Proteins: - Continue from the last point written in the class

a) The linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain of a protein from its primary
structure.
b) Functional proteins have 3-dimensional conformation.

c) Some proteins such as keratin of hair consists of polypeptide chain arranged like a spiral helix.
Spirals that are right-handed are called - helix and those which are left-handed are called -
helix. This configuration is held by peptide bonds, which are considered as/assumed as
secondary structure.
d) Inn some protein, two or more peptide chains are linked together by intermolecular hydrogen
bonds, such bonds are called as Pleated sheets and these sheet structures are found in
protein of silk fibers.
e) Tertiary structure (protein) - In large proteins like myoglobin and enzymes, peptide chains are
much loops, twisted and folded back on themselves due to formation of disulphide bonds,
which gives protein a tertiary structure.
Quaternary structure – In haemoglobin, protein subunits are held together to form
quaternary structure.
f) Proteins are reactive and specific in behavior with amphoteric in nature since they act as both
acids and bases.
g) Proteins are highly influenced by pH. Like amino acids, proteins are dipolar ions at the
isoelectric point i.e the sum of the positive charges is equal to the sum of the negative
charges and the net charge is zero.
h) A protein consists of more basic amino acids such as lysine and arginine exist as a cation and
behaves as a base at the physiological pH of 7.4. Such proteins are called basic proteins
example – Histones of nucleoproteins.
i) A protein rich in acidic amino acids exists as an anion and behaves as an acid. Such proteins are
called as acidic proteins Example – Blood proteins are acidic proteins.

Proteins are classified into Simple proteins, conjugated proteins and derived proteins:

A) Simple proteins:
1) Simple proteins on hydrolysis (breakdown) only yields amino acids.
2) These are soluble in one or more solvents and may be soluble in water, Example – Histones of
nucleoprotein. Globular molecules of histones do not get coagulated by heat.
3) Whereas, Albumin are also soluble in water but they get coagulated on heating. Example of
albumin – Egg albumin, Serum albumin and legumelin of pulses are albumin.
B) Conjugated proteins:
1) Conjugated proteins consist of a simple protein united with some non-protein substance
where the non-protein group is called Prosthetic group.
Example – Haemoglobin, the globin part is the protein where the haem (Iron containing
pigment) is the prosthetic group.
– Nucleoprotein, the nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) are the prosthetic group.
2) These proteins are classified into two types:
a) Mucoproteins – These are carbohydrate-protein complexes Example - Mucin of saliva and
heparin of blood.
b) Lipoproteins – These are lipid-protein complexes. Example – Plasma membrane, Milk,
Conjugate proteins found in brain.

C) Derived proteins:
1) These proteins are not found as such.
2) These proteins are derived from native protein molecules on hydrolysis.
3) Examples – Metaproteins and Peptones.