World War I

Cumulative Index
World War I
Cumulative Index
Cumulates Indexes For:
World War I: Almanac
World War I: Biographies
World War I: Primary Sources

Allison McNeill,
Index Coordinator
 Allison McNeill, Index Coordinator

World War I Reference Library Cumulative Index

Cover photographs: Woodrow Wilson, United States Army Signal Corps
(AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.); Propaganda poster,
Celebrating the Armistice (Corbis Corporation. Reproduced by permission.)

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Cumulative Index
A = World War I: Almanac
B = World War I: Biographies
PS = World War I: Primary Sources

A bombs dropped by A: 107, 147, Boldface type indicates

Aaronsohn, Sarah 148, 167 abbreviation of individual titles
B: 1–5, 1 (ill.) number of planes used
Abd el-Krim in WWI A: 75–77 Bold numerals indicate
poison gas dropped by A: 142 main entries
B: 129
role of, in WWI A: 59, 137,
Aces (figher pilots)
147–151 Illustrations are marked by (ill.)
A: 148–151
used during World War II
Bishop, William Avery B: 13–18
A: 153
Richthofen, Manfred von; (the
used to combat submarines
Red Baron) B: 13–14, 17, A: 135
132–37 Aisne, First Battle of the
Rickenbacker, Eddie B: 138–43 A: 41
AEF. See American Expeditionary PS: 119
Forces Aisne, Second Battle of the
Africa, battles in A: 58, 59–61
A: 106 (ill.), 107–109, 122 Albania
African American soldiers A: 13
B: 120 Albert I
African Americans, treatment and A: 29
role of, during WWI PS: 76
A: 177, 180 (ill.), 182–183 Aleppo
Agreements. See Alliances; B: 7
Armistice agreements; Treaties Alexander II
Airplanes B: 36
A: 148 (ill.), 207 (ill.) Alexander III
PS: 23, 24 (ill.), 26 (ill.) B: 36

1
 Alexandra (Russian czarina) peace terms dictated by the
A: 95, 98–99, 100 (ill.) A: 189–195
B: 34–41, 34 (ill.), 37 (ill.) U.S. support and sympathy for
Alexis (son of Nicholas II) PS: 80, 87, 91
A: 98, 100 (ill.) Alsace-Lorraine region
Algeciras Conference of 1906 B: 49
A: 13 PS: 71, 107
All Quiet on the Western Front French attacks in A: 31, 36
PS: 113, 114, 131–133, history of dispute over A: 3
134–143, 140 (ill.), 144, 145 peace terms regarding A: 191
Allenby, Edmund strategic importance of A: 25,
A: 118 26, 29, 30
B: 5, 87 Ambulances on the Italian front
Alliances PS: 147 (ill.)
Allies A: 1 America. See United States
Austro-Hungarian A: 4–5 American Expeditionary Forces
British A: 7 (AEF)
Central Powers A: 1, 11 B: 118, 123, 169, 173, 175
Dual Alliance A: 1, 5, 10, 14; American Protective League
PS: 50, 51, 53–54, 55–57, A: 177
58, 59 American Red Cross
Entente Cordiale A: 7 B: 23
PS: 88, 146, 147 (ill.), 171, 183
Franco-Russian Alliance
American troops in Europe
Military Convention
during WWI
PS: 51, 54, 55, 57–58, 59
B: 103, 122
French A: 3, 5–6, 7
See also American Expeditionary
German A: 3–5
Forces
League of the Three Emperors
Amiens
A: 3, 5
A: 69, 75, 147
Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 A: 3
Anastasia
role of, in starting WWI
B: 40
PS: 49–50, 53–54, 58 Anatolia
Russian A: 3, 5–6, 7 A: 112
Triple Alliance PS: 50, 59 B: 3
Triple Entente A: 1, 7, 10, 11, PS: 32
14 Anderson, Anna
Allies B: 40
A: 1, 57, 105 Anthem for Doomed Youth
B: 169, 173–76 PS: 124–125
PS: 17, 81, 82 Anti-Jewish attitudes in Europe
casualty rate and soldiers killed B: 1–2, 65, 69
in combat A: 199, 200; See also Jewish people:
PS: 38, 47 persecution of, in Europe
final offensives of the A: 73–81 Anti-Semitism
first major attacks by the B: 2, 65, 69
A: 36 (ill.) PS: 198
Greece and the A: 102 Antiwar sentiments in Europe
Italy and the A: 118 A: 12–13, 14, 99, 101
members of PS: 79 Anzacs
naval strategy of the A: 123, A: 114–115
127–130, 135, 151–153. Arab independence, British
(See also War plans; Western promises of
Front: strategy used on the) B: 86–88

