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DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS FOR 5G

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Thesis · October 2019

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Md Mohiuddin Soliman Mohammad Lutful Hakim

International Islamic University Chittagong Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
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 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONIC AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MICROSTRIP PATCH

ANTENNAS FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Submitted by
Md Mohiuddin Soliman
T-151021
Mohammad Lutful Hakim
T-151013

Supervised by
Engr. Mohammed Jashim Uddin
Assistant Professor
Department of ETE
International Islamic University Chittagong

Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering

International Islamic University Chittagong
Kumira, Sitakunda, Chattogram -4318
October, 2019

i
 CANDIDATES DECLARATION

It is hereby declared that the work presented in this thesis has not been submitted
elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma, does not contain any unlawful
statement.

Md Mohiuddin Soliman
T-151021

Mohammad Lutful Hakim

T-151013

ii
 DEDICATION

This thesis work is dedicated to all of our honorable teachers and parents.

iii
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The thesis entitled as “Design and Simulation of Microstrip Patch Antennas for 5G
Wireless Communication” submitted by Md Mohiuddin Soliman, bearing ID No: T-
151021 and Mohammad Lutful Hakim bearing ID No: T-151013, to the Department of
Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering (ETE) of International Islamic
University Chittagong (IIUC) has been accepted as satisfactory for the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor in Electronic and
Telecommunications Engineering and approved as to its style and contents for the
examination held on 13-10-2019.

Approved by

Engr. Mohammed Jashim Uddin

Supervisor
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering
Faculty of Science and Engineering
International Islamic University Chittagong
Kumira, Sitakunda, Chattogram -4318

iv
 Acknowledgements

In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. All praises and
glory are to Allah (SWT) for blessing us with opportunities abound and showering upon
us His mercy and guidance all through the life. And may peace and blessings of Allah
be upon Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), a guidance and inspiration to our lives. We
express our sincere gratitude and indebtedness to our thesis supervisor and Head of the
Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering, IIUC Engr.
Mohammed Jashim Uddin, for his initiative in this field of research, valuable
guidance, encouragement throughout the time of research. We also express our
thankfulness to him for providing us with best facilities in the department and his timely
suggestions. We are also thankful to Engr. Syed Zahidur Rashid, Convener of our
thesis for his dedication and sacrifice. We also express our sincere gratitude to all our
teacher for giving us the best effort throughout our entire academic years. And we
remember our parents for their support in our life till now. And we also express
gratitude our friends, well-wishers for their directly or indirectly involvement in the
completion of this thesis work.

v
 Abstract

This paper specified the range and application of design parameters for 5G antenna
requirements. In designing microstrip patch antenna [MPA], three parameters namely
as substrate element, substrate height and feeding technique have significantly effect
on the performance of antenna result parameters. If these are not suitably chosen, then
the 5G application requirement will not cover. This work specified the three parameters
for designing MPA which is fulfill the 5G application requirement. In addition, a
comparative analysis of antenna performance is done based on these three designing
parameters. Moreover, Foam, substrate height 0.5 mm and Quarter wave transformer
feeding technique are found as the best parameters as per 5G application requirement.
Finally, single antennas are designed on 28 GHz and 38 GHz on antenna simulation
software to evaluate aforementioned parameters. The gain, bandwidth, return loss,
VSWR and efficiency of the designed antenna at 28 GHz are 10.1 dBi, 1.34 GHz, -
59.17 dB, 1.002, 99.99% and for 38 GHz 10.2 dBi, 2.3 GHz, -53.21 dB, 1.004, 99.99%
respectively. After that, 2x2 antenna arrays are designed for both frequency of operation
by using those single patch antennas as standard design. Subsequently, it is noticed that
the gain, bandwidth, return loss, VSWR and efficiency of the designed antenna arrays
at 28 GHz are 15.3 dB, 1.3 GHz, -61.30 dB, 1.001, 97.3% and for 38 GHz 13.6 dBi,
2.49 GHz, -52.28 dB, 1.005, 97.3% respectively.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents
CANDIDATES DECLARATION ..............................................................................ii

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ iii

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ............................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... v

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................vii

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... xi

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... 13

LIST OF SYMBOLS.................................................................................................. 14

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................... 15

Chapter 01: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1

1.1 Evolution of Wireless Communication ........................................................... 1

1.2 Zero Generation Wireless Technology (0G) ................................................... 1
1.3 First Generation Wireless Technology (1G) ................................................... 2
1.3.1 Key features (technology) of 1G system ................................................. 3
1.3.2 Disadvantages of 1G system ................................................................... 3
1.4 Second Generation Wireless Technology (2G) ............................................... 4
1.5 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 2.5G .................................................. 5
1.6 Third Generation Wireless Technology (3G).................................................. 5
1.6.1 Key features of 3G system ...................................................................... 7
1.6.2 Disadvantages of 3G systems .................................................................. 7
1.7 Fourth Generation Wireless Technology (4G) ................................................ 7
1.7.1 Key features of 4G systems ..................................................................... 9
1.7.2 Disadvantages of 4G system ................................................................... 9
1.8 Fifth Generation Wireless Technology (5G) ................................................. 10
1.8.1 Features of 5G ....................................................................................... 10
1.9 Final thoughts ................................................................................................ 11

vii
1.10 Global 5G spectrum update ........................................................................... 12
1.10.1 The FCC is driving key spectrum initiatives to enable 5G ................... 12
1.10.2 Low-band............................................................................................... 12
1.10.3 Mid-band ............................................................................................... 12
1.10.4 High-band .............................................................................................. 13
1.10.5 High-band: Spectrum Frontiers governing for 5G mm Wave bands .... 13
1.10.6 5G Spectrum in Europe ......................................................................... 13

1.11 Antenna Basics.................................................................................................. 14

1.11.1 Frequency .............................................................................................. 14

1.11.2 Bandwidth ............................................................................................. 15
1.11.3 Input Impedance .................................................................................... 16
1.11.4 Impedance Matching ............................................................................. 16
1.11.5 Directivity and Gain .............................................................................. 17
1.11.6 Radiation Pattern ................................................................................... 18
1.11.7 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) ................................................ 18
1.11.8 Return Loss (RL) ................................................................................... 19
1.11.9 Polarization ............................................................................................ 20
1.12 Microstrip Antenna ....................................................................................... 20
1.12.1 Microstrip antenna Feed Techniques .................................................... 21
1.12.2 Microstrip Line Feeding ........................................................................ 22
1.12.3 Coaxial or Probe feeding ....................................................................... 22
1.12.4 Aperture Coupled Feed ......................................................................... 22
1.12.5 Proximity Coupled Feed ........................................................................ 23
1.12.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Antenna ........................ 23

1.13 Design Tool ....................................................................................................... 24

1.13.1 CST Microwave Studio ......................................................................... 25

1.14 Motivation ......................................................................................................... 25

1.15 Essence .......................................................................................................... 25

Chapter 02:Literature Review .................................................................................. 27

2.1 Overview of “Release 15 on 5G Standards” Update by 3GPP ......................... 27

2.2 Paper Review .................................................................................................... 29

viii
2.3 Summary ........................................................................................................... 45

2.4 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 46

Chapter 03:Methodology ........................................................................................... 47

3.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 47

3.2 Research Design................................................................................................ 47

3.3 Pilot Study......................................................................................................... 48

3.4 Software ............................................................................................................ 48

3.5 Design procedure .............................................................................................. 48

3.5.1 Antenna Substrates ................................................................................ 49

3.5.2 Antenna Design by Equation ................................................................. 51
3.5.3 Radiating patch ...................................................................................... 51
3.5.4 Feed-line ................................................................................................ 52

3.6 Antenna geometry and designed parameters .................................................... 54

3.6.1 Antennas designed on different substrates ............................................ 54

3.6.2 Antenna designed on different substrate height .................................... 55
3.6.3 Antenna design on different feeding technique ..................................... 56
3.6.4 Antenna Array Design ........................................................................... 58
3.6.5 Optimization of 2×2 Antenna Array ..................................................... 59

Chapter 04:Simulations and Results’ Analysis ....................................................... 61

4.1 Simulation Results of Single Element Antenna ................................................ 61

4.1.1 Result analysis on different substrate elements ..................................... 61

4.1.2 Result analysis on Different substrate heights ...................................... 66
4.1.3 Result analysis on different feeding technique...................................... 66
4.1.4 Result of Final Single Element antenna. ............................................... 68

4.2 Comparison with the existing single element ................................................... 72

4.3 Simulation Results of 2×2 Array ...................................................................... 73

4.3.1 Final Design Result 2×2 array antenna ................................................. 73

4.4 Comparison with the existing Array Antennas at 28 GHz ............................ 74

Chapter 05:Conclusion .............................................................................................. 75

ix
5.1 Achievements ......................................................................................................... 75
5.2 Limitations ............................................................................................................. 76
5.3 Future Work Field .................................................................................................. 76

References ................................................................................................................... 77

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Evolution/Enhancement of communication .............................................. 2

Figure 1.2: 3G vs 2G Communication .......................................................................... 6
Figure 1.3: 4G cell phone generation compared ............................................................ 8
Figure 1.4: Global 5G spectrum .................................................................................. 12
Figure 1.5: 5G spectrum .............................................................................................. 12
Figure 1.6.: Frequency diagram ................................................................................... 15
Figure 1.7: High frequency and Low frequency diagram ........................................... 15
Figure 1.8: Bandwidth diagram................................................................................... 16
Figure 1.9: Directivity and Gain .................................................................................. 18
Figure 1.10: Radiation pattern...................................................................................... 19
Figure 1.11. VSWR ...................................................................................................... 19
Figure 1.12: Polarization Linear, Circular, Elliptical .................................................. 20
Figure 1.13: Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna ................................................ 21
Figure 1.14: Microstrip Line Feeding ......................................................................... 22
Figure 1.15: Coaxial / Probe feeding .......................................................................... 22
Figure 1.16: Aperture-Coupled Feed .......................................................................... 23
Figure 1.17: Proximity-Coupled Feed ......................................................................... 23
Figure 2.1: Allocated Frequency bands in different locations ................................... 29
Figure 3.1: Flow Diagram of the Research work ......................................................... 50
Figure. 3.2: Inset feed line design ................................................................................ 53
Figure. 3.3: Quarter wave transformer feed line .......................................................... 54
Figure. 3.4: Front view of the antenna ......................................................................... 57
Figure. 3.5: Side view of the antenna ........................................................................... 58
Figure 3.6: 28 GHz 2×2 Array Antenna....................................................................... 60
Figure 3.7: 38 GHz 2×2 Array Antenna....................................................................... 60
Figure. 4.1. S11 parameter for different substrate elements at 28GHz ....................... 62
Figure 4.2 S11 parameter for different substrate elements at 38GHz ......................... 62
Figure. 4.3. Antenna efficiency for different substrate elements at 28GHz ................ 63
Figure. 4.4 Antenna efficiency for different substrate elements at 38GHz ................. 64
Figure. 4.5. A comparative view VSWR for different substrate elements at 28GHz .. 64
Figure. 4.6. A comparative view VSWR for different substrate elements at 38GH .... 65
Figure.4.7. Directivity plot for Various Dielectric Elements for 28 GHz.................... 65

xi
Figure.4.8. Directivity plot for Various Dielectric Elements for 38 GHz.................... 65
Figure4.9. Return loss plot of the final design antennas at 28 GHz and 38 GHz ........ 69
Figure4.10. Efficiency plot of the final design antennas at 28 GHz and 38 GHz ........ 69
Figure 4.11. VSWR plot of the final design antennas at 28 GHz and 38 GHz ............ 70
Figure 4.12. 3D radiation pattern plot of the final design antennas at 28 GHz ........... 70
Figure.4.13. 2D radiation pattern plot of the final design antennas at 28 GHz ........... 71
Figure.4.14. 3D radiation pattern plot of the final design antennas at 38 GHz ........... 71
Figure .4.15. 2D radiation pattern plot of the final design antennas at 38 GHz .......... 72

xii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 generation of communication......................................................................... 11

Table 2.1. Technical requirements of 5g ........................................................................ 27
Table 2.2. Defferences between LTE and NR .............................................................. 28
Table 2.3. Frequencies of interest in several location .................................................... 29
Table 3.1 List of substrates ............................................................................................. 49
Table 3.2 Antenna Design parameter at 28 GHz (different substrate) ............................ 55
Table 3.3 Antenna Design parameter at 38GHz (different substrate) .............................. 55
Table 3.4 Antenna Design parameter at 28 GHz (different substrate height) .................. 56
Table 3.5 Antenna Design parameter at 38GHz (different substrate height) ................... 56
Table 3.6 Antenna Design parameter (different feeding technique) ............................... 57
Table 3.7 Antenna Design parameter (Final) ................................................................... 57
Table 3.8 28 GHz antenna array parameters ................................................................... 59
Table 3.9 38 GHz antenna array parameters ................................................................... 59
Table 3.10 Optimized 28 GHz antenna array parameters .............................................. 60
Table 3.11 Optimized 38 GHz antenna array parameters .............................................. 60
Table 4.1 Result parameters of the three antenna including sub-parameters ................. 67
Table4.2 Total simulation result of single element antenna at 28 GHz ........................... 68
Table 4.3 Total simulation result of single element antenna at 38 GHz .......................... 68
Table 4.4 Comparison with the existing single element antennas for 28 GHz ................ 72
Table 4.5 Comparison with the existing single element antennas for 38 Ghz ................. 73
Table 4.6 Total simulation results of 2×2 array antenna at 28 GHz ................................ 73
Table 4.7 Total simulation results of 2×2 array antenna at 38 GHz ................................ 74
Table 4.8 Comparison with the existing array antennas at 28 Ghz band ......................... 74
Table 4.9 Comparison with the existing array antennas at 28 GHz band ........................ 74

13
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Hz Hertz
KHz Kilo Hertz
MHz Mega Hertz
GHz Giga Hertz
mm Millimeter
cm Centimeter
m Meter
ɛ Relative permittivity
L Length
W Width
C Speed of light
dB Decibel
λ Lambda
Ω Ohm
ɛr Dielectric Constant

14
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

RT Duroid 5880
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers
LTE Long Term Evolution
5G Fifth Generation
1G First Generation
2G Second Generation
3G Third Generation
4G Fourth Generation
FCC Federal Communication Commission
SDR Software Define Ratios
GSM Global System for Mobile
communication
3D Three Dimension
2D Two Dimension
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
WCC Wireless Communication Centre
IE3D Moment of Method Based EM
CST Computer Simulator Technology
PCB Printed Circuit Board
BW Bandwidth
RL Return Loss
Q Quality Factor

15
RF Radio Frequency
MICs Microwave integrated circuits
PTT Push to Talk
IMTS Improved Mobile Telephone System
AMTS Advance Mobile Telephone System
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

16
 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Evolution of Wireless Communication

Mobile wireless communication system has gone through several evolution stages in the
past few decades after the introduction of the first-generation mobile network in early
1980s. Due to huge demand for more connections worldwide, mobile communication
standards advanced rapidly to support more users [1].

Wireless communication, or sometimes simply wireless, is the transmission of

information between two or more points that are not connected physically. Radio wave is
used in the most common wireless technologies. In communications history, the
term wireless has been used twice, with a little different meaning. It was primarily used
from around 1890 for the first radio wave transmitting and receiving technology, as
in wireless telegraphy, until the new word radio replaced it in 1920. The term was revived
in the 1980s and 1990s decade mainly to distinguish digital devices that were able to
communicate without wires. Wireless operations provide services, such as long-distance
communications, that are not possible or feasible to implement with the use of wires [2].
Evolution of communication shown in figure 1.1. Let’s take a look on the evolution stages
of wireless technologies for mobile communication.

