BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONIC & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Design of a Massive MIMO Antenna For 5G Base Station

Submitted By

Mohammad Sifat Ullah T191041

MD. Golam Rabbani Nayeem T191069

Supervised By

Mohammed Jashim Uddin

Associate Professor,Department of ETE,IIUC

Department of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering

International Islamic University Chittagong
Kumira, Sitakunda, Chittagong

December, 2023

i
Dedication:

This thesis is to express our gratitude to our teachers and parents for their unwavering
support and prayers in helping us achieve our goals.
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The Thesis titled "Design of a Massive MIMO Antenna for 5G Base Station," authored by
Mohammad Sifat Ullah and MD.Golam Rabbani Nayeem, with corresponding Metric ID
T191041 and T191069, has been accorded approval by the Department of Electronic and
Telecommunication Engineering (ETE) at the International Islamic University Chittagong
(IIUC). This endorsement affirms its adequacy in meeting the stipulated criteria for the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the B.Sc. degree in Electronics and
Telecommunications Engineering. The scholarly and stylistic attributes of the thesis have
been sanctioned, with formal approval granted subsequent to the examination conducted on
December 4th, 2023.

Approved By-

Mohammed Jashim Uddin

Supervisor

Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering

International Islamic University Chittagong

CANDIDATES DECLARATION

I hereby affirm that the content presented in this thesis, or any segment thereof, has not
been previously submitted for the conferment of any degree or diploma elsewhere.
Moreover, it is asserted that the thesis does not include any unlawful statements.

_______________

Mohammad Sifat ullah

ID :T191041

_______________
MD. Golam Rabbani Nayeem
ID No: T191069
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and Most Merciful. All praise and honor are due to
Allah (SWT), who has bestowed upon us abundant opportunities, kindness, and guidance
throughout our lives. May the blessings and peace of Allah be upon Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH), who continues to guide and inspire us in our journey.

Our heartfelt gratitude extends to Mohammed Jashim Uddin, the supervisor of our thesis, for
his pioneering research efforts in this field and for providing invaluable advice and
encouragement during the course of our study. We express sincere thanks to our parents for
their unwavering support throughout our lives thus far.
ABSTRACT
An integrated wideband Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (mMIMO) antenna
system incorporating Metamaterial (MTM) is proposed for fifth-generation (5G)
applications. 4*4 element antenna array provides bandwidth from 24 GHz to 30 GHz,
achieving a gain of 10.7 dBi, -39 dB isolation, and 91.2% efficiency at 28 GHz. Utilizing
planar microstrip technology on a 1.6 mm thick Rogers-5880 dielectric substrate (εr = 2.2),
this design demonstrates technical robustness. The array's characteristics, including
reflection coefficient, radiation patterns, and isolation, establish its suitability for seamless
integration into millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) 5G communication systems.
 TABLE OF CONTENETS

DEDICATION… ............................................................................................................... i
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ..................................................................................... ii
CANDIDATES DECLARATION… .............................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT… ........................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT… .................................................................................................................. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... vi-viii
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... ix-x
LIST OF TABLES…........................................................................................................ xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS ...................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ xiii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction… ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Evolution of wireless communication… ................................................................. 1
1.2 Technology of the zero generation… ...................................................................... 1
1.3 Technology of the first generation –1G… ............................................................. 2
1.3.1 Features of 1G .................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Technology of the first generation –2G…............................................................. 2
1.4.1 Features of 2G .................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Technology of the third generation –3G….............................................................3
1.5.1 Features of 3G .................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Technology of the four generation –4G… ............................................................. 4
1.6.1 Features of 4G .................................................................................................. 4
1.7 Technology of the five generation –5G… ............................................................. 5
1.6.1 Features of 5G .................................................................................................. 6
1.8 The Global 5G spectrum ..................................................................................................... 7

1.9 The FCC is driving key spectrum initiatives to enable 5G… .................................. 8
1.9.1 Low-band… ..................................................................................................... 8
1.9.2 Mid-band… ...................................................................................................... 8
1.9.3 High-band… ..................................................................................................... 8
1.10 Antenna basics… .................................................................................................. 9
1.10.1 Antenna frequency… ..................................................................................... 9
 1.10.2 Bandwidth… .................................................................................................. 9
1.10.3 Input impedance ........................................................................................... 10
1.10.4 Impedance matching… ................................................................................ 10
1.10.5 Directivity and gain… .................................................................................. 11
1.10.6 Radiation pattern….......................................................................................12
1.10.7 Reflection Coefficient...................................................................................12
1.10.8 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)… ................................................... 13
1.10.9 Polarization… .............................................................................................. 13
1.11 Antenna array… .................................................................................................. 14
1.12 Microstrip patch antenna ..................................................................................... 14
1.12.1 Advantage of microstrip patch antenna ........................................................ 15
1.12.2 Disadvantage of microstrip patch antenna................................................... 15
1.13 Microstrip patch antenna feed technique… ........................................................ 15
1.13.1 Microstrip line feed… .................................................................................. 16
1.13.2 Coaxial probe feed… ................................................................................... 16
1.13.3 Aperture coupling feed… ............................................................................. 17
1.13.4 Proximity coupling feed… ........................................................................... 17
1.14 Design tool… ...................................................................................................... 17
1.14.1 CST microwave studio… ............................................................................. 17
1.15 Motivation… ....................................................................................................... 18
1.16 Essence ................................................................................................................ 18
CHAPTER 2
Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 20
2.1 Paper Review ........................................................................................................ 20
2.2 Summary… ........................................................................................................... 33
2.3 Objectives… .......................................................................................................... 33
CHAPTER 3
Methodology… ............................................................................................................... 34
3.1 Methodology… ..................................................................................................... 34
3.2Research Design .................................................................................................... 34
3.3Pilot Study…......................................................................................................... 35

3.4 Software ................................................................................................................ 35

3.5 Design procedure .................................................................................................. 36
3.6 Antenna Design Equation… ............................................................................ 37
3.7 Antenna geometry and designed parameters ......................................................... 39
 3.7.1 Microstrip patch Antenna ............................................................................... 40
3.7.3 4×4 Microstrip Array Antenna ...................................................................... 42
CHAPTER 4
Simulations and Result’sAnalysis….............................................................................. 43
4. 1 Simulation Results of the Designed Antenna ....................................................... 43
4. 1. 1 Result analysis of the Designed Antenna ..................................................... 43
4.2 Optimized Simulation Results… ........................................................................... 43
4.2. 1 Reflection Coefficient....................................................................................43
4.2.2. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) ....................................................... 45
4.2.3. Gain and Directivity… ................................................................................... 46
4.2.4. Efficiency…....................................................................................................49
4.3 Comparison… ....................................................................................................... 47
CHAPTER 5
Conclusion… ................................................................................................................... 50
5. 1 Achievements… ................................................................................................... 50
5.2 Limitations… ........................................................................................................ 50
5.3 Future Work… ...................................................................................................... 51
References…................................................................................................................... 52
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Evolution of communication… ...................................................................... 1

Figure 1.2: Global 5G spectrum… ................................................................................... 7
Figure 1.3: Spectrum for 5G… ......................................................................................... 8
Figure 1.4: Diagram of wave frequency… ....................................................................... 9
Figure 1.5: Bandwidth ................................................................................................... 10
Figure 1.6: Diagram of directivity and gain… ............................................................... 11
Figure 1.7: Diagram of radiation pattern… .................................................................... 12
Figure 1.8: Polarization Liner, Circular and Elliptical… ............................................... 13
Figure 1.9: Structure of microstrip patch antenna .......................................................... 15
Figure 1.10: Microstrip line feed…................................................................................ 16
Figure 1.11: Coaxial probe feed… ................................................................................. 16
Figure 1.12: Aperture coupling feed… ............................................................................17
Figure 1.13: Proximity coupling feed… ......................................................................... 17
Figure: 3.1 Starting window of CST studio suite application… .................................... 36
Figure 3.7: Back view of the designed 4×4 Microstrip Array Antenna ......................... 42
Figure 4.1 Reflection Coefficient of Microstrip Patch Antenna .................................... 44
Figure 4.2 of Reflection Coefficient Comparison of Microstrip Patch Antenna with
array ................................................................................................................................ 44
Figure 4.3: VSWR of Microstrip Patch Antenna ............................................................. 45
Figure 4.4 Comparison of VSWR of Microstrip Patch Antenna with array ................. 45
Figure 4.5: Microstrip Patch Antenna Gain .................................................................... 46
Figure 4.6: Microstrip Patch Antenna Directivity… ...................................................... 46
Figure 4.9.: 4×4 Array Antenna Gain… ......................................................................... 47
Figure 4. 10: 4×4 Array Antenna Directivity….........................................................
. 47 Figure 4. 11: 1D gain Comparison of Microstrip Patch Antenna vs Array Antenna
….47
Figure 4.12: Efficiency of Microstrip Patch Antenna .................................................... 48
Figure 4.13: Efficiency Comparison of Microstrip antenna Vs Array Antenna .............. 48
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Comparison generation of wireless communication technology….............. 6...7