2 Alexandra A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

Ardennes conflict with Serbia A: 13, 16,
A: 37 19–23, 91–92
Armenians, genocide of ethnic divisions within A: 5, 82,
A: 111, 112, 198 101, 103
B: 3 goals of, in WWI A: 203
PS: 32–33, 37 industry and manufacturing in
Armies, size of European A: 6
A: 9–12 military and naval strength of
Armistice agreements A: 6, 10, 11
A: 82, 83, 101, 103, 193–194 population A: 6
Armistice celebrations (ill.) Serbia’s conflict with PS: 58–59,
A: 191, 192, 195 61, 63, 64, 69
Armistice ending WWI war plans A: 26, 92
B: 169, 174 Austro-Hungarian Empire. See
PS: 37, 39, 44 (ill.) Austria-Hungary
See also World War I: end of Aviation. See Aces (fighter pilots);
Arras, Battle of Airplanes; Reconnaissance
A: 62 (information-gathering)
B: 113, 158 missions
Artillery. See Weapons: artillery
Artois, First Battle of
A: 41
Artois, Third Battle of B
A: 47 Babeuf, François-Noël
Asquith, Herbert B: 63
A: 57 Baden, Prince of (Maximilian)
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal A: 83
A: 114, 208 Baghdad
B: 6–12, 6 (ill.), 10 (ill.) A: 116
Atbara, battle of Baker, Newton
B: 56 B: 29
Attrition, war of Balfour Declaration
A: 44 B: 5
Australia, role of, in WWI Balkan states and provinces
A: 75, 107, 114–115, 199 (the Balkans)
Australian and New Zealand Army A: 13, 14, 15, 19, 21
Corps (Anzacs) PS: 54, 55, 63
A: 114–115 Balkan Wars
Austria, recruiting poster from A: 194
PS: 177 (ill.) Barbed wire. See Weapons:
Austria-Hungary barbed wire
A: 4. Basra
B: 42, 44 A: 115
PS: 55, 103 Battle conditions
alliances of A: 4–5; PS: 50, B: 116 (ill.)
53–54 PS: 136–142 (fiction), 152–154
annexation of Bosnia and (fiction) (see also Trench
Herzegovina A: 13 warfare)
borders of, 1914 (ill.) A: 18 British soldiers’ perspective on
casualty rate and soldiers killed PS: 20–21, 28–31
in combat A: 199, 200; food shortage PS: 31
PS: 38–39 German soldiers’ perspective on
collapse of A: 103–104 PS: 21–22, 27–28, 31–34