1.2 Zero Generation Wireless Technology (0G)

Wireless phone started with 0G, which might have called Zero Generation, became
accessible after the World War-II. At that time, there were only a limited number of
communication channels available and mobile operators set up the calls. These mobiles
could not support the feature of handover means change of channel frequency while
moving. Zero generation refers to the pre cellular mobile system in the early 1970’s. For
example, some subscribers had Radio telephones in cars before the introduction of cell
phones. Mobile radio telephony system produced modern cellular mobile-telephone
technology. These systems are called 0G (Zero Generation) Systems Since they were
predecessors of first generation of cellular telephones. Technologies used in Zero

1
Generation systems included Push to Talk (PTT), Mobile Telephone System (MTS),
Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System
(AMTS), Norwegian Offending Land-Mobil Telephone (OLT), Public Land Mobile
Telephony (PLT) and Swedish Mobile Telephony System D (MTD). The users of the
system were loggers, construction supervisors, realtors and celebrities. The
communication system was used for the purpose of only voice communication [3].

Figure 1.1 Evolution/Enhancement of communication [4].

1.3 First Generation Wireless Technology (1G)

1G is the first-generation wireless telephone technology based on analog signal. They were
introduced in 1980 and were called analog cell phones. Nippon Telephone and Telegraph
(NTT) introduced the first cellular system in the world which became operational in
Tokyo, Japan in 1979. The most popular analog systems in Europe were Nordic Mobile
Telephone (NMT) and Total Access Communication System (TACS). Along with these
two systems, some other technical company introduced analog systems in 1980’s in
Europe. However, the cellular networks systems were not able to interoperate between
countries, offered handover and roaming capability [5]. The key downside of First-
Generation mobile technology is the failure to interoperate between different countries. In
addition, 1G has other drawbacks such as low capacity-unreliable handoff system, poor
voice links. Also, there was no security since voice calls were used to play back in wireless
towers making these calls susceptible to undesirable persons. The first 1G standard in USA

2
was AMPS, launched in 1982. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated a 40
MHz channel within the 800-900 MHz frequency range for this system. AMPS was
allocated a supplementary 10 MHz bandwidth, called expanded spectrum (ES) in 1988.
Italy, France and UK used communication systems called RTMI, Radio-Comm and YACS
respectively. A telecom standard branded as C-450 was introduced in West Germany,
Portugal and South Africa. First Generation system replaced 0G system, whose features
includes mobile radio telephones and technologies as Advanced Mobile Telephone System
(AMTS), Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Push to Talk (PTT), and Improved Mobile
Telephone Service (IMTS).

❑ Established in 1980s and finalized in early 1990s

❑ Supported data transfer speed up to 2.4 kbps
❑ Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first introduced by the USA and is
a first-generation mobile system.
❑ It permits the users to initiate voice calls within only one country [5].

1.3.1 Key features (technology) of 1G system

Key features of 1G system given below

❑ Frequency 800 MHz and 900 MHz

❑ Bandwidth: 10 MHz (666 duplex channels with bandwidth of 30 KHz)
❑ Technology: Analogue switching
❑ Modulation: Frequency Modulation (FM)
❑ Mode of service: voice only
❑ Access technique: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

1.3.2 Disadvantages of 1G system

Disadvantages of 1G system given below

❑ Poor voice quality due to interference

❑ Poor battery life
❑ Large sized mobile phones (not convenient to carry)
❑ Less security (calls could be decoded using an FM demodulator)

3
 ❑ Limited number of users and cell coverage
❑ Roaming was not possible between similar systems [1].

1.4 Second Generation Wireless Technology (2G)

2G is the Second-Generation wireless network, established on digital technologies

installed in 1990s. 2G was introduced in Finland in 1991. It provided services for instance
Short Message System (SMS), picture messages and Multimedia Message System
(MMS). As in 2G, text messages and audio signals are digitally encoded, which permits
for the transmission of data in such a way that only desired receiver can receive and decode
it. 2G provides greater security for both sender and receiver. To compress and multiplex
Digital signal CODEC (compression decompression algorithm) is used in 2G. TDMA and
CDMA were used as digital multiple access technology in 2G system. TDMA splits signal
in time slots whereas CDMA assigns each user a distinct code to communicate over a
multiplexed channel. TDMA technologies includes Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM), Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) IS-136, and iDEN in
the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) standard for portable mobile
phones. GSM was the first 2G System. It is the most appreciated mobile standard of all
mobile wireless technologies deployed in around 212 countries in the world.
International roaming between different mobile phone operators was introduced first by
GSM technology which allows the users to use their mobile phones in many countries.
TDMA technology is used in GSM to multiplex up to 8 calls per channel in the 900 MHz
and 1800 MHz frequency bands. It delivers voice signals along with circuit switched data
at speed up to 14.4 kbps. FCC also auctioned a new block of spectrum in the 1900 MHz
band in the USA. During last 20 years, this technology has been constantly developed to
provide better services. Some new technologies have been industrialized based on the
original GSM, prominent to some advanced system, identified as 2.5 generation (2.5 G)
Systems [5].

1.4.1 Key features of 2G system

Key features of 1G system given below,

4
 ❑ Digital system (switching)
❑ SMS services is possible
❑ Roaming is possible
❑ Enhanced security
❑ Encrypted voice transmission
❑ First internet at lower data rate
❑ Disadvantages of 2G system
❑ Low data rate
❑ Limited mobility
❑ Less features on mobile devices
❑ Limited number of users and hardware capability [1].

1.5 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 2.5G

2.5G, stands for “second and half generation”, is a mobile wireless standard developed in
the middle of its predecessor second generation and its successor third generation. The
expression “second and half generation” is applied to define the “General Packet Radio
Services”. GPRS can provide the data rate around 56 Kbit/s to 115 Kbits/s as peak. It
supports facilities Such as Access Multimedia Messaging Services (AMMS), Wireless
Application Protocol (WAP), and internet facilities including Email and World Wide Web
(WWW) access. The charge for data transfer in GPRS is typically in megabyte of traffic
conveyed, but in data communication through conventional circuit switching is billed each
minute of linking time [5].

1.6 Third Generation Wireless Technology (3G)

Telecommunication standards group 3G is used to define the third generation of wireless

communication standards, overriding 2.5G, and preceding 4G. International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) framed a plan to employ the worldwide frequency band
of 2000 MHz, which will be able to support a single, ever-present wireless network
standard for all countries in the world. The plan is known as “International Mobile
Telephone 2000” or IMT-2000 Standard. There are three type of multiple access
technology-

5
CDMA 2000: It is proposed by North America wireless Telecommunication standards
groups based on Code Division Multiple Access technology. Its channel width is 1.25
MHz and speed are up to 144 Kbps.
WCDMA (UMTS): WCDMA service FOMA was launched by NTT Do Como in Japan
for the first time in the world commercially in 2001. It is elaborated as Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access. Its channel width is 5 MHz and speed are up to 2 Mbps.
TD-SCDMA: China wireless Telecommunication standards group proposed the Time
Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access technology for use in 3G [5]. Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has continued that project by formulating a
wireless system that achieves the specification of IMT-2000 standards. The third
generation or 3G wireless technology came into services in the year of 2000.

Figure 1.2: 3G vs 2G Communication [4]

Previous technology supported data transmission speed of 144Kbps as peak whereas 3G

has increased it to 2 Mbps. Smart phone or multimedia cell phone is required to get services
of 3G technology. Bandwidth and data transfer rate were increased in 3G to facilitate web-
based application, audio, and video files. conferencing, entirely in a portable wireless
environment. Figure 1.2 shows 3G vs 4G communication. Network operators are enabled
to offer their users a broader range of more progressive facilities by achieving better
network capacity through enhanced spectral efficiency with the deployment of 3G
technologies. 3G system services comprises of wide area wireless voice call, video calls,
mobile television, broadband wireless data, GPS service and video. This network has the
improvements over 2.5G network and previous given below [5]:
❑ Numerous times higher data transfer speed.
❑ Upgraded audio and video streaming
❑ Video conferencing facility

6
 ❑ greater speed in WAP and Web browsing
❑ IPTV (TV through the Internet) support

1.6.1 Key features of 3G system

Key feature of 3G system is given below

❑ Higher data rate

❑ Video calling
❑ Enhanced security, a greater number of users and coverage
❑ Mobile app support
❑ Multimedia message support
❑ Location tracking and maps
❑ Better web browsing
❑ TV streaming
❑ High quality 3D games [1].

1.6.2 Disadvantages of 3G systems

Disadvantage of G system is written below

❑ Expensive spectrum licenses

❑ Costly infrastructure, equipment’s and implementation
❑ Higher bandwidth requirements to support higher data rate
❑ Costly mobile devices
❑ Compatibility with older generation 2G system and frequency bands [1].

1.7 Fourth Generation Wireless Technology (4G)

The main concept of 4G is inter-operability between diverse categories of networks, to

provide high speed data transfer rate for example 100 Mbps as the peak data rate for both
the server and the data receiver which are moving at a speed of 60 Kmph. And the data
transfer rate should be a maximum of 1 Gbps when the server and the receiver are
stationary [5]. Comparison of 4G cell phone generation shown in figure 1.3. Currently
deployed mobile networks standards are 4G that have replaced third generation-

7
networks in many countries. In other context, 4G is just an initiative by academics’
research. trouble being deployed, and able to meet its predefined performance and
throughput. Now we can access the internet by using our cell phone with the assistance of
various technologies, like Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, WAP, GPRS, EDGE and Wi-Bro in 3G. But
the users are facing problem when they have to developments labs to cope with the

Figure 1.3. 4G cell phone generation compared [4]

limitations and difficulties of 3G, which is having access the internet through the cell
phone by using any of these described technologies, the user is stuck when they travel to
place where inter-operability in the middle of different networks attains. When using 4G,
the users are able to access the network using any of the previously mentioned
technologies even though travelling from one place to another. The issues that are
considered to be resolved in 4G mobile network are as below:
1. As per high data transfer rates are send and receive through the phone 4G wireless
technology has inserted IP feature in the mobile phone for enhanced security purpose.
2. In fourth generation wireless standard, the users can download at a data rate of 100
Mbps in mobile access and in case of stationary 1Gbps for local access of mobile
network.
3. OFDMA is a new technology introduced in 4G in place of hybrid technology
deployed in 3G with the mixture of IS-95 and CDMA. OFDMA is more efficient than
previous TDMA or CDMA.
4. In OFDMA, data are sent by allocating the channel into a narrow band for better
efficiency which is an outstanding feature of fourth generation wireless system.
5. 4G will define it as Wireless Mobile Broadband Access (WMBA) which is in
processing in IEEE 802.16e. This indicates for the internet availability. To avoid call
interference in case of data download from any website the execution is in

8
 development. An extra ordinary step in 4G wireless technology is that it will propose
downlink data rate as 128 Mbps and uplink data rate 56 Mbps. The condition for the
internet connectivity is the availability of hotspot which is the limitation of the service.
6. In Parallel with Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX),
LTE a wireless system for the broadband access is intended to integrate in 4G mobile
phones. There is difference between WiMAX and LTE. LTE goes for the IP Address
and follows the same TCP / IP idea inherited from computer networking architecture.
It will provide greater security as well as high data transferability, low latency,
capability to regulate the bandwidth. 4G or LTE is also compatible with CDMA
technology so it is able to back n forth the data in between both networks.
7. LTE and IEEE 802.16m are the two major wireless standards going to be
introduced by 3GPP. Earlier one is approved permission for the more process while it
will become a fragment of fourth generation wireless system. IPv6 is permitted by
Version as a 4G wireless standard on June 2009 [5].

1.7.1 Key features of 4G systems

Key feature of 4G system is given below.

❑ Much higher data rates up to 1Gbps

❑ Enhanced security and mobility
❑ Reduced latency for mission critical applications
❑ High definition video streaming and gaming
❑ Voice over LTE network VoLTE (use IP packets for voice)

1.7.2 Disadvantages of 4G system

Disadvantage of 4G system is given below.

❑ Expensive hardware and infrastructure

❑ Costly spectrum (most countries, frequency bands are is too expensive)
❑ High end mobile devices compatible with 4G technology required, which is
costly
❑ Wide deployment and upgrade are time consuming [1].

9
1.8 Fifth Generation Wireless Technology (5G)

Fifth generation or 5G is the next generation of wireless technology standards planned to

deploy around 2020. 5G is to facilitate wireless networks by delivering enhanced
bandwidth, high data transfer rates and lower latency to a billion number of electronic
devices. This is one of the most promoted issues in the world of technology which is
promising to facilitate the access to self-driving vehicles, virtual reality (VR), and the
Internet of Things (IoT). Telecommunication enterprises or regulation bodies for example
3GPP, WiMAX or ITU-R have not finalized any particular specification or official
document for 5G yet.
5G technology is supposed to be the perfection level of wireless communication systems
in mobile wireless technology. Wired communication has now come to be almost obsolete.
At present Cell phones are not only a serving as a communication tool but also being used
for many other purposes. Earlier wireless technologies are facilitating the simplicity of
telephone and data sharing whereas fifth generation is bringing a new level and turning
the life of human as a real mobile life.

1.8.1 Features of 5G

Feature of 5G is given below

❑ 1-10Gbps connections to end points in the field.

❑ Latency of 1ms
❑ 1000x bandwidth per unit area.
❑ 10-100x number of connected devices.
❑ Availability 99.999 percent.
❑ 100 percent coverage.
❑ 90 percent saving in system energy usage [1].

This section concludes by with hindsight at existing wireless systems and also briefing the
upcoming generation of wireless communication technologies in the table below. In the
next years these new technologies have a long approach to travel and exciting and amazing
features are destined to roll out to come [3]. Table 1.1 shows generation of communication.

10
 TABLE 1.1 GENERATION OF COMMUNICATION

Generation Speed Technology Time period Features

AMPS, NMT, During 1G Wireless phones are used for

1G 14.4 Kbps 1970 – 1980
TACS voice only.
2G capabilities are achieved by allowing
9.6/ 14.4 TDMA, multiple users on a single channel via
2G 1990 to 2000
Kbps CDMA multiplexing. During 2G Cellular phones
are used for data also along with voice.
Internet becomes widespread and data
becomes more appropriate. Multimedia
171.2 Kbps services and streaming starts to grow.
2.5G GPRS 2001-2004
20-40 Kbps Cell Phones started to support web
browsing, though limited number of cell
phones have that facility.
Supports multimedia services together
with streaming. Worldwide access and
3.1 Mbps, movability across different types of
CDMA-200
3G 500- 2004-2005 device are made possible such as
UMTS, EDGE
700 Kbps Telephones, PDA’s etc.

14.4 Mbps, Provides higher throughput and speeds to

3.5G 1-3 Mbps HSPA 2006 – 2010 support higher data
Speeds for 4G are further increased to
keep up with data access demand used by
100-300 various services. High definition
Mbps. Now (Read streaming is now supported in 4G. New
WiMax, phones with HD capabilities surface. It
3-5 Mbps more on
4G LTE, gets pretty cool. In 4G, Portability is
100 Mbps Transitioning
Wi-Fi increased further. World-wide roaming is
(Wi- to 4G)
Fi) not a distant dream.

Currently there is no 5G technology

Massive deployed. When this becomes available it
Soon
MIMO, will provide very high speeds to the
5G 1-10 Gbps (probably
Beamforming, consumers. It would also provide efficient
2020)
mm wave use of available bandwidth [5].

1.9 Final thoughts

Wireless technology has been continuously evolving to meet increasing demands and
higher specification requirements. Since the deployment of first-generation mobile
networks, telecommunication industry facing lot of new challenges in terms of
technology, efficient utilization of spectrum and most importantly security to end users.
Future wireless technologies will provide ultra-fast, feature rich and highly secure mobile
networks [1].