Table 3.2: Antenna Dimension..........................................................................................39

Table 4.2.5 Comparison Table of Proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna and Array with
Recent Research Work......................................................................................................49
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Hertz Hz
Kilo Hertz KHz
Mega Hertz MHz
Giga Hertz GHz
Millimeter mm
Meter m
Relative permittivity ɛ
Length L
Width W
Decibel dB
Dielectric Constant ɛr
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FSE Faculty of Science and Engineering

ETE Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering
IIUC International Islamic University Chittagong
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
MPA Microstrip Patch Antenna
LTE Long Term Evolution
FCC Federal Communication Commission
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
CST Computer Simulator Technology
PCB Printed Circuit Board
BW Bandwidth
RL Return Loss
Q Quality Factor
RF Radio Frequency
MICs Microwave integrated circuits
PTT Push to Talk
IMTS Improved Mobile Telephone System
AMTS Advance Mobile Telephone System
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Outputs
 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1Evolution of wireless communication : Wireless communication refers to the
transmission of information between two or more locations without the necessity of
physical wires, fiber optics, or other continuous controlled mediums. The predominant
mode of wireless communication involves the use of radio signals. The intentional reach of
these radio waves can vary from a few meters for local wireless connections to millions of
miles for deep-space radio transmissions. The evolution of wireless communication has
seen significant progress, particularly in the mobile and telecommunications sectors.
Notably, the development of generation bands has played a pivotal role in advancing this
technology. The initial stage was the introduction of 1G mobile networks, which
exclusively supported analog communications. Subsequently, the 2G mobile technology
emerged, facilitating the transmission of digital signals. The evolution continued with the
introduction of 3G, or third-generation technology, characterized by faster data transfer
speeds compared to 2G. A milestone in mobile technology came with the advent of Long
Term Evolution (LTE), marking the fourth generation (4G) of mobile technology. 4G
incorporated numerous services, including entertainment, multimedia, and mobile apps.
The groundwork for the fifth generation (5G) of mobile technologies involved Open
Wireless Architecture (OWA) and Open Transport Protocol (OTP). The assessment of
wireless communication spans from zero generation to the fifth generation, showcasing the
continual advancements and growth in this field

Figure 1.1:
Evolution of communication [1]
1.2Technology of the zero generation
The OG (Zero Generation) process, commonly known as the Mobile Radio Telephone
system, represents the initial phase of mobile communication. As this generation predates the
cellular system, it is often referred to as the pre-cellular system. In this asynchronous system,
analog signals served as carriers. The evolution of communication commences with traditional
mobile telephony, incorporating features such as Push to Talk (PTT) for half-duplex
communication, the introduction of Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) in 1946 in the USA, and
the advancement to Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS), which provided a full
duplex system. An additional technology aimed at enhancing customer communication within
this early stage is the Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS). Collectively, these
technologies constitute the first stage and are classified as 0G in the realm of

1.3Technology of the first generation – 1G

The inaugural phase of mobile wireless communication technology is denoted as 1G. The
development of mobile telecommunications commenced in the 1980s and reached completion
in the early 1990s. The first cellular system was introduced in 1979 by Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph (NTT), based in Tokyo, Japan. In the 1980s, two widely adopted analog systems in
Europe were the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) and Total Access Communication System
(TACS). Several other analog systems were also introduced across Europe during this period.
These systems primarily provided voice services and were based on Advanced Mobile Phone
System (AMPS) technology. The AMPS system utilized frequency division multiple access
(FDMA) and operated with frequency modulation, featuring a data rate of 30 kHz and a
waveband spanning 824-894 MHz[1].

1.3. .1 Feaures of 1G:

Frequencies allocated at 800 and 900 MHz.

• 10 MHz bandwidth, accommodating 666 duplex channels with a bandwidth of 30 kHz each.
• Utilization of analogue switching technology.
• Frequency Modulation (FM) employed as the modulation technique.
• Provision of voice-only mode of service.
• Implementation of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) as the access method,
allocating distinct frequency bands for different communication channels.
1.4Technology of second generation – 2G
The National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) designates spectrum in the 900 MHz and
1800 MHz bands for second-generation mobile services. Currently, five carriers provide
mobile services based on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard.
Airtel, for instance, offers 2G service in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)-
designated E-GSM band at 900 MHz.

The primary objective of this second-generation technology was to establish a secure and
reliable communication infrastructure. The transition from 1G to 2G brought about the
introduction of many essential services still in use today. These include Short Message Service
(SMS), internal roaming, conference calls, call hold, and service-based pricing. Notably, this
era marked advancements in pricing models, encompassing features like long-distance call
rates and real-time billing.

1.4.1Features of 2G

• Implementation of a digital switching system.

• Introduction of Short Message Service (SMS) capabilities.
• Provision for roaming, allowing users to connect to different networks
. • Enhanced security through encrypted voice communication, ensuring a more secure
transmission of information.
• Pioneering the first internet connections with relatively lower data rates.
• Drawback of 2G technology includes the limitation of data rates, hindering faster
data transfer.
• Mobility issues may be encountered in certain scenarios.
• Mobile devices exhibit limited functionality compared to later generations.
• The user base and hardware capabilities are constrained, reflecting the early stage of
mobile technology development.

1.5Technology of third generation – 3G

 1.5.1Third-generation (3G) technologies are built upon Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). These technologies enable a range of
services, including mobile television, Global Positioning System (GPS), live streaming, and
video conferencing. One of the key features of 3G networks is their ability to achieve rapid
data transfer rates, facilitating high-speed communication.
To support broadband technology, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) allocates
multiple frequency bands. Network authentication is a crucial aspect of 3G technology,
instilling trust among users in the reliability of their network for secure data transport. Notably,
3G technology is highly adaptable, accommodating all five major radio technologies,
including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), TDMA, and CDMA.
3G technology, particularly in the form of IMT-DS (direct spread) and IMT-MC, is compatible
with CDMA in a multi-carrier environment. TDMA manages both IMT-TC (time code) and
IMT-SC (single carrier), while FDMA has a single radio interface known as IMT-FC or
frequency code.
Due to industry collaboration, third-generation technology has become more affordable,
encouraging widespread user adoption. This technology is fundamentally centered around
fully wireless internet connectivity. WiMAX, a term coined by the WiMAX Forum in 2001,
represents a wireless communication technology that eliminates the need for cables and is
capable of providing data rates of up to 10 megabits per second. Additionally, WiMAX
enables connectivity to hotspots, enhancing its versatility and accessibility.

Features of 3G
Advancements and features associated with fourth-generation (4G) technology include:
. * 4G technology offers significantly higher data transfer rates compared to its predecessors,
enabling faster and more efficient communication.
*Improved data rates and network capabilities in 4G support high-quality video chat services,
enhancing real-time communication experiences.
* 4G networks typically incorporate enhanced security protocols, accommodate a larger
number of users simultaneously, and provide broader network coverage.
*The fourth generation facilitates the seamless use of a wide range of applications, catering to
diverse user needs and preferences. * 4G networks support multimedia messaging, allowing
 users to send and receive messages with a combination of text, images, audio, and video
content.
*Improved location-based services, including more accurate mapping and real-time location
monitoring, are made possible by the capabilities of 4G technology.

1.6Technology of four generation – 4G

The term "4G" refers to an enhanced version of the previous 3G technology, offering increased
capacity and additional features. While carriers often use the 4G label to convey the expectation
of rapid data transfer speeds to consumers, it is more of a digital marketing term than a specific
technical standard. From the consumer's standpoint, 4G promises high-quality end-to-end
Internet Protocol audio and video streaming.

Long Term Evolution (LTE), commonly known as 4G, is a technology capable of delivering
download rates of 150Mbps for mobile users and 1Gbps for stationary customers. Although the
exact definition remains somewhat ambiguous, we can broadly describe 4G as the fourth
generation of wireless technology, providing mobile multimedia capabilities anytime and
everywhere, with global support and integrated personalized services.

In 4G networks, rate-adaptive coding techniques utilize channel information obtained from

measured parameters or input from the Mobile Terminal (MT). Additionally, a Hybrid
Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) method can be implemented to minimize the overhead
associated with retransmission. Techniques like space-time codes and various antenna systems,
including smart antennas, can be employed to further enhance data speeds. Overall, 4G
represents a significant advancement in wireless technology, offering improved capabilities and a
seamless multimedia experience for users.

1.6.1Features of 4G
• Support for Real-Time Interactive Media: 4G provides robust support for real-time interactive
media, facilitating seamless communication through audio and video streaming.

• FPS Gaming: The technology supports high-quality gaming experiences with features like fast
internet and low latency, enabling smooth and immersive gameplay, especially in First Person
Shooter (FPS) games.