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Battle Conditions 3

 nurses’ perspective on war zones during WWI
PS: 39–42 A: 106 (ill.), 111 (ill.)
shell shock caused by PS: 34 weather conditions affecting
Battles A: 63, 92–93, 108, 111,
Aisne, First Battle of the A: 41; 113, 116
PS: 119 Ypres (First) A: 41
Aisne, Second Battle of the Ypres (Second) A: 45, 46
A: 58, 59–61 Ypres (Third) A: 63–65;
Arras A: 62 PS: 27–28
Artois, First Battle of A: 41 See also Africa; Middle East;
Artois, Third Battle of A: 47 Pacific; Turkey (battles in)
Brusilov Offensive Battleships. See Weapons:
A: 96–97 (ill.) battleships; Weapons:
Cambrai A: 65, 146–147 dreadnoughts
Caporetto A: 120 BEF. See British Expeditionary
Champagne, First Battle of Force
A: 44; PS: 119 Belgian army, size of
Champagne, Second Battle of PS: 78
A: 47 Belgium
Coronel A: 125 PS: 51, 68, 71–73, 74 (ill.), 76
Dogger Bank A: 130 allies of A: 9–10
Falklands, the A: 125 casualties A: 42, 199
final Allied offensive A: 73–81 invasion of A: 24, 29, 32–35
war resistance movement in
final German offensive (spring
B: 22, 24–25
offensive) A: 67, 68–73,
Belgium’s Response to the Request
74 (ill.)
for Passage
first major attacks of WWI
PS: 51, 75–76
(ill.) A: 36
Belleau Wood
Gallipoli A: 113–115, 122
A: 181
Heligoland Bight A: 130
PS: 98
Isonzo, the A: 120
Below Saleske, Herr von
Jutland A: 130–132 (ill.)
PS: 73
location of (war zones) Berger, Victor
A: 106 (ill.), 111 (ill.) B: 82
Loos A: 47–48, 139 Bethmann Hollweg,
Lys A: 69, 70 Theobald von
Marne, the A: 39–40 (ill.) A: 83
Masuria, Winter Battle of A: 91 B: 101
Megiddo A: 118 Billik, Paul
Messines PS: 28–30 B: 17
Meuse-Argonne, the Bishop, William “Billy” Avery
A: 77–80 (ill.) B: 13–18, 13 (ill.)
Mons A: 37, 38–39 Bismarck Archipelago
Mörhange-Sarrebourg A: 137 A: 107
naval A: 113, 123–135 (ill.) Bismarck, Otto von
Passchendaele A: 63–65 A: 2, 3, 4 (ill.)
race to the sea A: 40–41 B: 165, 167
Serre PS: 123 Black Hand, the
Somme, the A: 49, 52–54, 79; A: 16, 17, 20, 21
PS: 20–21, 21–27, 119 B: 45
spring offensive A: 67, 68–73 Black soldiers. See African
Tannenberg A: 88–90 (ill.), 94 Americans, treatment and
Verdun A: 49–51 role of, during WWI

4 Battles A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

Blockade, naval Bruckner, Anton
A: 67, 123, 129, 151, B: 78
162–163, 173 Brusilov, Aleksey
Blockade of Germany A: 96
PS: 80, 87, 92, 93, 170 Brusilov Offensive
Bloody Sunday A: 96–97 (ill.)
PS: 191 Bulgaria
Blunden, Edmund A: 13
B: 117 PS: 63
PS: 117 armistice signed by A: 82,
Boer War (1899–1902) 102–103
A: 39 casualties A: 199
B: 56, 147 peace treaty terms regarding
Bolsheviks A: 194–195
A: 100, 101, 205 strategic role of, in WWI A: 92
B: 82, 93–94 Bull Moose Party (U.S.)
PS: 213, 214 B: 172
Bombing, ruins caused by Burleson, Albert
A: 82 (ill.), 160 (ill.) A: 176
Bombs. See Airplanes: bombs Byng, Julian
dropped by; Weapons: A: 62
bombs, mines, and explosives
Bonds. See War bonds
Bosnia and Herzegovina
A: 13, 16, 20, 194 C
B: 42, 46 Cabrinovic, Nedeljko
PS: 63 A: 20
Bowles, J. Cadorna, Luigi
PS: 28–30 A: 120
Boy Scouts of America Cambrai, Battle of
PS: 171, 212–213 A: 65, 146–147
Brahms, Johannes Cameroons
B: 78 A: 107, 108, 195
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of Canada, role of, in WWI
A: 94 A: 62, 75, 199
PS: 214 B: 16
Britain. See Great Britain Capitalism
British Commonwealth PS: 191
of Nations Capitalists
B: 16 B: 71
British Expeditionary Force (BEF) Caporetto, Battle of
A: 27, 30, 37–39, 43, 48 A: 120
B: 56–57 PS: 161
PS: 17 Caprivi, Leo von
Brooke, Rupert B: 165
B: 112–13 Carl Ludvig
PS: 113, 116 (ill.), 118, 123 B: 43
attitude of, toward WWI Carol I
PS: 118 A: 97
background and war experience Carolines, the
of PS: 116, 128, 130 A: 107
poems by PS: 118–120 Carpathian Mountains
popularity of poems by A: 110 (ill.)
PS: 122 Cartoons. See Political cartoons