11
1.10 Global 5G spectrum update

Around the world, these bands have been allocated or targeted

Figure 1.4. Global 5G spectrum [6-7]

1.10.1 The FCC is driving key spectrum initiatives to enable 5G

Across low-band, mid-band, and high-band including mmWave
1
Low-band Mid-band High-band (e.g. mmWave)

Figure 1.5 5G spectrum [6-7]

1.10.2 Low-band
Broadcast Incentive Public sale

1. A part of the 600 MHz band was fruitfully auctioned that created $19.8 Billion in
profits after assignment phase.
2. 70 MHz of licensed spectrum consisting of 2 different channels and another 14
MHz for unlicensed use.
3. Spectrum availability timing aligns with 5G [6-7].

1.10.3 Mid-band
Residents Broadband Radio Services

1. Initializing a 150 MHz spectrum in 3.5 GHz band with 3-layer sharing with
incumbents, PAL1, GAA2.
2. FCC developed PAL directions in 2017 to create them appropriate for 5G.
3. To effort an LTE-based ecosystem CBRS Alliance was introduced officially.
4. Inquiry on 3.7-4.2 GHz and 5.9-7.1 GHz was notified by FCC. [6-7]

12
1.10.4 High-band
Spectrum Frontiers Ruling in 2016 & Second Ruling in 2017
1. Opening up around 11 GHz in several mm Wave bands.
2. 70% of recently released bands is shared or unlicensed.
3. Consistently agreed. FCC requested for observation on another nominee spectrum
branded for IMT-2020.
4. Considering adding 24.25-24.45, 24.75-25.25 GHz, and 42-42.5 GHz. [6-7]

1.10.5 High-band: Spectrum Frontiers governing for 5G mm Wave bands

Key for more bandwidths are the shared and unlicensed spectrum.
Licensed Spectrum
1. 27.5 GHz – 28.35 GHz
2. 37.6 GHz – 38.6 GHz
3. 38.6 GHz - 40 GHz

Shared and unlicensed spectrum

1. 37 GHz– 37.6 GHz
2. 64 GHz- 71 GHz [6-7].

1.10.6 5G Spectrum in Europe

Concentration on mid-band (3.4 GHz–3.8 GHz) and 26 GHz band (24.25-27.5 GHz) To
go faster 5G rollout in EU, regulatory activities are driven by EC RSC, CEPT, key
European Member States.
❑ Supervisory activities for 3.4-3.8 GHz and 26 GHz are run extremely with auctions
predictable in 2017-2018.
❑ 5G approach for UK was published by the government in March 2017.
❑ Ofcom planned to auction 150 MHz channel in 3.4 GHz–3.6 GHz in 2017-2018
and 110MHz channel in 3.6 GHz – 3.8 GHz in 2018-2019.
❑ For timely 5G organization, Ofcom has introduced a work platform on 26 GHz
band accessibility.
❑ Italian government is expected to auction 700 MHz, 3.6 GHz – 3.8 GHz and 26.5

13
 GHz – 27.5 GHz in 2018.
❑ Ireland government successfully auctioned 350 MHz of frequency spectrum for
5G communication.
❑ Spain government tendered 3.6 GHz-3.8 GHz band permitting to market demands
and operators needs in 2018.
❑ Spain focusing on 26 GHz band. At least 1.4 GHz bandwidth is available for
release in 2018.

Other countries like Austria, Belgium, Switzerland are organizing to free spectrum in
2018-2019-time frame [6-7].

1.11 Antenna Basics

An antenna is a dedicated transducer which transforms radio-frequency (RF) fields into

electrical energy or vice-versa. There are two basic types: the receiving antenna, that
captures RF energy and delivers alternating current to the equipment, and also the
transmitting antenna, that is fed with electrical energy from the equipment and produces
radio-frequency field. In wireless applications, the foremost common variety of antenna
is that the microstrip patch antenna, used for wireless communications. Microstrip patch
antennas are usually sensible solely at microwave frequencies.
1.11.1 Frequency
In normal sense frequency means how frequently occurs a particular event in a particular
period. Basically, frequency refers to the number of occurrences of an event in a definite
time. From the typical definition, “The number of recurrences of a signal over a defined
time period (1 second), is known as frequency. Periodic signal repeats itself after every
‘T’ second called time period. Frequency of periodic signal is nothing but the inverse of
time period (T). Figure 1.6 and 1.7 shows frequency diagram. In engineering terminology,
frequency is used to identify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory occurrences, for example
radio waves, audio signal (sound), mechanical vibrations, and light. The SI (International
System) unit of frequency which is entitled by the German physicist Heinrich Hertz
is hertz (Hz). One hertz denotes that an event or signal repeats once per second.

14
 Figure 1.6. Frequency diagram

Figure 1.7. High frequency and Low frequency diagram

1.11.2 Bandwidth
In communication systems, bandwidth is defined as the capacity of a wired or wireless
communications system link to transmit the maximum amount of data from one point to
another over a computer network or internet connection in a given amount of time,
typically in one second. In case of antenna, bandwidth refers to the range of frequency
over which the antenna can properly radiate or receive energy. Regularly, bandwidth is
one of the most desired determining parameters used to decide upon an antenna. For
instance, many antenna types have very narrow bandwidths and cannot be used for
wideband operation. Figure 1.8 shows bandwidth in diagram.

15
 Figure 1.8. Bandwidth diagram
1.11.3 Input Impedance
The input impedance of an antenna is the ratio of the voltage to the current at the antenna
input terminals. It is an important parameter of an antenna, which expresses the resonance
of the antenna. There are two parts of the input impedance – real and imaginary. The power
that is radiated away or absorbed within the antenna is represented by the real part of the
input impedance. The power that is stored in the near field of the antenna is represented
by the imaginary part of the input impedance which is known as reflected power. A
resonant antenna is a one whose real input impedance and zero imaginary impedance. The
input impedance of an antenna is determined by the length and size of that antenna.
Impedance is denoted by Z which has a real portion, including the antenna's radiation
resistance Rrad and its ohmic losses Rohmic, and a reactive portion X [7].
1.11.4 Impedance Matching
According to the standard definition, “The approximate value of impedance of a
transmitter, when equals the approximate value of the impedance of a receiver, or vice
versa, it is termed as Impedance matching.” In wireless communication, impedance
matching is necessary between the antenna and the circuitry. From the theory maximum
power transfer, when the impedance of the antenna, the transmission line, and the
circuitry match maximum power transfer takes place between the antenna and the
receiver or the transmitter. The process of impedance matching of the antenna with the

16
 circuitry over a range of frequency is referred to as tuning or matching the antenna. The
quality of the match is characterized by VSWR, with Bandwidth referring to the range of
frequency that the antenna impedance is close to 50 Ohms for a given VSWR. A resonant
device is one, which yields better output at certain narrow band of frequencies. Antennas
are such resonant devices whose impedance if matched, delivers a better output.
Necessity of impedance matching given below.
1. The power from the source will be effectively delivered to the feedline, if the feedline
impedance matches the source impedance.
2. The power from the feedline will be effectively delivered to the antenna, if the antenna
impedance matches the feedline impedance.
3. For a receiver antenna, antenna’s output impedance should match with the input
impedance of the receiver amplifier circuit.
4. For a transmitter antenna, antenna’s input impedance should match with transmitter
amplifier’s output impedance, along with the transmission line impedance [9].
1.11.5 Directivity and Gain

The ability of an antenna to radiate energy in a particular direction when transmitting, or

to receive energy better from a particular direction when receiving is called directivity.
And gain is usually defined as the ratio of the power produced by the antenna from a far-
field source on the antenna's beam axis to the power produced by a hypothetical lossless
isotropic antenna, which is equally sensitive to signals from all directions. There is a
relationship between gain and directivity. This relationship is understood by the
phenomena of increased directivity when comparing a light bulb to a spotlight. A 100-
watt spotlight will provide more light in a particular direction than a 100-watt light bulb
and less light in other directions. It can be said the light bulb has less “directivity” than
the spotlight. The spotlight is comparable to an antenna with high directivity. Gain is the
practical value of the directivity. Mathematically gain equals to the multiplication of
directivity and efficiency. The relation between gain and directivity includes a new
parameter (η) which is known as the efficiency of the antenna [8]. Figure 1.9 shows
Directivity and Gain.

17
 Figure 1.9: Directivity and Gain
1.11.6 Radiation Pattern

In the field of antenna design the term radiation pattern (or antenna pattern or far
field pattern) refers to the directional (angular) dependence of the strength of the radio
waves from the antenna. Radiation pattern describes the relative strength of the radiated
field in various directions from the antenna at a constant distance. The radiation pattern is
a “reception pattern” as well, since it also describes the receiving properties of the antenna.
The radiation pattern is three-dimensional, but it is difficult to display the three-
dimensional radiation pattern in a meaningful manner. Figure 1.10 shows radiation pattern.
It is also time-consuming to measure a three-dimensional radiation pattern. Often radiation
patterns measured are a slice of the three-dimensional pattern, resulting in a two-
dimensional radiation pattern which can be displayed easily on a screen or piece of paper.
These pattern measurements are presented in either a rectangular or a polar format [7].

1.11.7 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) is a measure of how efficiently radio-frequency

power is transmitted from a power source, through a transmission line, into a load. In other
words, the ratio of maximum power to minimum power in the wave can be measured and
is called the standing wave ratio (SWR). In term of voltage, the ratio of the reflected
voltage over the incident voltage is called VSWR. The VSWR is always a real and positive

18
 Figure 1.10. Radiation pattern

number for antenna. The smaller the VSWR is, the better the antenna is matched to the
transmission line and the more power is delivered to the antenna. The minimum VSWR is
1. In this case, no power is reflected from the antenna, which is ideal case [7]. Figure 1.11
shows VSWR in figure.

Figure 1.11. VSWR

1.11.8 Return Loss (RL)
An antenna's Return Loss is a figure that indicates the proportion of radio waves arriving
at the antenna input that are rejected as a ratio against those that are accepted. It is
expressed in decibels (dB) relative to a short circuit (100 percent rejection). Return loss
(RL) is another way of expressing mismatch between the antenna and the feedline. It is
algorithmic ratio measured in dB that compares the power reflected by the antenna to the
power that is fed into the antenna from the transmission line. The RL is directly related
with the VSWR. In practice, the most commonly quoted parameter in regards to antennas
are S11. S11 is actually nothing but the return loss (RL). If S11 = 0 dB, then nothing is

19
radiated and all the powers reflected from the antenna. If S11 = -6 dB, this implies that if 3
dB of power is delivered to the antenna, -3 dB is the reflected power. The acceptable
VSWR of less than or equal to 2 corresponds to a RL or S11 of -9.5 dB or lower. In this
thesis RL of -10 dB is taken as acceptable [7].

1.11.9 Polarization

The polarization of an antenna is determined by the electric field of the wave emitted by
the antenna. Specifically, the magnitude and phase of the electric field dictate the antenna's
polarization. If the magnitudes and phases of the electric field components are equal, the
antenna is linearly polarized. If the magnitudes are equal, but the phases differ by 90
degrees, the antenna is circularly polarized.

Figure 1.12 Polarization Linear, Circular, Elliptical [8].

In order for two linearly polarized antennas to communicate with each other, their
projected electric fields must be aligned. A circularly polarized antenna however, can
communicate with any linear antenna regardless of its orientation. Each polarization type
has its advantage; where a circular antenna is orientation insensitive, a linear antenna
radiates higher power because all the power is directed in one direction as opposed to
being split among the two components. Depending on the application, a reader antenna is
either linear or circular, and ideally, the tag antenna should be circularly polarized such
that it can be read from any orientation [8]. Figure 1.12 shoes three type of polarization.

1.12 Microstrip Antenna

A microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate

20
which has a ground plane on the other side as shown in Figure1.13. The patch is generally
made of conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shape. The
radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate. In
order to simplify analysis and performance prediction, the patch is generally square,
rectangular, circular, triangular, and elliptical or some other common shape. For a
rectangular patch, the length (L) of the patch is usually 0.3333λ0<L <0.5λ0, where λ0 is the
free-space wavelength. The patch is selected to be very thin such that t<<λ0 (where tis the
patch thickness). The height h of the dielectric substrate is usually 0.003λ0 ≤ h ≤ 0.05λ0.
The dielectric constant of the substrate (εr) is typically in the range 2.2 ≤ εr≤ 12.

Figure 1.13 Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna [8].

Microstrip patch antennas radiate primarily because of the fringing fields between the
patch edge and the ground plane. For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric
substrate having a low dielectric constant is desirable since this provides better efficiency,
larger bandwidth and better radiation. However, such a configuration leads to a larger
antenna size. In order to design a compact Microstrip patch antenna, higher dielectric
constants must be used which are less efficient and result in narrower bandwidth [8].
1.12.1 Microstrip antenna Feed Techniques
Different type microstrip antenna feed techniques are given below,

1. Microstrip Line Feed

2. Coaxial / Probe Feed
3. Aperture Coupled Feed

21
 4. Proximity Coupled Feed

1.12.2 Microstrip Line Feeding

In this type of feeding a microstrip transmission line is etched directly to the edge of patch
which remains the total structure in same plane. Figure 1.14 shows microstrip feed line.

Figure 1.14 Microstrip Line Feeding [7].

1.12.3 Coaxial or Probe feeding
The inner conductor of coaxial connector is passing through the substrate and is soldered
to the radiating patch, while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. Coaxial
feeding shown in figure 1.15.

Figure 1.15 Coaxial / Probe feeding [7].

1.12.4 Aperture Coupled Feed
In this type of feed, the aperture coupling consists of two substrates separated by a ground
plane. The ground plane is separated the radiating patch and microstrip line which locate

22
at the bottom of lower substrate. The coupling is achieved through an electrically small
aperture or slot cut in the ground plane. Figure 1.16 shows aperture-coupled feed

Figure 1.16 Aperture-Coupled Feed [7].

1.12.5 Proximity Coupled Feed
It's also called Electromagnetically Coupled ECMSA. It’s also consisting of two
substrates. The microstrip feed line is locating between two substrates and the radiating
patch is located in the top of upper substrate.

Figure 1.17 Proximity-Coupled Feed [7].

1.12.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Antenna
Microstrip patch antennas are increasing in popularity for use in wireless applications due
to their low-profile structure. Therefore, they are extremely compatible for embedded
antennas in handheld wireless devices such as cellular phones, pagers etc. The telemetry

23
and communication antennas on missiles need to be thin and conformal and are often
microstrip patch antennas.
Some advantages of the microstrip antenna are given below:

1. Microstrip antennas are lightweight and low volume.

2. They can be fabricated at low cost, hence can be manufactured in large
quantities.
3. They have Low profile planar configuration, which can be easily made
conformal to host surface.
4. Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization
5. Microstrip antennas can be easily integrated with microwave integrated
circuits (MICs).
6. They are Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
7. They mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.
Some disadvantages of the Micro-strip antenna are given below:

1. Microstrip antenna has narrow bandwidth.

2. Their efficiency is low.
3. They are of low gain.
4. They suffer extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions.
5. Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot antennas
6. Their power handling capacity is low.
7. Surface wave excitation

Microstrip patch antennas have a very high antenna quality factor (Q). Q represents the
losses associated with the antenna and a large Q leads to narrow bandwidth and low
efficiency. Q can be reduced by increasing the thickness of the dielectric substrate. an
increasing fraction of the total power delivered by the source goes into a surface wave.
This surface wave contribution can be counted as an unwanted power loss since it
is ultimately scattered at the dielectric bends and causes degradation of characteristics [8].