• IP-Based Modern Mobile Communication System: 4G is built on an Internet Protocol (IP)-based

architecture, aligning with modern communication standards and facilitating the integration of
various IP-based services.
• Great Speed and Large Capacity: 4G networks offer high-speed data transfer and substantial
capacity, ensuring efficient handling of large volumes of data at a relatively low cost per bit.
Mobile Service Globalization: 4G enables the globalization of mobile services, allowing users
to access services seamlessly across different regions

• . Service Portability: With 4G, services are portable, meaning users can access and use their
mobile services consistently across various locations and networks

• Seamless Fast Network of Several Protocols: 4G networks provide a seamless and fast
connection across various protocols, offering a versatile and interoperable communication
environment. Infrastructure Compatibility: 4G infrastructure is designed to support existing 3G
systems and other analog wireless technologies, ensuring a smooth transition and coexistence
of different generations of mobile communication. [2]

1.7Technology of five generation – 5G

5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and
everything together including machines, objects, and devices. In coming days, high band 5G
will be used a lot. Gradually, almost all telecommunication operators will move to millimetre
wave. [2] Verizon (United States), AT&T (United States), KT Corporation (South Korea),
NTT DOCOMO (Japan, China Mobile, China Unicom, China Telecom (China) has been
involved in trials and research related to mmWave spectrum, including the 28 GHz band, as
part of their 5G initiatives..The 5G New Radio standard is set to utilize spectrums not
employed by 4G, enhancing the robustness of the wireless air interface. Newly developed
antennas incorporating Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) technology will
enable numerous transmitters and receivers to convey data simultaneously. Beyond the radio
spectrum, 5G aims to create a convergent, heterogeneous network utilizing both licensed and
unlicensed wireless technologies, ensuring broader bandwidth availability for users.
In the realm of architecture, 5G envisions software-defined platforms, where software takes
precedence over hardware in controlling networking capabilities. This dynamic and adaptable
architecture, fueled by advancements in virtualization, cloud-based technologies, IT, and
business processing automation, offers anytime, everywhere user access. Network slices,
software-defined visual representations, provide a flexible framework for potential 5G network
designs, allowing administrators to specify user-device interactions.
Automation, driven by Machine Learning (ML), is a key aspect of 5G, with a trajectory
towards deep learning and artificial intelligence to achieve ultra-low response times, crucial
for applications like self-driving cars. Automation not only enhances user experiences but also
optimizes traffic and service costs proactively. In certain developed regions, 5G services are
already available under the label "5G non-standalone" (5G NSA), enhancing the design of
current 4G LTE networks.
While 5G NSA outperforms 4G LTE, the industry's primary target is 5G standalone (5G SA),
with widespread accessibility anticipated by 2020 and 2022. Beyond faster networks, 5G
technology is poised to deliver transformative connected experiences. In the healthcare sector,
linked gadgets and continuous data uploads enabled by 5G and Wi-Fi 6 connections monitor
patients' crucial health signs. In the automotive industry, future 5G networks, supported by
ML-driven algorithms, will offer real-time information on traffic and accidents, enabling
vehicles to interact seamlessly with each other and with infrastructure elements like traffic
lights. These applications represent the forefront of 5G technology, promising customers
enhanced, safer experiences.
Within a cell, all 5G wireless devices connect to the main cellular base station using fixed
antennas distributed across frequency channels. These base stations, often termed nodes, are
interconnected by high-bandwidth optical fiber, establishing links to telephone network
switching centers, internet routers, and wireless backhaul lines. The advent of 5G technologies
is set to revolutionize network architecture.
The 5G New Radio standard is set to utilize spectrums not employed by 4G, enhancing the
robustness of the wireless air interface. Newly developed antennas incorporating Massive
MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) technology will enable numerous transmitters and
receivers to convey data simultaneously. Beyond the radio spectrum, 5G aims to create a
convergent, heterogeneous network utilizing both licensed and unlicensed wireless
technologies, ensuring broader bandwidth availability for users.
In the realm of architecture, 5G envisions software-defined platforms, where software takes
precedence over hardware in controlling networking capabilities. This dynamic and adaptable
architecture, fueled by advancements in virtualization, cloud-based technologies, IT, and
business processing automation, offers anytime, everywhere user access. Network slices,
software-defined visual representations, provide a flexible framework for potential 5G network
designs, allowing administrators to specify user-device interactions.
Automation, driven by Machine Learning (ML), is a key aspect of 5G, with a trajectory
towards deep learning and artificial intelligence to achieve ultra-low response times, crucial
for applications like self-driving cars. Automation not only enhances user experiences but also
optimizes traffic and service costs proactively. In certain developed regions, 5G services are
already available under the label "5G non-standalone" (5G NSA), enhancing the design of
current 4G LTE networks.
While 5G NSA outperforms 4G LTE, the industry's primary target is 5G standalone (5G SA),
with widespread accessibility anticipated by 2020 and 2022. Beyond faster networks, 5G
technology is poised to deliver transformative connected experiences. In the healthcare sector,
linked gadgets and continuous data uploads enabled by 5G and Wi-Fi 6 connections monitor
patients' crucial health signs. In the automotive industry, future 5G networks, supported by
ML-driven algorithms, will offer real-time information on traffic and accidents, enabling
vehicles to interact seamlessly with each other and with infrastructure elements like traffic
lights. These applications represent the forefront of 5G technology, promising customers
enhanced, safer experiences.

1.7.1Features of 5G

• 5G offers up to 10Gbps data transfer rate, 10 to 100 times faster than 4G.
• One-millisecond latency and 1000 times more bandwidth per unit area.
• Up to 100 times more connected devices per unit area compared to 4G LTE.
• Expected uptime of 99.999% with full coverage.
• 90% decrease in network energy use.
• Represents a significant leap forward in mobile network technology, outperforming 2G, 3G,
and 4G in various aspects.
Table 1.1: Comparison generation of wireless communication
technology [6]
1.8The global 5G spectrum

Figure 1.2: Global 5G spectrum [19]

1.9The FCC is driving key spectrum initiatives to enable 5G

Across the low-band along with mid-band, and high-band, including all mmWave

Figure 1.3: Spectrum for 5G [19]

 1.9.1Low-band
In the Broadcast Incentive Auction, a portion of the 600 MHz spectrum was successfully
auctioned, yielding profits of $19.8 billion. This allocation consists of 70 MHz of licensed
spectrum (2 x 35 MHz) and an additional 14 MHz designated for unlicensed usage. The FCC
reserved 2 x 3 MHz at 900 MHz specifically for broadband use, primarily targeting utilities.
The timing of spectrum availability is synchronized with the rollout of 5G technology. [1]

1.9.2Mid-band
Residents' access to broadband radio has seen significant developments:

- In the 3.5 GHz range, 150 MHz was opened up for sharing among all incumbents, including
PAL 2 and GAA 3.

- The FCC permitted early General Authorized Access (GAA) installations in September 2019,
and the PAL auction concluded in September 2020.

- In March 2020, the FCC awarded spectrum in the 3.7 to 4.0 GHz range, with an auction
scheduled for December 2020.

- NPRMs (Notice of Proposed Rulemakings) for the 3.45, 3.55 GHz, and 4.94 to 4.99 GHz were
issued by the FCC in September 2020. The auction for the 3.45 and 3.55 GHz spectrum is set for
December 2021.

- The NTIA, in collaboration with the FCC, is exploring the repurposing of the 3.1 to 3.45 GHz
spectrum for commercial usage. [9]

1.9.3High-band
Three mm Wave auctions have been finished by the FCC, most recently the biggest auction
ever.
• 70% of the now available spectrum is shared or till now unlicensed, according to the
FCC's allocation of 10.85 GHz in many mm Wave licensed bands in 2016.
• The FCC has taken a second order to distribute 24.25, 24.45, 24.75, 25.25, and 47.2,
48.2 GHz in November 2017.
 • The FCC suggested in June 2018 making 25.25, 27.5 and 42.5 GHz available for
flexible wireless usage.
• In the bands of 28 and 24, the FCC has undertaken auctions.
• The auction for the higher 37, 39, and 47 GHz bands was finished by the FCC in
March 2020.
• In addition to opening spectrum above 95 GHz, the FCC is proposing guidelines for the
70, 80, and 90 GHz bands. [1]

1.10 Antenna basics

An antenna, a metallic conductor, serves the purpose of transmitting radio frequency (RF) waves
between two locations in space. This device is capable of both sending and receiving signals.
When a transmitting antenna is subjected to a voltage, it generates radio waves that travel to a
receiving antenna. The receiving antenna then converts these radio waves back into electrical
energy, manifesting as information. As radio waves traverse space between two points, they
interact with antennas.

Antennas have a long-standing history and find application in various electronic systems,
including radar, radio, and television, where the transmission of signals through electromagnetic
waves is essential.

1.10.1Antenna frequency

The frequency of an antenna is characterized by the number of wave cycles per second. This
frequency is quantified in Hertz (Hz), where one Hertz is equivalent to one cycle or oscillation
per second. For instance, if a wave, as illustrated in Figure 1.4, oscillates three times in one
second, the frequency is denoted as three Hertz.

