(ii) Heterotrophic Nutrition (Animals, Man, Non-green plants)
• Saprotrophic nutrition; • Parasitic nutrition; • Holozoic nutrition
3. Autotrophs. It is a mode of nutrition in which organisms can make their own food from
simple raw material. Example, all green plants.
4. Heterotrophs. It is a mode of nutrition in which organisms cannot prepare their food on their
own and depend on others. Example, animals.
5. Saprotrophic Nutrition. It is the process by which the organism feeds on dead and decaying
matter. Example, rhizopus, mucor, yeast.
6. Photosynthesis. It is the process by which green plants prepare their own food.
Raw materials for photosynthesis:
(i) Water and Minerals. These are absorbed by the roots from the soil.
(ii) Carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny pores called stomata.
(iii) Sunlight. Energy from the sun is called solar energy.
(iv) Cholorophyll. Chlorophyll pigment helps leaves to capture solar energy.
as
Products of Photosynthesis. Carbohydrate-glucose—It is converted to starch.
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7. Symbiotic relationship. Two organism live in close association and develop a relationship
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that is beneficial to both this is called symbiotic relationship.
Exanple, Lichen is a living partnership between a fungus an an alga. Fungus absorbs water
and provides shelter and alga prepare food by photosynthesis
8. Insectivores. Plants feed on insects for their nitrogen requirements.
9. Holozoic nutrition. It means feeding on solid food. Organism takes complex organic food into
the body. Example, man, amoeba, dog, etc.
• Herbivores. Animals which feed on plants only. Example, deer, cow.
• Carnivores. Animals which feed on flesh or meat. Example, tiger.
• Omnivores. Animals which feed on both plant and flesh. Example, man, dog.
10. Steps of Holozoic nutrition:
(i) Ingestion. Taking food into mouth.
(ii) Digestion. Break down of large insoluble food into small water soluble molecules by
enzymes.
(iii) Absorption. Digested food absorbed through intestinal wall into blood.
(iv) Assimilation. Absorbed food is taken by body cells for releasing energy, growth and
repair.
(v) Egestion. Eliminating undigested food from body.
11. Digestive organs of human beings. Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large
intestine with glands like salivary gland, liver, pancreas.
12. Teeth. An organ which breaks down the complex food and helps in chewing the food.
• Milk teeth. The first set of 20 small teeth when baby is 6-7 months old.
• Permanent teeth. The second set of 32 larger teeth, when child is 6-7 years old and
comes by replacing milk teeth.

13. Enamel. A white, strong, shining, protective material covering on teeth.
14. Tongue. A muscular organ attached to the floor of buccal cavity which helps in tasting and
mixing the food with saliva for digestion.
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

1. Vascular tissue. A plant tissue which helps in transportation.
2. Xylem tissue. It helps in transporting water and minerals in plants.
3. Phloem. It helps in transporting food in plants.
4. Translocation. The process of transporting food from leaves to other part of plants.
5. Transpiration. A loss of water from stomata in leaves.
6. Blood. A red colour fluid which circulates in the body of animals.
7. Plasma. Fluid part of blood which consist of nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
8. Blood vessel. Tube like structure present in body for carrying blood inside the body.
9. Artery. It carries oxygenated blood from heart to body parts.
10. Vein. It carries deoxygenated blood from body parts to the heart.
11. Capillary. A thin walled narrow tube which connect artery and vein.
12. Heart. A muscular organ present in thoracic cavity and helps in pumping blood in body.
13. Double circulation. A circulatory system in which blood travels twice through the heart in
one complete cycle.
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14. Heart beat. One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart (72 times in a minute).
a
15. Stethoscope. Instrument which measures heart beat.
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16. Systolic pressure. Maximum pressure at which blood flows during contraction of the heart.
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(120 mm Hg)
17. Diastolic pressure. Minimum pressure at which blood flows during relaxation of the heart.
(80 mm Hg)
18. Sphygmomanometer. Instrument which measures blood pressure.
19. Lymph. A light yellow liquid flowing from body tissue to blood circulatory system and
provides immunity.
EXCRETION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

1. Excretion. It is the process of removing waste products from the body.
2. Excretory products of plants. CO2, O2, water vapour, peel of bark, fruits, leaves, gum, raisin,
etc.
3. Excretory products of humans. Carbon dioxide, urea, etc.
4. Kidney. Organ which removes the toxic substance urea from blood and filters it.
5. Urine. A yellowish liquid which contains water and urea.
6. Dialysis. The procedure used for cleaning blood of a person in case of kidney failure.
7. Nephron. Functional unit of excretory system present in kidney for filtering blood.
8. Renal Artery. Blood vessels which bring blood from heart to kidney.
9. Renal Vein. Blood vessel which brings blood from kidney to heart.
✽ • •• • ✽

6. CONTROL AND COORDINATION
CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS
1. Stimuli. The change in environment to which an organism responds.
2. Co-ordination. Working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic manner to
produce a proper response.
3. Phyto-hormones. These are plant hormones.
4. Auxin. It is a plant hormone which promotes cell enlargement and growth in plants.
5. Gibberellins. A plant hormone which promotes cell differentiation and breaking dormancy of
seeds and buds.
6. Cytokinin. A plant hormone which promotes cell division and opening of stomata.
7. Abscisic Acid. It helps in inhibiting growth of plant and promotes wilting and falling of
leaves and food.
8. Tropism. A growth movement of plant which determines direction with stimulus.
9. Nastism. A growth movement of plant which does not determine direction with stimulus.
10. Phototropism. Movement of plants towards light.
11. Geotropism. Movement of plants towards gravity of earth.
12. Chemotropism. Movement of plants towards chemicals.
13. Hydrotropism. Movement of plants towards water.
14. Thigmotropism. Movement of plants towards response to touch of an object.
CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN ANIMALS
Das
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1. Stimuli. The change in environment to which organism responds.
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2. Co-ordination. Working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic manner to
produce a proper response.
3. Neuron. Functional unit of the nervous system.
4. Synapse. A microscopic gap between a pair of adjacent neurons.
5. Receptor. A cell in a sense organ which is sensitive to stimuli.
6. Motor nerves. It carries message from brain to body parts for action.
7. Sensory nerves. It carries message from body to brain.
8. Olfactory receptor. It detects smell by nose.
9. Gustatory receptor. It detects taste by tongue.
10. Thermoreceptor. It detects heat and cold by skin.
11. Photoreceptor. It detects light by eye.
12. Reflex action. Sudden movement or response to the stimulus which occurs in a very short
duration of time and does not involve any will or thinking of the brain.
13. Brain. An organ present in the skull which controls and regulates activity of whole body and
is known as president of the body.
14. Cerebrum. Main thinking part of brain present in fore brain area which controls all voluntary actions.
15. Cerebellum. It is present in hind brain area and helps in maintaining posture and balance of body.
16. Medulla. It is present in hind brain area and helps in controlling involuntary actions of brain.
17. Spinal chord. It is a cylindrical structure of nerve fibres enclosed in the vertebral column
which helps in conduction of nerve impulses to and from brain.
✽ • •• • ✽

7. HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?
1. Reproduction. It is the process by which living organisms produce new individuals similar to
themselves.
• Reproduction ensured continuity of life on earth.
• It is a bridge to hereditary transmission.
• It involves continuation of characters from the parents to daughter cells by copying of
DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) molecules present in the chromosomes of the cell.
• Copying of DNAs is also not a foolproof exercise, even minute changes bring about
variation in the blue print of the offsprings.
• The useful variations are retained while the harmful ones do not go beyond.
• Actually variations help the species to withstand drastic environmental changes, thus
save the species from becoming extinct and promotes its survival for a longer time.
• This inbuilt tendency of variation is the “basis” for Evolution.
2. Asexual Reproduction. It is extremely useful as a means of rapid multiplication. It is common
in lower plants and animals.
• Different forms of Asexual Reproduction:
(i) Fission. The parent cell divides/splits into two daughter cells—Binary fission and
splits into many cells—Multiple fission.
(ii) Budding. A new organism is produced as an outgrowth of the parent body part.
(iii) Spore Formation. Spores are small, bulb like structure which develop at the top of
s
the erect hyphae of the fungus plant, when released into the air germinate, into
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new individuals after landing into food or soil.
iv
(iv) Fragmentation. It is the accidental process when the broken pieces of an organism
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(fragments) grows into a complete organism. Example, fragmentation in spirogyra.
(v) Regeneration. When the simple animals like hydra, planaria develop a new
individual from their broken older part it is known as regeneration. It is carried
out by specialised cells which grow large numbers of cells.
3. Vegetative Propagation. A mode of reproduction in which parts like the stem, root, leaves
develop into new plants under favourable conditions.
Benefits:
(i) Plants can bear flowers, fruits more quickly than those produced from seeds.
(ii) Growing banana, orange, rose, jasmine that have lost the capacity to produce seeds.
(iii) Genetical similarity is maintained in the plants. Example, sugarcane, rose, grapes by
layering or grafting.
4. Sexual Reproduction. When reproduction takes place as a result of fusion between two
gametes, one from each parent, it is called sexual reproduction.
(i) This process of fusion between two gametes is called fertilization.
(ii) The formation of gametes involves exchange of chromosomal (genetic) fragments
between homologous chromosomes causing genetic recombination which leads to
variation.
5. Sexual Reproduction in Plants. It occurs mostly in flowering plants. Infact flowers are the
reproductive organ of plants.
(i) Pollen grains of a flower transfer to stigma of the carpel of the same flower (Self-
Pollination) or to the carpel of another flower (Cross-Pollination).
(ii) This transfer of pollen is achieved by agents like wind, water or animals. After
pollination, the pollen grains reach the egg cell in the form of a pollen tube.
(iii) Fertilization. The fusion between the pollen grain and female egg cell. It occurs inside
the ovary. Zygote is produced in this process.

(iv) Zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule. The ovule develops a
tough coat and is converted into a seed.
(v) Ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit, while the seed contains the future plant
or embryo which develops into a seedling under suitable conditions. This process is
known as Germination.
6. Reproduction in Human Beings:
(i) Humans use a sexual mode of reproduction.
(ii) It needs sexual maturation which includes creation of the germ cells, i.e., egg (ova) in the
female and sperm in the male partner and this period of sexual maturation is called
Puberty.
(iii) Human beings have a well developed male and female reproductive system.
(iv) The formation of male germ cell (sperms) takes place in the testes (male reproductive
organ). Actually a pair of testes are located inside scrotum situated outside the
abdominal cavity. It is meant to keep a relatively low temperature needed for the
production of sperms by testes. Testes release a male sex hormone called testosterone
whose function is to—(a) regulate the production of sperms; (b) brings about changes in
appearance seen in boys at the time of puberty; and (c) the sperms along with the
secretion of prostate gland and seminal vesicle, together constitute semen, which is
released and made to enter into the female genital tract during Copulation.
7. Female Reproduction System:
• The female germ cells or eggs are made in the ovaries, a pair of which is located in both
sides of the abdomen.
s
• When a girl is born, the ovaries already contain thousands of immature eggs. At the time
Da
of puberty, some of these eggs start maturing. One egg is produced every month by one
iv
of the ovaries.
Sh
• The egg is carried from the ovary to the womb through a fallopian tube. These two
fallopian tubes unite into an elastic bag like structure known as the uterus.
• The uterus opens into the vagina through the cervix.
• Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube of the female genital tract.
• The fertilized egg also called zygote gets implanted in the lining of the uterus, and starts
dividing. The uterus is richly supplied with blood to nourish the growing embryo.
• If zygote is not formed, the inner wall of uterus breaks which causes bleeding through
vagina. This process is called Menstruation. It occurs at a regular interval of 28 days.
• The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue
called Placenta.
• Placenta provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to
the embryo. Similarly the wastes from developing embryo are removed to mother’s blood
through placenta.
• The child is born as a result of rhythmic contractions of the muscles in the uterus after
nine months (36 weeks) of development inside mother’s womb, called Gestation Period.
• The sexual cycle in a woman continues upto the age of 45 to 50 years. After that the
ovaries do not release eggs. This stage is called Menopause. It also marks the end of
menstruation in the woman.
8. Reproductive Health. Reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of
reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, social and behavioral.
9. Contraception. It is the avoidance of pregnancy through different methods—Natural
methods, Barrier method, Oral contraceptives, Surgical methods.
Advantages of contraception. Help in birth control, prevent sexually transmitted diseases,
prevent unwanted pregnancies, keep population explosion in check.
✽ • •• • ✽

8. HEREDITY
1. Genetics. Branch of science that deals with heredity and variation.
2. Heredity. It means the transmission of features/characters/traits from one generation to the
next generation.
3. Variation. The differences among the individuals of a species/population are called variations.
4. Mendel and his work on Inheritance.
Gregor Johann Mendel started his experiments on plant breeding and hybridisation. Mendel
was known as Father of Genetics.
The plant selected by Mendel was Pisum sativum (garden pea). Mendel used a number of
contrasting characters for garden pea.
5. Sex Determination. Phenomenon of decision or determination of sex of an offspring.
6. Factors Responsible for Sex Determination:
(i) Environmental. In some animals the temperature at which the fertilised eggs are kept
decides the gender. Example, in turtle.
(ii) Genetic. In some animals like humans gender or individual is determined by a pair of
chromosomes called sex chromosomes (XX – female; XY – male).
Sex Chromosomes. In human beings there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. Out of these 22
chromosome pairs are called autosomes and the last pair of chromosomes that help in
deciding gender of that individual are called sex chromosome.
s
XX – female; XY – male
Da
The cross done shows that half the children will be boys and half will be girls. All
iv
children will inherit an X chromosome from their mother regardless whether they are
Sh
boys or girls. Thus sex of children will be determined by what they inherit from their
father, and not from their mother.
✽ • •• • ✽

9. LIGHT : REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
REFLECTION
1. Reflection of Light. The phenomenon of bouncing back of light into the same medium by the
smooth surface is called reflection.
Incident light. Light which falls on the surface is called incident light.
Reflected light. Light which goes back after reflection is called reflected light.
Angle of incidence. The angle between the incident ray and the normal.
Angle of reflection. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
2. Mirror. The surface which can reflect the light is mirror.
3. Plane Mirror. If the reflecting surface is plane then mirror is plane.
4. Spherical Mirror. If the reflecting surface is part of hollow sphere then mirror is spherical
mirror. Spherical mirror are of two types:
(i) Convex mirror. In this mirror reflecting surface is convex. It diverges the light so it is
also called diverging mirror.
(ii) Concave mirror. In this mirror reflecting surface is concave. It converges the light so it is
also called converging mirror.
5. Parameters of Mirror:
• Center of Curvature. The centre of hollow sphere of which mirror is a part.
• Radius of curvature. The radius of hollow sphere of which mirror is a part.
s
• Pole. The centre of mirror (middle point ) is pole.
a
• Principal axis. The line joining the pole and center of curvature is called principal axis.
v D
• Aperture. Size of mirror is called aperture of mirror.
Shi
• Principal Focus. The point on the principal axis, where all the incident rays parallel to
principal axis converge or diverge after reflection through mirror.
• Focal Length. The distance between pole and focus point is focal length.
6. Special Rays for Formation of Image:
(i) A ray of light which is parallel to principal axis of a spherical mirror, after reflection
converges or diverges from focus.
(ii) A ray of light passing through or appearing from the center of curvature of spherical
mirror is reflected back along the same path.
(iii) A ray of light passing through or appearing from the focus of spherical mirror becomes
parallel to the principal axis.
(iv) A ray of light which is incident at the pole of a spherical mirror is reflected back making
same angle with principal axis.
7. Use of Concave Mirror. It is used as makeup mirror, reflector in torches, in headlights of cars
and search lights, doctor’s head-mirrors, solar furnace, etc.
8. Sign Conventions of Spherical Mirror:
(i) All the distances are measured from pole of the mirror as origin.
(ii) Distances measured in the direction of incident rays are taken as positive.
(iii) Distances measured opposite to the direction of incident rays are taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured upward and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as
positive.
(v) Distances measured downward and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as
negative.
1 1 1
= + ...where [f, v and u are focal length, image distance, object distance
f v u

9. Linear Magnification. This is ratio of the height of the image to the height of object.
h′
m= ...where [m = magnification, h = height of image, h¢¢ = height of object
h
10. Use of Convex Mirror. Convex mirror used as rear view mirror in vehicles, as shop security
mirrors, etc.
REFRACTION
1. Refraction of Light. The bending of light at the interface of two different mediums is called
Refraction of light.
— If velocity of light in medium is more, then medium is called optical rarer.
Example, air or vacuum is more optical rarer.
— If velocity of light in medium is less, then medium is called optical denser.
Example, glass is more denser than air.
2. Refractive Index. It represents the amount or extent of bending of light when it passes from
one medium to another. There are two types of refractive index—(i) Relative refractive index
a n d
(ii) Absolute refractive index.
(i) Refractive index of medium with respect to other medium is called Relative Refractive
Index.
Refractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2
Speed of light in medium 2 (V2 )
= Speed of light in medium 1 (V )
1
s
(ii) Refractive index of medium with respect to air or vacuum is called Absolute Refractive
Da
Index.
iv
Speed of light in air (c )
Sh
Absolute refractive index of medium (m) = Speed of light in medium (V )
m
Incident ray. It is incoming ray on the refracting surface.
Refracted ray. It is outgoing ray from refracting surface.
Angle of incidence (i). It is the angle between incident rays and perpendicular line
(normal) at the point of incidence.
Angle of refraction (r). It is the angle between refracted rays and perpendicular line
(normal) at the point of incidence.
3. Law of Refraction. According to this law—
• “The incident ray, refracted ray and normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same
plane.”
• “The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant.”
sin i
= constant (m)
sin r
4. Lens. The transparent refracting medium bounded by two surfaces in which at least one
surface is curved is called lens.
Lenses are mainly two type—(i) Convex lens and (ii) Concave lens.
5. Center of Curvature. The centres of two spheres, of which lens is part is called center of
curvature.
6. Radii of Curvature. The radii of spheres, of which lens is part is called radius of curvature.
7. Principal Axis. The line joining the centres of curvature of two surfaces of lens is called
principal axis.
8. Optical Center. It is a special point on the principal axis. Light incident on optical center
passes through the lens without deviation.
9. Principal Focus. The point on the principal axis at which all incident rays parallel to the
principal axis converge or appear to diverge after refraction through the lens.