1.13 Design Tool

In this section properties about design tool is given.

24
1.13.1 CST Microwave Studio

CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS) is a high-quality means for the 3D

electromagnetic simulation of high frequency structures. CST MWS enables the user fast
and precise analysis of high frequency components for example antenna, filters, couplers,
planar and multi-layer structures and SI and EMC effects. The software has both Time
Domain solvers and Frequency Domain solvers. Filters for the import of specific CAD
files and the extraction of SPICE parameters enhance design possibilities and save time.
CST offers accurate, efficient computational solutions for electromagnetic design and
analysis.

1.14 Motivation

From the beginning of the emergence of wireless communication it has become very
popular because of its cost efficiency, flexibility, mobility and many other features. So,
rapid growth in the demand of mobile connection, data rate, and mobile data traffic has
been seen during the last three decades. Again, Internet of Things (IoT) has added a new
extent to these demands. To meet this growing demand, telecommunication industry has
been evolving different generations of standards in almost every decade. 5th generation
(5G) is the consequence of them, which is to meet the demands of connectivity of more
than 100 billion wireless devices, low latency of millisecond level, data rate of 10 Gbps,
internet of things etc. deploying in the early 2020s [10]. One of the key challenges for the
deployment of 5G is the path-loss in high frequency which motivated us to design an
antenna that can cope with this challenge.

1.15 Essence

The industry of telecommunication is evolving rapidly. There is coming a new generation

in almost every 10 years. 5G is the preceding one, which is of utmost interest for the
researchers. The enormous increases in wireless application, technologies are leaped from
Fourth Generation (4G) to Fifth Generation (5G). 5G is the next wireless communication
standards after 4G/IMT- Advanced standards. 5G is coming up with high capability than
present 4G and it will allow a better density for wireless network users, which is aiding

25
device to device ultra-reliability and large machine communication and also Internet of
Things (IoT). As wireless communication is not possible without the employment of
antenna, we need to design antennas having 5G compatibility.
For antenna design, microstrip patch antenna is the most well-liked antenna in nowadays
wireless communication because of its unparalleled characteristics. This antenna type has
smaller size and hence will provide small size end devices. The microstrip based antennas
are easily etched on any PCB. The microstrip patches have various shapes e.g. rectangular,
square, triangular etc. are easily etched. They have lower fabrication cost and hence they
can be mass manufactured. They are capable of supporting multiple frequency bands (dual,
triple). They support dual polarization types linear and circular both. They are light in
weight. The current 4G network is using sub-6-GHz bands for communication. But the
available spectrum resources of these bands can't support the requirements of 5G [10]. So,
we must have to move to the higher frequency bands ranging from 6-300 GHz. As a
consequence, the following bands for 5G wireless communication including the 3.4-3.6
GHz, 5-6 GHz, 24.25-27.5 GHz, 37-40.5 GHz and 66-76 GHz bands [9] and the federal
communication commission has declared 27.5-28.35 GHz for 5G [10]. Several researches
were performed on designing high gain microstrip patch antenna for 5G communication
at 28 GHz [2] and 38 GHz. But some of those antennas do not cover the whole 28 GHz
and 38 GHz bands as declared by FCC while others are not compatible with 5G mobile
phone due to their large size. So, it is of utmost need to design an antenna that will cover
the 28 GHz and 38 GHz band and compatible with 5G smartphone.

26
 Chapter 2
Literature Review

2.1 Overview of “Release 15 on 5G Standards” Update by 3GPP

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) members meet regularly to team up and form
cellular communications standards. Currently 3GPP is defining standards for 5G. The
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has proposed some requirements for 5G
that emphasis on accomplishing three key performance indicators (KPIs) [11]:
❑ >10 Gbps peak data rates for the enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)
❑ >1M/km2 connections for massive machine type communications (MMTC)
❑ <1ms latency for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC)
The table below provides an overview of specific technical requirements laid out as the
2020 minimum requirements.
1TABLE 2.1. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS OF 5G [11].

Metric Requirement Comments

Peak data rate
Peak spectral efficiency
User experienced data rate
Area traffic capacity
User plane latency
Control plane latency
Connection density
Reliability
bandwidth
DL: 20 Gb/s Single eMBB mobile in ideal scenarios
UL: 10 Gb/s assuming all resources utilized
DL: 30 b/s/Hz Single eMBB mobile in ideal scenarios
UL: 15 b/s/Hz assuming all resources utilized
DL: 100 Mb/s 5% CDF of the eMBB user throughput
UL: 50 Mb/s
Indoor hotspot DL: eMBB
10 Mb/s/m2
eMBB: 4 ms Single users for small IP packets for DL and
URLLC: 1 ms UL (eMBB and URLLC)
20 ms (encouraged Transition from idle to active (eMBB and
to consider 10 ms) URLLC)
1 M devices per For mMTC
km2
99.9999% success 32 L2 bytes within 1 ms at cell edge
prob.
>100 MHz; up to 1 Carrier aggregation allowed
GHz in > 6GHz

It is a large responsibility to define an intact new standard for 5G. 3GPP has fragmented
the 5G standardization into two different releases: Release 15, which relates to NR Phase
1, and Release 16, which relates to NR Phase 2. The common components between LTE
and NR, such as both using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are
included in NR Phase 1.

27
However, there are also differences between LTE and NR as summarized in Table 2.2
TABLE 2.2. DEFFERENCES BETWEEN LTE AND NR [11].

LTE NR
Frequency of Up to 6 GHz Up to 6 GHz, ~ 28 GHz, ~ 39 GHz, other
Operation mm Wave bands (Up to 52 GHz)
Carrier Bandwidth Max: 20 MHz Max: 100 MHZ (at < 6 GHz)
Max: 1 GHz (at > 6 GHz)
Carrier Aggregation Up to 32 Up to 16
Analog Beamforming Not Supported Supported
(dynamic)
Digital Beam Up to 8 Layers Up to 12 Layers
forming
Channel Coding Data: Turbo Coding Data: LDPC Coding
Control: Convolutional Control: Polar Coding
Coding
Subcarrier Spacing 15 kHz 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240
kHz
Self-Contained Sub Not Supported Can Be Implemented
frame
Spectrum Occupancy 90% of Channel BW Up to 98% of Channel BW

A huge amount of new hardware must be installed to correctly device the full version of
New Radio (NR). A phased approach has been planned to carry on using current hardware.
There are two versions: a non-standalone (NSA) version which will use the existing LTE
core, and a standalone (SA) version which will use an NR core and it will be totally
liberated of the LTE core network.
Some new terminology has been announced to keep straightforward which devices can
communicate with each other [11]:
❑ LTE eNB—Device that can connect to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) or the
current LTE core network
❑ eLTE eNB—Evolution of the LTE eNB that can connect to the EPC and NextGen
core
❑ gNB —5G New Radio (NR) equivalent of the LTE eNB
❑ NG—Interface between the NextGen core and the gNB
❑ NG2—Control plane interface between core network and RAN (S1-C in LTE)
❑ NG3—User plane interface between the core network and RAN (S1-U in LTE)
Table 2.3 and figure 2.1 presents the operating frequency bands proposed in the RAN4
meeting held in May 2018. It is an important note that band n261 has been added and,
more remarkably, band n259, which was defined in the old versions as 31.8 GHz–33.4

28
GHz Time Division Duplex (TDD), has been removed. This band was originally called
out as a band for study, but CEPT removed it for consideration for 5G in November 2017.

TABLE 2.3. FREQUENCIES OF INTEREST IN SEVERAL LOCATION [11]

Uplink (UL) and Downlink (DL)

Operating band
NR Operating Band BS transmit/receive Duplex Mode
UE transmit/receive
FUL _low-FUL _ high
FDL _ low – FDL _ high
n257 26,500 MHz – 29,500 MHz TDD
n258 24,250 MHz – 27,500 MHz TDD
n260 37,000 MHz – 40,000 MHz TDD
n261 27,500 MHz – 28,350 MHz TDD

Other bands, such as 24.25 GHz–29.5 GHz, are being keenly studied for use in 5G NR. In
Technical Report 38.815 this frequency update is being tracked and actively reported. A
better visual outline of the frequencies of interest in several locations, taken from that
technical report is provided in the following frequency chart.

Figure 2.1. Allocated Frequency bands in different locations [11].

2.2 Paper Review

In this section the works by other researchers that are related to this thesis “Design and
Simulation of a High gain Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication”

29
will be reviewed, which is vital element to successful research to the fifth Generation (5G)
mobile application with the existing antenna. Hence, for the design and simulation of an
antenna with better performance and easy fabrication.
1. Research paper on, “Single Feed Compact Millimeter Wave Antenna for Future
5G Applications.”
In this research, a single-layer compact planar antenna has been proposed for upcoming
5G wireless transmission applications, printed on a low-cost dielectric substrate (RT-
duroid 5880) and resonating at two frequencies- 28 GHz and 38 GHz. The finite element
method (FEM) of Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations and the parametric study
conducted showed the performances as peak gain 8.05dB, bandwidth 921MHz at 28 GHz
band and peak gain 8.28dB, bandwidth 1.0451 GHz at 38 GHz band. In addition,
bandwidths for both resonance frequencies improve significantly by the idea of merging
unwanted narrow bandwidths [12].

2. Research paper on, “Broadband Elliptical Slotted Patch Antenna for 5G

Communications.”
In this paper, an elliptical slotted broadband patch antenna for future 5G communications
is proposed. The size of the proposed antenna 4.2×4.2 mm2 and the height is 0.127 mm.
A rectangular ground with the elliptical slot and T shaped slotted patch is combined with
a 50-ohm microstrip transmission line feeding technique is designed. The designed
antenna covers the whole band from 22 GHz to 48 GHz which consists of three 5G
frequency band, with appropriate gain and also obtained omnidirectional radiation pattern.
The designed antenna array realized a high gain of nearby 18 dBi at 28 GHz and 21 dBi
at 38 GHz. The proposed antenna in this paper can be a good candidate for upcoming 5G
wireless communication [13].
3. Research paper on, “Small Form Factor PIFA Antenna Design at 28 GHz for 5G
Applications.”
This paper presents the design and analysis of lowest form factor planar Inverted-F
Antenna at 28GHz for future 5G Mobile applications. Metallic strips are used for feeding
and shorting of the antenna. The Important features of this antenna are its small footmark
(0.25𝜆𝑔), gain of 4.5dBi, 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 1.55 GHz and radiation
efficiency of 94%. The total size of the PIFA antenna is 0.25𝜆𝑔. PIFA antennas

30
performance greatly depends on ground plane size and its position on the ground plane. It
shows good radiation pattern when placed at the corner or edge. The PIFA antenna is
designed on 0.8mm thick FR-4 substrate. Additional parasitic elements can be added to
improve the bandwidth [14].
4. Research paper on, ‘’Millimeter wave microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile
communication’’
This paper presents a micro strip patch antenna for future 5G-communication technology
at centered frequency 38GHz and 54GHz having bandwidth 1.94GHz and 2GHz
respectively with low cost substrate and small size patch best suited for miniaturized
devices. It consists of Rogers RT5880 (lossy) substrate with dielectric constant 2.2 with
loss tangent of 0.0013 and standard thickness 0.508mm, PEC patch and PEC ground.
Substrate of dimensions 6mm×6.25mm and patch with dimensions 2mm×2mm is used.
Microstrip-line feeding technique is used. Array having 4 elements with 4mm spacing has
been proposed to achieve 12 dB gain for mobile data Applications on millimeter wave
frequencies at 38.6GHz, 47.7GHz and 54.3GHz having bandwidth 3.5GHz, 2.5GHz and
1.3GHz respectively with Tapered line feeding. Overall size of antenna is
6mm×6.25mm×0.578mm. The proposed Antenna design is simulated on CST Microwave
Studio [15].
5. Research paper on, “Design of 28 GHz Switched Beamforming Antenna System
based on 4x4 Butler Matrix for 5G Applications.”
In this research, using microstrip technology a 4x4 Butler matrix beamforming antenna is
proposed and designed for future 5G wireless communication. A substrate having low
dielectric constant is selected. The substrate and its shape are selected in a manner so that
the antenna operates at 28 GHz band. The characteristics of the Butler matrix namely
phase shifter, coupler and crossing are optimized for better performance. The return loss
is around 42 dB and the peak gain is 6.79 dBi at 28 GHz [16].
6. Research paper on, “A Novel 28 GHz Beam Steering Array for 5G Mobile Device
with Metallic Casing Application.”
A novel beam steering antenna array operating at 28 GHz band has been successfully
investigated in this work. The suggested antenna array shows noble performances in
relations with return loss, antenna gain, radiation patterns, and beam steering facility. The

31
proposed antenna array has 16 cavity-backed slot single element antennas that are
employed through the metallic rear casing of the mobile phone, in which two eight-
element phased array antennas are fabricated on the left-side and right-side edges of the
mobile phone. Each eight-element phased array antenna can produce beam steering at
broadside and boresight gain of >15 dBi can be realized. The measured 10 dB-bandwidth
of the planned cavity-backed slot antenna element was nearly 27.5–30 GHz [17].
7. Research paper on, “A SAR Reduced Mm-Wave Beam-Steerable Array Antenna
with Dual-Mode Operation for Fully Metal-Covered 5G Cellular Handsets.”
In this paper, a specific absorption rate (SAR) reduced 28 GHz beam-steering array
antenna with dual-mode operation for a fully metal-covered fifth-generation (5G) cellular
phone is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of two subarrays, each of which has
eight rotated slot antenna elements, which are arranged on the upper frame and on the part
of the back cover of the phone. The subarrays are selected according to the modes by using
a switch. The proposed array demonstrates good reflection coefficients in the frequency
band ranging from 27.2 to 28.2 GHz and the mutual couplings between antenna elements
are less than –11.8 dB. The proposed antenna has good beam-steering properties and a
hemispherical beam coverage. While the input power of each subarray is 24 dBm, the
calculated peak SAR values on the head phantom by the proposed structure, for the beam
scan angles of 0° and 40°, are 0.53 and 0.88 W/kg respectively [18].
8. Research paper on, “Design of Efficient Microstrip Linear Antenna Array for 5G
Communications Systems.”
In this paper an efficient microstrip patch antenna array design for future 5G wireless
communication systems is presented. The antenna array consists of 16 elements of
rectangular patches which are arranged in a linear configuration and operates at 28 GHz
band. Teflon based RT/duroid 5880 substrate which dielectric constant of 2.2 and substrate
thickness of 0.381 mm. In order to reduce the mutual coupling between the adjacent
elements a defected ground structure (DGS) in the form of rectangular slots is engaged.
the results show that the 16-element array has a 10-dB bandwidth greater than 2 GHz and
a peak gain of 17.4 dBi at 28.4 GHz. The proposed antenna array shows good results in
terms of gain, radiation efficiency and bandwidth which satisfy the requirements of
upcoming 5G communications systems [19].