Figure 1.4: Diagram of wave frequency [1]

1.10.2Bandwidth
. The term bandwidth refers to the rate of data flow, representing the amount of data that can
be transmitted between two points within a specified time period. This concept is widely used
 in various technical disciplines, particularly in signal processing, where it denotes the
difference between higher and lower frequencies in a transmission, such as a radio signal,
typically measured in hertz (Hz).

In the context of internet connections, bandwidth signifies the maximum amount of data that
can be transmitted within a specific duration. This is often misconstrued with internet speed,
which is measured in megabits per second (Mbps). Certain antenna types exhibit narrow
bandwidths, limiting their suitability for wideband operations. The fractional bandwidth
(FBW) is a common measure, representing the ratio of the total frequency range to the center
frequency.

The relationship between the Q antenna (Quality Factor of an antenna, related to its efficiency)
and bandwidth is an interconnected concept, influencing the antenna's operational
characteristics.

Figure 1.5: Bandwidth [11]

1.10.3Input impedance
The input impedance is a critical parameter as it determines the load that the filter imposes on the
circuit it is integrated into. The specific value of the input impedance experiences significant
variations based on the frequency. At extremely low frequencies, the input impedance
approaches that of a typical voltage follower amplifier. However, as the input frequency rises,
the input impedance decreases. This frequency-dependent behavior is essential to consider in the
performance and interaction of the filter within the circuit.

1.10.4Impedance matching
Impedance matching is the process of adjusting the output and input impedances of an
electromagnetic load to minimize signal reflection and optimize power transmission. In an
electrical circuit, this involves ensuring that the source impedance (e.g., amplifier or generator)
matches the load impedance (e.g., light bulb or transmission line). The source impedance is
characterized by series resistance and reactance.

According to the maximum power transfer theorem, maximum power is transferred from the
source to the load when the load resistance equals the source resistance, and the load reactance
equals the negative of the source reactance. This optimal condition occurs when the load
impedance precisely matches the complex conjugate of the input impedance.

In DC circuits where frequency is not a factor, matching is achieved when the main load
resistance equals the source resistance. However, in alternating current circuits, the reactance
is frequency-dependent. As a result, impedance matching for one frequency may not be
effective if the frequency changes, requiring careful consideration of frequency variations in
the matching process.

1.10.5Directivity and gain

The process of determining the directivity of an antenna involves comparing its radiation
pattern to a reference pattern, often the flawless spherical pattern of an isotropic model. This
comparison is expressed in decibels relative to isotropy (dBi). Alternatively, a dipole antenna
is used as a reference, and quantities are specified in dBd (decibels relative to dipole).

Understanding gain in the context of an antenna is crucial. Unlike an amplifier, which is an

active device injecting energy into the system, an antenna is passive and cannot generate
energy. Gain should not be misconstrued as an increase in output power beyond unity, as this
is not feasible due to the conservation of energy principles. Gain, in the context of antennas,
typically refers to the antenna's ability to direct or focus its radiated power in specific
 directions, enhancing performance in those directions relative to an isotropic or dipole
reference.

Figure 1.6: Diagram of directivity and gain [13]

1.10.6Radiation pattern
The term "radiation pattern" typically refers to the spatial arrangement of lobes containing an
antenna's response to signals. It represents how a receiving antenna responds to a uniformly
intense signal originating from all directions. Notably, the radiation patterns for a single
antenna's transmitting and receiving capabilities are identical.

Two types of radiation patterns are essential to consider:

1. **Free Space Radiation Characteristics:** These are determined by the wavelength, feed
mechanism, and reflector qualities, and they encompass the entire lobe structure of the antenna.

2. **Field Radiation Pattern:** This pattern, commonly observed in surface-based radars,

deviates from the free space pattern due to interference lobes forming when straight and reflected
wave trains interact. The main envelope of these interference lobes, known as the beam, retains
the same form as the free-space radiation pattern but may have up to double the amplitude for a
perfectly reflecting surface. The field radiation pattern accounts for variations introduced by the
surrounding environment.
 Figure 1.7: Diagram of radiation pattern [14]

1.10.7Reflection Coefficient
Return loss refers to the power loss experienced by a signal when it is reflected by a
discontinuity in a transmission line or optical fiber, often quantified in decibels. In practical
terms, return loss is infinite if all power is communicated to the load, while there is no return loss
and full power is restored in the case of an open circuit or short circuit termination.

S11, a widely used antenna parameter, is essentially a measure of return loss (RL). When S11 is
0 dB, all power is reflected in the antenna with no radiation occurring. For example, if the
antenna receives 3 dB of energy and S11 is -10 dB, the reflected energy is -7 dB. A return loss of
-9.5 dB or lower, or an S11 VSWR, is considered acceptable in the upper two bands. A return
loss of -10 dB is deemed acceptable in this context [1].

1.10.8Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is the ratio of transmitted to reflected voltage
standing waves in an RF electrical transmission system. It serves as a measure of the efficiency
of RF power transfer from the primary power source to the load through a transmission line. An
example of this is a power amplifier connected to an antenna through the main transmission line.
SWR, which stands for the ratio of transmitted to reflected waves, is a broader term
encompassing both voltage and current standing wave ratios. A high SWR is indicative of
inefficient transmission lines and reflected radiation, which can potentially harm the transmitter
and reduce its overall efficiency.Given that SWR is commonly used to refer to the voltage ratio,
it is also frequently referred to as Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). The VSWR provides
crucial information about the impedance matching and transmission line performance in RF
systems.

1.10.9Polarization
Antennas can exhibit different types of polarization, including linear, circular, or elliptical
polarization:

1. **Linear Polarization:** An antenna is said to be linearly polarized when it transmits radio

frequency (RF) radiation in a single plane—either horizontal, vertical, or at an angle between
the two with respect to the Earth's surface (Figure 1.8). Vertically polarized antennas transmit
energy perpendicular to the Earth's surface, while horizontally polarized antennas transmit
energy parallel to the Earth's surface.

2. **Circular Polarization:** Circular polarization is theoretically defined as a linear

combination of equal amplitude, 90° out-of-phase horizontal and vertical waves. This results in
a wave that appears to rotate in time at a constant rate. Circular polarization includes waves in
the horizontal and vertical planes, as well as any planes in between. It is akin to a wave
rotating in time at a constant rate, exhibiting either left-hand or right-hand polarization
(spinning in opposite directions).

3. **Elliptical Polarization:** Elliptical polarization is a more general term that encompasses

both linear and circular polarization. It describes a combination of two perpendicular linear
components with unequal amplitudes and a 90° phase difference, resulting in an elliptical
trajectory of the electric field vector. The specific polarization state can vary between linear
and circular polarization based on the amplitude and phase relationships of the two
components.

These polarization characteristics play a crucial role in wireless communication systems,

affecting signal propagation and reception.
 Figure 1.8: Polarization Liner, Circular and Elliptical [16]

The third most prevalent kind of polarization is elliptical polarization, which is a

generalization of circular polarization. It occurs when the two linear or straight perpendicular
components of the electric field are both 90 degrees out of phase while having differing
magnitudes.

1.11 Antenna array

An antenna array refers to a collection of interconnected antennas arranged in a systematic
manner to function as a unified antenna, capable of generating radiation patterns that individual
antennas cannot achieve. These arrays are composed of radiators of electromagnetic energy and
frequency, similar to isotropic radiators. The primary purpose of antenna arrays is to address
challenges associated with single antennas.

For example, while a dipole antenna provides improved direction control compared to an
isotropic antenna, the control of direction may decrease as the length of the dipole increases.
Antenna arrays overcome such limitations by offering enhanced control and flexibility over the
direction of the beam. Multiple radiators within a system enable more effective steering of the
beam and provide increased directional capabilities.

1.12 Microstrip patch antenna

A microstrip patch antenna is a microwave radiating or receiving element characterized by a
metallic copper patch positioned on top of a solid dielectric substrate with a ground plane. This
type of antenna has gained popularity due to its numerous advantages. Patch antennas come in
various configurations, featuring different shapes, and have been thoroughly studied in recent
years. Additionally, various feeding techniques contribute to optimizing the antenna's overall
performance, including return loss and radiation patterns.
In Figure 1.9, the construction of a microstrip patch antenna is depicted, with a ground plane
on one side and a radiating patch on the other, situated on a dielectric substrate. The patch can
take on various shapes and is typically made of conductive metals such as copper and gold.
Feed lines and the radiating patch are usually positioned on the dielectric substrate surface.
The patch often has a regular form like a square, rectangle, circle, triangle, ellipse, or any other
shape to aid in analysis and performance prediction. Microstrip patch antennas emit radiation
due to fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground plane.

Figure 1.9: Structure of microstrip patch antenna [1]

1.12.1Advantage of microstrip patch antenna
• Keep a minimal profile.
• Cost-effective.
• Support for both linear and circular polarization.
• Options for dual-band and dual polarization.
• No need for cavity support.
• Seamless integration with microwave integrated
circuits (IC).
1.12.2Disadvantage of microstrip patch antenna
• Bandwidth is restricted.
• Limited power handling capability.
• Modest gain.
• Achieving polarization purity is challenging.
• Poor end-fire radiation.
 • Extraneous radiation emitted by the feed.