10. Special Rays for Image Formation by Lens:
(i) An incident ray, parallel to the principal axis, after refraction passes through (or
appears to come from), second focus of lens.
(ii) An incident ray, passing through the optical center of the lens, goes undeviated from the
lens.
(iii) An incident ray, passing through the (first) principal focus of the lens, or directed
toward it, becomes parallel to the principal axis after refraction through lens.
11. Use of Lens. In photographic cameras, magnifying glass, microscope, telescope, human eye.
✽ • •• • ✽
Das
Shiv

Series : CBSE/QPs Code No. 086
Candidate must write the code on

• Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on
the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
• 15 minute time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will be
distributed at 10.15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the students will read the question
paper only and will not write any answer on the answer-book during this period.
SCIENCE
D
2017 (DELHI)*
a s
Time allowed : 3 hours
(i)
(ii)
S hiv Maximum marks : 80
The Question Paper comprises of two sections, A and B. You are to attempt both the sections.
All questions are compulsory.
(iii) All questions of Section A and all questions of Section B are to be attempted separately.
(iv) Question numbers 1 to 2 in Section A are one mark questions. These are to be answered in one word or in
one sentence.
(v) Question numbers 3 to 5 in Section A are two marks questions. These are to be answered in about
30 words each.
(vi) Question numbers 6 to 15 in Section A are three marks questions. These are to be answered in about
50 words each.
(vii) Question numbers 16 to 21 in Section A are five marks questions. These are to be answered in about
70 words each.
(viii) Question numbers 22 to 27 in Section B are questions based on practical skills and are two marks questions.
* Modified as per Latest CBSE Curriculum.
SECTION A
Q.1. Write the balanced chemical equation with the state symbols of the following reaction:
Solutions of Barium chloride and Sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble Barium
sulphate and the solution of Sodium chloride. 1
Q.2. What is an ecosystem? 1
Q.3. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm in front of a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm.
Write four characteristics of the image formed by the mirror. 2
SCIENCE : 2017 (DELHI) n 1

Q.4. What is sustainable management? Why is reuse considered better in comparison to
recycle? 2
Q.5. Write down important properties of ionic compounds. 2
Q.6. Write the chemical name of Plaster of Paris. Write the chemical equation of its preparation.
Why should Plaster of Paris be stored in a dry place? 3
Q.7. Describe the structure and functioning of nephron. 3
Q.8. Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in
the animals. 3
Q.9. Two lamps, one rated 40W at 220V and the other 100W at 220V, are connected in parallel
to the electric supply at 220V.
(a) Draw a circuit diagram to show the connections.
(b) Calculate the current drawn from the electric supply.
(c) Calculate the total energy consumed by the two lamps together when they operate
for one hour. 3
Or
Two resistors, with resistance 10 W and 15 W, are to be connected to a battery of e.m.f.
12V so as to obtain:
(i) minimum current (ii) maximum current
(a) Describe the mode of connecting the resistances in each case.
s
(b) Calculate the strength of the total current in the circuit in each case. 3
a
Q.10. What is an electromagnet? Name two factors on which the strength of the electromagnet
iv D
depends? 3
Sh
Q.11. Complete the following chemical equations: 3
(i) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH
(ii) CH3COOH + NaOH
2 4 Conc. H SO
(iii) C2H5OH + CH3COOH ææææææ Æ
Q.12. Write three chemical properties of ethanoic acid. Write the balanced equations for these
properties. 3
Or
Q.12. Draw the electron dot structures of ethanoic acid, propanone and F2 molecules.
Q.13. State the basic requirement for sexual reproduction? Write the importance of such
reproduction in nature. 3
Q.14. “The father is responsible for the sex of the child, not the mother.” Justify the statement.
3
Q.15. Due to gradual weakening of ciliary muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens
a certain defect of vision arises. Write the name of this defect. Name the type of lens
required by such persons to improve the vision. Explain the structure and function of such
a lens. 3
Q.16. Write an activity to show the reaction of acids with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen
carbonate salts. 5
Q.17. Describe double circulation in human beings.
(a) Why is it necessary? 3
(b) How are arteries different from veins? 2
Q.18. (a) List the products produced on combustion of fossil fuels. 2
(b) What are their adverse effects on the environment? 3
2 n SHIV
S-(2) n Shiv
DASDasCBSE
CBSESECONDARY
Secondary Series [X] [X]
SERIES

Q.19. Soaps and detergents are both types of salts. State the difference between the two. Write
the mechanism of cleansing action of soaps. Why do soaps not form lather (foam) with
hard water? Mention any two problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of
soaps. 5
Q.20. (a) Name the organ that produces sperms as well as secretes a hormone in human males.
Name the hormone it secretes and write its functions.
(b) Name the parts of the human female reproductive system where fertilization occurs.
(c) Explain how the developing embryo gets nourishment inside the mother’s body. 5
Q.21. (a) To construct a ray diagram we use two rays which are so chosen that it is easy to
know their directions after reflection from the mirror. List two such rays and state the
path of these rays after reflection in case of concave mirrors. Use these two rays and
draw ray diagram to locate the image of an object placed between pole and focus of
a concave mirror.
(b) A concave mirror produces three times magnified image on a screen. If the object is
placed 20 cm in front of the mirror, how far is the screen from the object? 5
Or
Q.21. (a) Draw a ray diagram to explain the term angle of deviation.
(b) Why do the component colours of incident white light split into a spectrum while
s
passing through a glass prism? Explain.
D a
(c) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of a rainbow.
S hiv
SECTION B
Q.22. What type of material is formed when aqueous solutions of sodium sulphate and barium
chloride are mixed. Give the balanced chemical equation involved. Name the type of
reaction it is? 2
Q.23. Give any four precautions taken by a student to perform an experiment to determine the
resultant resistance of two resistors when connected in series. 2
Q.24. Why is epidermal peel generally taken from lower surface of the leaf? 2
Q.25. A gas is liberated immediately with a brisk effervescence, when you add acetic acid to
sodium hydrogen carbonate powder in a test tube. Name the gas and describe the test that
confirms the identify of the gas. 2
Q.26. Name the type of asexual reproduction in which two individuals are formed from a single
parent and the parental identity is lost. Write the first step from where such a type of
reproduction begins. Draw first two stages of this reproduction. 2
Q.27. If a student wants to get enlarged and inverted image of an object on the screen by using
a convex lens, then write the positions of the object, screen and the lens on the optical
bench. 2
✽ • •• • ✽
SCIENCE : 2017 (DELHI) n 3

2017 (DELHI)
SECTION A
1. BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯
→ BaSO4(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)
2. Ecosystem is a unit of biosphere where interaction between biotic community and abiotic
factors of an area or place takes place with each other.
3. Four characteristics of the image formed are:
(i) Image is erect.
(ii) Image is virtual.
(iii) Image is diminished in size.
(iv) The image is formed behind the mirror between P & F points of the mirror.
(v) The image is laterally inverted.
4. Sustainable management means the judicious use of the natural resources by the present
s
generations so that these resources are also available for the future generations.
Da
In the recycling of materials some energy is used and also harmful gases are produced
iv
which pollute the environment, while reuse of materials does not consume energy.
h
5. (i) Ionic compounds are generally hard and solid.
S
(ii) Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
(iii) Ionic compounds are mostly soluble in water and insoluble in solvents like kerosene
oil, alcohols, etc.
(iv) In their molten state or aqueous solution these are good conductors of electric
current.
6. Chemical name of Plaster of Paris is calcium sulphate hemihydrate and its formula is
1
CaSO4 . H2O.
2
Preparation:
Heat 1 1
CaSO4.2H2O ⎯⎯⎯→ CaSO4 . H O + 1 H2O
2 2 2
Gypsum Plaster of Paris
In the presence of moisture the Plaster of Paris powder changes to a hard solid mass
called gypsum, so it has to be stored in a dry place.
7. Structure of nephron. Nephron is the basic filtration unit in the kidney. It consists of a
tubule which is connected with a collecting duct at one end and a cup shaped structure at
the other end, called Bowman’s capsule. Every Bowman’s capsule contains a cluster of
capillaries called glomerulus within the cup-shaped structure. The blood enters into
glomerulus through afferent arteriole of renal artery and leaves it through efferent
arteriole.
4  SHIV DAS CBSE SECONDARY SERIES [X]

Basic functions of Nephrons:
(i) Filteration. Filteration of the blood takes place in Bowman’s capsule in the capillaries
of the glomerulus. Then this filterate passes into the tubular part of the nephron. The
filterate contains glucose, amino acids, urea and uric acid and a large amount of
s
water.
Da
(ii) Reabsorption. The filterate flows along the tubule and useful substances such as
iv
glucose, amino acids, salts and some water are re-absorbed into the blood by the
Sh
capillaries surrounding the nephron tubule.
(iii) Urine. The filterate which remains after the re-absorption is called the urine, which is
collected from nephron by the collecting duct to carry it to the urinary bladder and
then to the urethra.
8. Nervous mechanism Hormonal mechanism
1. Nervous mechanism involves the 1. Hormones are special chemicals
movement of stimulus and response produced by specialised organs.
information in the form of chemical Information reaches the target organs
and electrical impulses through through the blood stream.
specialised neuron cells.
2. Nerve impulses are fast in their 2. Hormones are slow in their actions.
actions.
3. Response is immediate in nervous 3. Response is usually slow.
control.
9. (a)
SCIENCE : 2017 (DELHI)  5

(b) P1 = 40 W, V1 = 220V, I1 = ? P2 = 100 W, V2 = 220V, I2 = ?
P
1 40 2 P
2 100 5
I1 = V = 220 = 11 ampere I2 = V = 220 = 11 ampere
1 2
2 5 7
Total current drawn, I = I1 + I2 = + = ampere
11 11 11
(c) E1 = P1 × t E2 = P2 × t
= 40 × 1 = 40 Wh = 100 × 1 = 100 Wh
140
Total energy consumed = 40 Wh + 100 Wh = 140 Wh = kWh = 0.14 kWh
1000
Or
9. (i) Resistances are connected in series to obtain minimum current
R1 = 10 W R2 = 15 W Voltage = 12 V
Resultant, R = R1 + R2 = 10 + 15 = 25 W
Potential difference, V = 12 V
I=?
According to Ohm’s Law,
V 12
V = IR \I = R = 25 = 0.48A
s
(ii) The resistances are connected in parallel to obtain maximum current
a
R1 = 10 W R2 = 15 W V = 12 Volts
1
=
1
+
R R1 R2
1
fi
hiv D
1
=
1
+
R 10 15
1
=
3+2
30
=
5
30
fi
\
1
=
R 6
1
S
fi
According to Ohm’s Law, V = IR
V
I = R = 6 = 2A
12
R=6W
10. When soft iron core is inserted into the solenoid coil and current is passed through such an
arrangement, then it is known as electromagnet.
Strength of the electromagnet depends on the quantity of current flowing through the
solenoid. More the value of current, more is the strength of the electromagnet and vice-
versa.
It also depends on the number of turns in the solenoid. More the number of turns, more is
the strength of the electromagnet and vice-versa.
11. (i) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH ææÆ CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Sodium ethanoate Ethanol
(ii) CH3COOH + NaOH ææÆ CH3COONa + H2O
Conc.H SO
(iii) C2H5OH + CH3COOH ææææææ
2 4
Æ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethyl ethanoate
12. Three chemical properties of ethanoic acid:
(i) Ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium, its forms magnesium ethanoate is formed
2CH3COOH + Mg ⎯⎯→ (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
Magnesium ethanoate

(ii) Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, it forms sodium ethanoate, CO2 and
H2O
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ⎯⎯ → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Sodium ethanoate
(iii) Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, it forms sodium ethanoate and H2O
CH3COOH + NaOH ⎯⎯ → CH3COONa + H2O
Sodium ethanoate
Or
12. Electron dot structure of ethanoic acid: CH3COOH
s
Electron dot structure of propanone: CH3COCH3
iv Da
Sh
Electron dot structure of F2 molecules:
13. The basic requirement for sexual reproduction is sexual interaction of male and female
parents to cause fusion of male gamete with female gamete to form zygote. Then from the
zygote develops the new child.
Importance of such reproduction. Such sexual reproduction leads to more variation in the
offsprings for their successful living in the changing environmental conditions. More
variations also lead to evolution of new species after some generations. It leads to
diversity in the population which helps in natural selection.
14. (i) A male has one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome. Thus half the male gametes
have X-chromosomes and the other half have Y-chromosomes.
(ii) A female has two X-chromosomes. Thus all female gametes have only X-
chromosomes.
(iii) If a sperm carrying Y-chromosome fertilises an ovum carrying X-chromosome, then
the child born will be a boy.
(iv) If a sperm carrying X-chromosome fertilises an ovum carrying X-chromosome, then
the child born will be a girl.

Female (XX) Male (XY)
Gametes X X X Y Gametes
XX XX XY XY
girl girl boy boy
Sex determination in human beings
Therefore it is the sperm from the father which determines the sex of the child.
15. This defect of vision is called Presbyopia.
Bifocal lens is used for the correction of this defect. The upper part of this lens is concave
and the lower part of the lens is Convex lens. The upper part of the lens is used to see the
distant objects clearly and lower part of this lens is used to see the nearby objects clearly.
16. Take two test tubes. Mark them as
‘A’ and ‘B’. Take about 0.5 gm of
sodium carbonate in the test tube
‘A’ and 0.5 gm of sodium
hydrogen carbonate in test tube
s
‘B’. Add about 2 ml of dilute HCl
Da
acid to both of these test tubes.
iv
Pass the gas produced in each case
h
through lime water as shown in
S
the figure. Lime water in each case
will turn milky due to the
production of CO2 gas in each of
the test tubes.
Reactions occurring in the above activity:
Test tube ‘A’ Na2CO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) ææÆ 2NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Test tube ‘B’ NaHCO3 (s) + HCl (aq) ææÆ NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
On passing the gas evolved through the lime water:
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) ææÆ CaCO3 (s) + H2O
lime water white ppt. (milkiness)
But on passing excess CO2 gas through the lime water, milkiness disappears due to the
formation of soluble CaHCO3
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ææÆ Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
Calcium hydrogen-carbonate
This activity shows that metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonate react with acids
to form salt, CO2 and water.
17. (a) Double circulation of blood means, that the blood enters twice in the heart during its
once circulation in other parts of the body. First time oxygenated blood from lungs
enters the left atrium and second time de-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium
through two main vena cava. Double circulation of blood is necessary to separate the
oxygenated blood from the de-oxygenated blood to provide more energy for effecient
working of body organs.

(b) Arteries Veins
1. Arteries are thick walled. 1. Veins are thin walled.
2. Arteries carry blood from the heart to 2. Veins carry the blood from body
different organs of the body. organs to the heart.
3. Arteries do not have valves. 3. Veins have valves in them.
4. Arteries are deeply placed. 4. Veins are superficially placed.
18. (a) When fossil fuels are burnt, the products of combustion are—carbon dioxide, water,
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. If combustion takes place in an insufficient
supply of air then carbon monoxide is produced. All these products are harmful and
create some adverse effects on the environment.
(b) Adverse effects of products produced on combustion of fossil fuels:
(i) Sulphur dioxide dissolves in rainwater making it acidic. The acid rain thus
produced damages trees, plants, buildings and metal structures.
(ii) Nitrogen oxide also causes acid rain.
(iii) Carbon monoxide is a green house gas which traps Sun’s heat energy falling on
the earth. The increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes increased
green house effects leading to global warming.
19. • Soaps are the sodium salts or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids, while
the detergents are the ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
s
• Mechanism of cleansing action of soaps. Soaps
a
Hydrophobic end
D
Hydrophilic
are molecules in which the two ends have end
iv
differing properties, one is hydrophilic, that is, Soap molecule
h
Na+
it dissolves in water, while the other end is
S
hydrophobic, that is, it dissolves in
hydrocarbons. When soap is at the surface of
Oil droplet
water, the hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap will not be Na+
soluble in water and the soap will align along
the surface of water with the ionic end in water
Na+
and the hydrocarbon ‘tail’ protruding out of
water. Inside water, these molecules have a Na+
Formation of micelles
unique orientation that keeps the hydrocarbon
portion out of the water. This is achieved by forming clusters of molecules in which
the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the
surface of the cluster. This formation is called a micelle. Soap in the form of a micelle
is able to clean, since the oily dirt will be collected in the centre of the micelle. The
micelles stay in solution as a colloid and will not come together to precipitate because
of ion-ion repulsion. Thus, the dirt suspended in the micelles is also easily rinsed away.
• With hard water soap molecules form insoluble salts with Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions present
in the hard water. So soaps do not form lather with hard water.
• Two problems of using detergents:
(i) Detergents are non-biodegradable and thus these cause pollution of water bodies.
(ii) Detergents are strong cleansing agents but these cause damage to the skins of
the person using them.
20. (a) This organ is testes. The hormone secreted by testis is testosterone. This hormone
controls the changes which occur in human males during puberty. It leads to
formation of sperms and development of secondary sexual characters.

(b) This part is Fallopian tube.
(c) Developing embryo gets the nourishment inside the mother’s body from Placenta
which is developed on the wall of the uterus of the mother. It provides a large surface
area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother’s blood to the developing
embryo.
21. (a) These two rays are:
(i) Ray of light parallel to principal axis,
passes through point F of concave mirror
after its reflection.
(ii) Ray of light passing through point C of the C F object P Image
mirror, is reflected back on the same path

after reflection from the mirror.
Concave mirror
Image is erect, virtual and magnified.
(b) m = –3, u = –20 cm, v= ?
-v -v
m= fi –3 = fi v = –60 cm
u - 20
Distance between the screen and the object distance = [–60 – (–20)] = –40 cm
So, the screen is at a distance of 40 cm from the object.
Minus sign is only as per sign conventions.
Or
A
21. (a) Angle of deviation is the angle between extended H
as
incident ray and extendent emergent ray through
D
N G
D M
a prism.
iv
i r e
h
F
PQ = Incident Ray, RS = Emergent Ray E
N’ M’
S
Q R
–D = Angle of Deviation P S
B C
(b) The incident white light splits into a seven coloured spectrum as speed of different
coloured light waves is different when these pass through the prism.
Rain-drop
(c)
Sunlight
Red
Violet
Rainbow formation
SECTION B
22. • A white precipitate of BaSO4 will be formed.
• Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) ⎯⎯⎯ → BaSO (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
4
• It is a double displacement reaction.
23. (i) Clean the ends of the connecting wires by sand paper.
(ii) The connections should be tight.
(iii) Close the key (K) only when readings are to be taken.
(iv) Zero errors and the ranges of the ammeter and voltmeter should be noted.

24. In dicot plants stomata are found in lower surface only, hence peel is taken from the
lower surface. As stomata are present on both the surfaces of leaf in monocot plants so
the peel can be taken from either surface.
25. The liberated gas is CO2 gas. The test that confirms the identity of the gas is its test with
lime water. CO2 gas turns the lime water milky.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2 ææÆ CaCO3(s) + H2O
Lime water White ppt
26. The type of asexual reproduction in which two individuals are formed from a single par-
ent and parental identity is lost is called Binary fission.
The first step of this reproduction is elongation of cells and its nucleus.
27. Position of lens: Middle of the optical bench, i.e., 50 cm mark.
s
Position of object: Between F and 2F points of the lens on its one side.
Da
Position of screen: Beyond 2F point of the lens on its other side.
Shiv ✽ • •• • ✽

Series : CBSE/QPs Code No. 086
Solutions
For
Candidate must write the code on
Roll No. SCAN ME the title page of the answer-book.

• Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on
the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
• 15 minute time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will be
distributed at 10.15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the students will read the question
paper only and will not write any answer on the answer-book during this period.
SCIENCE
a s
iv D
2017 (OUTSIDE DELHI)*
Sh
(i) The Question Paper comprises of two sections, A and B. You are to attempt both the sections.
(ii) All questions are compulsory.
(iii) All questions of Section A and all questions of Section B are to be attempted separately.
(iv) Question numbers 1 to 2 in Section A are one mark questions. These are to be answered in one word or in
one sentence.
(v) Question numbers 3 to 5 in Section A are two marks questions. These are to be answered in about
30 words each.
(vi) Question numbers 6 to 15 in Section A are three marks questions. These are to be answered in about
50 words each.
(vii) Question numbers 16 to 21 in Section A are five marks questions. These are to be answered in about
70 words each.
(viii) Question numbers 22 to 27 in Section B are questions based on practical skills and are two marks questions.
* Modified as per Latest CBSE Curriculum.
SECTION A
Q.1. How is the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) ions affected when a solution of an acid is
diluted? 1
Q.2. In the following food chain, 100 J of energy is available to the lion. How much energy was
available to the producer? 1
Plants  Deer  Lion
Q.3. State two advantages of conserving: (i) forests and (ii) wild life. 2
Q.4. State two ways for preventing rusting of iron articles. 2
12 n SHIV
S-(12) n Shiv
DASDasCBSE
CBSESECONDARY
SERIES

Q.5. List the properties of magnetic lines of force. 2
Q.6. Differentiate between metals and non-metals on the basis of their chemical properties. 3
Q.7. Explain the nutrition process in Amoeba. 3
Or
Draw a labelled diagram of human heart.
Q.8. What is reflex arc? Draw a labelled diagram to show reflex arc on touching a very hot
object. 3
Q.9. Show how you would connect three resistors, each of 6 W, so that the combination has a
resistance of—(a) 9 W and (b) 4 W.
Q.10. Draw a sketch of the pattern of field lines due to a: 3
(a) current flowing into a circular coil,
(b) solenoid carrying current.
Q.11. Write the structural formula of ethanol. What happens when it is heated with excess of
conc. H2SO4 acid at 443K? Write the chemical equation for the reaction, stating the role of
conc. H2SO4 acid in this reaction. 3
Or
Q.11. Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions with the help of chemical
equations for each. State one use of each: (i) esters and (ii) saponification process.
s
Q.12. How would pH value of solution change on addition of—(i) water in a basic solution,
D a
(ii) on addition of some more quantity of that base in the solution. Whether H+ ions
hiv
concentration will increase or decrease in both of these cases? 3
S
Q.13. List three techniques that have been developed to prevent pregnancy. Which one of these
techniques is not meant for males? How does the use of these techniques have a direct
impact on the health and prosperity of a family? 3
Q.14. If the image formed by a lens for all positions of an object placed in front of it is always
erect and diminished, what is the nature of this lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your
answer. If the numerical value of the power of this lens is 10 D, what is its focal length in
the Cartesian system? 3
Q.15. (a) Water is an elixir of life, a very important natural resource. Your Science teacher
wants you to prepare a plan for a formative assessment activity, “How to save water,
the vital natural resource”. Write any two ways that you will suggest to bring aware-
ness in your neighbourhood, on ‘how to save water’.
(b) Name and explain any one way by which the underground water table does not go
down further. 3
Q.16. (a) What is the importance of pH in everyday life? 3
(b) How are sodium hydroxide and Cl2 (Chlorine) gas produced from common salt.
What is this process called? 2
Q.17. (a) Draw the structure of Neuron and explain its function. 3
(b) How does Phototropism occur in plants? 2
Q.18. (a) If three resistors are connected in parallel combination, then deduce the formula to
calculate their resultant resistance. Also draw the circuit diagram for the same. 3
(b) Give reason for the following: 2
(i) Electric bulbs are usually filled with chemical inactive gases like nitrogen and
argon.
(ii) Copper and aluminium wires are mostly used for electricity transmission.
SCIENCE : 2017 (OUTSIDE DELHI) n 13

Q.19. Why are certain compounds called hydrocarbons? Write the general formula for homo-
logous series of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes and also draw the structure of the first member
of each series. Write the name of the reaction that converts alkenes into alkanes and also
write a chemical equation to show the necessary conditions for the reaction to occur. 5
Q.20. (a) Write the functions of each of the following parts in a human female reproductive
system:
(i) Ovary (ii) Uterus (iii) Fallopian tube
(b) Write the structure and functions of placenta in a human female. 5
Q.21. (a) If the image formed by a mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of it is
always diminished, erect and virtual, state the type of the mirror and also draw a ray
diagram to justify your answer. Write one use such mirrors are put to and why?
(b) Define the radius of curvature of spherical mirrors. Find the nature and focal length
of a spherical mirror whose radius of curvature is +24 cm. 5
Or
Q.21. (a) A student suffering from myopia is not able to see distinctly the objects placed be-
yond 5 m. List two possible reasons due to which this defect of vision may have
arisen. With the help of ray diagrams, explain
(i) why the student is unable to see distinctly the objects placed beyond 5 m from
his eyes.
s
(ii) the type of the corrective lens used to restore proper vision and how this defect
a
is corrected by the use of this lens.
iv D
(b) If, in this case, the numerical value of the focal length of the corrective lens is 5 m,
Sh
find the power of the lens as per the new Cartesian sign convention.
SECTION B
Q.22. (a) What is least count of voltmeter?
(b) In a voltmeter there are 20 divisions between the ‘0’ mark and 0.5 V mark. Calculate
its least count. 2
Q.23. (a) How is pH paper used to find the pH of a solution?
(b) The pH value of water is 7. What will be the pH value of—(i) aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide and (ii) dil. HCl. 2
Q.24. What are the precautions taken to prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show its
stomata? 2
Q.25. Mention the essential material (chemicals) to prepare soap in the laboratory. Describe in
brief the test of determining the nature (acidic/alkaline) of the reaction mixture of sapon-
ification reaction. 2
Q.26. Draw in sequence (showing the four stages), the process of binary fission in Amoeba. 2
Q.27. How will you find the focal length of a concave mirror in the lab? Write the stepwise
sequence of events you will do in the lab. 2
✽ • •• • ✽
14 n SHIV
S-(14) n Shiv
DASDasCBSE
CBSESECONDARY
SERIES

2017 (OUTSIDE DELHI)
SECTION A
1. When an acid solution is diluted with water then concentration of (H3O+) ions gets decreased.
2. 10,000 Joules.
3. (i) Conserving forests helps in:
(a) Maintaining biodiversity of living beings.
(b) Retaining sub soil water.
(c) Also prevents the occurance of floods.
(ii) Conserving wild life helps in:
(a) Maintaining ecological balance among different species in the forest.
(b) Protecting the nature.
4. (i) By applying grease and paint on the iron articles.
s
(ii) By coating of zinc layer over the iron articles by Galvanisation process.
a
5. (i) These field lines start from N pole and end at S pole of the magnet.
v D
(ii) These lines never intersect each other.
hi
(iii) The tangent at any point on the magnetic line gives the direction of magnetic field at
S
that point.
(iv) The magnetic field lines of a magnet form a continuous closed loop.
6. Metals Non-metals
1. Metals form basic oxides with oxygen 1. Non-metals form acidic oxides with
of air. oxygen of air.
2. Metals can displace hydrogen from 2. Non-metals cannot displace hydrogen
dilute acids. from dilute acids.
3. Metals show displacement reactions 3. Non-metals do not show such dis-
on the basis of their reactivity series. placement reactions.
7. Amoeba takes in the food particles with the help of its finger like projections called
pseudopodia. Inside its cell a food vacuole is formed around the food particle. Inside the
food vacuole, complex substances are broken down into simpler ones by the action of
enzymes which are then diffused into the cell cytoplasm. The remaining undigested
material is sent to the surface of the cell and thrown out.
This process of nutrition in Amoeba is called Endocytosis.
Or
SCIENCE : 2017 (OUTSIDE DELHI) 1

7.
8. Reflex Arc. The path followed during a reflex action is called reflex arc.
Das
Shiv
9. Given R1 = R2 = R3 = 6 W
(a) When R1 is connected in series with the parallel combination of R2 and R3 [Fig (a)].
The equivalent resistance is:

R 2R 3 6×6
R = R1 + R + R = 6 + =6+3=9W
2 3 6+6
2 SHIV DAS CBSE SECONDARY SERIES [X]

(b) When a series combination of R1 and R2 is connected
in parallel with R3 [Fig (b)].
The equivalent resistance is:
12 × 6 72
R= = =4W
12 + 6 18
10. (a)
(b)
Das
Shiv
11. Structural formula of ethanol: H H
H—C—C—OH
H H
On heating ethanol with conc. H2SO4 acid ethene gas is produced.
Conc.H SO
CH3CH2OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
443K
4
→ C 2H4 + H2O
Ethanol Ethene
Conc. H2SO4 acid acts as dehydrating agent which absorbs the released water.
Or
11. (i) Esterification. In such a reaction an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid in the pres-
ence of conc. H2SO4 to form sweet smelling compounds called esters.
Conc. H SO
CH3COOH + C2H5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
Warm
4⎯
Ethyl ethanoate (ester)
(ii) Saponification. In such a reaction an ester reacts with sodium hydroxide to form so-
dium salt of an acid and alcohol.
Heat
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → C2H5OH + CH3COONa
Sodium ethanoate
It is a saponification reaction.

(i) Esters are used for making of puddings and icecreams, etc.
(ii) Saponification process is used in making of various types of soaps.
12. (i) pH value will increase on adding water.
(ii) pH value will also increase in this case.
H+ ions concentration will decrease in both these cases.
13. Three techniques to prevent pregnancy are:
(i) Barrier method. Use of condoms either by male or female during sexual mating.
(ii) Use of copper-T device by the females in their uterus.
(iii) Surgical method by male or female.
Use of copper-T is not meant for males.
By use of these techniques a family will have lesser number of children so their economic
condition will be better. Such family will have healthy children as lesser number of
children in a family will get more attention from the parents and will be cared for in a
better way. It also helps to control the population.
M
14. This lens is a Concave lens. A
P = –10D (As lens is concave),
A¢
1
f = ?, P= f
2F B F B¢ O
1 1
s
So, f = fi = –0.1 m or –10 cm.
−10
a
P
D
So, the focal length of the lens is –10 cm. N
iv
15. (a) Ways to bring about awareness on ‘how to save’ water:
Sh
(i) We can conduct door to door campaign to make people aware about the acute
shortage/scarcity of water during summer.
(ii) We can educate people on ways to save water, for example, close taps properly,
use bucket of water to bathe instead of shower etc.
(iii) I can also suggest them how to store rainwater in the small park of our locality,
so that it can be used during hot summer days, when availability of water is
very less.
(b) We can prevent the level of underground water table to not go down further by har-
vesting the rainwater in parks and cropfields.
16. (a) (i) Living organisms can survive only in a narrow range of pH change. Acidic rain
water when flows into the rivers, it lowers the pH value of river water and
makes the survival of acquatic life in such river water difficult. Plants require a
specific pH range for their healthy growth.
(ii) Our stomach and intestines work in a specific pH range. Stomach acts in slightly
acidic medium while small intestine digests the food in slightly alkaline
medium.
(iii) Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5.
(b) When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (called
brine), it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. This process is called Chlor-alkali
process because the products formed are chlorine and alkali NaOH.
2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) ⎯⎯ → 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2(g) + H2 (g)
Cl2 gas is given off at the anode and H2 gas at the cathode while sodium hydroxide
solution is formed near the cathode.

17. (a) Nerve cell or neuron is a functional unit of the nervous system.
Function. The information acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a neuron sets off
a chemical reaction which creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travels from the
dendrite to the cell body along the axon at its end. At the end of axon, the electrical
impulse sets off the release of some chemicals, which cross the synapse and start a
similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. In this way nerve impulses
travel in the body, from one
neuron to another till it reaches
the brain or the target organ.
Thus, a nervous tissue is made
up of an organised network of
nerve cells or neurons which
are specialised in conducting
information via electrical
impulses from one part of the
body to another.
(b) Phototropism is the response of the plant parts to the external stimulus of light. The
stem of the plant grows in the direction of light while root grows away from the
direction of light. This growth is controlled by the auxin hormone of the plant. The
concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot
s
(stem and branches) which is away from the light. Thus, the plant appears to bend
a
towards light.
v D
18. (a) Three resistances R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel to one another between the
hi
same two points. In this case the potential difference across the ends of all the
S
resistances will be the same.
V = V 1 = V2 = V3
If the total current flowing through the circuit is I, then the current passing through
R1 will be I1, R2 will be I2 and R3 will be I3. V
Then I = I1 + I2 + I3 R
V V V
I1 = R , I2 = R , I3 = R A B
1 2 3
V V V V V I
I= fi R
= + +
R1 R2 R3
R
= V ⎡⎢
V 1 1 1 ⎤ 1 1 1 1
+ + fi = + +
R R
⎣ 1 R 2 R ⎥
3⎦ R R1 R2 R3 V volts
(b) (i) Electric bulbs are usually filled with chemically inactive gases like nitrogen and
argon because these gases do not react with the hot tungsten filament and hence
prolong the life of filament of the electric bulb.
(ii) Copper and aluminium wires are usually employed for electricity transmission
because copper and aluminium have very low resistivity and thus they are very
good conductors of electricity.
19. Hydrocarbons. As these compounds have only atoms of carbon and hydrogen elements
in their molecules, so these are called Hydrocarbons.
General formulae:
Alkanes CnH2n + 2
Alkenes CnH2n
Alkynes CnH2n – 2

Structures of first member of each:
H
H H
Alkanes. H—C—H Alkenes. C=C Alkynes. H — C ∫ C — H
H H
H
(Methane) (Ethene) (Ethyne)
The reaction which converts Alkenes into Alkanes is called Addition Reaction.
Ni
H2C = CH2 + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Heat
→ H3C — CH3
Ethene Ethane
Ni (Nickel) metal acts as catalyst in this reaction.
20. (a) (i) Ovary. It produces the egg cell and also produces the female hormones—
estrogen and progestrone.
(ii) Uterus. Implantation of zygote takes place in the uterus. Here the embryo
develops into foetus and then foetus develops into the baby to be born.
(iii) Fallopian tube. This is the site of fertilization of the egg with sperm (male
gamete). It also helps in the transfer of female gamete from the ovary.
(b) Structure of placenta. It is a disc like special tissue which is embedded in the uterine
wall. It has finger like villi on the embryo side and on the mother’s side there are
blood spaces which surround the villi.
s
Functions of placenta. It provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass
a
from mother’s body to the developing embryo. The developing embryo gets its
v D
nutrition from placenta. Embryo’s waste materials are passed into the mother’s blood
hi
for their removal.
S
21. (a) This mirror is Convex mirror.
i M
A r
A¢
B P B¢ F C
N
Such mirrors are used as rear view mirror in automobiles, as convex mirror gives
erect, and wider range of view of objects coming behind the automobile.
(b) Radius of curvature of a mirror is the distance between ‘P’ point (pole) and ‘C’ point
(centre of curvature) of a spherical mirror.
r 24
f= So, f =
2 2
\ f = +12 cm and this mirror is a convex mirror.
Or
21. (a) Two possible reasons:
— The eye ball size might have got elongated.
— The eye lens is more thick than its normal thickness during its power of
accomodation.

(i) Retina
Parallel rays from
Image is formed in
front of the retina
distant object
(at infinity)
Image
(ii)
Rays are first diverged
by concave lens
Retina
Parallel rays from L
distant object
Image is formed
(at infinity)
on retina
F
Virtual image
formed at F
Concave lens to correct myopia
(b) f = –5 m (since lens is concave); P=?

1 1
s
P = f = - 5 = –0.2 Diopter
Da
Power of correcting lens is –0.2 D and this correcting lens is concave lens.
iv
Sh
SECTION B
22. (a) The minimum potential difference measured by a voltmeter between the two given
terminals is called the least count of that voltmeter.
(b) Two given marks of the voltmeters = 0 and 0.5 V
Potential difference = 0.5 – 0 = 0.5V
No. of divisions between these two marks = 20
0.5 5 1
Least count = = = = 0.025 volts
20 20 ¥ 10 40
23. (a) With the help of a dropper one drop of the solution is placed on the strip of the pH
paper. The colour developed on the pH paper is compared with the colour and the
corresponding pH value given on the chart of the pH paper.
(b) • aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is alkaline so its pH will be more than 7.
• dil HCl is acidic so its pH value will be less than 7.
24. Precautions taken to prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel:
(i) The epidermal peel should be taken from a freshly plucked leaf.
(ii) Always hold the slide by its edge to avoid making the slide dirty.
(iii) Always use a brush to transfer the peel from petri dish to the slide.
(iv) Curling of peel must be avoided.
(v) The peel should be mounted in the centre of the slide.
(vi) The peel should not be allowed to dry.
(vii) Always keep the cover slip gently to avoid the entry of air bubbles.

25. Chemicals needed for making of soap are—castor oil, alkaline, solution of sodium
hydroxide and common salt.
After the process of saponification, the product soap is tested with litmus paper. The soap
solution turns red litmus to blue, showing that soap formed during this reaction is alkaline
in nature.
Nucleus Dividing Nucleus
26. Two daughter

amoeba
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Stages of Binary Fission in Amoeba
27. Stepwise sequence of events:

(i) A distant object will be selected outside the window of the lab.
(ii) The given mirror will be placed at a height facing that window so that image of the
selected object be made by the mirror.
s
(iii) Then the screen will be placed in front of the mirror to get the sharp image of the
Da
selected object.
iv
(iv) Then the distance between the mirrror and the screen be measured. That distance is
h
the focal length of the given concave mirror.
S @ • •• • @

Series : Z1XYW/4 Code No. 31/4/1

• Q.P. Code given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on the title page
of the answer-book by the candidate.
• Please write down the serial number of the question in the answer-book before attempting it.
• 15 minute time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will be distributed
at 10.15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the candidates will read the question paper only and
will not write any answer on the answer-book during this period.
SCIENCE –X
CBSE–2023
a s
iv D
Read the following instructions carefully and strictly follow them:
(i) This question paper contains 39 questions. All questions are compulsory.
Sh
(ii) Question paper is divided into FIVE sections. Section A, B, C, D and E.
(iii) In Section A Question number 1 to 20 are Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) carrying 1 mark each.
(iv) In Section B Question number 21 to 26 are Very Short Answer (VSA) type questions carrying 2 marks
each. Answer to these Questions should be in the range of 30 to 50 words.
(v) In Section C Question number 27 to 33 are Short Answer (SA) type questions carrying 3 marks each.
Answer to these Questions should be in the range of 50 to 80 words.
(vi) In Section D Question number 34 to 36 are Long Answer (LA) type questions carrying 5 marks each.
(vii) In Section E question number 37 to 39 are of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment carrying
4 marks with sub-parts.
(viii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in some sections.
SET I Code No. 31/4/1

SECTION A (Multiple Choice Questions)
Q.1. When sodium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, the gas evolved is: 1
(a) Hydrogen; it gives pop sound with burning matchstick.
(b) Hydrogen; it turns lime water milky.
(c) Carbon dioxide; it turns lime water milky.
(d) Carbon dioxide; it blows off a burning matchstick with a pop sound.
Q.2. When aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and lead nitrate are mixed, an insoluble
substance separates out. The chemical equation for the reaction involved is: 1
(a) KI + PbNO3 PbI + KNO3 (b) 2KI + Pb(NO3)2 PbI2 + 2KNO3
(c) KI + Pb(NO3)2 PbI + KNO3 (d) KI + PbNO3 PbI2 + KNO3
154 n SHIV
S-(154) n Shiv
DASDasCBSE
CBSESECONDARY
SERIES

Q.3. A metal ribbon ‘X’ burns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame forming a white ash
‘Y’. The correct description of X, Y and the type of reaction is: 1
(a) X = Ca; Y = CaO; Type of reaction = Decomposition
(b) X = Mg; Y = MgO; Type of reaction = Combination
(c) X = Al; Y = Al2O3; Type of reaction = Thermal decomposition
(d) X = Zn; Y = ZnO; Type of reaction = Endothermic
Q.4. Acid present in tomato is: 1
(a) Methanoic acid (b) Acetic acid (c) Lactic acid (d) Oxalic acid
Q.5. Sodium hydroxide is termed an alkali, while Ferric hydroxide is not because: 1
(a) Sodium hydroxide is a strong base, while Ferric hydroxide is a weak base.
(b) Sodium hydroxide is a base which is soluble in water while Ferric hydroxide is also
a base but it is not soluble in water.
(c) Sodium hydroxide is a strong base while Ferric hydroxide is a strong acid.
(d) Sodium hydroxide and Ferric hydroxide both are strong base but the solubility of
Sodium hydroxide in water is comparatively higher than that of Ferric hydroxide.
Q.6. The name of the salt used to remove permanent hardness of water is: 1
(a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)
(b) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
(c) Sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3.10 H2O)
s
1
(d) Calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO4. H2O)
a
2
iv D
Q.7. The electron dot structure of chlorine molecule is: 1
Sh
×× ×× ××
(a) (b) ×
××
××
××
Cl Cl Cl × Cl
×× ×× × ×
×× ××
(c) (d) ×
××
××
Cl × Cl Cl × Cl
××
Q.8. Observe the given diagram and identify the process
and its significance from the following options: 1 Water Vapour
(a) Evaporation: maintains water contents in leaf cells. Leaf
(b) Transpiration: creates a suction force which pulls
water inside the plant.
(c) Excretion: helps in excreting out waste water
from the plant.
(d) Translocation: helps in transporting materials from Water
one cell to another.
Q.9. Opening and closing of stomata is due to: 1
(a) High pressure of gases inside the cells.
(b) Movement of water in and out of the guard cells.
(c) Stimulus of light in the guard cells.
(d) Diffusion of CO2 in and out of the guard cells.
Q.10. A cross between pea plant with white flowers (vv) and pea plant with violet flowers (VV)
resulted in F2 progeny in which ratio of violet (VV) and white (vv) flowers will be: 1
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 1 : 3
Q.11. In plants the role of cytokinin is: 1
(a) Promote cell division. (b) Wilting of leaves.
(c) Promote the opening of stomatal pore. (d) Help in the growth of stem.
SCIENCE : 2023 (SERIES:SZ1XYW/4) n 155

Q.12. The number of chromosomes in parents and offsprings of a particular species undergoing
sexual reproduction remain constant due to: 1
(a) doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation.
(b) halving of chromosomes after zygote formation.
(c) doubling of chromosomes before gamete formation.
(d) halving of chromosomes at the time of gamete formation.
Q.13. Two LED bulbs of 12 W and 6 W are connected in series. If the current through 12W
bulb is 0.06 A the current through 6 W bulb will be: 1
(a) 0.04A (b) 0.06A (c) 0.08A (d) 0.12A
Q.14. The correct pattern of magnetic field lines of the field produced by a current carrying
circular loop is: 1
(a) N S (b) N S
+ +
D a s
i v
(c) N S (d) N S
S h +
Q.15. The resistance of a resistor is reduced to half of its initial value. If other parameters of the
electrical circuit remain unaltered, the amount of heat produced in the resistor will become:
(a) four times (b) two times (c) half (d) one fourth 1
Q.16. An alpha particle enters a uniform magnetic field as shown.