32
 9. Research paper on, “A 28 GHz FR-4 Compatible Phased Array Antenna for 5G
Mobile Phone Applications.”
In this paper, a 28 GHz phased array antenna for future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone
applications has been presented. The proposed antenna can be employed using low cost
FR-4 substrates, while maintaining good performance in terms of gain and efficiency. the
antenna has a good radiation behavior with 5.29 dB realized gain at 28 GHz. In addition,
the radiation and total efficiencies are almost the same at the center frequency. The antenna
is designed and analyzed by using CST software and a prototype has been fabricated for
experimental verification. The presented antenna array with ten elements of slot-loop
resonator could be used in two sets of phased arrays in the top and bottom of the mobile
phone PCB. The proposed antenna has good performance in terms of S-parameter, gain,
efficiency, and beam steering characteristics [20].
10. Research paper on, “Broadband Printed-Dipole Antenna and Its Arrays for 5G
Applications.”
In this letter, a broadband printed-dipole antenna and its arrays for fifth generation (5G)
wireless cellular networks is proposed. To realize a wide frequency, range of operation,
the proposed antenna is fed by an integrated balun, consisting of a folded microstrip line
and a rectangular slot. The printed dipole is angled at 45° for compactness. The single-
element antenna yields an |S11 | <−10-dB bandwidth of 36.2% (26.5–38.2 GHz) and a
gain of 5.8 dBi as peak. A stub is inserted between two printed-dipole antennas and
obtained a low mutual coupling of <−20 dB for a 4.8 mm center-to-center spacing (0.42–
0.61 λ at 26–38 GHz). The usefulness of this antenna is demonstrated as a beamforming
radiator by designing 8-element linear arrays. The array resulted in a wider scanning angle,
a higher gain, and a lower side lobe level in the low-frequency region due to the presence
of the stubs [21].
11. Research paper on, “On the Design of Millimeter-Wave Antennas for 5G.”
This paper addresses the millimeter-wave antenna design aspects of the future 5G wireless
systems. The first design employs a dual-band slotted patch antenna operating at 28 GHz
and 38 GHz. The antenna has circular polarization and a single-feed microstrip line is used
for excitation. The first design is desirable for high-gain antenna array implementation in
the mm-wave band, in order to compensate for the high frequency propagation loss. The

33
second design that is presented, employs a compact planar Inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with
single layer dielectric load of a superstrate to enhance the gain and achieve a wide
impedance bandwidth resulting in high efficiency. The third design that operates in the
mm-wave band is a T-Shaped patch antenna. The proposed antenna supports a wideband
range from (26.5 GHz - 40 GHz). The PET substrate was used as it offers some advantages
such as low cost, high flexibility, harmless to human body and resistive towards
environmental effects. The last mm-wave antenna presented, employs two MIMO arrays
each composed of 2 × 2 antenna elements. The two MIMO array configurations are
spatially orthogonal to each other which results in polarization diversity. The peak gain of
antenna is 8.2dBi at 38.75GHz and the gain is above 4 dBi in the whole range of operation.
The bandwidth of the antennas is 97% and 99% at 27.47 GHz and 28.45 GHz respectively
and the total efficiencies are 88% and 96%, at 27.47 GHz and 28 GHz, respectively. Both
efficiencies of the antenna are unaffected by the presence of the battery, while maximum
and minimum realized gains are 8.8 dBi and 8.25 dBi, at 28 GHz and 28.5 GHz,
respectively. This paper focused on the design of mm-wave antennas for 5G wireless
systems. The objectives and requirements of mm-wave antenna for 5G were reviewed.
Recent advances in mm-wave antenna design were reported and design guidelines were
discussed. In particular, four different design that were reported recently in the literature
have been identified based on their attractive characteristics that support 5G requirements
and application [22].
12. Research paper on, “Design a single Band Microstrip Patch Antenna at 60 GHz
Millimeter Wave for 5G Application.”
In this paper, a single band microstrip patch antenna for 5G wireless application is
presented. This single band antenna consists of new H slot and E slot loaded on the
radiating patch with the 50 ohms microstrip feed line used. The antenna is simulated on a
Rogers RT-5880 dielectric substrate which has relative permittivity of 2.2, loss tangent of
0.0009, and height of 1.6 mm. the antenna is simulated by electromagnetic simulation
software, CST Microwave studio. The simulated antenna shows the return loss of 40.99
dB at 60 GHz. The proposed antenna has a gain of 5.48 dB with the radiation efficiency
of -1.549 dB and total efficiency of -2.423 dB at 60 GHz. The design results show the
center frequency at a 59.93 GHz with bandwidth of 4.028 GHz ranging from 57.981 GHz

34
to 62.009 GHz. The structure of the proposed antenna is simple and low cost. Due to
cutting the H and E slot, enhancement of the impedance bandwidth is obtained [23].
13. Research paper on, “Gain Enhancement of microstrip Grid Array Antenna for 5G
application.”
In this paper a single patch microstrip grid array antenna is presented. The proposed
antenna is designed in rectangular diamond shape with dimension of 34 𝑚𝑚 width and
35 𝑚𝑚 length. Rogers 5880 with a low relative permittivity of 2.2 is used as the substrate
with the thickness of 0.588 mm. The antenna gains increase up to 11.32 dBi compared to
existing silicon dioxide, 2.99 dBi and 10.35 dBi for existing stacked patch antenna arrays.
The reflection coefficient, S11 is -24.08 dB at frequency of 28 GHz. With ease of
fabrication and low-profile, the proposed antenna is potentially being implemented in
future 5G application. The antenna proposed in this paper is a single patch microstrip grid
array antenna for 5G application. The proposed antenna potentially serves as a good option
for 5th Generation Wireless Systems (5G) as it requires a high gain antenna and low-profile
topology [24].
14. Research paper on, “Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G Cellular
Networks Operating at Millimeter Waves.”
A polarization reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna suitable for upcoming fifth
generation (5G) wireless systems operating at millimeter waves is presented in this paper.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch, microstrip transmission line for
feeding, and two independently biased PIN diodes. With the help of altering the states of
the PIN diodes the polarization type is interchanged between left-hand circular
polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). Simulations of the
proposed antenna exhibit that the proposed antenna operates from 27.6 to 28.6 GHz at 10
dB reflection coefficient level. Also, a good axial ratio (less than 3 dB) is also achieved in
both LHCP and RHCP states over the 27.65-28.35 GHz band. The proposed antenna is a
good candidate for 5G mobile application because of its simple structure and ease of
fabrication [25].
15. Research paper on, “Beam Steering Antenna Arrays for 28-GHz Applications.”
This paper proposed a beam steering planar array design to operate at 28 GHz band. A
2×4 patch array antenna is designed with internal impedance transformers and four ports.

35
Phase shifter at each port is used to provide beam steering facility. Also, a 2×3 patch
antenna array is designed to operate at the same frequency band. Better results can be
attained by employing non-uniform amplitude excitations to the ports. In our designs a
good beam scanning can be achieved with fewer phase shifters and ports. Also, with 2×3
patch array antenna complexity, implementation cost and fabrication complexity can be
decreased. These two designs are potential candidate for applications in future 5G
technology [50].
16. Research paper on, “Compact and Low-Cost 3D-Printed Antennas
Metalized using Spray-Coating Technology for 5G Mm-Wave Communication
Systems.”
This paper presents proposals of high gain, efficient and compact 3D-printed antennas
metalized using low-cost EMI/RFI spray-coating technology. The production cost of the
antenna and the complexity of the fabrication procedure are reduced by using EMI/RFI
conductive paint, whereas the antenna is providing suitable performance at 28 GHz band.
Finally, the novel fabrication method is used in this research, offers the proposed antenna
to be a probable candidate for low-cost future 5G mm-wave applications [26].
17. Research paper on, “Directive Antennas for Future 5G Mobile Wireless
Communications”
In this paper, a single directive antenna for the future 5G mobile wireless communications
is proposed. Several gain enhancement techniques including Wilkinson array and series
feed array are presented. Wilkinson array and series fed array obtained a realized gain of
10.58 dB and 10.67 dB respectively. The proposed antenna element consists of elliptical
patch printed on a low permittivity grounded substrate where it is fed by a 50Ω microstrip
line on the backside of a second thin dielectric layer with a higher permittivity through an
elliptical aperture etched in common the ground plane [7].

18. Research paper on, “Stacked Patch Array in LTCC for 28 GHz Antenna-in-
Package Applications.”
In this work, an antenna array is proposed with stacked patches at 28 GHz. The
polarization between the patches is 45-degree. Both the measured bandwidth and radiation
pattern agree well with the simulated results. The impedance bandwidth is increased by
30% when compared with the single-patch antenna. The maximum gain of 15.1 dBi is

36
achieved with the beam-width of 11°. The antenna efficiency is estimated to be 55%. The
proposed antenna array can be combined with various active and passive components for
future communication and radar systems [27].
19. Research paper on, “A Millimeter-Wave Connected Antenna Array for 5G
Applications.”
In this paper, a wide-band novel printed connected antenna array design is proposed at 28
GHz band for high data rate future 5G wireless communications. The design of the antenna
was planar, compact and small to be used for mobile phone applications. Using 4×4 Butler
matrix for 4 switched beam locations it provided peak gain of ranges from 4.29 dBi to
6.68 dBi [28].
20. Research paper on, “Design of Dual-Band Metasurface Antenna.”
In this paper, a metasurface antenna for dual-band operation in 5G wireless systems is
proposed. The metasurface consists of a single-layered square patch array which is excited
by two microstrip feeding slots cut onto the ground. The metasurface patterns is optimized
by using the characteristic mode analysis for the dual-band operation. The modes of
metasurface resonate at 30 GHz, 38 GHz, and 41 GHz. To increase the bandwidth, the
etched slots on the ground are resonant as well. The return loss is good over the frequency
ranges of 23.75-28.8 GHz and 36.22-40.5 GHz with good impedance match. The
simulated gain reaches 8.8-10.17 dBi and 9.46-12.6 dBi over the 28 GHz and 38 GHz
bands, respectively [29].
21. Research paper on, “28 GHz Compact Omnidirectional Circularly Polarized
Antenna for Device-to-Device Communications in the Future 5G Systems.”
In this paper, an antenna design was proposed that attained omnidirectional circularly
polarized radiation pattern in a simple, compact structure operating at 28 GHz band. It was
demonstrated that the experimental results certified the design concepts and were in good
agreement with their simulated results. A comparison of the prototype omnidirectional
circularly polarized antenna to other antenna designs stated in the literature demonstrated.
The proposed OCP antenna is the first one realized at 28 GHz that has a simple and
compact structure, easy fabrication, and covers the proposed 5G 28 GHz band completely.
So, the proposed OCP antenna is a potential nominee for upcoming 5G wireless systems,
specifically for D2D communication applications [30].

37
 22. Research paper on, “Dual-Port 28 GHz Pattern Reconfigurable Quadruple
Parasitic IFA Design for MIMO 5G Mobile Terminal.”
In this research, a pattern reconfigurable Quadruple Parasitic Inverted F Antenna (QPIFA)
for Fifth Generation (5G) MIMO mobile terminal for operating in 28 GHz is presented.
To facilitate the pattern reconfiguration a driven cross patch antenna surrounded by four
parasitic inverted F antenna elements were used. To change the direction of the radiation
beams the IFA parasitic elements and to connect the driven cross patch antenna metal
shorting PIN diodes are used. At port 1 and port 2 four types of combination between the
driven cross patch antenna and the IFA parasitic element produces eight different beam
directions. Maximum realized gain of 9.13 dB, 9.81 dB, 8.65 dB and 7.11dB are achieved
from the four IFA. The proposed MIMO antenna achieved reflection coefficient of less
than 20dB. Besides that, a high isolation between 2 QPIFAs reduces the mutual coupling
which resulted in an Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) of less than 0.01. Along with
its pattern reconfigurable ability and low ECC, the proposed MIMO antenna is deemed
suitable for future 5G mobile terminal application [31].
23. Research paper on, “Improving Gain Performance by Using Air Substrate at 5.8
GHz”
In this paper, a microstrip planar antenna array using air substrate has been proposed,
designed, simulated, optimized and analyzed using CST software. The proposed antenna
with air substrate increases the gain compared to regular substrate such as FR-4 substrate
or RT duroid. The result shows that the gain increases up to 38.21% if using air substrate
compared to FR-4 substrate. Besides that, from the simulation the percentage of efficiency
for FR-4 is only 76 % while for air substrate the efficiency approximately 100%. So, this
structure would be greatly suitable to overcome the lower gain in microstrip patch antenna.
The antenna’s performance in terms of return loss and gain was 35.240 dB, 14.630 dB
respectively [32].
24. Research paper on, “A New 2x4 Array Design of Dual-Band Millimeter-Wave
Antenna for 5G Applications.”
In this work, a 2x4 array for dual-band millimeter wave antenna operating at 28 GHz and
38 GHz has been designed and analyzed. The proposed antenna array consists of 8
elements with 8 ports in 2×4 square configurations. Dual-band characteristic was

38
produced using slotted patch method. The antenna gain is compared between waveguide
and SMA port feed techniques. It shows that the gain of antenna array in case of SMA
port reaches 15.8 dBi at 28 GHz and 13.9 dBi at 38 GHz. There was a slight decrease of
antenna gain with SMA port compared to that of the waveguide feed. All the 8 antenna-
elements shows a very consistent return-loss (S11) characteristics to cover 28 GHz and 38
GHz bands. Also, each element has a very good isolation between each other, which
means the protection between their feeding point is more than 28.692 dB at 28 GHz and
38.779 dB for 38 GHz, which meet the inter-element protection requirements [32].
25. Research paper on, “Slot-Based Connected Antenna Arrays for 5G Mobile
Terminals.”
In this work, an attractive and compact in size array antenna design using the idea of
connected antenna arrays (CAA) is proposed. Compared to conventional ones the CAA
technique provides wideband antenna responses which is very suitable for millimeter
wave applications and provides more compact-size antenna that can be integrated within
mobile phone terminals. In this work a slot based connected antenna array is proposed for
standard size mobile handset terminals which includes a 4G frequency band as well as a
5G millimeter wave band antenna systems. The 4G bands covers the frequency between
1.8-3.1 GHz and the 5G band covers the frequency between 27.2-28.5 GHz [33].
26. Research paper on, “Substrate Integrated Gap Waveguide Circularly Polarized
Slot Antenna.”
In this paper a broadband aperture circularly polarized antenna based on substrate
integrated gap waveguide (SIGW) for 5G millimeter wave applications is proposed. An
inclined aperture is fixed on the metal layer of the SIGW and excitation is provided by
microstrip transmission line of SIGW. Circularly polarized radiation mechanism is
evaluated shortly. The simulated results demonstrate 10 dB-bandwidth from 24.8 to 31.7
GHz and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth from 27.3 to 28.8 GHz [34].
27. Research paper on, “Radiation Performance Analysis of 28 GHz Antennas
Integrated in 5G Mobile Terminal Housing.”
In this research paper, several candidate 28 GHz antenna elements are integrated in a 5G
mobile terminal. The radiation characteristics of the considered 5G antenna elements hurts
from the terminal housing effects. At first the effects of guided waves, superstrates, surface

39
currents, and the mobile user’s hand on 5G millimeter wave mobile phone antennas are
identified and evaluated independently. Using the inverse source technique, the EQCs are
obtained which provide a new perception of assisting 5G mobile phone antenna design in
MHTE. Between measurement and simulation good agreement is obtained of EQCs.
Through the coverage efficiency and the proposed effective beam-scanning efficiency,
terminal housing effects on array and subarray performance are assessed. 5G mobile
phone antenna design requires to take these effects into attention. The effective beam-
scanning efficiency, in common with the coverage efficiency, can be advantageous
performance indicators for 5G beam-scanning mobile phone terminals [35].
28. Research paper on, “Empty Substrate Integrated Waveguide Slot Antenna Array
for 5G Applications.”
Based on a unique structure of Empty Substrate Integrated Waveguide (ESIW) a slot array
antenna is introduced in this research. The designed antenna delivers a low-loss and highly
efficient performance operating at 28 GHz band. It has enhanced the viability of practical
application in mobile phone in a way that is cost-effective and comparatively minor
complexity in the planar design and modelling of antenna and integration in the mobile
phone. The proposed antenna supports a 10 dB-bandwidth of almost 2.9 GHz specifically
from 26.5 GHz to 29.4 GHz. The peak gain achieved at 28 GHz is 11.6 dBi [36].
29. Research paper on, “Compact Beam-Steerable Antenna Array with Two Passive
Parasitic Elements for 5G Mobile Terminals at 28 GHz.”
In this paper, a compact facilitated with beam-steering array antenna for 5G mobile phone
terminals operating at 28 GHz is proposed. Two passive parasitic elements have been
employed, which are excited by short-circuited transmission lines of dissimilar lengths.
The radiation pattern of one active element has been dispersed to several directions by
altering among different short-circuited transmission lines. The array has covered the band
of 28-29 GHz with the scan angle higher than -90o to 90o. Two compact arrays have been
placed on each long edge of the chassis of mobile phone and 360-degree beam steering
facility has been realized. In order to get high gain for the small array the surface currents
on the chassis of a mobile phone terminal have been used. To verify the simulations results
measurements have been carried out. All the measured results have good agreement with
the simulations [37].

