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Evapotranspiration Estimation Methods in Hydrological Models
Evapotranspiration Estimation Methods in Hydrological Models
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Abstract: Actual evapotranspiration is a key process of hydrological cycle and a sole term that
links land surface water balance and land surface energy balance. Evapotranspiration plays a
key role in simulating hydrological effect of climate change, and a review of evapotranspira-
tion estimation methods in hydrological models is of vital importance. This paper firstly
summarizes the evapotranspiration estimation methods applied in hydrological models and
then classifies them into the integrated converting methods and the classification gathering
methods by their mechanism. Integrated converting methods are usually used in hydrological
models and two differences exist among them: one is in the potential evaporation estimation
methods, while the other in the function for defining relationship between potential evapora-
tion and actual evapotranspiration. Due to the higher information requirements of the Pen-
man-Monteith method and the existing data uncertainty, simplified empirical methods for
calculating potential and actual evapotranspiration are widely used in hydrological models.
Different evapotranspiration calculation methods are used depending on the complexity of the
hydrological model, and importance and difficulty in the selection of the most suitable
evapotranspiration methods is discussed. Finally, this paper points out the prospective de-
velopment trends of the evapotranspiration estimating methods in hydrological modeling.
Keywords: hydrological model; actual evaporation; potential evaporation; function of soil moisture
1 Introduction
Evapotranspiration is a key process of water balance and also an important element of en-
ergy balance. Its precise estimation is not only of vital importance for the study of climate
change and evaluation of water resources, but also has much application value in crop water
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360 Journal of Geographical Sciences
SMTi−1
Koitzsch and Golf (1983) (6) Daily
(1 − 0.533M i )SMC
RAT 2 / (RAT 2 + (1 − RAT )
2
(7)
2RAT ⎣⎡1 / (1 + RAT)
2 RAT
⎦⎤ (8)
Roberts 2RAT ⎣⎡1 / (1 + RAT) RAT
⎦⎤ (9) Daily
1/2 1/2
RAT (RAT -RAT) (10)
RAT 2 (11)
RAT (12)
Xu et al. (1996,1998)
( (
min ETp 1 − α[
SMT/max (ETp,1]
) ,SMT ) (13) Daily or monthly
min( SMT (1 − e − αETp
) , ETp)
SMT
HBV (14) Daily or monthly
LP SMC
Renger et al. (1974) 0.2 + 2RAT − 1.2RAT 2 (15) 5-day
Budyko and Zubenko (1961) RAT (16) Monthly
1/ns
⎡ ⎤
Glugla (1980) ⎢1 − d(ETR S ) / d(PS + Δ SMTS ) ⎥ (17) Monthly
⎣ ⎦
1/n
⎡ ⎤
Bagrov (1953) ⎢1 − (d ETR/ d P ⎥ (18) Long term
⎣ ⎦
mV
Eagleson (1978) [(1 − M ] βS + MK v (19) Long term
α
Note: RAT=SMT/SMC, SMT is actual soil moisture, SMC is field capacity soil moisture, SMT j, i–1 is the previous
day j-layer soil moisture, Zj is available soil moisture considering root suction when actual evapotranspiration is
smaller than potential evapotranspiration, Kj is available soil moisture in j-layer, r is free coefficient. B is constant
soil coefficient; M is vegetable canopy density.
than the other ones. The mass transfer-based method is one of the oldest one, which esti-
mates free water surface potential evaporation and mainly considers the effect of air pressure
deficit and wind speed (Singh et al., 1997). In 1802 Dalton proposed the first method of es-
timation of potential evaporation, while in 1948 Penman introduced his method based on the
mass transfer principles.