The direction of force experienced by the alpha particle is: 1 Magnetic
Field
(a) towards right (b) towards left
(c) into the page (d) out of the page –particle
Q. No. 17 to 20 are Assertion–Reasoning based questions.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Q.17. Assertion (A): Reaction of Quicklime with water is an exothermic reaction.1
Reason (R): Quicklime reacts vigorously with water releasing a large amount of heat.
Q.18. Assertion (A): In humans, if gene (B) is responsible for black eyes and gene (b) is responsible
for brown eyes, then the colour of eyes of the progeny having gene combination Bb, bb or
BB will be black only.1
Reason (R): The black colour of the eyes is a dominant trait.
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Q.19. Assertion (A): The inner walls of the small intestine have finger like projections called villi
which are rich in blood.1
Reason (R): These villi have a large surface area to help the small intestine in completing
the digestion of food.
Q.20. Assertion (A): A current carrying straight conductor experiences a force when placed
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.1
Reason (R): The net charge on a current carrying conductor is always zero.
SECTION B (Very Short Answer Questions)
Q.21. (a) A student took a small amount of copper oxide in a conical flask and added dilute hydro-
chloric acid to it with constant stirring. He observed a change in colour of the solution.
(i) Write the name of the compound formed and its colour.
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction involved. 2
Or
(b) The industrial process used for the manufacture of caustic soda involves electrolysis
of an aqueous solution of compound ‘X’. In this process, two gases ‘Y’ and ‘Z’ are
liberated. ‘Y’ is liberated at cathode and ‘Z’, which is liberated at anode, on treatment
with dry slaked lime forms a compound ‘B’. Name X, Y, Z and B. 2
Q.22. (a) Name the part of brain which is responsible for the following actions: 2
(i) Maintaining posture and balance (ii) Beating of heart
a s
(iii) Thinking (iv) Blood pressure
iv D
Or
(b) Where are auxins synthesized in a plant? Which organ of the plant shows: 2
Sh
(i) Positive phototropism (ii) Negative geotropism
(iii) Positive hydrotropism
Q.23. Write one specific function each of the following organs in relation with excretion in
human beings: 2
(i) Renal Artery (ii) Urethra
(iii) Glomerulus (iv) Tubular part of nephron
Q.24. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in the dark and other
in sunlight. It was observed that plant kept in dark could not survive longer. Give reason
for this observation. 2
Q.25. (a) Observe the following diagram and answer the questions following it:2
(i) Identify the defect of vision

shown. Retina
(ii) List its two causes.
(iii) Name the type of lens used for Light rays
Eye ball
the correction of this defect.
Eye lens
Or
(b) The colour of clear sky from the earth appears blue but from the space it appears
black. Why? 2
Q.26. Use of several pesticides which results in excessive accumulation of pesticides in rivers or
ponds, is a matter of deep concern. Justify this statement. 2
SECTION C (Short Answer Questions)
Q.27. (i) While electrolysing water before passing the current some drops of an acid are
added. Why? Name the gases liberated at cathode and anode. Write the relationship

between the volume of gas collected at anode and the volume of gas collected at
cathode.
(ii) What is observed when silver chloride is exposed to sunlight? Give the type of
reaction involved. 3
Q.28. (i) Suggest a safe procedure of diluting a strong concentrated acid.
(ii) Name the salt formed when sulphuric acid is added to sodium hydroxide and write
its pH.
(iii) Dry HCl gas does not change the colour of dry blue litmus paper. Why? 3
Q.29. (a) (i) How does Paramecium obtain its food? 3
(ii) List the role of each of the following in our digestive system:
(a) Hydrochloric acid (b) Trypsin
(c) Muscular walls of stomach (d) Salivary amylase
Or
(b) (i) What is double circulation? 3
(ii) Why is the separation of the right side and the left side of the heart useful? How
does it help birds and mammals?
Q.30. (a) Define the following terms in the context of a diverging mirror: 3
(i) Principal focus (ii) Focal length
Draw a labelled ray diagram to illustrate your answer.
Or
a s
(b) An object of height 10 cm is placed 25 cm away from the optical centre of a converging
iv D
lens of focal length 15 cm. Calculate the image distance and height of the image formed.
Q.31. The power of a lens is +4D. Find the focal length of this lens. An object is placed at a
Sh
distance of 50 cm from the optical centre of this lens. State the nature and magnification
of the image formed by the lens and also draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. 3
Q.32. (a) (i) Why is an alternating current (AC) considered to be advantageous over direct
current (DC) for the long distance transmission of electric power?
(ii) How is the type of current used in household supply different from the one
given by a battery of dry cells?
(iii) How does an electric fuse prevent the electric circuit and the appliances from a
possible damage due to short circuiting or overloading. 3
Or
(b) For the current carrying solenoid as shown, draw magnetic B
field lines and give reason to explain that out of the three A
points A, B and C, at which point the field strength is C
maximum and at which point it is minimum? 3
Q.33. Write one difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. List two impacts
of each type of the accumulated waste on environment if not disposed off properly. 3
SECTION D (Long Answer Questions)
Q.34. (a) (i) Draw the structure of the following compounds: 5
(a) Butanoic acid (b) Chloropentane
(ii) How are structure (i) and structure (ii) given below related to one another? Give
reason to justify your answer.
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH—CH CH3 C—CH2CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
Structure (i) Structure (ii)
Draw one more possible structure for above case.
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(iii) Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds on the
basis of their general formula.
Or
(b) (i) What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped in ethanol? Write the
equation for this reaction. 5
(ii) Why is glacial acetic acid called so?
(iii) What happens when ethanol is heated at 443 K in the presence of conc. H2SO4?
Write the role of conc. H2SO4 in this case.
(iv) Write an equation showing saponification.
Q.35. (i) Name and explain the two modes of asexual reproduction observed in hydra. 5
(ii) What is vegetative propagation? List two advantages of using this technique.
Q.36. (i) How is electric current related to the potential difference across the terminals of a
conductor? Draw a labelled circuit diagram to verify this relationship. 5
(ii) Why should an ammeter have low resistance?
B
A

(iii) Two V-I graphs A and B for series and parallel combinations
I
of two resistors are as shown. Giving reason state which graph
shows (a) series, (b) parallel combination of the resistors.
a s
V
SECTION E (Source Based/Case Based Questions)
iv D
Q.37. The melting points and boiling points of some ionic compounds are given below: 4
Sh
Compound Melting Point (K) Boiling Point (K)
NaCl 1074 1686
LiCl 887 1600
CaCl2 1045 1900
CaO 2850 3120
MgCl2 981 1685
These compounds are termed ionic because they are formed by the transfer of electrons
from a metal to a non-metal. The electron transfer in such compounds is controlled by
the electronic configuration of the elements involved. Every element tends to attain a
completely filled valence shell of its nearest noble gas or a stable octet.
(i) Show the electron transfer in the formation of magnesium chloride. 1
(ii) List two properties of ionic compounds other than their high melting and boiling
points.1
(iii) (A) While forming an ionic compound say sodium chloride how does sodium
atom attain its stable configuration? 2
Or
(iii) (B) Give reasons:
(i) Why do ionic compounds in the solid state not conduct electricity? 2
(ii) What happens at the cathode when electricity is passed through an
aqueous solution of sodium chloride?
Q.38. The most obvious outcome of the reproductive process is the generation of individuals
of similar design, but in sexual reproduction they may not be exactly alike. The
resemblances as well as differences are marked. The rules of heredity determine the
process by which traits and characteristics are reliably inherited. Many experiments
have been done to study the rules of inheritance. 4

(i) Why an offspring of human being is not a true copy of his parents in sexual
reproduction? 1
(ii) While performing experiments on inheritance in plants, what is the difference
between F1 and F2 generation? 1
(iii) (A) Why do we say that variations are useful for the survival of a species over
time? 2
Or, (B) Study Mendel’s cross between two plants with a pair of contrasting characters.
RRYY × rryy
Round Yellow Wrinkled Green
He observed 4 types of combinations in F2 generation. Which of these were
new combinations? Why do new features which are not present in the parents,
appear in F2 generation? 2
Q.39. The ability of a medium to refract light is expressed in terms of its optical density. Optical
density has a definite connotation. It is not the same as mass density. On comparing two
media, the one with the large refractive index is optically denser medium than the other.
The other medium with a lower refractive index is optically rarer. Also the speed of light
through a given medium is inversely proportional to its optical density. 4
(i) Determine the speed of light in diamond if the refractive index of diamond with
respect to vacuum is 2.42. Speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s. 1
s
(ii) Refractive indices of glass, water and carbon disulphide are 1.5, 1.33 and 1.62
a
respectively. If a ray of light is incident in these media at the same angle (say θ),
iv D
then write the increasing order of the angle of refraction in these media. 1
Sh
(iii) (A) The speed of light in glass is 2 × 108 m/s and in water is 2.25 × 108 m/s. 2
1. Which one of the two is optically denser and why?
2. A ray of light is incident normally at the water-glass interface when it
enters a thick glass container filled with water. What will happen to the
path of the ray after entering the glass? Give reason.
Or
(B) The absolute refractive indices of water and glass are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively.
If the speed of light in glass is 2×108 m/s, find the speed of light in (i) vacuum
and (ii) water. 2
SET II Code No. 31/4/2

Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in Set I.
Q.9. During adolescence, reproductive phase starts and: 1
(a) general growth rate begins to slow down. (b) height becomes less.
(c) the body weight is reduced. (d) hair growth decreases.
Q.10. Which pair of sex chromosomes will determine a male? 1
(a) XO (b) XX (c) XY (d) YY
Q.11. One of the events that does not occur during photosynthesis is: 1
(a) Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy.
(b) Carbon dioxide is released during the process.
(c) Oxygen is released during the process.
(d) Carbon dioxide is absorbed during the process.
Q.21. (i) State the essential function performed by ozone at the higher levels of the atmos-
phere.
(ii) Why was there a sharp drop in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere in 1980s. 2
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Q.24. Give two reasons, why bile juice is considered to be an important secretion of liver in the
process of digestion?2
Q.25. Name the hormone secreted in scary situations by animals. Write any three responses
which enable the animal body to deal with it.2
Q.29. List two differences in the characteristic properties of the virtual images formed by the
two types of spherical lenses (concave and convex). How are these characteristics of the
two lenses used in the correction of the two common defects of vision namely myopia and
hypermetropia?3
Q.30. (a) An object is kept at a distance of 1 m from a lens of power +2D: 3
(i) Identify the type of lens.
(ii) Calculate its focal length and distance of the image formed.
Or
(b) Define the following terms in the context of a diverging lens: 3
(i) Principal focus, (ii) Focal length.
Draw a labelled ray diagram to illustrate your answer.
Q.32. (i) Why is acidified water considered to be a good conductor of electricity?3
(ii) Write a chemical equation showing the ionic products formed on dissolving potassium
hydroxide in water.
(iii) Care must be taken while diluting concentrated nitric acid with water. Why?
Q.36. (a) (i) It is observed that covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity. Give
a s
reason. 5
iv D
(ii) Carbon can neither form C4+ cation nor C4– anion. Why?
(iii) Draw electron dot structure of Ethanol.
Sh
(iv) Identify hetero atom(s) in the following compounds:
(a) CH3CH2—C—CH3 (b) CH3CH2Cl
—
—
O
Or
(b) (i) What are soaps? Explain the mechanism of cleansing action of soap with the
help of a labelled diagram. 5
(ii) Detergents are better than soaps. Justify.
SET III Code No. 31/4/3

Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in Set I & II.
Q.9. Water in the root enters due to: 1
(a) the function of the root to absorb water.
(b) difference in the concentration of ions between the root and the soil.
(c) excess water present in the soil.
(d) diffusion of water in the roots.
Q.10. Which one of the given statements is incorrect: 1
(a) DNA has the complete information for a particular characteristic.
(b) DNA is the molecule responsible for the inheritance of characters from parents to
offsprings.
(c) Change in information will produce a different protein.
(d) Characteristics will remain the same even if protein changes.
Q.11. Sensory nerve of a reflex arc carries information from the receptor cells to the: 1
(a) spinal cord (b) brain
(c) muscles of the effector organ (d) bones of the receptor organ

Q.15. An alpha particle enters a uniform magnetic field as shown. –particle
The direction of motion of the alpha particle is: 1
(a) towards right Magnetic
(b) towards left Field
(c) into the page
(d) out of the page
Q.21. Name a plant hormone responsible for bending of a shoot of a plant when it is exposed
to unidirectional light. How does it promote phototropism?2
Q.24. What is the other name of ‘tissue fluid’? Write its two functions.2
Q.25. “Although gardens are created by man but they are considered to be an ecosystem.”
Justify this statement. 2
Q.27. Consider the following salts: 3
(i) YCl (ii) NH4X (iii) ZCO3
(a) What would be the pH of the salt solution if in YCl, Y is sodium? Give reason for
your answer.
(b) If in salt NH4X, X is nitrate, then its solution will give what colour with universal
indicator? Why?
(c) What would be the change in colour in blue litmus solution if ZCO3 is added to it
and Z is potassium?
Q.29. The magnification produced when an object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a
a s
spherical mirror is +1/2. Where should the object be placed to reduce the magnification
iv D
to +1/3?3
Q.33. (i) Define the term dispersion of white light. State the colour which bends (a) the most,
Sh
(b) the least while passing through a glass prism.3
Draw a diagram to show the dispersion of white light.
Or
(ii) What is a rainbow? Draw a labelled diagram to show its formation.
Q.36. (a) Write the chemical equation for the following: 5
(i) Combustion of methane (ii) Oxidation of ethanol
(iii) Hydrogenation of ethene (iv) Esterification Reaction
(v) Saponification Reaction
Or
(b) (i) Draw two structural isomers of butane.
(ii) Draw the structures of propanol and propanone.
(iii) Name the third homologue of:
(a) alcohols (b) aldehydes
(iv) Name the following:
H
—
(a) H—C C—H (b) CH3—CH2CH = CH2

H—C C—H
C
—
H
(v) Show the covalent bond formation in nitrogen molecule.
] • •• • ]
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2023 (Z1XYW/4)
SECTION A (Very Short Answer Questions)
1. (c) When sodium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide
gas is evolved.
NaHCO3 (s) + HCl (l) NaCl (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
On passing CO2 through lime water, it turns milky.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
2. (b)
∆
3. (b) 2Mg + O2 
→ 2MgO
(X) (Y) White Powder
Type of reaction is Combination reaction.
s
4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b)
iv D a
10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (d)
13. (b) Current through 6 W bulb will be 0.06 A. Since current remains constant in series.
Sh
14. (c)
15. (c) As we know, H = I2Rt ...(i)
1
If R = R
2
1 1 2 1
Now, H = I2Rt = I2 × Rt = I Rt  H = H ...[From (i)
2 2 2
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) (i) When copper oxide reacts with dil. hydrochloric acid then copper chloride and
water will be formed. In this reaction the black colour of copper oxide changes
to bluish green colour of copper chloride.
(ii) CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
Copper II oxide dil. hydrochloric acid Copper Chloride Water
(Black) (Bluish Green)
Or
(b) Compound X ⇒ Sodium Chloride [NaCl] or (Brine)
Compound Y ⇒ Hydrogen gas [H2]
Compound Z ⇒ Chlorine gas [Cl2]
B ⇒ Calcium Oxychloride or [CaOCl2]
Bleaching powder
22. (a) (i) Maintaining posture and balance = Cerebellum
(ii) Beating of heart = Medulla
(iii) Thinking = Cerebrum
(iv) Blood pressure = Medulla
Or