40
 30. Research paper on, “A Novel Connected PIFA Array with MIMO Configuration
for 5G Mobile Applications.”
A novel Connected PIFA multiple input multiple output antenna has been demonstrated
in this work for upcoming 5G wireless applications. The antenna is contained of four
MIMO antenna each of which consists of 8-element connected antenna array. Again, each
array is formed with eight connected printed Inverted-F antennas (PIFA). The return loss
graph shows that the antenna operates at 28 GHz 5G band with the bandwidth of around
1 GHz. The peak gain is 12 dBi and the radiation efficiency is 85% [38].
31. Research paper on, “Design of a Tri-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G
Application.”
A triple band microstrip patch antenna for future 5G wireless communication is proposed
in this paper. Rogers RT Duroid-5880 is used as the antenna substrate which have a low
relative permittivity 2.2 and the thickness is 0.25 mm. The planned antenna is designed
and simulated by two different commercial electromagnetic simulation software namely
IE3D and HFSS and both results are compared. the designed antenna provides reflection
coefficient is better than 10 dB at three 5G bands. The peak gain is 6.65 dBi, 7.02 dBi and
5.05 dBi at 24.4 GHz, 28 GHz and 38 GHz respectively [39].
32. Research paper on, “Modified Triple Band Microstrip Patch antenna for Higher
5G bands”
This paper presents the design of a modified triple band microstrip patch antenna operating
at 28 GHz for Higher 5G bands.. The antenna is designed with dimensions of 30x40x1.6
mm on a RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2. The proposed antenna
design resonated at the triple frequencies 28 GHz, 31.45 GHz and 34.6 with -12.5114 dB,
-16.5928 dB, - 15.7107 dB return loss and covers -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 1.37
GHz (27.47-28.84 GHz) at 28 GHz, 0.11 GHz (31.38-31.49 GHz) at 31.45 GHz and 34.6
GHz (33.59- 36.01 GHz), which covers the higher band of 5G mobile application. Further,
the maximum gain of 3.7308 dB and VSWR of 1.6206, which is less than 2 and is
acceptable to have for high frequency antenna with minimum signal loss at 28 GHz to be
used in USA, Korea and Japan [40].
33. Research paper on, “High Gain 4x4 Rectangular Patch Antenna Array at 28 GHz
for Future 5G Applications.”

41
In this research, an antenna array of 16-element patch antennas is planned for upcoming
5G wireless applications. It is designed from a single oblong patch and engaging a shared
feed network that uniformly allocates the power to each element of the array. The proposed
array attains a bandwidth greater than 300 MHz which will allow a high data transmission
rate. The proposed antenna array also achieved a gain around 17 dB which will overcome
the difficulties enforced by the free space propagation losses on millimeter wave system.
These features of the proposed antenna array reveal the good performance at 28 GHz band
so that these features make this array a good candidate for future 5G applications [41].
34. Research paper on, “A Planar Switchable 3-D-Coverage Phased Array Antenna
and Its User Effects for 28-GHz Mobile Terminal Applications”
This paper introduces a planar switchable 3-D-coverage phased array for 28-GHz mobile
terminal applications. In order to realize 3-D-coverage beam scan with a simple planar
array, chassis surface waves are efficiently excited and controlled by three identical slot
subarrays. Three subarrays switch their beams to three distinct regions. Each subarray
works as a phased array to steer the beam within each region. Large coverage efficiency
is achieved. (e.g., 80% of the space sphere has the realized gain of over 8 dBi.) The
proposed antenna covers a bandwidth of over 2 GHz in the band of 28 GHz. User effects
on the switchable array are also studied in both data mode and talk mode (voice) at 28
GHz. In talk mode, good directivity and beam switching can be realized by placing the
switchable array at the top of the chassis (close to the index finger). And the user
shadowing can be significantly reduced by placing it at the bottom of the chassis (close to
the palm). In data mode, the switchable array, mounted at the top, achieves less body loss
and larger coverage than at the bottom. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured.
The array at the top in talk mode is measured with a real human. The measurements align
well with simulations [42].
35. Research paper on, “A Novel 28 GHz Beam Steering Array for 5G Mobile Device
with Metallic Casing Application”
The design of a novel practical 28 GHz beam steering phased array antenna for future fifth
generation mobile device applications is presented in this communication. The proposed
array antenna has 16 cavity-backed slot antenna elements that are implemented via the
metallic back casing of the mobile device, in which two eight-element phased arrays are

42
built on the left- and right-side edges of the mobile device. Each eight-element phased
array can yield beam steering at broadside and gain of >15 dBi can be achieved at
boresight. The measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth of the proposed cavity-backed slot
antenna element was approximately 27.5-30 GHz. In addition, the impacts of user's hand
effects are also investigated [17].
36. Research paper on, “Compact Quad-Mode Planar Phased Array with Wideband
for 5G Mobile Terminals”
In this paper, a quad-mode end fire planar phased antenna array with wide scan angle and
1.2 mm clearance is proposed for 5G mobile terminals. The proposed antenna can obtain
over 8 GHz of impedance bandwidth. In this paper, it is suggested to efficiently combine
a multimode array element with different radiation patterns for each mode into a phased
antenna array. In the array, similar and wide embedded radiation patterns are obtained for
the all four modes. Furthermore, a coaxial to differential stripline transition is designed in
this paper. The differential feeding structure is very compact and utilizes only MMPX
connector and vias. The total scan pattern and coverage efficiency of the measured and
simulated phased array antenna are calculated in the range from 25 to 33 GHz, and good
agreement between measured and simulated results is observed. The mean coverage
efficiency along the frequency range is very similar, but minor difference in variance of
coverage efficiency is observed in the measurements. The coverage efficiency of around
50% for the threshold gain of 5 dBi is achieved in the chosen frequency range [43].
37. Research paper on, “Empty Substrate Integrated Waveguide Slot Antenna Array
for 5G Applications”
The proposed antenna offers the advantages of reduced weight and fabrication cost as well
as facilitates relatively easier integration with planar electronic components as compared
to conventional slotted waveguide antenna arrays. A high gain and low losses are major
considerations which can be achieved by the proposed design when compared to the
substrate integrated waveguide slot antenna array. The proposed antenna geometry
suggests an operating bandwidth of 10.4% (i.e. 26.5-29.4 GHz) suitable to fulfil 5G
demands with high gain performance of 11.6 dBi at 28GHz [36].
38. Research paper on, “Design of 28/38 GHz Dual-Band Triangular-Shaped Slot
Microstrip Antenna Array for 5G Applications.”

43
In this paper, dual band single element, two elements, four elements and six elements array
antennas are proposed. The results show that the designed 5G antenna array has dual-band
response at 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands. The simulated gain of single element antenna is
5.75 dBi and 7.23 dBi at 28 GHz and 38 GHz respectively. The highest gain is obtained
for six elements array. The gain of 7.47 dBi and 12.1 dBi are obtained. Thus, the addition
of radiating elements (array) of the antenna affects to the gain of antenna. [44].
39. Research paper on, “28/38-GHz dual-band millimeter wave SIW array antenna
with EBG structures for 5G applications”
The design of linearly polarized dual-band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)
antenna/array operating at Ka-band is proposed. The single antenna element consists of a
SIW cavity with two longitudinal slots engraved in one of the conducting planes. The
longer and shorter slots are resonating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively. Only the
simulated results are presented. All simulations have been carried out using industry-
standard software, CST Microwave Studio. For single antenna element, an impedance
bandwidth (S 11 <; -10 dB) of 0.45 GHz (1.60 %) and 2.20 GHz (5.8 %) is achieved with
the maximum gain of 5.2 dBi and 5.9 dBi at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively. To achieve
high gain, a horizontally polarized linear array of four elements (1 × 4) is designed. For
the antenna array, a microstrip lines feed network is designed using 3-dB wilkinson power
divider. At 28 GHz and 38 GHz, the impedance bandwidth is 0.32 GHz (1.14 %) and 1.9
GHz (5%) having maximum gain of 11.9 dBi and 11.2 dBi, respectively. A low loss/cost
substrate, RT/Duroid 5880 is used in the proposed designs [45].
40. Research paper on, “mmWave Novel Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna
Design for 5G Communication”
This paper presents a novel mmWave multiband patch antenna design for 5G
communication. The 5G mmWave antenna resonates at band of 37 GHz and 54 GHz with
maximum bandwidth of 5.5 GHz and 8.67 GHz respectively. The 5G mmWave multiband
antenna is designed using microstrip technology with features light weight, low cost, low
profile, high gain and efficiency. The 5G antenna is designed using simulation software
CST MWS. It has small form factor of 7.2×5.0×0.787 mm3. The 5G multiband antenna
has sufficient realized gain of 5 dBi and 6 dBi respectively. It can be easily integrated in
smart devices and used for 5G communication [46].

44
 41. Research paper on, “Millimeter wave microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile
communication”
This paper presents a micro strip patch antenna for future 5G-communication technology
at centered frequency 38GHz and 54GHz having bandwidth 1.94GHz and 2GHz
respectively with low cost substrate and small size patch best suited for miniaturized
devices. It consists of Rogers RT5880 (lossy) substrate with dielectric constant 2.2 with
loss tangent of 0.0013 and standard thickness 0.508mm, PEC patch and PEC ground.
Substrate of dimensions 6mm×6.25mm and patch with dimensions 2mm×2mm is used.
Microstrip-line feeding technique is used. Array having 4 elements with 4mm spacing has
been proposed to achieve 12 dB gain for mobile data Applications on millimeter wave
frequencies at 38.6GHz, 47.7GHz and 54.3GHz having bandwidth 3.5GHz, 2.5GHz and
1.3GHz respectively with Tapered line feeding. Overall size of antenna is
6mm×6.25mm×0.578mm [47].
42. Research paper on, “Dual-band Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for 5G Mobile
Communications”
This paper presents the design of an 8-element microstrip patch antenna (MPA) array for
dual-band 5G communications. The proposed antenna array is compact with size of
16×16mm2 at 28 and 38 GHz, respectively. The dual-band response is achieved by etching
an inverted U-shaped slot from the main radiator. It is observed from the results that the
proposed array is able to provide resonance for desired frequency bands. Furthermore, the
proposed antenna array exhibits omni-directional radiations and offer an acceptable gain
for both frequency bands [48].
2.3 Summary

Several researches were done on designing microstrip patch antenna for 5G

communication at millimeter wave bands including 28 GHz ,38 GHz and others. From the
current researches it is clear that among the millimeter wave bands 28 GHz and 38 GHz
band is the most potential and important candidate for 5G wireless communication as
many researches have been performed encompassing this band of frequency. Again, the
most challenging job in deploying 5G is to design antenna having high gain to overcome
severe path-loss, enough miniature to be able to integrate in mobile phone, efficient and
easier to fabricate as well.

45
2.4 Objectives
❑ To design and simulate single element microstrip patch antenna for 28 GHz and 38
GHz.
❑ To Design Antennas for 28 GHz and 38 GHz on Four Specific dielectric elements and
Detect One best antenna based on different results parameters.
❑ To Design Antennas for 28 GHz and 38 GHz on Different heights of detected dielectric
elements and Detect one best antenna based on different result parameters.
❑ To Design Antennas for 28GHz and 38 GHz on Two Distinct Feeding technique of
Detected Dielectric elements and Height Then Finally Detect one best antenna.
❑ To design and simulate 2×2 array antenna with the designed single element antenna
for 28 GHz and 38 GHz of Detected Dielectric elements, Height and Feeding
technique.
❑ To optimize the array antenna for better results.
❑ To compare with the existing 28 and 38 GHz array antennas with existing antenna.

46
 Chapter 3
Methodology

3.1 Methodology

Methodology is the organized, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of

study. It includes the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and doctrines related with
a branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as standard, theoretical
model, phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques for a research [51]. Methodology
can be said a set of practices or methods. This term may be used to refer to practices which
are widely used across an industry or scientific discipline, the techniques used in a
particular research study. However, a methodology does not set out to afford solutions—
it is thus, not the same as a method. Instead, a methodology deals with the theoretical
reinforcement for understanding which method or set of methods can be realistic to a
specific case.

3.2 Research Design

The framework that has been fashioned to find solutions to the research questions is
defined as research design. The design of a research work outlines the research resources
such as research question, dependent and independent variables, experimental design, and
where applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan.
Research Design for this research:
❑ Study on evolution towards 5G.
❑ Study on antenna requirements for 5G.
❑ Select 5G millimeter wave band.
❑ Study literature on microstrip antenna and existing 5G antennas.
❑ Study procedure of microstrip antenna design.
❑ Study antenna design procedure in CST Microwave Studio.
❑ Calculate necessary parameters to design antenna.
❑ Find out best substrate material
❑ Find out best substrate height

47
 ❑ Find out best feeding technique
❑ Implement the procedure.

3.3 Pilot Study

A pilot study, pilot project, pilot test, or pilot experiment is a small-scale introductory
study conducted in order to estimate the feasibility, time, cost, hostile events, and improve
upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research work. It is conducted
before the projected study. Pilot studies are usually executed as planned for the intended
study. Though a pilot study cannot exclude all systematic errors or unexpected problems,
but it lessens so many errors which waste time and effort during the original research
study.
Importance of Pilot study:
❑ To test the research process and/or protocol.
❑ To categorize variables of concern and elect how to functionalize each one.
❑ To develop or examine the effectiveness of research instruments and protocols
❑ To evaluate statistical parameters for later investigations.
3.4 Software

Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) is a powerful tool for
the 3D electromagnetic simulation of high frequency components. CST MWS allows the
fast and precise analysis of high frequency (HF) devices such as filters, couplers, antennas,
single and multi-layer structures and SI and EMC effects.
CST MWS offers unparalleled performance, making it first choice in technology leading
research & development departments. Exceptionally user friendly, CST MWS quickly
gives the user an insight into the EM behavior of high frequency designs [36].

3.5 Design procedure

Step 1: Firstly, two single elements rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is
designed to operate in 28 GHz and 38 GHz band, based on the basic equations of designing
MPA which is called equation-based antenna.
Step 2: Secondly, different substrate material is used to find out best one based on 5G
requirement.

48
Step 4: Now using different feeding techniques to find best one based on 5G requirement.
Step 5: best substrate material, best substrate height and best feeding technique used to
design 28 GHz and 38 GHz antenna.
Step 6: Save the structure and simulate the developed antenna.
Step 7: Save the result if antenna meet criteria.
Step 8: Optimize the developed Microstrip patch antenna for better performance.
Step 9: design 2×2 planar antenna array to increase the gain and directivity.
Step 10: Save the structure and simulate the developed antenna array.
Step 11: Save the result if antenna meet criteria.
Step 12: Optimize the developed antenna array for better performance.
Step 13: Save the result if antenna meet criteria.
Step 14: Compare the result with existing antennas.
Flow Diagram of the Research work shown in figure 3.1.
3.5.1 Antenna Substrates
The first step of designing antenna is to select a proper dielectric substrate of appropriate
thickness (h). Dielectrics are used to improve electrical and mechanical stability. They are
used to reduce the size of the antenna and help to produce displacement current which in
turns produces time varying Magnetic Field (by Ampere's Law). This time varying
Magnetic Field can in turn produce time varying Electric Field (by Faraday's law) and a
propagating electromagnetic field is created. In this way a substrate can enhance the
radiation capability of the antenna.
Some common dielectric substrates are listed in table 3.1 with their properties.