1.13 Microstrip antenna feed technique

Multiple feeding mechanisms are employed for microstrip patch antennas, with only a few
popular and commonly utilized feed techniques, including:

• Microstrip line feed

• Coaxial probe feed

• Aperture coupling feed

• Proximity coupling feed1.13.1Microstrip line feed

Figure 1.10: Microstrip line feed [18]

1.13.2Coaxial probe feed

This feed mechanism is commonly utilized in microstrip patch antennas, utilizing a coaxial
connection for feeding. In this process, the center conductor wire of the coaxial connector is
directly connected to the main radiating patch, while the other outer half is soldered onto the
ground plane. The advantage of employing this feeding strategy is the flexibility to position the
feed point wherever it aligns most effectively with the input impedance of the radiating patch.
 Figure 1.11: Coaxial probe feed [18]

1.13.3Aperture coupling feed

An alternative feeding approach positions the ground plane between the feed line and the main
radiating patch. A slot connecting the feed line and the microstrip patch is present in this
configuration. This method is infrequently used because of the challenges associated with
fabricating multiple layers, leading to an increase in the antenna's thickness.

Figure 1.12: Aperture coupling feed [18]

1.13.4Proximity coupling feed

This technique is known as the electromagnetic coupling method. It involves positioning the
feed line within the middle dielectric substrate and situating the radiating patch on top of the
upper substrate.
 Figure 1.13: Proximity coupling feed [18]

1.14 Design Tool

1.14.1CST Microwave Studio

CST Microwave Studio is a comprehensive software package designed for high-frequency
electromagnetic analysis and design. It simplifies the structure input process by providing a
solid modeling front end based on the ACIS modeling kernel. The definition of devices is
made substantially easier through robust graphic feedback.

The software conducts a fully automated meshing process before initiating the simulation
engine once the component has been modeled. CST Microwave Studio is a high-quality tool
for high-frequency electromagnetic 3D simulation, enabling users to assess elements such as
antennas, microwave devices, filters, couplers, planar and multi-layer models, and real-time
effects of signal integrity (SI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). The program
incorporates both time domain and frequency domain solvers, and additional solver modules
for specialized applications are provided by CST. Import filters for specific CAD files and
SPICE parameter extraction contribute to enhanced design options and time savings. CST
offers accurate and efficient computer solutions for electromagnetic design and analysis,
providing a user-friendly 3D EM modeling technology that allows users to choose the best
approach for modeling and automating equipment across a wide range of frequencies..
 1.15 Motivation
In the dynamic landscape of wireless communication, where demands for mobile connectivity
and data rates continue to soar, the evolution of standards has been pivotal in meeting these ever-
growing needs. The impending deployment of the fifth generation (5G) stands as a testament to
the telecom industry's commitment to connecting over a hundred billion wireless devices,
ensuring millisecond latency, achieving 10 Gbps data speeds, and seamlessly integrating the
Internet of Things (IoT). Despite the remarkable progress, the implementation of 5G faces
significant challenges, particularly in addressing path-loss at high frequencies.
The design and optimization of antennas for millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies, a
crucial component of 5G technology, become paramount in overcoming these challenges. The
scarcity of research in this specific domain emphasizes the importance of delving into antenna
design tailored for mmWave 5G base stations. By creating antennas capable of effectively
handling path-loss at high frequencies, we contribute to the foundation of 5G technology,
ensuring its successful deployment and meeting the escalating demands of a connected world.
This research not only aligns with the forefront of technological advancements but also presents
an opportunity to make substantial contributions to the field, ushering in a new era of efficient
and robust wireless communication systemsa

1.16 Essence
The evolution of mobile wireless communication has led to the development of 5G technology,
addressing the need for a sustainable solution to accommodate a 1,000-times traffic growth.
Promising "zero" latency and fiber-like access data rates, 5G aims to deliver a consistent user
experience for connecting 100 billion devices. The technology adapts and optimizes services
based on user awareness, enhancing energy and cost efficiency significantly. Positioned as a
focal point of extensive research, 5G, with its broad spectrum including sub-6GHz and mm-
wave, represents a pivotal advancement in mobile technology. To meet the growing demands for
higher data rates and bandwidth, mm-wave technology plays a crucial role. The proposed
microstrip patch antenna, designed at 28 GHz in alignment with 5G communication standards,
utilizes a 4×4 array to address the inherent limitations of microstrip antennas in mm-wave,
aiming for improved return loss and superior gain. This research underscores the importance of
optimizing antenna designs to enhance performance in the mm-wave spectrum and meet the
evolving requirements of 5G communication systems.
 Chapter 02 Literature Review

2.1Paper Review
This chapter will discuss the works of other authors associated with the study "Performance
Analysis of mm Wave 5G Microstrip Patch Antenna," which is crucial for successful mobile
application testing with the current antenna for the fifth generation (5G). For a better
performing and easier to manufacture antenna model and simulator.

1.Design of high gain base station antenna array for mm-wave cellular
communication systems:

This paper investigates the design of three antenna arrays (8x8, 8x16, and 8x32) operating at
37.2 GHz, addressing challenges in 5G antennas such as gain, directivity, and efficiency. The
study reveals gains of 13.1 dB, 14.5 dB, and 21.2 dB for the respective arrays, alongside a
noteworthy bandwidth of 1 GHz. These results signify substantial enhancements over
traditional antennas, showcasing the potential of array configurations to overcome limitations
in 5G systems. The findings contribute valuable insights for the development of efficient
millimeter-wave antenna arrays in the context of emerging 5G technologies.These findings are
pertinent to my thesis on millimeter-wave antenna arrays, as they showcase significant
improvements in gain and performance, directly aligning with the challenges and objectives of
my research in the context of 5G communication systems.[3]

2.Wideband Three Loop Element Antenna Array for Future 5G mmwave

Devices:

This paper introduces a circular 1x4 array antenna designed for 28 GHz, aiming
to address current challenges associated with 5G technology. The antenna,
fabricated on an ultra-thin 0.254 mm Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate,
demonstrates resonance within the frequency range of 26 GHz to 40 GHz.
Notably, the array achieves a gain of 10.1 dBi, with both radiation and total
efficiency exceeding 92% at 28 GHz, and offers a substantial bandwidth of 13
GHz. The significance of this paper to my own work lies in its relevance to
mmWave MIMO antenna systems, as it provides valuable insights into the
design considerations and performance metrics crucial for optimizing antennas
in the millimeter-wave domain.[4]

3. Design of a Millimeter-Wave MIMO Antenna Array for 5G

Communication Terminals:
This paper introduces a novel multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna array
designed specifically for 5G millimeter-wave communication systems. The proposed
configuration comprises two antenna arrays, each consisting of four elements
arranged evenly, with a 90-degree phase shift between the two arrays. Employing a
substrate of 0.254 mm thickness made of Rogers RT5880 with a dielectric constant of
2.2 and a loss tangent of 0.0009, the MIMO array operates within the 37 GHz
frequency band allocated for 5G millimeter-wave communication. The individual
antenna element exhibits a gain of 6.84 dB, which is further enhanced to 12.8 dB
through the adoption of a four-element array configuration. The proposed MIMO
antenna array demonstrates an impressive efficiency of 85%, emphasizing its efficacy
and reliability in the context of mmWave 5G communication. This paper is particularly
relevant to my own work, as it aligns with my focus on the mmWave frequency band,
offering insights into efficient MIMO antenna configurations for enhanced 5G
communication systems.[5]
4.A novel dual band high gain 4-port millimeter wave MIMO antenna
array for 28/37 GHz 5G applications:

This paper introduces a novel 4-port dual-band printed Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO)
antenna array tailored for 5G communications operating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz in the mm-
wave band. The proposed MIMO array comprises four elements, each structured with eight
identical patches arranged in a 2x4 configuration, along with a cross-shaped defected ground
plane on a defined physical footprint. To achieve dual-band operation with optimal impedance
matching, enhanced gain, and broad bandwidth, the patch elements incorporate combinations
of circular and semi-circular shaped slots. Additionally, the cross-shaped ground plane is
modified with an extended circular-shaped defect. The resulting MIMO configuration exhibits
a substantial gain of approximately 7.9 dB and 13.7 dB at 28 GHz and 37.3 GHz, respectively.
This paper is directly relevant to my work, as it aligns with my focus on the mm-wave
frequency band and showcases an innovative approach to achieving efficient MIMO antenna
configurations for advanced 5G communication system.[6]

5. 5G millimeter wave wideband MIMO antenna arrays with high isolation:

In this paper, a succinct yet potent description is presented for a compact two-port MIMO
antenna array system designed to operate in the frequency range of 27 to 40 GHz, with specific
emphasis on 5G millimeter-wave (MMW) frequencies, notably at 28 GHz and 38 GHz. The
individual antenna element is meticulously matched at 50 Ω, demonstrating a gain ranging
from 5.5 to 8.5 dBi and a radiation efficiency varying between 65% and 90%. The proposed
MIMO array exhibits highly effective performance, boasting a gain of approximately 10 dBi
and an impressive radiation efficiency of around 95%. Furthermore, the modeling results
showcase a remarkable reduction in measured mutual coupling between array ports, measuring
less than -35 dB. This paper significantly contributes to the advancement of MIMO antenna
systems, providing valuable insights into achieving high-performance, compact designs
tailored for the demands of 5G MMW communication. It resonates closely with my ongoing
work, as it aligns with my focus on optimizing MIMO antenna configurations within the
millimeter-wave spectrum for enhanced 5G communication systems. [7]
6.Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna at Millimeter Wave for 5G
Application:
This paper introduces a dual-band slot antenna employing substrate integrated waveguide
(SIW) technology, specifically designed to operate at 26 and 28 GHz frequencies.
Addressing the substantial path loss challenges encountered in 5G base station networks
at high frequencies, the work focuses on developing a high-gain SIW antenna based on
slot technology. Two slots are intricately shaped to resonate at distinct frequencies,
namely 26 and 28 GHz, achieving measured reflection coefficients below -10 dB. The
designed antenna exhibits high gains of 8 dB and 8.02 dB at 26 and 28 GHz, respectively,
showcasing its capability to overcome path loss issues. The demonstrated performance
underscores the antenna's potential to significantly contribute to the success of fifth-
generation applications, providing an effective solution for the demanding requirements
of 5G base station networks. This research aligns closely with my ongoing work, as it
sheds light on innovative approaches to enhancing antenna performance in the
millimeter-wave spectrum, a key focus area in my exploration of communication
systems.[8]
7.Broadband Millimeter-Wave Endfire Circularly Polarized Array
With a Low-Profile Feeding Structure:
This study presents a novel array element comprising a horizontally oriented printed
electric dipole and a vertically aligned tapered slot radiator, enabling simultaneous
excitation of two orthogonal radiated electric-field components. The research involves
the design and measurement of a 1x8 array prototype, demonstrating an impressive
impedance bandwidth of 42.1% (27.45–42.1 GHz) and a 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth
of 35.8% (27.5–39.5 GHz). Notably, a gain of 14.10 dB is achieved, affirming the
effectiveness of the circularly polarized (CP) array. The study's findings position the
demonstrated CP array as a promising solution for wideband millimeter-wave (mmW)
applications.In the context of my research, this work holds significance as it explores
innovative design approaches for millimeter-wave antenna arrays. The utilization of a CP
array with such wideband characteristics aligns with my focus on optimizing antenna
configurations for advanced 5G communication systems. The study's findings contribute
valuable insights into the feasibility and performance of CP arrays, offering potential
applications in the millimeter-wave frequency range, which is a crucial aspect of my
ongoing research endeavors.[9]
8. Design of a Millimeter-Wave MIMO Antenna Array for 5G Communication Terminals

In this paper, a comprehensive design of a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna
array for 5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication systems is presented.The arrays are
assembled with a 90-degree shift relative to each other, optimizing spatial diversity. The
substrate employed is a 0.254 mm thick Rogers RT5880 with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a
loss tangent of 0.0009. This MIMO antenna array is tailored to cover the 37 GHz frequency
band, specifically designated for 5G millimeter-wave communication applications.The proposed
antenna array achieves a gain of 12.8dB.The use of a 0.254 mm thick Rogers RT5880 substrate
with specific dielectric constants and loss tangents, and the coverage of the 37 GHz frequency
band, mirrors the design considerations relevant to my work in the millimeter-wave frequency
range.[10]

Dual Radiator Based Low Profile Fan Beam Antenna for

9.
MM Wave Fencing System:
he paper details the creation of a low-profile, lightweight, and linearly polarized fan beam
radiating array antenna for a millimeter-wave fencing system. The adoption of a dual antenna
topology for both transmit and receive towers aims to maximize coverage compared to a single
antenna configuration. The optimization of radiator placement, specifically the height, is
implemented to minimize dead zone regions. The proposed RF fencing system incorporates an
8x32 probe-fed microstrip patch array antenna developed on a 10 mils RT Duroid dielectric
substrate. Simulation and analysis of the designed radiating array are conducted using ANSYS's
High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) full-wave EM software.
The VSWR of the realized antenna is 1.75:1 over the frequency band of 34.5 GHz to 35.5 GHz.
At 35 GHz, the E-plane and H-plane Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) of the developed antenna
are measured at 8.4 and 2.2 degrees, respectively. The measured gain of the antenna exceeds
25.4 dBi over the frequency band 34.5 GHz to 35.5 GHz.
This work contributes to the field by providing a meticulously designed millimeter-wave antenna
array tailored for a fencing system. The dual antenna topology and optimized radiator placement
enhance coverage efficiency, aligning with my research focus on improving the performance and
applications of millimeter-wave antennas. The use of advanced simulation tools like ANSYS
HFSS adds credibility to the design process and resonates with my exploration of cutting-edge
methodologies in millimeter-wave antenna research.[11]
10. Massive metamaterial system-loaded MIMO antenna array for 5G base
stations

This article introduces an innovative integrated massive multiple-input multiple-output

(mMIMO) antenna system enriched with metamaterial (MTM) for fifth-generation (5G)
applications. The proposed design incorporates a compact complementary split-ring resonator
(SRR) to achieve duple negative (DNG) characteristics, presenting a broad epsilon negative
metamaterial (ENG) with a bandwidth exceeding 1 GHz and near-zero refractive index (NZRI)
features. The mMIMO antenna is composed of eight subarrays organized in three layers,
operating within the 5G mid band at 3.5 GHz (3.40–3.65 GHz). Notably, the use of MTM
enhances port isolation between adjacent antenna elements compared to configurations without
MTM. Each subarray comprises two patches on the top layer, with the middle and bottom layers
featuring two categories of full and partial ground planes, respectively. Thirty-two elements are
simulated, produced, and tested, encapsulated in a compact volume measuring 184 × 340 × 1.575
mm³.
Measured results indicate that the sub-6 antenna exhibits a reflection coefficient (S11) better than
10 dB, isolation lower than 35 dB, and other performance metrics attuned to the requirements of
5G communication systems.
In relation to my research, this work delves into advanced mMIMO antenna design incorporating
MTM, aligning with my exploration of innovative approaches to enhance the performance and
capabilities of millimeter-wave antenna systems for emerging 5G applications. The integration of
metamaterials for improved characteristics and the focus on 5G mid-band operation resonate
with my ongoing research endeavors in optimizing antenna configurations for specific frequency
bands and applications.[12]
11. Gain and isolation enhancement of a wideband MIMO antenna using
metasurface for 5G sub-6 GHz communication system,

The presented work introduces a compact metasurface (MS)-integrated wideband Multiple-

Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna designed for 5G sub-6 GHz wireless communication
systems. The key features of this proposed MIMO system include its broad operating
bandwidth, high gain, reduced interelement gap, and exceptional isolation among MIMO
components. The antenna's radiating patch is diagonally truncated with a partially ground
plane, and a metasurface is incorporated to enhance overall performance. The single antenna
prototype with MS integration has a miniature dimension of 0.58λ × 0.58λ × 0.02λ. Simulated
and measured results showcase a wideband characteristic spanning from 311 to 7.67 GHz,
accompanied by a high realized gain of 8 dBi The four-element MIMO system is designed by
orthogonally arranging individual antennas while maintaining a compact size and wideband
properties within the range of 3.2 to 7.6 GHz. Fabricated on a low-loss Rogers RT5880
substrate, the suggested MIMO prototype measures 1.05λ × 1.05λ × 0.02λ. Performance
evaluation, facilitated by a suggested 10 × 10 array of square-enclosed circular split-ring
resonators within the same substrate material, reveals that the inclusion of the proposed
metasurface significantly reduces antenna backward radiation and manipulates the
electromagnetic field. This enhancement results in improved bandwidth, gain, and isolation of
MIMO components. The suggested 4-port MIMO antenna demonstrates a high realized gain of
8.3 dBi in the 5G sub-6 GHz spectrum, accompanied by an excellent average total efficiency
of 82%, as validated by measured results. Notably, the developed MIMO antenna exhibits
outstanding diversity characteristics, with an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) less than
0.004, diversity gain (DG) exceeding 10 dB (> 9.98 dB), and high isolation between MIMO
components (> 15.5 dB). This innovative MS-inspired MIMO antenna showcases its
applicability for 5G sub-6 GHz communication networks, aligning with my ongoing research
on advanced antenna configurations for optimal performance in specific frequency bands.[13]
12.MIMO antenna array with the capability of dual polarization reconfiguration for 5G
mm-wave communication:
The presented design features a collection of T-shaped power divider/combiners, integrating
pin-diodes with patches to facilitate the switching of polarization states between Linear
Polarization (LP) and Circular Polarization (CP) radiation. The antenna elements are
positioned with an edge-to-edge distance of 6 mm. Operating within the 25.2–29.4 GHz band,
the design achieves a maximum peak gain of 11.5 dBi. Additionally, a two-port (2 × 2)
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) configuration is implemented to enhance channel
capacity. To ensure effective port isolation, a sin-like slot is engraved in the ground,
employing the defected ground structure (DGS) technique for mutual coupling reduction. This
technique enhances design efficiency and achieves port isolation well above 30 dB across the
entire operating band. The utilization of pin-diodes for polarization state switching and the
incorporation of DGS for mutual coupling reduction demonstrate a sophisticated approach to
optimizing antenna performance. The MIMO design further emphasizes the application of
advanced techniques to increase channel capacity. This work is relevant to my research as it
aligns with my exploration of innovative methods to enhance the efficiency and capabilities of
millimeter-wave antenna systems, particularly in the specified frequency band[14]
13. A Compact mmWave MIMO Antenna for Future Wireless Networks:
The article introduces a four-element Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna
designed for next-generation millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems. Each
single antenna element is constructed with a T-shaped and plow-shaped patch radiator on an
ultra-thin Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate, with dimensions measuring 10 × 12 mm². The
MIMO system is configured in a polarization diversity arrangement, with the overall
dimensions of the four-element system being 24 × 24 mm². Measured results indicate an
impressive 9.23 GHz impedance bandwidth, spanning from 22.43 to 31.66 GHz. Notably, the
MIMO antenna achieves a minimum isolation of 25 dB between adjacent elements without the
need for any decoupling network. The proposed MIMO antenna system is fabricated, and the
measured results align well with the simulated outcomes. This design showcases an innovative
approach to MIMO antenna configuration for mmWave communication, emphasizing compact
dimensions, polarization diversity, and substantial impedance bandwidth. The achievement of
high isolation between elements without the use of decoupling networks is a notable feature,
addressing a common challenge in MIMO antenna systems. This work is pertinent to my
research as it aligns with my focus on optimizing antenna designs for efficient millimeter-
wave communication systems.[15]
14. Design of High-Gain and Low-Mutual-Coupling Multiple-Input–
Multiple-Output Antennas Based on PRS for 28 GHz Applications:
This paper introduces a four-port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna designed
for 28 GHz applications, featuring high gain and low mutual coupling, achieved through the
incorporation of a Partially Reflective Surface (PRS). The circular-shaped patch radiator,
equipped with a circular slot and a pair of vias, ensures a wide bandwidth ranging from 24.29
GHz to 28.45 GHz (15.77%), aligning with allocated frequency bands in various countries.
The optimized antenna exhibits a peak gain of 8.77 dBi at 24.29 GHz and a gain of 6.78 dBi.
A novel PRS is introduced and loaded onto the antenna to enhance broadband and high-gain
characteristics. With the PRS, the antenna's bandwidth is extended to 23.67 GHz to 29 GHz
(21%), and the gain is improved up to 11.4 dBi, marking an overall increase of about 3 dBi.
The design is further extended to a 2 × 2 MIMO system using the single-element antenna,
offering a bandwidth of 23.5 to 29 GHz (20%) and a maximum gain of 11.4 dBi. Importantly,
the MIMO antenna demonstrates low mutual coupling of −35 dB, coupled with a low
Envelope Correlation Coefficient and Channel Capacity Loss, making it a promising candidate
for future compact-sized mmWave MIMO systems. This research showcases an innovative
approach to mmWave MIMO antenna design, emphasizing high gain, wide bandwidth, and
low mutual coupling. The introduction of the PRS represents a novel technique to enhance the
antenna's performance characteristics. This work is relevant to my research as it aligns with
my exploration of advanced techniques in mmWave MIMO systems, particularly in optimizing
gain and minimizing mutual coupling for improved overall system performance.[16]
15. MM-Wave Phased Array Quasi-Yagi Antenna for the Upcoming 5G
Cellular Communications:
This manuscript introduces a novel phased array antenna design tailored for fifth-
generation (5G) mobile platforms. The proposed design incorporates eight
elements of compact Quasi-Yagi antennas strategically placed on the top portion
of a smartphone printed circuit board (PCB), forming a beam-steerable phased
array. The −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the 5G smartphone antenna spans
from 25 GHz to 27 GHz, offering a 2 GHz bandwidth with a mutual coupling
function below −16 dB. A coax-to-microstripline with a truncated crown of vias
around the coaxial cable serves as the feeding mechanism for each radiation
element. The antenna substrate, selected as Arlon Ad 350 with properties ε = 3.5,
δ = 0.003, and h = 0.8 mm, contributes to the design's overall performance. The
proposed phased array antenna allows for wide-angle scanning ranging from 0°
to 75°, achieving realized gain levels exceeding 10 dB. Within the scanning
angle of 0° to 60°, the antenna array attains more than 90% (−0.5 dB) radiation
and total efficiencies. The manuscript also explores specific absorption rate
(SAR) functions and radiation performance in the presence of user hands,
validating the feasibility of the proposed design for integration into 5G handheld
devices. Additionally, using the presented Quasi-Yagi elements, the radiation
properties of 2 × 2, 4 × 4, and 8 × 8 planar arrays are studied, achieving
directivities of more than 8.3, 13.5, and 19.3 dBi, respectively. These results
demonstrate that the designed arrays, both linear and planar, meet the general
requirements for deployment in 5G platforms.[17]

Chapter 3 Methodology
 3.1 Methodology

Methodology refers to the formal and theoretical examination of the techniques employed within
a particular field of study. It involves a theoretical assessment of various approaches and
principles relevant to a specific area of inquiry, encompassing concepts such as norms,
theoretical frameworks, stages, and both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. A
technique, on the other hand, is a systematic series of steps or methods, which may pertain to the
customary practices within a given field or industry, such as the research methods utilized in a
particular study. It is essential to distinguish between methodology and technique, as a
methodology is not intended to provide direct answers. Instead, its focus lies in offering
theoretical support to determine the feasibility of a particular approach or set of procedures
within a specific context. A research-based strategy not only lends credibility to the study but
also ensures the reliability of all outcomes as scientifically sound conclusions. Furthermore, it
provides a comprehensive scientific framework that streamlines the research process, guiding
researchers while maintaining simplicity, efficiency, and manageability. By understanding the
study's process, readers can gain insight into the plan and steps taken to derive meaningful
findings.[50]

3.2Research Design

The research design is the framework for addressing the problems raised by the study. An
experimental design, a research question, dependent and independent variables, methods for
data collection, and a plan for statistical analysis are all examples of research tools that are
specified in a study project model.
The research design for the study was as follows:

• Analyzing of the development of 5G technology.

• Studying requirements of the antenna for 5G networks.
• Choosing the millimeter wave band for 5G.
• Researching the literature on current 5G antennas and microstrip antennas.
• Studying The process of creating a microstrip antenna needs to be researched.
• Determining the variables required to build an antenna.
• Finding the ideal dimension values for different parameters like the patch length, patch
width, substrate thickness etc.
• Determining the ideal design for 5G applications requiring high bandwidth.
• Choosing your feeding strategy.Executing the procedure.
 3.3Pilot Study

Before beginning a full-scale research project, to determine the viability, a pilot study, trial
project, pilot test, or pilot scientific experiment is conducted on a small scale. time, cost, hostile
various occurrences, and develop the nature of the study. Before the research is organized, it is
completed. Pilot studies are typically carried out as intended for the research. A pilot study can't
completely rule out due to systematic errors or unanticipated issues, but it significantly reduces
the number of errors that the initial study won't be time- or effort- wasting.
Importance of Pilot Research:

• To put the protocol and/or study procedure to the test.

• To categorize critical variables and decide how each should be functionalized.
• To develop or evaluate This project's goal is the efficacy of research tools and
procedures.To evaluate statistical elements in order to set up future research.