(b) Auxin is synthesized in young shoots, buds, young leaves and roots where growth
occurs by cell elongation and is stimulated by presence of sunlight.
(i) Positive phototropism Plant stem
(ii) Negative geotropism Plant stem
(iii) Positive hydrotropism Plant roots
23. (i) Renal Artery. The Renal Artery brings in the dirty blood containing waste substances
(nitrogenous waste like urea etc.) into the kidneys.
(ii) Urethra. The urine collected in the bladder is passed out from the body through
the urethra.
(iii) Glomerulus. One end of the glomerulus is attached to renal artery which brings
the dirty blood containing the urea waste into it. The glomerulus filters this blood.
During filtration, the substances like glucose, amino acids, salts, water and urea etc.
present in the blood of glomerulus pass into Bowman’s capsule.
(iv) Tubular part of nephron. When the filtrate containing useful substances as well as the
waste substances passes through the tubule, then the useful substances like glucose,
all amino acids, most salts and most water etc. are reabsorbed into the blood through
blood capillaries surrounding the tubule. Only the waste substances urea, some
unwanted salts and excess water remain behind in the tubule in the form of urine.
24. The plant which is kept in oxygen-free container in continuous sunlight will live longer
s
because it will be able to produce oxygen required for its cellular respiration by the process
a
of photosynthesis.
iv D
The plant which is also kept in oxygen-free container, but in the dark will not photo-
Sh
synthesize and hence it will finally die due to non-availability of oxygen for its respiration.
25. (a) (i) Defect of vision shown is Myopia.
(ii) Causes:
1. Due to the elongation of the eye ball.
2. Due to decrease in the focal length of the eye lens and hence the eye lens
becomes more convergent.
(iii) Concave lens of suitable focal length is used for the correction of Myopia.
Or
(b) Sky appears blue. The molecules of air and other fine particles in the atmosphere
have a size smaller than the wavelength of visible light. So these particles scatter
more effectively the light rays of shorter wavelength at the blue end than light of
longer wavelengths at the red end. When the scattered blue light enters our eyes, it
gives us the feeling of a blue sky.
Colour of Sky to an Astronaut. There is no atmosphere containing air in space to
scatter sunlight. As there is no scattering of light in space, the scattered light does
not reach the eyes and the sky appears dark (black) instead of blue to An astronaut
in the outer space.
26. At present time, water pollution by pesticides is a critical issue, especially in range of
extensive agriculture where leaching of these harmful chemicals in water bodies like rivers
or ponds cause toxic effects on aquatic animals and human health. The toxic substances
may run off into streams and ground water. It may cause the death of aquatic animals.
Some harmful chemicals like pesticides, when absorbed by the plants through soil and
water, get transferred from first trophic to the last trophic level of the food chain. As
these chemicals are non-degradable, their concentration in the bodies of living organisms
at each trophic level progressively increases. This increase in the concentration of harmful
chemicals in the body of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called
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biological magnification. The level of concentration of chemicals is maximum for human
beings as they are at the highest trophic level.
27. (a) (i) While electrolysing water before passing the current some drops of an acid are
added to make water a good conductor of electricity.
Hydrogen gas (H2) is liberated at cathode and Oxygen gas (O2) is liberated at
anode. The ratio of volume of O2 (gas collected at anode) and the volume of H2
(gas collected at cathode) is 1 : 2 by volume.
(ii) When silver chloride is exposed to sunlight, it decomposes to form silver metal
and chlorine gas.
Sunlight
2AgCl2 (s) → 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
Silver Chloride (White) Silver (Grayish white) Chlorine
This is a decomposition reaction which is brought about by light energy.
28. (i) The dilution of a concentrated acid should always be done by adding concentrated
acid to water gradually with stirring and not by adding water to concentrated acid
because when a concentrated acid is added to water for preparing a dilute acid, then
the heat is evolved gradually, and easily absorbed by the large amount of water.
(ii) H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
When sulphuric acid is added to sodium hydroxide sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) is
a s
formed. The pH of Na2SO4 is 7.
iv D
(iii) Dry HCl gas does not change the colour of dry blue litmus paper because in the
absence of water dry HCl will not form hydrogen ions and hence will not show its
Sh
acidic behaviour.
29. (a) (i) Paramecium is a unicellular organism which lives in water. Paramecium uses its
hair like structures called cilia to sweep the food particles from water and put
them into its mouth.
(ii) (a) • Hydrochloric acid makes the medium of gastric juice acidic so that the
enzyme pepsin can digest the protein properly.
• Hydrochloric acid kills any bacteria which may enter the stomach
with food.
(b) Trypsin. Enzyme Trypsin digests the protein.
(c) Muscular walls of stomach churn the food in the stomach for about three hours.
(d) Salivary amylase breaks down (digests) the starch present in the food into sugar.
Or
(b) (i) Double circulation. The blood travels twice through the heart in one complete
cycle of the body which called double circulation. It involves two circulations:
(i) Pulmonary circulation. The pathway of the blood from the heart to
the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary circulation. It is a
small circulation. Deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle flows into
the vascular system of the lungs, becomes oxygenated and returns to the
heart’s left atrium through pulmonary veins.
(ii) Systemic circulation. The pathway of the blood from the heart to the
rest of the body and back to the heart is called systemic circulation. It
is a large circulation. Left ventricle sends the blood into the aorta. Aorta
divides into arteries, arterioles and capillaries and supplies oxygenated
blood to various parts of the body. From there the deoxygenated blood is
collected by venules, which join to form veins and finally vena cava and
pours blood back into the right atrium.

(ii) (a) Humans have a four chambered heart which consists of two atria and two
ventricles. In a four chambered heart, the left side and right side of the heart
are completely separated to prevent the oxygenated blood from mixing
with deoxygenated blood. Such a separation allows a highly efficient
supply of oxygen to the body cells which is necessary for producing a lot
of energy. This energy is useful for a warm blooded animal (like humans)
which has high energy needs to maintain body temperature.
(b) All the animals having four chambered hearts have double circulation
in which the blood passes through the heart ‘twice’ in one complete
cycle of the body. This ensures the separation of oxygenated blood from
deoxygenated blood.
30. (a) (i) The Principal focus of a concave A
M
mirror (diverging mirror) is a point

on its principal axis from which a
beam of light rays, initially parallel to P F C
the axis appears to diverge after being B
At innity
reflected from the convex mirror. N
A concave mirror has virtual focus as it is situated behind the mirror.
s
Hollow sphere
a
Convex of glass
D
M
mirror
h i v
Principal axis
S
P
X Y
(ii) The focal length of a convex mirror is C
Centre of
Pole
equal to half of its radius of curvature. curvature

M
R
Radius of
curvature
Or
(b) Given. Object height, h1 = +10 cm; Object distance, u = –25 cm
Focal length, f = +15 cm; Image distance, v = ?; Image height, h2 = ?
1 1
According to lens formula, – 1 =
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ – = ⇒ + =
v −25 15 v 25 15
1 1 1 5−3 2 75
⇒ = – = = ⇒ v= or +37.5 cm
v 15 25 75 75 2
 Image is 37.5 cm away from the converging lens, i.e., convex lens and +ve sign
of v shows that the image is real.
h2 v h2 75 1
Now, = ⇒ = 2 × −25
h1 u +10
75 × 10
⇒ h2 = –  h2 = –15 cm
50
 Height of the image is 15 cm and –ve sign shows that the image is inverted.
166 n SHIV
S-(166) n Shiv
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31. We have, P = +4D
L1
1 100 100
Now, f = m or cm = = +25 cm A
P P +4
 +ve sign of f shows that the lens is a convex lens.

B F2 2F2
Here, f = +25 cm; u = –50 cm; v = ?; m = ? 2F1 F1 O
1 1 1
∴ According to lens formula – =
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 1

⇒ – = ⇒ + = L2
v −50 25 v 50 25
1 1 1 2−1 1
⇒ = – = =  v = + 50 cm
v 25 50 50 50
v +50
Now, magnification m = = = –1
u −50
Hence, image is formed at 50 cm from the optical centre of the lens but on the other side
of the object, therefore the image is real.
Here, m = –1 shows that size of the image is same as the object and –ve sign of
magnification shows that the image is inverted.
Therefore, A real, inverted, same size of the object image is formed.
32. (a) (i) Alternating Current (AC) is considered to be advantageous over Direct Current
s
(DC) because Alternating Current (AC) can be transmitted over long distances
iv D a
without much loss of electrical energy.
(ii) The current used in household supply is Alternating Current (AC) whereas the
Sh
current given by a battery of dry cells is Direct Current (DC).
Difference between AC and DC
Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)
(i) If the current reverses its direction If the current flows in one direction
after equal intervals of time, it is only, it is called a direct current.
called alternating current.
(ii) The magnitude and direction of The magnitude and direction of flow
current change continuously at of current remain the same.
definite intervals of time.
(iii) The magnitude of AC becomes Zero The magnitude of DC does not become
after a regular interval of time. zero with the passage of time.
(iii) Overloading or short circuiting can be highly damaging to electrical appliances
and buildings. So, fuse of proper rating must be used to avoid such damage. A
fuse-wire will melt before the temperature of the heated circuit wire becomes
too high and causes the circuit to break.
Or
(b) The magnetic field produced is
directly proportional to the current Magnetic lines
Solenoid
passing in the wire and inversely of force
proportional to the distance of the S N
point from the current carrying
conductor. Therefore as the distance
of a point from the current carrying
conductor increases, the strength of X
Magnetic eld lines due to a current carrying solenoid

the magnetic field becomes weaker. Out of the three given points A, B and C, Point
A has the maximum magnetic field strength as it is at minimum distance from the
current carrying conductor. Point C has the minimum magnetic field strength as it is
at maximum distance from the current carrying conductor.
33. Difference between biodegradable and non–biodegradable wastes
Biodegradable wastes Non–biodegradable wastes
(i) Wastes which can be broken down into Wastes which cannot be broken down
non–poisonous substances in nature in into non-poisonous substances in nature
due course of time by the action of micro- are called non-biodegradable wastes.
organisms are called biodegradable wastes.
(ii) Examples: Sewage, peals of fruits and Examples: Plastic and glass, DDT etc.
vegetables, etc.
Impact of biodegradable waste on the environment:
1. Biodegradable wastes are decomposed by the action of micro-organisms and may
produce foul smell during the decomposition process.
2. Waste decomposition in landfills produces harmful methane gas which is a green
house gas (100 to 120 times more powerful than CO2) that contributes to Global
warming.
s
Impact of non–biodegradable waste on the environment:
a
1. Non–biodegradable waste does not decompose. These accumulate in the environ-
iv D
ment and cause biomagnification. As a result of this accumulation, they pollute
Sh
soil and water.
2. Non–biodegradable wastes such as pesticides deplete soil fertility and so reduce
the crop yield.
3. If these wastes are burnt, it causes air pollution.
34. (a) (i) (a) Butanoic acid:
H H H
— —
— —
—
H—C—C—C—C—OH or CH3CH2CH2COOH
—
—
—
H H H O
(b) Chloropentane:
H H H H H
— —
— —
—
—
—
H—C—C—C—C—C—H or CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—Cl
—
—
—
H H H H Cl
CH3 CH3 CH3
(ii) CH—CH CH3 C—CH2—CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
2, 3–dimethyl Butane 2–2–dimethyl Butane
Magnetic Field = C6H14 Magnetic Field = C6H14
The two given compound structures (i) and (ii) are the two isomers of C6H14
because both compound have same molecular formula but different structure
formula.
168 n SHIV
S-(168) n Shiv
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Other possible structure of isomers of C6H14:
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH—CH3
—
CH3
2 Methyl Pentane
(iii) Saturated Hydrocarbon Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
General Formula CnH2n+2 (a) General formula of unsaturated hydrocarbon
having double bond is CnH2n.
(b) General formula of unsaturated hydrocarbon
having triple bond is CnH2n–2
Or
(b) (i) When a small piece of sodium is dropped in ethanol, then ethanol reacts with
sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas. The reaction used as a test
for ethanol is
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
Ethanol Sodium Metal Sodium Ethoxide Hydrogen Gas
(ii) When pure ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is cooled, it freezes to form a colourless,
ice-like solid which looks like a glacier. Therefore pure ethanoic acid is called
glacial acetic acid.
s
(iii) When ethanol is heated at 443 k in the presence of conc. H2SO4, it gets dehydrated
iv D a
to form ethane.
CH3—CH2—OH conc. H2 SO 4
 → CH2 = CH2 + H2O
Sh
443 K
Ethanol Ethene
The conc. H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent which removes water molecule
from the ethanol molecule.
(iv) The process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalis is
called saponification.
Fat or Oil + NaOH Heat→ Soap + Glycerol
(an ester) Alkali (Sodium Salt of fatty acid)
∆
or CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH 
→ CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Ethyl Ethanoate Sodium Ethanoate Ethanol
The alkaline hydrolysis of esters using alkali like sodium hydroxide is known
as saponification.
35. (i) Mode of asexual reproduction in Hydra:
1. Budding. Hydra reproduces by budding which is an asexual type of reproduction.

During this type of reproduction, a bulb like projection arises from the parent
body which is known as bud. The bud may be unicellular or multicellular
formed by mitotic division of its cells. This bud then grows gradually to form a
small hydra and finally, the tiny new hydra detaches itself from the body of the

parent hydra and lives as a separate organism. Thus, the parent hydra produces
a new hydra.
2. Regeneration. Hydra can reproduce by the asexual mode of regeneration.
If the body of hydra gets cut into a number of pieces, then each body piece
can regenerate into a complete hydra by growing all the missing parts. The
regeneration of hydra from its cut body part occurs by the process of growth
and development. The cells of cut body part divide rapidly to make ball of cells.
The cells then become specialised to form different types of tissues which again
form various organs and body parts.
(ii) Vegetative propagation is the mode of asexual reproduction in plants in which new
plants are obtained from the parts of old plants like stem, roots and leaves, without
the help of any reproductive organs.
Advantages of Vegetative propagation:
(a) Plants grown by vegetative propagation grow much faster than those grown
from seeds.
(b) A large number of plants can be produced by the method of vegetative
propagation.
(c) The plants grown by vegetative propagation usually need less attention in their
early years than the plants grown from seeds.
s
(d) Seedless plants can also be grown from this method. (Any two)
a
36. (i) Ohm’s law derives a relation between electric current and potential difference across
iv D
the terminals of a conductor.
Sh
Ohm’s law states that the electric current, through a conductor, is directly proportional
to the potential difference across its two ends when, other physical conditions like
temperature, etc., remain constant.
V
VI or = Constant = R or V = IR
I
Thus, the ratio V : I is a constant. This constant is called the resistance (R) of the conductor.
Circuit diagram for Ohm’s law:
+v v v v–
I
x R y + – K
A
+V–
(ii) Since the entire current passes through the ammeter, therefore, an ammeter
should have low resistance so that it may not change the value of the current
flowing in the circuit.
(iii) Resistance of combination in ‘A’ is greater than the resistance of combination in ‘B’.
Therefore, Graph A shows series combination as resultant B
resistance in series is given by
A
R = R1 + R2
Whereas Graph B shows parallel combination as resultant I
resistance in parallel combination is given by
1 1 1
= +
R R1 R2 V
170 n SHIV
S-(170) n Shiv
DASDasCBSE
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37. (i) Mg has two electrons in its outermost shell (atomic no. of Mg is 12, so electronic
configuration is 2, 8, 2).
Whereas Cl has seven electrons in its outermost shell (atomic no. of Cl is 17, so
electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7).
Cl –
Mg + Mg2+ +2 Cl
Cl
MgCl2
– 2+
–
Cl Mg Cl

(ii) 1. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water or when melted.
2. Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents
like ether, acetone etc.
(iii) (A) Atomic no. of Na = 11; Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 1
For attaining stable electronic configuration either it has to lose 1 electron or it
gain 7 electrons. So, losing one electron is easier than gaining 7 electrons.
s
Thus, Na loses its one electron and attains one positive charge and gives it to
iv D a
Cl which needs one electron to attain stable configuration and thus Cl acquires
one negative charge.
Sh
–
Na + Cl Na+ Cl
NaCl
Or
(iii) (B) (i) Ionic compounds are made up of ions but they do not conduct electricity
in their solid state because in the solid ionic compound, the ions are
held together in fixed positions by strong electrostatic forces and can
not move freely.
(ii) When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium
chloride, sodium ions move towards cathode (which is a negatively
charged electrode).
38. (i) An offspring of human being is not a true copy of his parents in sexual reproduction
because it inherits half of its genetic material from each parent. During the formation
of gametes, the genetic material undergoes a process of recombination known as
crossing over.
(ii) F1 Generation F2 Generation
It is the first filial generation obtained by It is the second filial generation obtained
crossing two different parents. by self crossing the F1 generation.
(iii) (A) Variation is necessary for the survival of a species as variation makes species
more adapted to survive and grow in the changing environmental conditions.
The variant species helps the species overcome the adversities of extreme
conditions in their surrounding environment. Therefore, they can survive better
and reproduce to pass the traits to the offspring.

Or
Ratio
(iii) (B) 1. Round Yellow 9
2. Wrinkled Yellow 3
3. Round Green 3
4. Wrinkled Green 1
In the inheritance of more than one pair of traits in a cross simultaneously,
the factors responsible for each pair of traits are distributed independently to
the gametes. It means that though the two pairs of original characters (shape
and colour of the seed) combine in F1 generation but they are separate and
behave independently in subsequent generations which is known as “Law of
Independent Assortment.”
39. (i) Given. Refractive index of diamond w.r.t. vacuum, n2 = 2.42
Speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
Let speed of light in vacuum be v1.
Speed of light in diamond = v2
Speed of light in vaccum (v1 )
As we know, n2 =
Speed of light in diamond (v2 )
3 × 108 8
⇒ 2.42 = ⇒ v2 = 3 × 10 m/s
s
v2 2.42
iv D a
 v2 = 1.24 × 108 m/s
(ii) ng= 1.5; nw = 1.33 and ncs2 = 1.62
Sh
Since higher the refractive index of a substance, more it will change the direction (or
bending towards the mirror) of a beam of light passing through it.
Increasing order of angle of refraction in media:
Carbon disulphide (1.62) < Glass (1.5) < Water (1.33)
(iii) (A) 1. Speed of light in glass, Vg = 2 × 108 m/s
Speed of light in water, Vw = 2.25 × 108 m/s
Glass is optically denser than water because speed of light decreases as
the optical density of a medium increases.
2. When a ray of light is incident normally then it goes straight (or normally)
in the other medium (i.e., glass) because the incident ray goes along the
normal to the surface, the angle of incidence in this case is zero (0) and the
angle of refraction is also zero (0).
Or
4
(iii) (B) Given. Absolute refractive index of water, = vnw =
3
3
Absolute refractive index of glass, = vng =
2
Speed of light in glass, Vg = 2 × 108 m/s
Speed of light in vacuum, Vl = ?; Speed of light in water, Vw = ?
Vl
Now, vng = V
g
3 Vl 3
⇒ = ⇒ Vl = × 2 × 108 = 3 × 108 m/s
2 2 × 108 2
Hence Speed of light in Vaccum, Vl = 3 × 108 m/s.
172 n SHIV
S-(172) n Shiv
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Vl 4 3 × 108
Now, vnw = ⇒ =
Vw 3 Vw
3
 Vw = 3 × 108 × = 2.25 × 108 m/s
4
Therefore speed of light in water, Vw is 2.25 × 108 m/s.

9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b)
21. (i) Ozone layer is very important for the existence of life on earth because it absorbs
most of the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the Sun and prevents them
from reaching the earth.
(ii) The depletion of ozone layer is due to the use of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs). CFCs are the chemicals which are widely used in refrigeration (refrigerators
and air conditioners) as a coolant; in fire extinguishers and in aerosol sprayers. When
CFCs is released into the air, it reacts with ozone gas present in the ozone layer
and destroys it gradually. Due to this, the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere has
become thinner, allowing more UV rays to pass through it to the earth.
s
24. Use of bile juice.
a
(i) Bile makes the acidic food coming from the stomach alkaline, so that pancreatic
iv D
enzymes can act on it.
Sh
(ii) Bile salts break the fats present in the food into small globules making it easy for the
enzymes to act and digest them.
25. Adrenaline hormone is secreted by animals in large amounts when the person is frightened
or excited.
When adrenaline is secreted in large amounts—
(i) It prepares the body for action.
(ii) It speeds up heartbeat and breathing.
(iii) It raises blood pressure and allows more glucose (carbohydrate) to go into the blood
to give a lot of energy quickly to fight or flight.
(iv) Adrenal glands are often called glands of emergency.
29. Convex lens Concave lens
A convex lens produces an enlarged virtual A concave lens produces a diminished
image when an object is within the focus of image for all positions of the object.
a convex lens.
• When a concave lens of suitable power is placed in front of the myopic eye, the
parallel rays of light coming from the distant object (at infinity) are first diverged by
concave lens. Due to this the concave lens forms a virtual image of the distant object
at the far point of the myopic eye. Now this virtual image of the distant object is
easily focused by the eye lens to form an image on the retina.
• When a convex lens of suitable power is placed in front of the hypermetropic eye,
then the diverging rays of light coming from the nearby object are first converged
by the convex lens. Due to this, the convex lens forms a virtual image of the nearby
object (which is lying at 25 cm) at the near point of the hypermetropic eye, which can
be easily focused by the eye-lens to the image on the retina.