TABLE 3.1: LIST OF SUBSTRATES

Dielectric Name Dielectric constant

FR4 4.4
RT Duroid-6002 2.94
RO4730 3
Rogers RO 3200 3.02
Rogers RT Duroid-5880 2.2
Rogers RT Duroid-5870 2.33
Foam 1
TLC-32 4.3

49
Figure 3.1 Flow Diagram of the Research work

50
The dielectric constants of the substrates of the table above are comparatively high, which
indicate high loss for designing high gain antenna. Firstly, we take randomly a substrate
material namely as rogers RT-5880 which has dielectric constant close to 2.2 and this
substrate material is mostly used for designing MPA design. Then the material of
microstrip line and ground should be selected. In this case we have three choice- Copper,
Silver or Gold. Silver has higher conductivity than the others. But copper is much harder
and cheaper in cost than the other two. So copper is used normally.
3.5.2 Antenna Design by Equation
This antenna design methodology part is divided into several sections. First of all,
designing the antenna radiating patch, this episode is basically containing with calculating
the length and width of the patch. The sub-parameter that required to design this antenna
radiating patch are the dielectric constant of the substrate (𝜀𝑟), height of the substrate (Hs)
and the resonance frequency of the antenna [52]. Secondly, the feeding technique has been
designed. There are basically two feeding technique used to design this antenna, the first
one is inset fed and the second one is quarter wave transformer feeding technique. Finally,
the quarter wave transformer feeding technique have selected as the feeding technique.
3.5.3 Radiating patch
1. Width design is important for good radiator design and to get desire resonance
frequency of operation. So, width can calculate by using below equation (1).

𝑐 2
𝑤= √∈ − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)
2𝑓𝑟 𝑟 +1

Where,

c is the velocity of light in free space.

fr is the resonant frequency of operation.

∈𝑟 is the dielectric constant of substrate.

2. For determine the actual length L, two parameters such as effective dielectric constant
and extension of length have to be calculated. Firstly, the effective dielectric constant is

calculated using below equation (2).

51
 ∈𝑟 + 1 ∈𝑟 − 1 10𝐻𝑠
∈𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + (1 + ) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
2 2 𝑤
Where,
Hs is the height of substrate.
w is the width of the patch
3. Secondly, extension of length is determining is using below equation (3).

𝑐(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3)(𝑊𝐻𝑠 + 0.264)

𝛥𝐿 = 0.412 ℎ − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(3)
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 0.258)(𝑊𝐻𝑠 + 0.8)

4. Finally, the actual length L is determining by below equation (4).

𝑐
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓= − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(4)
2𝑓𝑟 √∈𝑒𝑓𝑓

3.5.4 Feed-line
1. Microstrip inset feed is the essentially feeding inset the radiating patch for proper
impedance matching. Figure 3.2 shows inset feed line design. For calculating the inset feed
location is calculating below equation (5).

𝐿 𝑍𝑜
𝑥𝑜 = cos − 1√ − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(5)
𝜋 𝑍1

Where,
Zo=50 Ω is the transmission line impedance.

Z1 is the characteristic impedance.

The characteristic impedance Z1 is calculating by below equation (6).

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = √𝑍𝑜 ∗ 𝑍1 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(6)

Where,

Zin is the input impedance that can be provided by the calculator in [49] Also, there are
two more parameters in the inset feed which are feed width wf and length Lf. The formula
(7) and (8) for calculating those parameters is given below.
2𝐻𝑠 εr−1 0.61
Wf= { 𝐵 − 1 − ln(2𝐵 − 1)+ 2εr [ln(𝐵 − 1) + 0.39 − ( )]} − − − − − − − − (7)
𝜋 εr

52
Lf=3.96*Wf− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − (8)
Where,
377𝜋
𝐵= − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − (9)
2𝑍𝑜√∈𝑟

Figure 3.2. Inset feed line design

2. Quarter wave transformer feeding technique is mainly used when impedance match
becomes a difficult matter. Figure 3.3 shows quarter wave transformer feed line. In this
case, a feed line connected with center of width of the radiating patch where both need to
have the same impedance. Finally, another feedline of different width is attached to the
first feedline so that the impedance can match with 50ohm transmission line.
Here, the width of first feedline part Wf1 and last feedline part can be calculated by using
the following formula:
377
𝑊𝑓1 = 𝑊𝑓2 = ( − 2) ∗ 𝐻𝑠 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(9)
𝑍𝑜√∈𝑟
Where,
∈𝑟 = Dielectric constant of the substrate element

Zo= impedance of the feed line

Finally, it is possible to perfectly design an MPA with the above nine formulas which would
well support the 5G requirements. After that antenna will design on CST microwave studio

using those calculated antenna parameters.

53
 Figure 3.3. Quarter wave transformer feed line

3.6 Antenna geometry and designed parameters

According to the above description, work has been done on three antenna design
parameters for specifying the antenna design such are: substrate elements, substrate height,
feeding technique. The following section shows the geometry of the antenna designed on
each parameter.
3.6.1 Antennas designed on different substrates
The first parameter is antenna substrate elements from three design parameters that are used
for antenna design specification. Here four separate substrate elements are used to design
four separate antennas and subsequently finalized the foam substrate elements after
reviewing the antenna result parameters.

In the following table 3.2 and 3.3, the antenna design parameters are calculated by using
the equations that are given in the antenna methodology part for 28GHz and 38GHz
respectively. The noticeable thing that for all substrate elements, the substrate height Hs
and the feeding technique were taken as Hs=0.5mm and inset feeding technique
respectively. These two parameters may change later based on analysis.

54
 TABLE-3.2 Antenna Design parameter at 28 GHz (different substrate)

Substrate Patch Patch Inset Feed Feed

name length width feed width length
location
Lp Wp Wf Lf
Xo
mm Mm mm mm
mm
Foam 4.69 4.43 1.17 0.45 3.59
Rogers 3.18 4.30 0.73 0.48 2.42
RT-5880
TLC-3.2 2.69 3.66 0.80 0.40 2.66
FR-4 2.31 3.39 0.7 0.35 2.84

TABLE-3.3 Antenna Design parameter at 38GHz (different substrate)

Substrate Patch Patch Inset Feed Feed

name length width feed width length
location
Lp Wp Wf Lf
Xo
mm mm mm mm
mm
Foam 3.34 3.63 0.76 0.54 2.33
Rogers 2.81 2.37 0.70 0.40 2.31
RT-5880
TLC-3.2 1.87 2.89 0.45 0.32 1.57
FR-4 1.63 2.39 0.44 0.25 1.69

3.6.2 Antenna designed on different substrate height

It was reported on previous section that after observing the antenna result on result analysis
section, the foam material was selected as the final substrate element. Later, the second
parameter of antenna design specification was that worked on two height Hs=0.5mm and
Hs=0.31mm of Foam material at 28GHz and 38GHz. Finally, by observing the antenna
result parameters for each substrate height as before, the substrate height Hs=0.5mm is
selected for antenna design specification for both frequency of operation which are 28GHz
and 38GHz. In the following table 3.4 and 3.5, the antenna parameters are calculated by
using the equation that are given in the antenna methodology part for 28 GHz and 38GHz
respectively. Here inset feeding technique is used in designing antenna for both substrate
heights.

55
 TABLE-3.4 Antenna Design parameter at 28 GHz (different substrate height)

Substrate Patch Patch Inset Feed Feed

Height length width feed width length
location
Lp Wp Wf Lf
Xo
Mm mm mm mm
mm

Hs=0.5mm 4.69 4.43 1.17 0.45 3.59

Hs=0.31mm 4.78 5.50 1.15 0.50 3.76

TABLE-3.5 Antenna Design parameter at 38GHz (different substrate height)

Substrate Patch Patch Inset Feed Feed

Height length width feed width length
location
Lp Wp Wf Lf
Xo
Mm mm mm mm
mm

Hs=0.5mm 3.34 3.63 0.76 0.54 2.33

Hs=0.31mm 3.34 4.33 0.66 0.45 1.98

3.6.3 Antenna design on different feeding technique

Previously two antenna design parameters namely as substrate element and substrate height
were selected by analyzing the antenna result parameters. Later, antenna design is done on
two feeding techniques with previously selected two antenna design parameters and
subsequently the quarter wave transformer feeding technique is selected by observing the
antenna result parameters.

In this part, the geometry of the antenna designing is discussed by inset feeding. The
following Table-3.6 contains the inset feed and the required parameters which are
calculated by using the equation (5-8) for antenna designing at both frequency of operation.

In the following table VI, the width of first part of feed line Wf1 and width of the second
part of the feed line Wf2 are calculated by using equation (9) for the both frequency of
operation 28GHz and 38GHz respectively.

56
 TABLE 3.6 Antenna Design parameter (different feeding technique)

Frequency Patch Patch Inset Feed Feed

of operation length width feed width length
location
Lp Wp Wf Lf
Xo
mm mm mm mm
mm
28 GHz 4.69 4.43 1.17 0.45 3.59
38 GHz 3.34 3.63 0.76 0.54 2.33

So now three parameters are specified for antenna and there are respectively foam as
substrate material, substrate height Hs= mm, Quarter wave transformer feeding technique
as feeding technique. Finally, the front view of designed antenna with three parameters is
shown in figure 3.4 and the side view is shown in figure 3.5.and table 3.7

TABLE 3.7 Antenna Design parameter (Final)

Frequency of Patch Patch First part of 2nd part of

operation length width the feedline the feedline

Lp Wp Wf1 Wf2

mm mm mm mm

28 GHz 4.69 4.43 0.19 0.54

38 GHz 3.34 3.63 0.20 0.48

Figure 3.4. Front view of the antenna

57
 Figure 3.5. Side view of the antenna
3.6.4 Antenna Array Design
A set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit
or receive electromagnetic waves is referred to as an antenna array or array antenna. The
single antennas which are called elements are usually connected to a single receiver or
transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a particular phase
relationship. When used for transmitting the electromagnetic waves radiated by each
individual antenna combine and superimpose, adding together or interfering
constructively to increase the radiated power in the preferred directions, and cancelling or
interfering destructively to diminish the radiated power in other directions. In the same
way, when used for receiving, the separate electromagnetic waves from the individual
antennas combine in the receiver with the desired phase relationship to increase signal
power received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions.
Consequently, an antenna array can attain higher gain (directivity), that means a narrower
beam of electromagnetic waves, than could be attained by a single element. In common,
the larger the number of antenna elements used in an array, the higher the gain and the
narrower the beam. As this research is concerned to design high gain antenna, a 2×2 array
antenna is designed to achieve the goal of the research.
The spacing between two patches is very important parameter for array antenna design
because it decides the overall antenna gain. The antenna array gives maximum gain when
the patches are separated by 2λ but it increases the array size considerably [3]. The
standard value of patch spacing normally lies between 0.6 λ to 0.9 λ [15]. A special care
is needed to avoid spurious radiations of the feed which otherwise increase side lobe levels
and cross polarization which in turn results in low antenna gain. In the proposed design,

58
the impedance of single patch antenna is chosen to 100Ω (in place of 50Ω) because two
100 Ω feed lines joined in a common point will result in a total of 50Ω. Further, these two
common points are to be connected with another point which should have 50Ω impedance.
So, two quarter wave transformers for two common points are used to transform the 50Ω
impedance into 100Ω. These two 100Ω feed lines meet at a point and gives resultant 50Ω
impedance. Then a co-axial feed is used to connect SMA connector at 38 GHz and wave
guide port for 28 GHz. Table 3.8 and 3.9 shows antenna array parameter for both
frequency
TABLE 3.8: 28 GHZ ANTENNA ARRAY PARAMETERS

Parameter name value

Patch spacing in X direction 5.35 mm

Patch spacing in Y direction 5.35 mm

TABLE 3.9: 38 GHZ ANTENNA ARRAY PARAMETERS

Parameter name value

Patch spacing in X direction 5.20 mm

Patch spacing in Y direction 5.20 mm

3.6.5 Optimization of 2×2 Antenna Array

Once an element is added or formed antenna array, the operating frequency is shifted. So,
optimization is needed for both the antenna operation at desired frequency and for the
enhancement of gain. “Trust Region Framework” is used to optimize the structure again
for both the purposes. Figure 3.6 and 3.7 shows front view of antenna for both frequency
and table 3.10 and 3.11 shows optimized antenna array parameter for both frequencies.

59
 Figure 3.6. 28 GHz 2×2 Array Antenna

Figure 3.7. 38 GHz 2×2 Array Antenna

TABLE 3.10 OPTIMIZED 28 GHZ ANTENNA ARRAY PARAMETERS

Parameter name value

Patch spacing in X 4.99
direction mm
Patch spacing in Y 4.99
direction mm

TABLE 3.11 OPTIMIZED 38 GHZ ANTENNA ARRAY PARAMETERS

Parameter name value

Patch spacing in X 4.61
direction mm
Patch spacing in Y 4.45
direction mm

60
 Chapter 4
Simulations and Results’ Analysis

In this chapter, the results that are obtained after performing simulation of the designed
antenna are presented and analyzed.

4.1 Simulation Results of Single Element Antenna

The result analysis and discussion that is shown in this section is mainly demonstrated on
three antenna design parameters and this section is organized by three parts. This analysis
was performed by monitoring seven result parameters. The final antenna design parameters
are selected by observing antenna result parameters and the final antenna designed with
those design parameters.

4.1.1 Result analysis on different substrate elements

As the sub-parameters of this antenna design parameter, antenna is mainly designed four
substrate elements that are foam material, roger RT-5880, Taconic TLC-3.2, FR-4. In the
following Table-V, by observing the results of antenna designed with the substrate
elements described above, the bandwidth increases when substrate selection moves from
Foam to FR-4 and FR-4 covered the larger bandwidth measuring 1.88GHz at 28GHz and
3.6GHz at 38GHz. It is also noteworthy that the antenna size decreases as the antenna
substrate selection moves from Foam to FR-4 and VSWR, S11 parameter value did not
significantly change with the substrate elements variation. On the contrary, it is observed
that antenna efficiency, Directivity, Gain were Decreasing significantly with antenna
substrate selection moving from Foam to FR-4. A comparative view of the bandwidth and
S11 parameter at 28GHz for different substrate elements is shown in fig.4. Also,
comparative views of VSWR and antenna efficiency at 28GHz for different substrate
elements are shown in fig. 5 and Fig. 6. Due to insufficient space result parameters views
for 38GHz could not show. bandwidth increases when substrate selection moves from
Foam to FR-4 and FR-4 covered the larger bandwidth measuring 1.88GHz at 28GHz and
3.6GHz at 38GHz. It is also noteworthy that the antenna size decreases as the antenna
substrate selection moves from Foam to FR-4 and VSWR, S11 parameter value did not
significantly change with the substrate elements variation. On the contrary, it is observed

61
that antenna efficiency, Directivity, Gain were Decreasing significantly with antenna
substrate selection moving from Foam to FR-4. Comparative views of the bandwidth and
S11 parameter at 28GHz and 38 GHz for different substrate elements is shown in fig.4.1
and fig.4.2. Also, comparative views of antenna efficiency, VSWR and directivity at 28
GHz and 38 GHz for different substrate elements are shown in fig. 4.3 ,4.4, Fig. 4.5,4.6

And 4.7,4.8.