There are numerous methods to estimate potential evapotranspiration. Among them the
364 Journal of Geographical Sciences
500Tm
+ 15(Ta − Td )
Tem- Linacre (1977) ET = 100 − A (9) No limitation; lake surface
perature (80 − Ta )
based Tm = T + 0.006h
method
Kharrufa (1985) ET = 0.34ρTa1.3 (10) Arid; vegetation
Blaney-Criddle ET = kρ(0.46T + 8.13) (11) Arid and semi arid; vegetation
(1959)
ET = 0.55D Pt 2
think that the input of the hydrological model and the parameter uncertainty make the model
has a certain degree of fault tolerance, which consequently does not enable to take advantage
of the Penman-Monteith method.
We think that most conceptual hydrological models describing hydrological processes
cannot be compatible with the level of detailed evapotranspiration process in the Pen-
man-Monteith method. Existing soil water function can not accurately estimate soil moisture,
so the advantages of the Penman-Monteith method are hampered by less accurate soil mois-
ture extraction functions. On the other hand, the Penman-Monteith method requires detailed
weather information, but in reality it is often difficult to find relevant observation data, in
order to meet the input needs through a variety of empirical formula transformations, which
will inevitably lead to numerous uncertainties. In this situation, the advantages of the less
data requirements of simplified empirical formulas along with simplified calculation proc-
esses, while achieving the required level of accuracy are indisputable.
Hydrological model simulates interlinkages between the elements of the water cycle and
simplifies its complexity. On the one hand, hydrological models are used to study the laws
of the hydrological cycle in nature. For this reason, through a variety of experiments and
mathematical equations, an attempt to approximate mechanisms of the real hydrological
processes and reflect them more accurately, more complex models, such as the SHE model,
are constructed. On the other hand, models are built to solve an existing, rooted in specific
conditions problem, in order to find convenient and efficient solution, usually reducing
complexity of less important processes; such models tend to be more simple and practical.
The development trend of the evapotranspiration estimation methods in hydrological models
is consistent with the above-mentioned development directions of these models. While the
integrated converting methods focus on the simple relationship between the changes in the
process of evapotranspiration, the classification gathering methods develop toward more
complex mechanisms, with complex equations to describe the amount of water in all kinds
of evapotranspiration and energy conversion processes. Consequently, two main trends in
the evaporation estimation methods can be pointed out: first, towards simplification of their
practical use, and second, towards their increasing complexity.
5 Discussion
Evapotranspiration plays a vital role in water balance. Water from plant interception, surface
water and soil water are consumed by evapotranspiration. According to the statistics, in hu-
mid areas evapotranspiration accounts for about 50% of the annual precipitation, while in
arid regions for about 90%. Observations of actual evapotranspiration are very difficult and
vulnerable to the influence of external factors, so indirect estimation methods are commonly
used. Estimations of actual evapotranspiration based on hydrological cycle simulations are
of great significance to the water resources adaptive management under changing environ-
ment. However, there is a wide range of evapotranspiration estimation methods based on
hydrological models. These methods are reviewed as follows:
(1) Firstly, this paper reviewed the evapotranspiration estimation methods commonly used
ZHAO Lingling et al.: Evapotranspiration estimation methods in hydrological models 367
in hydrological models. They were divided into two categories, depending on its characteris-
tics, namely the classification gathering methods and the integrated converting methods. The
former firstly estimate different kinds of evapotranspiration and then get the basin
evapotranspiration depending on the land use pattern. The latter convert potential
evapotranspiration into actual evapotranspiration according to the soil moisture content. The
differences among the integrated converting methods exist in the way of estimating potential
evapotranspiration and in soil moisture extraction functions. This paper summarizes 14
kinds of potential evapotranspiration estimation methods and 12 kinds of soil moisture ex-
traction functions.
(2) There are some uncertainties in hydrological models input, output and model structure
and the physically-based Penman-Monteith method has high data requirements. This clearly
influences the accuracy of the hydrological cycle simulations. So we need further discussion
on how to select compatible potential evapotranspiration estimating equations and soil
moisture extraction functions for different hydrological models to reduce their uncertainty.
(3) Regarding the nature of the models, this paper predicts two main directions of their
development, which is the increasing complexity of the evapotranspiration estimation
methods in hydrological model and the research-driven simplification of their practical use.
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