3.4Software

A sophisticated tool for modeling high-frequency components in three dimensions is the

Technology for Computer Simulation Microwave Studio (CST), as depicted in figure 3.1.
High-frequency (HF) devices like filters, couplers, antennas, single- and multi-layer structures,
as well as calculated SI and EMC effects, can all be accurately and quickly analyzed by CST
MWS. The Computer Simulation Technology manual states that the discretization of
Maxwell's integral equation is how CST functions. It is further stated that in order to compute
time derivatives, CST Microwave Studio uses central finite difference methods. Numerous
guides claim that CST is effective when applied using the FDTD method. For R&D
departments that are heavily focused on technology, CST MWS is theclear choice due to its
unmatched performance. CST MWS is an easy-to-use tool that provides quick insight into the
Electromagnetic behavior of high-frequency designs behavior [51].
 Figure: 3.1 Starting window of CST studio suite application

3.5Design procedure

Step 1: The first step is to design an microstrip patch antenna, or single rectangular microstrip
patch antenna (MPA), which is intended to operate in the 28 GHz band.
Step 2: Save the designed antenna and simulate the antenna built.
Step 3: Save the outcome if the antenna satisfies the criteria
Step 4: To enhance the performance of the antenna, optimize its settings.
Step 5: This step involves designing a 2x2 array of planar antennas that is intended to improve
gain, efficiency, reflection Coefficient and directivity.
Step 6: Save the design and test the built-in antenna array.
Step 7: Save the outcome if the antenna satisfies the criteria.
Step 8: Optimize the parameter of antenna array that is designed to improve performance.
Step 9: To Improve the overall performance of the designed Microstrip patch array antenna
further design a 4x4 array of planar antennas that is intended to improve gain, efficiency,
reflection Coefficient and directivity.
Step 10: Save the designed antenna and simulate whole the antenna that was built. If the
outcome isn't satisfactory, optimize the design.
Step 11: Save the outcome if the antenna satisfies the criteria having to improve gain,
efficiency, reflection Coefficient, bandwidth and directivity.
Step 12: Compare the results to those 2x2 array, 4x4 array antennas with single rectangular
microstrip patch antenna (MPA).

3.6Antenna Design by Equation

The initial stage in antenna design is to select a suitable dielectric substrate with the requisite
thickness. Dielectrics preserve the stability of the mechanical and electrical systems.
Additionally, they are employed to lower the antenna's size and facilitate the production of
displacement current. which, in accordance with Ampere's Law, produces a magnetic field that
varies in strength over time. A time-varying electric field can be formed by this time- varying
magnetic field., which, in turn, can result in a propagating electromagnetic field, as per
Faraday's rule. In this method, a substrate can enhance the antenna's overall radiating
capabilities. Some typical dielectric substrates are listed along with their properties in Table
3.1.

The substrates with relatively high dielectric constants, suggests significant loss when making
high-gain antennas. Since MPA designs frequently use Rogers RT-5880, a substrate material
with a dielectric constant of about 2.2, as a starting point, we chose it at random. Following
that, the microstrip line and the ground material should be selected. In those case, copper,
silver, or gold are our three options. Silver has a higher conductivity than othermetals do.
Contrarily, copper is both much more affordable and robust than the other two metals. Copper
is therefore widely used.Equations (1) -(5) were used to measure the length and width of the
antenna [3].

Where, c = Velocity of Light (3 ×108𝑚𝑠−1)

Effective dielectric constant is given by,

Where,

𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓= Effective dielectric constant,

Dielectric constant of substrate, 𝜀r = 2.2
Height of dielectric substrate, h =0.50 mm
For the given resonance frequency 𝑓𝑟, the effective total length which is given by,

The actual length of the patch is given by,

Where,
 The basic parameters of the microstrip patch antenna are calculated using the formulas above
and are shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Antenna Dimension

Table 3.2 Antenna Dimension

Parameters mm
Substrate Length-SL 28.2+28.2
Substrate width-SW 33.8
Substrate Thickness-SH 1.6
Patch Length-PL 3.05
Patch width-PW 2.85
Patch Thickness-Thic 0.035
Ground Length-GL 56.4
Ground Width-GW 33.8
Ground Thickness_Thic 0.035
Feed line length-FL 2.5
Feed line Width-FW 5.4
Quarterwave Feed_QF 1.95

E1 1.2
E2 0.8
E3 0.75
E4 0.65
R1 0.025
R2 0.125
This table shows the parameters that were used for the single element antenna radiating at 28
GHz in mm wave 5G.

3.7Antenna geometry and designed parameters

Selecting the dielectric substance that will act as the antenna's substrate is the first step. Then,
compute a number of parameters with excellent dimensions to obtain better results from the
proposed antenna. The proposed antenna is constructed by using Rogers RT 5880 as the
substrate material and copper conductor material for the patch and ground plane was used, as
shown in figures 3.2 and 3.3

3.7.1 Microstrip patch Antenna

Figure 3.2: Top view of the designed Microstrip patch Antenna

 Figure 3.3: Back view of the designed Microstrip patch Antenna

Using the equations from the antenna approach section, Table 3.2 calculates the suggested
antenna design parameters for 28 GHz. The height of the substrate was set to Hs=0.5 mm.
As a result of the analysis, this parameter might alter in the future.
With the same from factor of the patch and Substrate a 2×2 and a 4 ×4 Microstrip array
antenna has been designed. The simulated results of the microstrip patch antenna and array
antennas have been discussed in the result analysis segment.

4.2Optimized Simulation Results

4.2. 1Reflection Coefficient:

The Reflection Coefficient of an antenna is the percentage of radio waves radiating at the
antenna given input that are rejected in contrast to those that are accepted [52]. It is measured
in decibel (dB). This is also known as s11 parameter. The Lower the value gets the better the
antenna will fit in a device or in a Transmission line. The S11 parameter of the proposed
antenna is -67 dB and the bandwidth is 1.357GHz that illustrates in Figure 4.1.
 Figure 4.1 Reflection Coefficient of Microstrip Patch Antenna .

4.2.2 Radiation Pattern :

Fig4.2:Radiation pattern in 3D
 4.2.3 Polarization:

Fig4.3 co polar of 30Ghz Fig4.4:cross polar 30 Ghz.

Fig 4.5:Co polar of 28 Ghz. Fig 4.6:cross polar of 28 Ghz.

4.2.4Gain and Directivity

In this design, we have achieved a gain of 10.7 dB and a directivity of 11.7dB, showcasing a
notable improvement from the initial value of 7.8 dB. This enhancement was attained through
the incorporation of a metasurface in the antenna design.

Figure 4.7:Gain 1D

Fig 4.9:Directivity 1D

4.2.5. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

The VSWR is generally a numerical representation of how well an antenna is impedance
matched or transmission line to which it is connected. [2] The better the antenna is matched to
the transmission line, the lower the VSWR, and the more power the antenna gets. The VSWR
must be at 1.0-2.0. In the proposed antenna at 28 GHz the VSWR is 1.3 as a result almost no
power is reflected from the patch antenna in this case, which is very ideal.
 Figure 4.8: VSWR of Microstrip Patch Antenna.
4.2.7. Surface Current :
Surface current of an antenna is the flow of electric current along its structure, crucial for
optimizing radiation efficiency and achieving desired performance. Engineers manipulate surface
currents to tailor antenna behavior for efficient signal transmission and reception.we have
achived a surface current of 127 A/m

Fig4.9: surface current.

4.2.8 Current Density:
Current density is a measure of the flow of electric current per unit area in a conductor, crucial for
understanding the distribution of current within materials. It is expressed in amperes per square meter
(A/m²) and plays a vital role in analyzing and designing electrical circuits.we achieved 133 A/m^2

Fig5.1:current Density.

4.2.9 Isolation:
Isolation of ports in communication systems refers to minimizing signal interference between different
ports, ensuring each operates independently. High isolation is crucial for preventing crosstalk and
maintaining signal integrity in various electronic devices.Highest isoltion is 39.5 as shown in the figure
5.2

Fig5.2:S1,2 paarmeter,isolation between ports

4.2.10 Impedence

Fig5.3: impedence

4.2.4Efficiency

The ratio of the power given to the antenna to the power it radiates is known as the antenna's
efficiency. A high efficiency antenna radiates the majority of the power available at the
antenna's input power. Due to impedance mismatch in a low efficiency antenna, the majority
of the antenna's power is lost as internal losses or reflected away. The proposed antenna has an
efficiency of 91.2%.
4.2.5Comparison Table:

Table:

Ref.Journal MIMO Model Freq. Gain Efficiency

Ghz (dB)
[3] Scientific reports (16×16) 28,37 21.2 87%

[4] IEEE Access (1×4) 28 10.1 92%

[5] MDPI Sensors (1×4) 37 12.8 85%

[8] Applied computational Electromagnetic society (2×2) 24-28 8.8-0.2 80%

journal
[7] Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (1×4) 27-40 5.5-+10 60-95%
Journal

[6] EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and (2×4) 28,37 7.9-1 N/A
Networking 3.7

My Work 4*4 28 1 0.7 91.2%

5.1 Achievements
The mmwave MIMO antenna array is engineered to provide a broad bandwidth of 6GHz, high
directivity at 11.7 dBi, and a gain of 10.7 dBi. Its remarkable 91% efficiency maximizes input
power usage, enhancing the base station's energy efficiency. These features facilitate accurate
beamforming and signal concentration, improving the base station's efficiency and coverage for
specific areas or users.

5.2Limitations
Gain and efficiency are concerns with the proposed array antenna. We need to make
improvements to these parameters in order to make them more useful for 5G applications.
5.3Future Work
The form factors of our proposed array antenna, evident from prior findings and simulation
analysis, consistently fall below the average set by earlier research. Further efforts are needed to
minimize these disparities. To assess the comprehensive performance of the planned and
simulated antenna and to compare simulation results with real-world measurements, constructing
the antenna in a physical setting is essential.

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