30. (a) Given. u = 1 m or –100 cm; P = +2D
(i) +ve sign of P shows that the lens is a Convex lens.
1 1 1
(ii) As we know, f = × 100 cm or ⇒ f= × 100 cm = +50 cm
P P 2
1 1 1
According to lens formula, – = f
v u
1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ – = ⇒ + =
v −100 +50 v 100 50
1 1 1 1 2−1 1
⇒ = – ⇒ = =
v 50 100 v 100 100
 v = 100 cm or 1 m
Or
(b) (i) The principal focus of a concave lens (diverging

lens) is a point on its principal axis from which
light rays, originally parallel to the Principal
axis, appear to diverge after passing through the
concave lens. A concave lens has a virtual focus.

a s
iv D
(ii) The distance between the optical centre of the concave lens and the Principal
focus is called the focal length. The focal length of a concave lens is always
Sh
negative (according to sign convention).
32. (i) When an acid is dissolved in water, then acid dissociates and produces Hydrogen
ions into the water. The presence of free ions that can move through the medium
makes the acidified water a good conductor of electricity.
(ii) Potassium hydroxide which is a base when dissolves in water, it produces potassium
ion and hydroxide ions.
Water
KOH(g) → K+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Ion Hydroxide Ion
(iii) The dilution of a concentrated acid like conc. nitric acid should always be done by
adding concentrated acid to water gradually with stirring and not by adding water
to concentrated acid because:
(a) When a concentrated acid is added to water for dilution, then the heat is evolved
(because the process of mixing the concentrated acid with water is highly
exothermic) gradually, and easily absorbed by the large amount of water.
(b) When water is added to concentrated acid, then a large amount of heat is evolved
at once. This heat changes some of the water to steam explosively which can
splash the acid on our face or clothes and cause acid burns.
36. (a) (i) Covalent compounds are bad conductor of electricity because they do not
contain ions.
(ii) Carbon atoms have 4 electrons in their outermost shell, so it needs to gain or
lose 4 electrons to attain noble gas configuration. If carbon gains four electrons
forming C4+ anion, it would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold
ten electrons. If carbon loses 4 electrons forming C4+ cation, it would require a
large amount of energy to remove four electrons from its outermost shell.
Thus, carbon can neither form C4+ cation nor C4– anion.
174 n SHIV
S-(174) n Shiv
DASDasCBSE
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21. ‘Auxin’ hormone is responsible for bending of a shoot of a plant when it is exposed to
unidirectional light. Auxin hormone is secreted in the growing plant which detects light.
It is present in the tip of the growing stem.

(a) (b) (c)
Plants appear to bend towards light. As more auxin is produced on the shaded side than
on the lighted side of the stem, so stem grows faster on the shaded side than on the
lighted side.
24. Tissue fluid is also called lymph.
Functions of lymph:
(i) Lymph protects the body by killing the germs drained out of the body tissue with
the help of lymphocytes, and by making antibodies.
(ii) Lymph carries digested fat (which is a large molecule and could not be absorbed by
s
blood stream) for the nutritive process.
iv D a
(iii) Lymph helps in removing the waste products like fragments of dead cells etc.
25. An ecosystem is a self-contained unit of living things (plants, animals and decomposers)
Sh
and their non-living environment (soil, air, water). An ecosystem needs only the input of
sunlight energy for its functioning.
A garden although man–made is a self sufficient or independent unit. It contains all
the components of the ecosystem. In this ecosystem, producers (plants and trees of the
garden) trap the solar energy and then provide the basic food or energy for all other life in
the garden like monkeys, squirrels, birds etc. When the producers and consumers die, the
decomposers present in the garden act on their dead bodies to return the various elements
back to the nutrient pool.
27. (a) In YCl, if Y is sodium then the salt in NaCl (sodium chloride) is formed by sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) which is a strong base. HCl which is also a strong acid, therefore
pH of NaCl(aq) is 7. As the salts of strong acid and strong base gives neutral solutions.
(b) If in salt NH4X, X is nitrate, then the salt is NH4NO3, which is the salt of strong acid
(HNO3) and weak base (NH4OH). Thus, solution of NH4NO3 is acidic having pH less
than 7. Solution of NH4HO3 will give orange colour with universal indicator.
(c) If in salt ZCO3, Z is potassium then the salt is K2CO3 which is the salt of weak acid
(H2CO3) and strong base (KOH). Thus, solution of K2CO3 is basic having pH more
than 7. If blue litmus solution is added to K2CO3 it remains blue. No colour change
will be observed.
29. 1. When the object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a spherical mirror.
+1 h2
Given. Magnification, m = . As we know, m =
2 h1
h2 +1 1
⇒ = ⇒ h2 = + h1
h1 2 2
+ve sign of h2 shows that image is erect and diminished.
Also we have, u = –20 cm
176 n SHIV
S-(176) n Shiv
DASDasCBSE
CBSESECONDARY
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−v 1 −v 1 1
⇒ =+ ⇒ =+  v= × 20 = +10 cm
u 2 −20 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Now, = + ⇒ = + ⇒ = –
f v u f 10 −20 f 10 20
1 2−1 1
 = =  f = +20 cm
f 20 20
+ve sign of f shows that spherical mirror is a convex mirror.
1
2. When an object be placed to reduce the magnification, m to +
3
−v 1 −v 3
⇒ = ...[m = ⇒ v= −
u 3 u u
1 1 1
As we know, + =
v u f
1 1 1 3 1 1
⇒ −u + u = 20 ⇒ − + =
u u 20
3
−3 + 1 1 −2 1
⇒ = ⇒ =
u 20 u 20
⇒ –2 × 20 = u  u = –40 cm
s
Thus, the object should be placed at 40 cm in front of the convex mirror so as to
iv D a
reduce the magnification to +1/3.
33. 1. The splitting up of white light into seven
Sh
colours on passing through a transparent
medium like glass prism is called
dispersion of light.
2. Since the violet colour has the minimum
speed in glass prism, therefore violet
Dispersion of white light
colour deviates the most while passing
through a glass prism.
3. Since the red colour has the maximum speed in glass prism, so the red colour deviates
the least, while passing through glass prism.
Or Rain-drop
(b) The rainbow is an arch of seven colours visible in the Sunlight
sky which is produced by the dispersion of sunlight by
raindrops present in the atmosphere. The raindrops in the
atmosphere act like many small prisms. As white sunlight Red
enters and leaves these raindrops, the white light splits into
Violet
an arch of seven colours of the rainbow.
36. (a) (i) Combustion of methane:
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) Combustion
 → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) + Heat + Light
Methane Oxygen (from air) Carbon dioxide Water
(ii) Oxidation of ethanol:
Alkaline KMnO ; heat
4
CH3CH2OH + 2[O]
(or

Acidified K 2 Cr2O7 )
→ CH3COOH + H2O
Ethanol Nascent Oxygen Ethanoic Acid Water
(iii) Hydrogenation of ethene:
Ni Catalyst
CH2 = CH2 + 
Heat
→ H2 CH3—CH3
Ethene (Unsaturated) Hydrogen Ethane (Saturated)

(iv) Esterification reaction:
conc. H SO
CH3COOH + C2H5OH 2

Heat
4→
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
(Ethanoic Acid) (Ethanol) Ethyl Ethanoate (Ester)
(v) Saponification reaction:
Heat
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Ethyl Ethanoate Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Ethanoate Ethanol
Or, (b) (i) Two isomers of Butane (C4H10):
H H H H
— —
— —
—
—
(a) CH3—CH2—CH2—CH3 or H—C—C—C—C—H
—
—
n–butane H H H H
H H H
— —
— ——— —
—
(b) CH3—CH—CH3 or H—C—C—C—H
—
—
CH3 H H
H—C—H
iso–butane
H
2–methyl-Propane
(ii) Structure of Propanol:
a s
H H H
iv D — —
— —
—
CH3—CH2—CH2—OH or H—C—C—C—OH
Sh —
H H H
Structure of Propanone:
H H
— —
— —
CH3—C—CH3 or H—C—C—C—H
—
—
—
—
O H O H
(iii) Third homologue of—
(a) alcoho: CH3—CH2—CH2—OH (b) aldehyde: CH3—CH2—CHO
1–Propanol Propanal
H
—
(iv) (a) H—C C—H (b) CH3—CH2—CH = CH2

1–Butene
H—C C—H
C
—
H
Benzene
(v) Nitrogen (N2) has 5 electrons in its outermost shell. So, N atom requires 3
electrons to complete its outermost shell. So each N atom shares three electrons
to form triple bonding.
N N N—
—N
— or N2
] • •• • ]
178 n SHIV
S-(178) n Shiv
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Series : Z1XYW/6 Code No. 31/6/1

• Q.P. Code given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on the title page
of the answer-book by the candidate.
• Please write down the serial number of the question in the answer-book before attempting it.
SCIENCE –X
CBSE–2023
Read the following instructions carefully and strictly follow them:
(i) This question paper contains 39 questions. All questions are compulsory.
a s
(ii) Question paper is divided into FIVE sections. Section A, B, C, D and E.
iv D
(iii) In Section A Question number 1 to 20 are Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) carrying 1 mark each.
(iv) In Section B Question number 21 to 26 are Very Short Answer (VSA) type questions carrying 2 marks
Sh
each. Answer to these Questions should be in the range of 30 to 50 words.
(v) In Section C Question number 27 to 33 are Short Answer (SA) type questions carrying 3 marks each.
(vi) In Section D Question number 34 to 36 are Long Answer (LA) type questions carrying 5 marks each.
(vii) In Section E question number 37 to 39 are of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment carrying
4 marks with sub-parts.
(viii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in some sections.

Q.1. Metal oxides generally react with acids, but few oxides of metal also react with bases.
Such metallic oxides are:1
I. MgO II. ZnO III. Al2O3 IV. CaO
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) III and IV (d) I and IV
Q.2. Few drops of aqueous solution of ammonium chloride are put on a universal indicator
paper. The paper turns pink. Study the following table and choose the correct option: 1
Nature Ammonium chloride is a salt of.... Range of pH
(a) acidic weak acid and strong base less than 7
(b) basic weak acid and strong base more than 7
(c) acidic strong acid and weak base less than 7
(d) basic strong acid and strong base 7

(iii) Ethanol (CH3CH2OH):
H H
H H
— —
— —
H—C—C—O—H H C C O H
H H H H
Structural formula Dot-Structure
(iv) (a) CH3CH2—C—CH3 (b) CH3CH2Cl
Halo Group
O ⇒ Chloro atom
Carbonyl group or acetone
>C=O
Or
(b) (i) A soap is the sodium salt (or potassium salt) of a long chain carboxylic acid
(fatty acid) which has cleaning properties in water.
Action of soap in removing an oily spot from Hydrophilic Hydrophobic end
a piece of cloth. Soaps are molecules in which end
Soap molecule
the two ends have differing properties, one Na+
is hydrophilic, that is, it dissolves in water,

while the other end is hydrophobic, that is, Oil droplet
s
it dissolves in hydrocarbons. When soap is Na+
a
at the surface of water, the hydrophobic ‘tail’
iv D
of soap will not be soluble in water and the Na+
Sh
soap will align along the surface of water with Na +
the ionic end in water and the hydrocarbon Formation of micelles
‘tail’ protruding out of Soap molecule Soap molecule

water. Inside water, these
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
molecules have a unique Na+ Na+
orientation that keeps Na+ Na+ Dirt particle
Na+ Na+
the hydrocarbon portion Na+
(oil or grease)
Na+ which was attached
out of the water. This
Water to dirty cloth
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
is achieved by forming (a) Soap micelle (a) Soap micelle

clusters of molecules in entraps the dirt particle
which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and the ionic ends
are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called a micelle. Soap in the
form of a micelle is able to clean, since the oily dirt will be collected in the
centre of the micelle. The micelles stay in solution as a colloid and will not come
together to precipitate because of ion-ion repulsion. Thus, the dirt suspended in
the micelles is also easily rinsed away.
(ii) Detergents are better than soaps because of the following reasons:
(1) Detergents can be used even with hard water whereas soaps are not
suitable for use with hard water.
(2) Detergents have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
(3) Detergents are more soluble in water than soaps.

9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (a) 15. (c)

Q.3. Select the appropriate state symbols of the products given as X and Y in the following
chemical equation by choosing the correct option from table given below: 1
Zn(s) + H2SO4(l) → ZnSO4(X) + H2(Y)
(X) (Y)
(a) (s) (l)
(b) (aq) (g)
(c) (aq) (s)
(d) (g) (aq)
Q.4. Two salts ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are dissolved in water separately. When phenolphthalein is added
to these two solutions, the solution ‘X’ turns pink and the solution ‘Y’ does not show
any change in colour, therefore ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are—1
(X) (Y)
(a) Na2CO3 NH4Cl
(b) Na2SO4 NaHCO3
(c) NH4Cl Na2SO4
(d) NaNO3 Na2SO4
Q.5. In the given diagram of a closed stomata: (1), (2), (3) and (4) 1
respectively are— 1 2
a s
(a) nucleus, chloroplast, guard cell, vacuole 3
iv D
(b) nucleus, chloroplast, vacuole, guard cell 4
(c) chloroplast, nucleus, vacuole, guard cell
Sh
(d) vacuole, guard cell, nucleus, chloroplast
Q.6. Walking in a straight line and riding a bicycle are the activities which are possible due
to a part of the brain. Choose the correct location and name of this part from the given
table:1
Part of the Brain Name
(a) Fore–brain Cerebrum
(b) Mid–brain Hypothalamus
(c) Hind–brain Cerebellum
(d) Hind–brain Medulla
Q.7. A student wants to obtain an erect image of an object using a concave mirror of 10 cm
focal length. What will be the distance of the object from mirror? 1
(a) Less than 10 cm (b) 10 cm
(c) between 10 cm and 20 cm (d) more than 20 cm
Q.8. Bronze is an alloy of 1
(a) Copper and Zinc (b) Aluminium and Tin
(c) Copper, Tin and Zinc (d) Copper and Tin
Q.9. In an experiment with pea plants, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a pure short
plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plant to pure short plants in F2 generation will be 1
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 2 : 1
Q.10. Study the given figure of a Food web and Cat Fox Bear
identify the primary consumer in the food
web:1 Mice Rabbit
(a) Mice and Bear (b) Rabbit and Cat
(c) Rabbit and Fox (d) Mice and Rabbit Seeds Plants Grass
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Q.11. Choose the correct order of the stages of binary fission in Leishmania.1
(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V)

(a) I, II, III, IV, V (b) I, III, II, V, IV (c) I, III, V, II, IV (d) I, II, III, V, IV
Q.12. Consider the following chemical equation I and II. 1
I. Mg + 2HCl  → MgCl2 + H2 II. NaOH + HCl  → NaCl + H2O
(a) ‘I’ is a displacement reaction and ‘II’ is a decomposition reaction.
(b) ‘I’ is a displacement reaction and ‘II’ is double displacement reaction.
(c) Both ‘I’ and ‘II’ are displacement reactions.
(d) Both ‘I’ and ‘II’ are double-displacement reactions.
Q.13. In the following diagram showing dispersion of white light by a glass prism, the
colours ‘P’ and ‘Q’ respectively are— 1
a s
iv D
Q
White light
Sh
P

(a) Red and Violet (b) Violet and Red (c) Red and Blue (d) Orange and Green
Q.14. Consider the following three flowers namely X, Y and Z.
Which flower(s) would develop into a fruit? 1
Flower X Flower Y Flower Z

(a) ‘X’ only (b) ‘Z’ only
(c) ‘X’ and ‘Y’ only (d) ‘Y’ and ‘Z’
Q.15. The magnetic field inside a long straight current carrying solenoid: 1
(a) is zero. (b) decreases as we move towards its end.
(c) increases as we move towards its end. (d) is same at all points.
Q.16. In human eye the part which allows light to enter into the eye is— 1
(a) Retina (b) Pupil (c) Eye lens (d) Cornea
Q. No. 17 to 20 are Assertion–Reasoning based questions.

Q.17. Assertion (A): It is advised that while diluting an acid one should add water to acid and
not acid to water keeping the solution continuously stirred.1
Reason (R): The process of dissolving an acid into water is highly exothermic.
Q.18. Assertion (A): The energy which passes to the herbivores does not come back to autotrophs.
1
Reason (R): The flow of energy in a food chain is unidirectional.
Q.19. Assertion (A): Amoeba takes in food using finger like extensions of the cell surface.1
Reason (R): In all unicellular organisms, the food is taken in by the entire cell surface.
Q.20. Assertion (A): Melting point and boiling point of ethanol are lower than that of sodium
chloride.1
Reason (R): The forces of attraction between the molecules of ionic compounds are very
strong.
Q.21. State whether the given chemical reaction is a redox reaction or not. Justify your answer.
MnO2 + 4HCl  → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 2
Q.22. (a) List two differences between the movement of leaves of a sensitive plant and the
movement of a shoot towards light.2
Or
(b) What happens at synapse between two neurons? State briefly. 2
s
Q.23. Give the name of the enzyme present in the fluid in our mouth cavity. State the gland
iv D a
which produces it. What would happen to the digestion process if this gland stops
secreting this enzyme? 2
Sh
Q.24. Let the resistance of an electrical device remain constant, while the potential difference across
its two ends decreases to one fourth of its initial value. What change will occur in the
current through it? State the law which helps us in solving the above stated question. 2
Q.25. A light ray enters from Medium A to Medium B as shown in
the figure. 2 Medium ‘B’
(a) Which one of the two media is denser w.r.t. other medium?
Justify your answer. 1
(b) If the speed of light in medium A is va, and in medium B
is vb, what is the refractive index of B with respect to A. 1 Medium ‘A’
Or
(a) A ray of light starting from diamond is incident on the interface separating diamond
and water. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the refraction of light in this case.1
(b) Absolute refractive indices of diamond and water are 2.42 and 1.33 respectively. Find
the value of refractive index of water w.r.t. diamond. 1
Q.26. State the rule to determine the direction of a (a) magnetic field produced around a straight
conductor carrying current and (b) force experienced by a current carrying straight
conductor placed in a magnetic field which is perpendicular to it. 2
Q.27. Explain the process of transport of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in a human body.
3
Q.28. (a) A substance ‘X’ is used as a building material and is insoluble in water. When it
reacts with dil. HCl, it produces a gas which turns lime water milky. 3
(i) Write the chemical name and formula of X.
(ii) Write chemical equations for the chemical reactions involved in the above
statements.
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Or
(b) A metal ‘M’ on reacting with dilute acid liberates a gas ‘G’. The same metal also
liberates gas ‘G’ when it reacts with a base. 3
(i) Write the name of gas ‘G.
(ii) How will you test the presence of this gas?
(iii) Write chemical equations for the reactions of the metal with—(1) an acid and (2)
a base.
Q.29. (a) Name the gland and the hormone secreted by it in scary situations in human beings.
List any two responses shown by our body when this hormone is secreted into the
blood. 3
Or
(b) In the given diagram 3 A

(i) Name the parts labelled A, B and C.
(ii) Write the functions of A and C. C B
(iii) Reflex arcs have evolved in animals? Why?
Q.30. With the help of an appropriate example, justify that some of the chemical reactions are
determined by
s
(a) Change in temperature, (b) Evolution of a gas, and
a
(c) Change in colour
iv D
(d) Give chemical equation for the reaction involved in each case. 3
Sh
Q.31. State reasons for Myopia. With the help of ray diagrams, show the 3
(a) image formation by a myopic eye, and
(b) correction of myopia using an appropriate lens.
Q.32. What is a solenoid? When does a solenoid behave as a magnet? Draw the pattern of the
magnetic field produced inside it showing the directions of the magnetic field lines.3
Q.33. (a) Write the percentage of (i) solar energy captured by the autotrophs and (ii) energy
transferred from autotrophs to the next level in a food chain.
(b) What are trophic levels? Why do different food chains in an ecosystem not have
more than four to five trophic levels? Give reason.3
Q.34. (a) (i) A compound ‘A’ with a molecular formula of C2H4O2 reacts with a base to give
salt and water. Identify ‘A’, state its nature and the name of the functional group
it possesses. Write chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(ii) When the above stated compound ‘A’ reacts with another compound ‘B’ having
molecular formula C2H6O in the presence of an acid, a sweet smelling compound
‘C’ is formed.
1. Identify ‘B’ and ‘C’.
2. State the role of acid in this reaction.
3. Write chemical equation for the reaction involved. 5
Or
(b) (i) Name the compound formed when ethanol is heated at 443 K in the presence of
conc. H2SO4 and draw its electron dot structure. State the role of conc. H2SO4 in
this reaction. 5
(ii) What is hydrogenation? Explain it with the help of a chemical equation. State the
role of this reaction in industry.