Figure 4.1. A comparative view of the bandwidth and S11 parameter for different substrate elements at
28GHz

Figure 4.2 A comparative view of the bandwidth and S11 parameter for different substrate elements at
38GHz

62
The result parameters of the three antenna design parameters including those sub-
parameters is shown in Table V for 28GHz and 38GHz respectively. Also, the directivity
and efficiency of the designed antenna using Foam as substrate is 10.2 dBi and 98.60%
respectively at 28GHz and 10dBi and 97.4% at 38GHz. From the 5G requirement, it can
be seen that in the future small cell design requires high directivity antenna and antenna
designed using Foam material produce higher gain than the other three substrates. Also,
noticeable that the antenna designed with foam material is about 99% efficiency and due
to this high efficiency, the antenna work at optimum level. Due to the high efficiency, 5G
components using this antenna will consume less battery power.

Figure 4.3. A comparative view antenna efficiency for different substrate elements at 28GHz

63
Figure 4.4 A comparative view antenna efficiency for different substrate elements at 38GHz

Figure 4.5. A comparative view VSWR for different substrate elements at 28GHz

64
Figure 4.6. A comparative view VSWR for different substrate elements at 38GH

Figure 4.7. Directivity plot for Various Dielectric Elements for 28 GHz

Figure 4.8. Directivity plot for Various Dielectric Elements for 38 GHz

65
Finally, it can be said that the antenna designed by the foam material covers the 5G
requirements better than the other three substrate materials. Therefore, Foam is selected
as the substrate material for designing the final antenna at both frequency of operation.
4.1.2 Result analysis on Different substrate heights
From the above observation, foam material is selected as the substrate material for the final
antenna design. After that antennas are designed using different heights of the foam
material and the analysis of the result parameters of these antennas are shown below.
In the following Table-4.1, by observing the results of antenna designed with the substrate
heights which are Hs=0.5mm and Hs=0.31mm, the directivity increases when substrate
heights selection moves from Hs=0.5mm to Hs=0.31mm and antenna using Hs=0.31 mm
covered higher directivity which are 10.6 dBi at 28GHz and 10.1dBi at 38GHz. On the
contrary, it is observed that antenna efficiency, return loss s11, bandwidth, were
Decreasing significantly with antenna substrate heights selection moving from Hs=0.5 to
Hs=0.31mm. It is also noteworthy that Size of the antenna is increases with variation of
substrate heights from Hs=0.5mm to Hs=0.31mm.

Finally, it can be said that the antenna designed by the foam material having substrate
heights Hs=0.5mm covers the 5G requirements better than the other one foam substrate
height. Therefore, substrate height of foam Hs=0.5mm is selected as the substrate height
for designing the final antenna at both frequency of operation.
4.1.3 Result analysis on different feeding technique
After selecting the two antenna design parameters through the above discussion, the
antenna design is done two different feeding technique with those two parameters. In the
following section, the analysis of the result parameters of these antennas are shown below.

In the following Table-4.1, by observing the results parameters, the directivity and
efficiency is increased from 10dBi to 10.2dBi and 98.60% to 99.99% at 38GHz as the
feeding technique selection moves to inset feed to quarter wave transformer feeding
technique. Also, the efficiency is increased from 97.4% to 99.99% at 28 GHz. Moreover,
not showed much more variation, by using quarter wave transformer feeding technique
antenna produced greater directivity and efficiency than the antenna having inset feeding

66
technique. It is known to all that higher directive antenna and larger efficient antenna
require for future small cell. So, in this regard, quarter wave transformer feeding technique
is selected as the feeding technique for designing the final antenna at the both frequency

TABLE-4.1 A comparative view of result parameters of the three antenna design parameters
including those sub-parameters

Antenna Directivity(dBi) VSWR S11 Gain Bandwidth Size(mm2) Efficiency

design at 28GHz, (dB) (dB)
at at 28GHz, at 28GHz, at 28GHz,
38GHz
28GHz, at at 38GHz 38GHz 38GHz
38GHz 28GHz 28GHz
,38GHz ,38GHz

Standard 7-10 1>==<2 <=- 6-9 As per As per Above

[14] 10dB needed needed 70%

Foam 10.2, 10 1.004, -53.72, 10.1, 1.20, 2.4 4.43*4.69, 97.4,

1.003 -56.74 9.97 3.63*3.34 98.60

roger RT- 8.47, 8.71 1.003, -54.39, 7.94, 1.78, 2.5 4.30*3.18, 88.4, 88
5880 1.005 -51.80 8.14 2.81*2.37

Taconic 7.51, 7.28 1.001, -61.78, 6.76, 1.43, 3.2 3.66*2.69, 84, 76.6
TLC-3.2 1.003 -57.80 6.13 2.89*1.87

FR-4 7.18, 6.97 1.001, -69.63, 4.98, 1.88, 3.6 3.39*2.31, 60.21,
1.003 -55.54 4.65 2.39*1.63 59.2

Substrate 10.2, 10 1.004, -53.72, 10.1, 1.20, 2.4 4.43*4.39, 97.4,

height 1.003 -56.74 9.97 3.63*3.34 98.60
Hs=0.5mm

Substrate 10.6, 10.1 1.01, -46.09, 10.4, 0.91, 2.1 5.50*4.7, 96.1,
height 1.007 -51.44 10 4.33*3.34 98.16
Hs=0.31mm

67
 4.1.4 Result of Final Single Element antenna.

TABLE 4.2 TOTAL SIMULATION RESULT OF SINGLE ELEMENT ANTENNA AT 28 GHZ

Parameters Value Standard [10]

Resonate Frequency 28 GHz As per need
Bandwidth 1.34 GHz As per need
Return loss (S11) -59.17 dB less than -10 dB
VSWR 1.002 2-1
Gain 10.1 dBi 6-9dBi
Directivity 10.1 dBi 5-8dBi
Antenna Efficiency 99 .99% 70%

TABLE 4.3 TOTAL SIMULATION RESULT OF SINGLE ELEMENT ANTENNA AT 38 GHZ

Parameters Value Standard [10]

Resonate Frequency 38 GHz As per need
Bandwidth 2.34 GHz As per need
Return loss (S11) -53.21 dB less than -10 dB
VSWR 1.004 2-1
Gain 10.2 dBi 6-9dBi
Directivity 10.2 dBi 5-8dBi
Antenna Efficiency 99 .99% 70%

In the following Tables 4.2 and 4.3, total simulation results after optimization of final
design of single element antennas for 28 GHz and 38 GHz are presented in tabular form.
Those antennas indicate good return loss through the whole 28 GHz and 38 GHz band. In
the following figure.4.9. The return loss graph is shown for both frequency operation 28
GHz and 38 GHz. Besides, the VSWR of the antenna is below than 1.1. In figure 4.11
VSWR plot is shown for both 28 GHz and 38 GHz. Gain of the single element antenna is
quite good compared to the recent designs. Gain 10.1 dBi at 28 GHz and 10.2 dBi at 38
GHz are obtained by single element antennas. Those single element antennas directivity
is around 10.2 dBi at 28 GHz and 10.2 dBi at 38 GHz which indicates good directional
performance. Also, the 2D and 3D plot of radiation pattern at both 28 GHz and 38 GHz
are shown in figure 4.12, 4.13 and 4.14 and 4.15 respectively. Antenna efficiency &
radiation efficiency of this single element antenna is greater than 70% through the whole
band. The antenna efficiency plot for both 28 GHz and 38 GHz are shown in figure.4.10.

68
 Figure 4.9. Return loss plot of the final design antennas at 28 GHz and 38 GHz

Figure 4.10. Antenna efficiency plot of the final design antennas at 28 GHz and 38 GHz

69
Figure 4.11. VSWR plot of the final design antennas at 28 GHz and 38 GHz

Figure 4.12. 3D radiation pattern plot of the final design antennas at 28 GHz

70
Figure.4.13. 2D radiation pattern plot of the final design antennas at 28 GHz

Figure 4.14. 3D radiation pattern plot of the final design antennas at 38 GHz

71
 Figure 4.15. 2D radiation pattern plot of the final design antennas at 38 GHz

4.2 Comparison with the existing single element

In the following table-4.4 and 4.5, comparative views in-between proposed work with
previous work. From those comparative views it can be seen that the proposed antenna
designed by the three selected parameters satisfied the 5G requirements better than the
previous work

TABLE 4.4 COMPARISON WITH THE EXISTING SINGLE ELEMENT ANTENNAS

FOR 28 GHZ
Antenna ref. year Return loss Gain (dBi) bandwidth Size (mm2) Efficiency

[46] 2017 10 dB 6.26 4 GHz 3.7×3.25 90%

[47] 2017 20 dB 5.42 3.5 GHz 3.25×2.3 -

[48] 2017 16 dB 7.8 2.5 GHz 3.2×4.23 -

[49] 2017 25 dB 8.2 1.1 GHz 30×19.9 -

[50] 2018 32 dB 8.05 600 MHz 5.17×3.15 -

[51] 2018 16 dB 2.28 1.2 GHz 1.2×1.4 93%

[40] 2018 19.3 7.02 900 MHz 3.4×4.1 86.5%

[37] 2018 46 6.61 470 MHz 4.02×3.58 79%

[59] 2019 42 dB 9.82 1.52 GHz 4.48×5.39 99%

Proposed 2019 59.17dB 10.1 1.34GHz 4.89×4.49 99.99%

72
 TABLE 4.5 COMPARISON WITH THE EXISTING SINGLE ELEMENT ANTENNAS FOR 38 GHZ

Antenna ref. year Return loss Gain (dBi) bandwidth Size Efficiency
2
(mm )
[60] 2018 15.5 7.2 - 6x6.26 90%
[61] 2018 18.7 6.46 - 4.127x3.4 -
[62] 2018 31 5.9 - 5.5x20x0.787 -
[63] 2019 25 5.5 - 7.2x5x0.787 -
[64] 2019 32.66 7.23 - 20 x 20 -
Proposed 2019 53.21 10.3 2.34 GHz 4.89×4.49 93%

4.3 Simulation Results of 2×2 Array

In the following section, the result parameters of antenna array are discussed at both
frequency of operation 28GHz and 38GHz. This section containing return loss, VSWR,
2D radiation pattern, 3D radiation pattern and antenna efficiency

4.3.1 Final Design Result 2×2 array antenna

In Table 4.6 and 4.7, total simulation results after optimization of 2×2 array antenna are
presented in tabular form. This antenna indicates good return loss through the whole 28
GHz band and 38 GHz as declared by FCC. Besides, the VSWR of both antennas is below
than 1.2. Gain of the 2×2 array antenna is quite good compared to the recent array designs.
Directivity of antenna is 15.3 dBi at 28 GHz and 13.8 dBi at 38 GHz are obtained by 2×2
array antenna. Those antenna directivities which indicates good directional performance.
Antenna efficiency & radiation efficiency of this single element antenna is greater than
70% through the whole working band.

TABLE 4.6 TOTAL SIMULATION RESULTS OF 2×2 ARRAY ANTENNA AT 28 GHZ

Parameters Value Standard [10]

Resonant Frequency 28 GHz As per need

Bandwidth 1.3 GHz As per need
Return loss (S11) 61.19 dB less than -10 dB
VSWR 1 2-1
Gain 15.3 dBi 6-9dBi
Directivity 15.3 dBi 5-8dBi
Antenna Efficiency 98 % 70%

73
 TABLE 4.7 TOTAL SIMULATION RESULTS OF 2×2 ARRAY ANTENNA AT 38 GHZ

Parameters Value Standard [10]

Resonant Frequency 38 GHz As per need
Bandwidth 2.5 GHz As per need
Return loss (S11) 52.28 dB less than -10 dB
VSWR 1 2-1
Gain 13.8 dBi 6-9dBi
Directivity 13.8 dBi 5-8dBi
Antenna Efficiency 98 % 70%

4.4 Comparison with the existing Array Antennas at 28 GHz

In the table below the designed array antenna’s performances are compared with the recent
designed array antennas by several researchers.

TABLE 4.8 COMPARISON WITH THE EXISTING ARRAY ANTENNAS AT 28 GHZ BAND

Antenna ref. year No. of Return Gain bandwidth Size Efficiency

Elements loss (dBi) (mm2)
[52] 2017 24 25 dB 12.5 2 GHz 65×130 80%
[53] 2018 16 28 dB 15.6 2.5 GHz 55×90 -
[54] 2018 8 17 dB 12 8 GHz - -
[41] 2018 4 40 dB 11.6 2.9 GHz 44×14 94%
[39] 2018 8 28 dB 12 2 GHz 130×68 85%
[37] 2018 16 16 dB 17 308 MHz - 61%
[32] 2018 8 22 dB 10 1.3 GHz 60×100 85%
proposed 2019 4 61.19 dB 15.3 1.3 GHz 21x24 98%

TABLE 4.9 COMPARISON WITH THE EXISTING ARRAY ANTENNAS AT 38 GHz BAND

Ref Size Resona Retu Ga-in Direct Bandwidth Efficie

-nce -rn (dBi) ivi-ty (GH -ncy
Freque Loss (dBi) (%)
n-cy (dB)
(GHz)
[60] - 38.6 -13.6 12.2 12.2 3.5 99.5
[66] 16X16 39.95 -23 10 - - -
[67] - 38 - 12.15 - - -
proposed 18X20 38 -52.28 13.8 13.8 2.49 97.3

74
 Chapter 5
Conclusion

The main purpose of this work was to specify the design of the microstrip patch antenna
according to the 5G requirements. The motivation of this work was that the antenna design
at present time works with the specific requirement of 5G. Therefore, all 5G requirements
are not fully implemented by such antenna. To make this work successful, three antenna
design parameters are employed which are substrate elements, substrate heights and
feeding techniques. Later, three parameters value fixed on these three antenna design
parameters through antenna result through antenna result parameters analysis, which are
Foam is as substrate element, substrate height is Hs=0.5mm and quarter wave transformer
is as feeding technique respectively. After that, using those parameters single element
antenna and antenna array designed at 28GHz and 38GHz those antennas satisfied the 5G
requirements and shows better result than the previous work.

5.1 Achievements

In this thesis work, high gain single element microstrip patch antennas are designed and
simulated successfully with 50Ω probe feed at both frequency of operation 28GHz and 38
GHz. The proposed antenna operates at 28 GHz and 38GHz band with return loss below -
10dB. The VSWR of the simulated antenna is less than 1 through the whole frequency
band which maintain the standard to exist between 1 and 2. The bandwidth of the antenna
is around 2.5 GHz which completely covers the whole band of 28 GHz as declared by
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [54]. Single element Antennas gain is 10.2
dBi at 28GHz and 10.3GHz at 38GHz which is better than the existing antennas found in
literature review in terms of size. Also, antenna array is designed at both frequency of
operation. Gain of 2x2 antenna array is 15.4 dBi at 28 GHz and 13.8 dBi at 38 GHz which
shows better result than the existing antenna. There are some high gain antennas in recent
designs. But some of those do not cover the whole frequency band as declared by FCC
and some of those are bulky in size to be incorporated in mobile phones. So, the proposed
antenna array is a strong candidate to be used in future 5G mobile phones.

75
5.2 Limitations

The proposed antenna is not facilitated with beam steering capability which will make this
antenna more practical to be used in the mobile phones.

5.3 Future Work Field

Beam steering facility can be incorporated to enhance the coverage angle of the antenna.
Also, the designed and simulated antenna should be fabricated in practice to see the real
environment performance and to compare the result of simulation with measured.

76
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