Q.35. Give reason for the following: 5
(a) During reproduction inheritance of different proteins will lead to altered body designs.
(b) Fertilization cannot take place in flowers if pollination does not occur.
(c) All multicellular organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through fragmentation
or regeneration.
(d) Vegetative propagation is practised for growing only some type of plants.
(e) The parents and off-springs of organisms reproducing sexually have the same
number of chromosomes.
Q.36. (a) (i) What is meant by resistance of a conductor? Define its SI unit.
(ii) List two factors on which the resistance of a rectangular conductor depends.
(iii) How will the resistance of a wire be affected if its—1. length is doubled, and
2. radius is also doubled? Give justification for your answer. 5
Or
(b) In an electric circuit three bulbs of 100 W each are connected in series to a source. In
another circuit set of three bulbs of the same wattage are connected in parallel to the
same source.
(i) Will the bulb in the two circuits glow with the same brightness? Justify your answer.
(ii) Now, let one bulb in both the circuits get fused. Will the rest of the bulbs continue
to glow in each circuit? Give reason for your answer. 5
s
iv D a
Q.37. On the basis of reactivity metals are grouped into three categories— 4
(i) Metals of low reactivity
Sh
(ii) Metals of medium reactivity
(iii) Metals of high reactivity
Therefore metals are extracted in pure form from their ores on the basis of their chemical
properties.
Metals of high reactivity are extracted from their ores by electrolysis of the molten ore.
Metals of low reactivity are extracted from their sulphide ores, which are converted into
their oxides. The oxides of these metals are reduced to metals by simple heating.
(a) Name the process of reduction used for a metal that gives vigorous reaction with
air and water both.
(b) Carbon cannot be used as a reducing agent to obtain aluminium from its oxide.
Why?
(c) Describe briefly the method to obtain mercury from cinnabar. Write the chemical
equation for the reactions involved in the process.
Or
(c) Differentiate between roasting and calcination giving chemical equation for each.
Q.38. All human chromosomes are not paired. Most human chromosomes have a maternal and
a paternal copy, and we have 22 such pairs. But one pair called the sex chromosomes, is
odd in not always being a perfect pair. Women have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes.
But men have a mismatched pair in which one is normal sized while the other is a short one.
(a) In humans, how many chromosomes are present in a Zygote and in each gamete?
(b) A few reptiles rely entirely on environmental cues for sex determination. Comment.
(c) “The sex of a child is a matter of chance and none of the parents are considered to
be responsible for it.” Justify it through flow chart only. 4
Or
(c) Why do all the gametes formed in human females have an X chromosome?
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Q.39. A student took three concave mirrors of different focal lengths and performed the
experiment to see the image formation by placing an object at different distances with
these mirrors as shown in the following table. 4
Case No. Object distance Focal length
I 45 cm 20 cm
II 30 cm 15 cm
III 20 cm 30 cm
Now answer the following questions:
(a) List two properties of the image formed in Case I.
(b) In which one of the cases given in the table, the mirror will form real image of
same size and why?
(c) Name the type of mirror used by dentists. Give reason why do they use such type
of mirrors.
Or, (c) Look at the table and identify the situation (object distance and focal length which
resembles the situation in which concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors).
Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
s
iv D a
Q.1. To balance the following chemical equation the values of x and y should respectively be: 1
2NaOH + xAl2O3  → yNaAlO2 + H2O
Sh
(a) 1, 4 (b) 1, 2 (c) 2, 4 (d) 2, 3
Q.2. A solution turns the colour of turmeric to reddish brown. If the same solution is poured
on universal indicator, its colour would change to— 1
(a) violet (b) blue (c) red (d) green
Q.5. Given below are two columns, Column-I shows enzymes secreted by the glands in the
alimentary canal of human beings and Column-II indicates the components of food on
which enzymes act. Choose the options showing correct matching: 1
Column-I (Enzymes) Column-II (Components)
(a) Pepsin Starch
(b) Trypsin Proteins
(c) Lipase Proteins
(d) Amylase Emulsified fat
Q.7. To obtain a magnification of + 2 with a concave mirror of radius of curvature 60 cm the
object distance must be 1
(a) –90 cm (b) –45 cm (c) –30 cm (d) –15 cm
Q.18. In the following question, two statements Asseration (A) and Reason (R). Answer this
question selecting the appropriate option given below:
Assertion (A): An ecosystem consists of biotic components and abiotic components.
Reason (R): Biotic and abiotic components play important roles for the sustenance of life
and work independently in all ecosystems.1

Q.21. A metal nitrate ‘A’ on heating gives a metal oxide along with evolution of a brown
coloured gas ‘B’ and a colourless gas, which helps in burning.
Aqueous solution of ‘A’ when reacted with potassium iodide forms a yellow precipitate.
(a) Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’
(b) Name the types of both the reactions involved in the above statement. 2
Q.24. Three resistors of 6 Ω, 4 Ω and 4 Ω are connected together so that the total resistance is
8 Ω. Draw a diagram to show this arrangement and give reason to justify your answer.2
Q.29. (a) Some plants like pea plants have tendrils which help them to climb up other plants.
Explain how is it done. Name the plant hormone responsible for this movement. 3
Or, (b) Name the phenomenon occurring in plants which are under the control of gravity,
water and chemicals with one example each that shows the movement involved. 3
Q.31. A reddish brown metal used in electrical wires when powdered and heated strongly turns
black. When hydrogen gas is passed over this black substance, it regains its original colour.
Based on this information answer the following questions: 3
(a) Name the metal and the black substance formed.
(b) Write balanced chemical equations for the two reactions involved in the above
information.
Q.33. If a harmful chemical enters in a food chain comprising peacock, plants, rats and snakes,
which of these organisms is likely to have the highest concentration of the chemical in its
body. Justify your answer. Name the process involved and define it. 3
s
Q.34. (a) (i) What are isomers? Write the structures of two compounds having molecular
iv D a
formula C3H6O and give their names.
(ii) What are soaps? How are they chemically different from detergents? Why do
Sh
soaps not work effectively in hard water? 5
Or, (b) (i) What is a homologous series of carbon compounds? Write general formula for alkynes.
Name and draw the electron dot structure of first homologue of this series.
(ii) State the meaning of the functional group in an organic compound. Write the
formula of the functional group present in alcohols and carboxylic acids. 5

Q.4. There are four solutions A, B, C and D with pH values as follows: 1
Solution A B C D
pH 2.0 7.0 8.0 12.0
Which solution(s) would liberate hydrogen gas with zinc?
(a) A only (b) D only (c) A and D (d) B and C
Q.7. In torch lights and head lights of vehicles, the bulb is placed 1
(a) between the pole and the focus of the reflector.
(b) very near to the focus of the reflector.
(c) between the focus and centre of curvature of the reflector.
(d) at the centre of curvature of the reflector.
Q.10. Choose the option giving correct matching the items given in Column–I & II. 1
Column-I Column-II
A. Physical environment (i) Ozone layer depletion
B. Exposure to UV radiation (ii) Bacteria and Fungi
C. Chlorofluoro Carbon compound (iii) Abiotic components
D. Decomposers (iv) Skin Cancer
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A B C D
(a) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(b) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(c) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(d) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)
Q.11. The thread like structures that develop on a moist slice of bread in Rhizopus are 1
(a) Sporangia (b) Filaments (c) Rhizoids (d) Hyphae
Q.12. The change in the focal length of an eye lens in human beings is caused by the action of
(a) optic nerves (b) ciliary muscles (c) retina (d) cornea 1
Q.19. In the following question, two statements—Asseration (A) and Reason (R). Answer the
question selecting the appropriate option given below.
Assertion (A): Testes in human males are located outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum.
Reason (R): Scrotum provides a lower temperature than the normal body temperature for
sperm formation. 1
Q.22. (a) How is an electric impulse created in human nervous system? Identify the parts of a
s
neuron which helps the nerve impulse to travel 2
a
(i) towards the cell body (ii) away from the cell body
iv D
Or
Sh
(b) With the help of an example, explain how does the feedback mechanism regulate the
hormone secretion.
Q.26. Draw magnetic field lines produced around a straight current carrying conductor passing
through a cardboard. How will the strength of the magnetic field change when the point
where magnetic field is to be determined is moved away from the conductor? 2
Q.28. (a) (i) What property do acids and bases have in common? Explain it with an example.
(ii) A compound which is prepared from gypsum has the property of hardening
when mixed with water.
Identify the compound and write its formula. How is this compound prepared?
Describe it in the form of a chemical equation only. 3
Or, (b) (i) Write the chemical name and molecular formula of tooth enamel. 3
(ii) How does it get corroded? What is the preventive measure for this?
Q.33. State the change in colour observed in each of the following cases mentioning the reason:
(a) Silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
(b) A piece of zinc is dipped in ferrous sulphate solution.
(c) Copper powder is strongly heated in air. 3
Q.35. (a) Name the two types of pollination and differentiate between them. 5
(b) Explain the post fertilization changes, that occur in the ovary of a flower.
(c) A diagram of a germinating seed is given here.
Label the parts that A
(i) gives rise to future shoot.
(ii) gives rise to future root system. B
(iii) stores food. C
] • •• • ]

2023 (Z1XYW/6)
1. (b) As ZnO and Al2O3 are amphoteric oxides. 2. (c)
3. (b) Zn (s) + H2SO4 (l)  → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
4. (a) As ‘X’ should be the salt of strong base and strong acid therefore it is a neutral salt, where
‘Y’ is the salt of a strong acid and weak base, so its pH value is greater than 7 which turns
phenolphthalein to pink.
5. (b) 6. (c)
7. (a) When the object is placed between P (Principal Axis) and F (Focus) of the concave mirror then
erect, magnified and virtual image is formed.
8. (d)
9. (c)
a s
Sh iv D
Q
10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) PVIBGYOR 14. (c)
15. (d) As magnetic lines are parallel to each other therefore magnetic field is uniform inside the
solenoid.
16. (d) 17. (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
18. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
19. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
20. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
(A).
Reduction
<
21. MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

<
Oxidation
In this reaction MnO2 is reduced to MnCl2. Since ‘oxygen’ is removed from MnO2, whereas ‘H’ is
removed from HCl to form Cl2.
Thus, it is a redox reaction.
22. (a) Difference between the movement of leaves of a sensitive plant and the movement of a shoot
towards light:
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Movement of leaves of a sensitive plant Movement of a shoot towards light
(i) It is a nastic movement which does not It is a tropic movement which depends on
depend on the direction of stimulus applied. the direction of stimulus applied.
(ii) Here the stimulus is ‘touch’. Here the stimulus is ‘light’.

Or
(b) • The nerve impulses are carried over the synapse (microscopic gap) between a pair of
neurons by means of a chemical substance called neurotransmitter substance.
• When a stimulus acts on the receptor, a chemical reaction is set off which produces an
electrical impulse in it.
• This impulse travels from dendrite of Neuron A to its cell body and then along its axon.
• At the end of axon of Neuron A, the electrical impulse releases tiny amount of a chemical
substance (neurotransmitter) into the synapse (or gap). This chemical substance crosses
the synapse (or gap) and starts an electrical impulse in the dendrite of next neuron B.
Chemical Dendrite of
substance next neuron
End of axon released
Axon of of sensory
sensory neuron
neuron
s
A
iv D a
Electrical impulse
(from receptor) Synapse B
Sh
(gap between two
connecting neurons Electrical impulse
generated
A and B)
23. Salivary amylase is present in the fluid in our mouth cavity. The Salivary glands in our mouth
produce saliva. If this gland stops secreting Saliva, the digestion of starch will not occur in the
mouth. Also wetting of food will not occur, as a result, swallowing of food will become difficult.
24. According to Ohms Law,
V
V = IR or =I
R
1
If R becomes constant and V = V ...(i)
4
V = IR
V′ 1V 1
I = = ...[From (i)  I = I
R 4R 4
25. (a) Medium ‘B’ is denser than Medium ‘A’ because when a light ray
goes from rarer medium to denser medium it bends towards the Medium ‘B’
r
normal and ∠r < ∠i.
(b) We have, Speed of light in medium A = va and Speed of light in
i
medium B = vb. Medium ‘A’
va
 Refractive index of B with respect to A, AηB =
vb
Or
(a) Refraction from diamond to water is the case when light travels from denser medium to rarer
medium.

The refracted ray in this case bends away from the normal.
A N
Parallel sided
glass slab
Incident
ray
Glass
Diamond i
(Denser medium) O
i
Air r
(Rarer medium) Refracted
ray
r
Water
B
N
Normal
(b) Given. Absolute refractive index of diamond = 2.42
speed of light in air
aηd =
speed of light in diamond
va va
2.42 =  vd = ...(i)
vd 2.42
Given. Absolute refractive index of water = 1.33.
s
Speed of light in air va
a
aηw = ⇒ 1.33 =
Speed of light in water vw
iv D
va
⇒ vw = ...(ii)
Sh
1.33
vd va / 2.42

d ηw = = ...[From (i) & (ii)
vw va / 1.33
va 1.33 133
= × = = 0.549
2.42 va 242
26. (a) Direction of magnetic field produced by straight current carrying conductor is determined by
Maxwell’s Right-Hand Thumb Rule:
“Imagine that you are grasping (or holding) the current carrying wire in your right hand so that your
thumb points in the direction of current, then the direction in which your fingers encircle the wire will
give the direction of magnetic field lines around the wire.”
(b) Force experienced by a current carrying straight Magnetic Field
East
conductor placed in a magnetic field is determined by
Fo
Fleming’s Left–hand Rule.

Current
r
ce
“Hold the forefinger, the centre finger and the thumb of your
or
left-hand at right angles to one another. Adjust your hand

m
ot
in such a way that the forefinger points in the direction of

io
n
magnetic field and the centre finger points in the direction of Vertically South
Downward
current, then the direction in which thumb points, gives the
direction of force acting on the conductor.”
All the animals like humans having four chambered hearts have double circulation in which the
27.
blood passes through the heart ‘twice’ in one complete cycle of the body. This ensures the separation
of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood.
Explanation:
Double circulation. The blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of the body and
is called double circulation. It involves two circulations:
190 n SHIV
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(i) Pulmonary circulation. The pathway of the blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the
heart is called pulmonary circulation. It is a small circulation. Deoxygenated blood in the right
ventricle flows into the vascular system of the lungs, becomes oxygenated and returns to the
heart’s left atrium through pulmonary veins.
(ii) Systemic circulation. The pathway of the blood from the heart Lungs
Deoxygenated
Oxygenated
to the rest of the body and back to the heart is called systemic
Blood
Blood
circulation. It is a large circulation. Left ventricle sends the
blood into the aorta. Aorta divides into arteries, arterioles and
capillaries and supplies oxygenated blood to various parts of
RA LA
the body. From there the deoxygenated blood is collected by
Deoxygenated
Oxygenated
venules, which join to form veins and finally vena cava and
pours blood back into the right atrium.
Blood
Blood
RV RV
28. (a) (i) Chemical Name = Calcium Carbonate
Formula of ‘x’ = CaCO3 Body Parts
(ii) CaCO3 (g) + HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
CO2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
Lime water White ppt. which
produces turbidity
Or
(b) (i) Gas ‘G’ is H2 gas.
a s
(ii) The gas produced in the experiment is passed through the soap solution. The bubbles
iv D
will be formed (the evolved gas filled bubbles). When a burning candle is brought near
the gas filled bubble the gas filled in the bubble burns with a pop sound which is the
Sh
characteristic property of H2 gas.

(iii) • Zn can react with dil. acid such as HCl to give Hydrogen gas as (H2).
Zn(g) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2
• Zn can also react with a base like NaOH and produces Hydrogen gas.
Zn(g) + NaOH(aq) Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2
Sodium Zincate
29. (a) • Adrenal glands secrete adrenalin hormone in scary situations in human beings.
• When adrenaline is secreted in large amounts it prepares the human body for action.
It speeds up heartbeat and breathing, raises blood pressure and allows more glucose into
the blood to give us a lot of energy quickly to fight or flight. Adrenal glands are often
called ‘Glands of emergency’.
Or
(b) (i) A = Sensory neuron; B = Relay neuron; C = Effector (muscle in arm)

(ii) Function of A. Sensory neuron transmits impulse from the sensory cells (or receptors)
towards the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain).
In the given diagram the stimulus (heat) is sensed by heat receptors in the hand. The
receptor triggers an impulse in a sensory neuron which transmits the message to the
spinal cord.
Function of C. The effector (muscle of arm) responds to the stimulus when the motor
neuron passes the impulse to the effector (muscle of arm).
(iii) Reflex arcs have evolved in animals because the thinking process of the brain in the
animals is not fast enough and they continue to be more efficient for their quick response.
30. (a) (i) The chemical reaction between quicklime and water to form slaked lime is characterised
by a change in temperature (which is rise in temperature).
CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat
(ii) The chemical reaction between barium hydroxide and ammonium chloride to form
barium chloride, ammonia and water is characterised by a change in temperature (fall
in temperature).
Ba(OH)2 (aq) + 2NH4Cl BaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
(b) The chemical reaction between Zinc and dil. sulphuric acid is characterised by the evolution of
hydrogen gas.
Zn (g) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
(c) (i) The chemical reaction between sulphur dioxide gas and acidified potassium dichromate
solution is characterised by a change in colour from orange to green.
a s
(ii) When a piece of iron metal is placed in copper sulphate solution, then iron sulphate
iv D
solution and copper metal are formed. Also the deep blue colour of copper sulphate
solution fades and light green solution forms.
Sh
(d) CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Blue Solution Green Solution
Ray diagram to illustrate this defect
31. (a) Myopia is the defect of the eye vision due to which a Parallel rays from Retina
person can see the near objects clearly, but he cannot distant object
Image is formed in
front of the retina
(at innity)
see the far objects clearly.
Causes of myopia. Myopia is caused
— due to the elongation of the eye ball.
— due to decrease in the focal length of the eye lens. Image
The eye lens becomes more convergent.
Eye lens has small focal length
and hence more converging power
Ray diagram to show the correction of myopia

Rays are rst diverged
by concave lens Retina
Parallel rays from
L
distant object
Image is formed
(b) Myopia can be corrected by using a concave

(at innity)
lens of suitable focal length in the spectacles
on retina
of such a person.
I
Eye lens has small focal length
and hence more converging power
32. The solenoid is a long coil containing a large number of close turns of insulated copper wire.
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When an electric current is passed through the solenoid, it produces a magnetic field around it. The

magnetic field produced by a current-carrying solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produced by
a bar magnet.
Magnetic lines
of force Solenoid
S N
X
Magnetic eld lines due to a current carrying solenoid
33. (a) (i) Autotrophs trap 1% of solar energy.
(ii) Autotrophs transfer 10% of energy to the next level in a food chain.
(b) The various steps in a food chain at which the transfer of food (or energy) takes place are
called trophic levels. In a food chain, each step representing an organism forms a trophic level.
When green plants in an ecosystem are eaten by primary consumers, a great amount of energy
is lost as heat to the environment, some amount goes into digestion and in doing work and
rest goes towards growth and reproduction. An average of 10% of the food eaten is turned into
its own body and made available for the next level of consumers. Therefore, 10% can be taken
as the average value for the amount of organic matter that is present at each step and reaches
s
the next level of consumers.
a
Since very little energy is available for the next level of consumers, food chain generally
iv D
consists of only three or four steps. The loss of energy at each step is so great that very little
usable energy remains after four trophic levels.
Sh
34. (a) (i) Name & nature. A is ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and it is acidic in nature.
Functional Group. The functional group possessed by A is carboxylic acid.
Chemical Equation. CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
Ethanoic Sodium Sodium Water
acid hydroxide acetate
(base) (base)
(ii) 1. Compound B = C2H6O
Compound C = CH3CH2OH or C2H5OH (Ethanol)
2. The concentrated acid in the above reaction acts as a dehydrating agent which
removes water molecule from acid and alcohol.
∆
3. CH3COOH + C2H5OH H  → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
2 SO 4
Ethanoic Ethanal Ethyl Ethanoate
Acid (Ester) (Sweet Smelling)
Or
2 4→ conc. H SO
(b) (i) CH3—CH2OH  CH2 = CH2 + H2O
443K
Ethanol Ethene
Electron dot structure of ethene:
H H
H H
—
— C=C
C C —
H H H H
In this reaction, concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent which removes
water molecule from the ethanol molecule.

(ii) The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated
hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation. The process of hydrogenation takes place in the
presence of nickel or palladium metal as catalyst.
Ni Catalyst
CH2 = CH2 + H2  → CH3—CH3
Heat
Ethene Hydrogen Ethane
The process of hydrogenation has an important industrial application. It is used to
prepare vegetable ghee (or Vanaspati ghee) from vegetable oils.
H H
R R
—
—
Ni Catalyst
C=C + H2  → R—C—C—R
Heat
R R
—
—
H H
Vegetable oil Hydrogen Vegetable ghee
(Unsaturated fat) (Liquid state) (Saturated fat) (Solid state)
35. (a) The DNA in the nucleus of the cell is the information source for making proteins. If the
information is changed during DNA replication, different proteins are formed leading to
changes in body design.
(b) For fertilization the male gamete should combine with the female gamete. So it is necessary
that first the pollen grains from the anther of stamen should be carried to the stigma of carpel.
Pollination is the process of transferring of pollen grains from the anther of a stamen to the
stigma of a carpel.
s
(c) Regeneration or fragmentation can be used to reproduce only those organisms which have
a
relatively simple body organisation. Complex multicellular organisms have a very high degree
iv D
of organisation in their body as specialised cells make up tissue; tissues make up organs; organs
make up organ systems; and finally organ systems make up organisms. For example, a dog is a
Sh
complex multicellular organism which cannot be regenerated from its cut body part say, a cut
tail. This is because the cells present in the cut tail of a dog cannot produce dog’s organs like
heart, lungs, brain, stomach, intestine etc. needed for the making of a complete dog.
(d) Vegetative propagation usually involves the growth and development of one (or more) buds
present on the old part of the plant to form a new plant. These buds are in dormant state
(inactive state) in the old part of the plant. When provided suitable conditions these buds grow
to form new plants. So only those plants which have these dormant buds in their body parts
like stem, root, etc. can be grown by vegetative propagation.
(e) In sexual reproduction, the chromosomes from two gametes male and female gametes, combine
together to form zygote but the number of chromosomes does not get doubled because
the gametes are special type of cells which contain only half the number of chromosomes as
compared to the normal body cells of an organism. For example, human sperm has 23 chromosomes
and human ovum also has 23 chromosomes. Thus, after fertilization the zygote will have
23 + 23 = 46 chromosomes, which is the normal number of chromosomes of a human being.
36. (a) (i) The property of a conductor due to which it opposes the flow of current through it
is called resistance. The resistance of a conductor is numerically equal to the ratio of
potential difference across its ends to the current flowing through it.
Potential difference V
Resistance = or R=
Current I
The SI unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω).

1 Ohm is the resistance of a conductor such that when a potential difference of 1 volt is
applied to its ends, a current of 1 ampere flows through it.
(ii) The resistance depends on various factors:
1. The resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor. R < l
2. The resistance is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section of the conductor.
1
R<
A
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ρl
(iii) 1. As we know, Resistant (R) = ...(i)
A
If length is doubled l = 2l.
ρl′ ρ( 2l )
⇒ R = ⇒ R =
A A
ρl
⇒ R = 2  R = 2R ...[From (i)
A
Therefore, if length of the conductor is doubled, the resistance will also get
doubled.
2. When radius is doubled.
As we know, A = πR2 ...(i)
⇒ A = πR2 and R = 2R ⇒ A = π(2R)2 = 4πR2
 A = 4A ...(ii) ...[From (i)
ρl
Now, R = ...(iii)
A
ρl ρl
R = ⇒ R = ...[From (ii)
A′ 4A
1 ρl 1
R = × = R ...[From (iii)
4 A 4
Therefore, if radius of the conductor is doubled the resistance becomes 1/4th.
a s
Or
iv D
100 W
Sh
100 W 100 W 100 W 100 W
(b)
100 W
Case I Case II
(i) No, the bulb will not glow in the two circuits with same brightness. The resistance in the
Case (II), i.e., parallel connection is always less than the resistance in the series connection
(Case (I)). So, current is more in parallel connection than the series connection. Thus, the
bulbs in parallel connection will glow with more brightness.
(ii) If one bulb gets fused, the entire circuit will break in a series connection so the flow of
current will stop. Thus, all the three bulbs will stop glowing in a series connection. In a
parallel connection, if one bulb gets fused, the current will continue to flow into other
two bulbs. Thus, in parallel connection, the other two bulbs will continue to glow.
37. (a) Electrolytic reduction. The Na (sodium) is a metal which has a very high affinity to oxygen.
So reducing agent like carbon, aluminium cannot reduce oxygen from the oxide of sodium.
(b) Aluminium (Al) has more affinity to oxygen than carbon. Therefore carbon cannot reduce
aluminium oxide to aluminium.
(c) Mercury is a less reactive metal. Its oxide is easily reduced to metal only by simply heating.
Cinnabar being a sulphide ore is first roasted in air to change it into its oxide compound.
Mercury oxide (HgO) on further heating in air gets reduced to give Hg metal.
Heat
2HgS + 3O2 
→ 2HgO + 2SO2↑
Roasting
(air)
Or

(air)
Or
(c) Difference between Roasting and Calcination
Roasting Calcination
(i) It is done in case of sulphide ores. It is done in case of carbonate ores.
(ii) In this, the ore is heated in the presence of The carbonate ore is heated in the absence
air to convert it into oxide compound. of air to convert it into oxide.
(iii) The gas given out is SO2 (sulphur dioxide) The gas given out is CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
gas. gas.
Example: Example:
Heat Heat
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2  ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2 
(air)
38. (a) No. of chromosomes in human Zygote = 46
No. of chromosomes in human gamete— Sperm = 23
Ovum = 23
(b) In some animals sex is not determined genetically but it is controlled by the environ-mental
factors. For example, In a turtle, high incubation temperature leads to the develop-ment of female
offsprings while in the lizard, high incubation results in male offsprings.
Mother Father
a s
(c) In human beings, the sex of the baby is XX XY
D
determined by the type of sperm that fuses
i v
with the ovum. As human male produces Gametes X X X Y
h
two types of sperms in equal proportion, so
S
there are 50% chances of a male baby and
50% chances of a female baby. XX XY XX XY
Girl Boy Girl Boy
Girl : Boy : : 1 : 1
Or
(c) A female has two X chromosomes but no Y chromosomes. Therefore, all the female gametes,
i.e., ova will have only X chromosomes.
39. (a) Given. Focal length, F = 20 cm and object distance = 45 cm
 C = F × 2 = 20 × 2 = 40 cm. It means object is placed beyond C.
Characteristic of image. 1. Real, 2. Diminished, 3. Inverted and 4. Between F and C.
(b) In Case II the image will be formed real and of same size of the object. As in this case,
F = 15 cm  C = 30 cm; u = 30 cm
Since object is placed at C in front of a concave mirror, then the image formed is at C, Real,
inverted and same size of the object.
(c) Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see the large images of the teeth of patients because
when a tooth is within the focus of a concave mirror, then an enlarged image of the tooth is
seen in the concave mirror. So it becomes easier to locate the defect in the tooth.
Or
(c) In Case III, F = 30 cm and u = 20 cm

In this case the object is placed between Pole
and focus of the mirror (between P & F), the
image formed is virtual, erect, behind the
mirror and magnified. Therefore it is used as
shaving mirror to see a large image of the face.
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1. (b) 2NaOH + 1Al2O3 2NaAlO2 + H2O 2. (b) 5. (b)
7. (c) Given. m = +2 and r = 60 ...[Concave mirror
r
Here, f = = –30 cm. As Image is erect.
2
 Object distance should be less than its focal length.
13. (d)
18. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Heat
21. (a) Case I: Pb(NO3)2 (g) → 2PbO + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
(Brown Fumes)
 A = Lead nitrate and B = Nitrogen dioxide
Case II: Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) PbI2 (8) + 2KNO3 (aq)
Yellow ppt.
 A = Lead nitrate and B = Lead Iodide
(b) Reaction: Case I. Thermal decomposition
Case II. Double displacement 4
1 1 1
s
6 R2
24. We have, = +
a
R′ R 2 R 3
iv D
R1 4
1 1 1 1+1 2 1 R3

⇒ = + = = =
Sh
R′ 4 4 4 4 2
 R = 2 Ω

Now, Resultant resistance, ‘R’ = R1 + R = 6 + 2 = 8 Ω
29. Auxin is a plant hormone which is synthesized at the tip of the shoot and helps the cells to grow
longer.
Tendrils have cells which can sense their contact with a nearby solid support so when a tendril
touches an object, then the side of tendril in contact with the object grows slowly than its other side.
This causes the tendril to bend towards the object by growing towards it, wind around the object
and cling to it.
The winding movement of the tendril of a plant (like pea) around a nearby object gives support to
the plant having a weak stem.
Or
• The response of plant toward gravity stimulus is called geotropism.
The movement of plant roots towards the gravity stimulus shows positive geotropism whereas
the movement of stem away from earth shows negative geotropism. Example: Pneumatophore,
stem.
• The response of plant to water is called Hydrotropism.
• The roots of plants always grows towards water even if it means going against the pull
of gravity. The roots grow in the direction of source of water so as to obtain water for the
development of plant. Therefore roots of the plant show positive hydrotropism.
• The growth or movement of a plant due to chemical stimulus in known as chemotropism. The
growth of a pollen tube towards the ovule induced by a Boron, Ca+ substance as stimulus is
an example of chemotropism.
31. (a) The reddish brown metal is copper and the black substance formed is copper (II) oxide, i.e.,
CuO.
∆
(b) 2Cu (s) + O2 (g) Strongly
→ 2CuO (s)
Copper (II) oxide (Black)
CuO (s) + H2 (g) Cu + H2O

33. The organism that occurs at the highest trophic level in the food chain will have the maximum
concentration of harmful chemicals in its body. In the given case, plants are eaten by rats, rats are
eaten by snakes and finally snakes are eaten by peacock.
The food chain involving the given organism is: Plants Rats Snakes Peacock
In this food chain peacock occurs at the highest trophic level, therefore peacock will have the
maximum concentration of harmful chemical in its body.
The harmful substance enters the food chain at the producer level and in the process of transfer
of food through food chain these harmful chemicals get concentrated at each trophic level. The
harmful chemicals are non–biodegradable, so they get accumulated at each trophic level. Thus
harmful chemical is accumulated maximum at the highest level, as from that level it cannot transfer
anywhere.
The increase in concentration of harmful chemical substance like pesticides in the body of living
organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called Biological magnification.
34. (a) (i) The organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures are
known as isomers. Molecular formula = C3H6O
O H O H
—
—
—
—
—
—
CH3—C—CH3 or H—C—C—C—H
—
H H
Propanone
—H H
s
CH3—CH2—CHO or H—C—C—C = O
iv D a
—
—
—
H H H
Propanal
Sh
(ii) A soap is the sodium salt (or potassium salt) of a long chain carboxylic acid (fatty acid)
which has cleansing properties in water.
Difference between soap and detergent
Soaps Detergents
(i) Soaps are the sodium or potassium Detergents are the sodium salts of
salts of long chain carboxylic acids. long chain benzene sulphonic acids or
–
The ionic group in soaps is COO Na+. ammonium salts of long chain carboxylic
acids.
–
The ionic group in
+
a detergent is: —
SO3 Na+ or —COO– NH4
(ii) Soaps are biodegradable. Some detergents are not biodegradable.
(iii) Soaps have relatively weak cleansing Detergents have a strong cleansing action.
action.
Soap is not suitable for washing clothes with hard water because of the following reasons:
1. When soap is used for washing clothes with hard water, a large amount of soap
is wasted in reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form
an insoluble precipitate called scum, before it can be used for the real purpose of
washing.
2. The scum sticks to the clothes being washed and interferes with the cleaning ability
of the additional soap. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.
3. The formation of foam is necessary for removing dirt from clothes during the
washing of clothes. Soap does not give foam easily with hard water.
Or
(b) (i) A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having similar structures and similar
chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by CH2 group.
General formula for alkynes = CnH2n–2
First member of this series is C2H2 (ethyne).
198 n SHIV
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Electron dot structure of ethyne:
H
H—C ≡ C—H or
H
C C
Electron dot structure of Ethyne

(ii) An ‘atom’ or ‘a group of atoms’ which makes a carbon compound (or organic compound)
reactive and decides its properties (or functions) is called a functional group.
Functional group present in alcohol —OH.
O
—
—
Functional group present in carboxylic acid is —COOH Or —C—OH

4. (a) 7. (b) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (b) 19. (a)
22. (a) The reception in a sense organ is in touch with the dendrites of sensory neuron when a stimulus
acts on the receptor, a chemical reaction is set off which produces an electrical impulse in it.
(i) Neuron which helps the nerve impulse to travel towards the cell body is Dendrite.
(ii) Neuron which helps the nerve impulse to travel away from the cell body is Axon.
Or
s
(b) The excess or deficiency of hormones has a harmful effect in our body. The timing and amount
a
of hormones released by various glands are controlled by the feedback mechanism which is
iv D
in-built in our body.
For example, if the sugar level in the blood rises too much, it is detected by the cells of pancreas
Sh
which respond by producing and secreting more insulin into the blood and as the blood sugar
falls to a certain level, the secretion of insulin is reduced automatically.
26. (i) The magnetic field lines around a straight conductor carrying
current are concentric circles whose centre lies on the wire.
(ii) When a point where magnetic field is to be determined is moved
away from the straight wire, the strength of the magnetic field
decreases because as we move away from a current carrying
straight conductor, the concentric circles around it representing
magnetic field lines become larger and larger, indicating the
decreasing strength of the magnetic field.
28. (a) (i) The property of neutralization is common in acids and
bases. When an acid reacts with a base, salt and water will
be formed.
For example, when a base (NaOH) reacts with an acid (NCl), a salt (NaCl) and water
(H2O) will be formed.
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)
Sodium Hydroxide Hydrochloric Sodium Chloride Water
(Base) (Acid) (Salt)
(ii) Plaster of Paris is the compound which is prepared by gypsum. It has the property of
hardening when mixed with water.
1
Formula. CaSO4 H2O or 2CaSO4 H2O
2
Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) to a temperature of 100°
C (373 K) in a kiln. When gypsum is heated to a temperature of (373 K), it loses three-
fourths of its water of crystallisation and forms Plaster of Paris.
100

Heat
→ 1 1
CaSO4.2H2O ° C ( 373 K ) CaSO4. H2O + 1 H2O
2 2
Gypsum Plaster of Paris
Or

(b) (i) Tooth enamel is made of Calcium Phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2).
(ii) Cause of tooth decay. It gets corroded when the pH in the mouth is lower than 5.5.
When we eat food containing sugar, the bacteria present in our mouth break down the
sugar to form acids and lower the pH in the mouth.
Preventive measure:
• The best way to prevent tooth decay is to clean the mouth thoroughly after eating
food. Many toothpastes contain bases to neutralize the mouth acid.
• A person can lessen the chances of suffering from tooth decay by changing his eating
habits such as eating less of sugary foods.
33. (a) When silver chloride is exposed to light, it decomposes to form silver metal and chlorine gas.
Light
2AgCl(g) → 2Ag (g) + Cl2 (g)
Silver Chloride White Silver Chlorine Gas (Grayish white)
In this reaction, the white colour of silver chloride changes to grayish white due to the
formation of silver metal.
(b) When a piece of zinc metal is dipped in ferrous sulphate solution to form ZnSO4 and Fe.
FeSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + Fe
Ferrous Sulphate Silvery Zinc Sulphate (Grey)
(Greenish solution) (White) (Colourless)
In this reaction, zinc displaces iron from ferrous sulphate solution so that iron is liberated and
green colour of ferrous sulphate solution fades due to the formation of zinc sulphate which is
colourless.
s
(c) When copper powder is strongly heated in air, then copper reacts with oxygen of air to form
a
a black substance Copper (II) oxide.
D
2Cu (s) + O2 (g) CuO (s)
i v
Copper (Red-brown) Oxygen (From air) Copper (II) oxide (Black)
h
35. (a) Two types of Pollination are—(i) Self pollination and (ii) Cross pollination
S
Self pollination Cross pollination
(i) When the pollen grains from the When the pollen grains from the anther of
anther of a flower are transferred to the a flower on one plant are transferred to the
stigma of the same flower (or another stigma of a flower on another similar plant,
flower on the same plant), it is called it is called cross-pollination.
self-pollination.
(ii) Self pollination increases genetic Cross-pollination decreases genetic
uniformity. uniformity.
(iii) Self pollination decreases genetic Cross-pollination increases genetic
variation. variation.
(iv) Specie that exhibits self pollination— Species show cross-pollination: Apple,
Pea. Pumpkins.
(v) This process is carried out even when For cross-pollination the flower should be
the flowers are closed. open.

(b) After fertilization, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule. The
ovule develops a tough coat around it and is gradually converted into a seed (containing
the baby plant). In fact all the eggs in the ovules present in the ovary get fertilized by male
gametes from pollen grains and grow to become seeds. The ovary of flower develops and
becomes a fruit (with seeds inside it). A fruit protects the seeds.
(c) (i) Part A gives rise to Future shoot is called Plumule.
(ii) Part B gives rise to Future root system is called Radicle.
(iii) Part C stores food is called Cotyledon.
] • •• • ]
200 n SHIV
S-(200) n Shiv
DASDasCBSE
CBSESECONDARY
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