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Cartoons 5

 Casualties Chemical warfare
A: 33 (ill.), 60 (ill.), 200 (ill.) A: 46
PS: 34, 38–39 See also Poison gas
casualty rates A: 200 Chemin des Dames
deaths in combat A: 199 A: 71
See also Deaths caused by WWI Child labor laws (U.S.)
Caucasus Mountains PS: 102
A: 110 Christmas Truce
Cavalry in WWI A: 42
A: 28 Churchill, Winston
B: 14, 58, 133 A: 113
Cavell, Edith Civilian attitudes toward WWI
B: 19–26, 19 (ill.), 21 (ill.) early in the war A: 12–13, 14,
funeral of B: 24 (ill.) 24, 28–29
Cemal Paśa, Ahmed in Austria-Hungary A: 101
A: 117 in Germany A: 161, 169
Cemeteries for WWI soldiers in Russia A: 93, 99
A: 202 (ill.), 209 (ill.) in the United States
Censorship during WWI A: 171–172, 174, 176, 177
A: 159, 160 Civilian war effort
B: 27, 29, 122 A: 155–169
PS: 12, 169
Civilians, effects of WWI on
Central Powers
PS: 47, 163–166
A: 1, 11, 105, 194
bombings A: 82 (ill.), 147
B: 169, 173
deaths A: 198, 200
PS: 17, 77, 81, 82, 102
food shortage A: 129, 161–164
army size of PS: 14
refugees A: 157 (ill.),
attack on Serbia by A: 92–93
163 (ill.), 200
casualty rate and soldiers
See also Civilian war effort
killed in combat A: 199, 200;
Clemenceau, Georges
PS: 38
collapse of A: 81–83 A: 27, 158, 190 (ill.), 191
Italian retreat forced by PS: 161 B: 174, 174 (ill.)
members of PS: 79 Cold War, the
naval strategy of A: 123, A: 206
133–135. (See also War plans; Colonies, WWI fighting in
Western Front: strategy European
used on the) A: 106–109
number of deaths among PS: 47 Committee on Public
surrender of A: 103 Information (CPI)
U.S. trade with PS: 80 A: 177
Champagne, First Battle of B: 27, 29–33
A: 44 PS: 99
PS: 119 Commonwealth of Nations
Champagne, Second Battle of B: 16
A: 47 Communism
Chapman, Guy A: 206.
PS: 13 B: 70, 90–91, 95, 145
Charleroi See also Russia: communist
B: 22 control in
Charles I Communist Party
A: 101 B: 64, 82
Cheka (Russian secret police) Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz
B: 93 A: 20, 90

6 Casualties A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

Conscientious objectors Deaths caused by WWI
B: 180 A: 199
Conscription (military draft) PS: 37, 47
A: 10, 76, 155–156, 180, 181 See also Casualties caused
B: 31, 173 by WWI
PS: 8, 14, 99, 163 Debs, Eugene V.
Conservatives PS: 102
B: 64 Declaration of Neutrality (Wilson)
Constantine PS: 81, 86–87
A: 102 Defense of the Realm Act (DORA)
Constantinople A: 161
A: 112 PS: 170
Convoy, naval Democratic socialism
A: 135, 153, 175 (ill.)
B: 65
Coolidge, Calvin
Depression, worldwide economic
B: 177
A: 185, 202
Coronel, Battle of
d’Esperey, Franchet
A: 125
A: 102
Cossacks
A: 99 Dimitrijevic, Dragutin
PS: 203 A: 21
Costs. See WWI: costs of, financial Diplomatic messages and
Counter-Attack government declarations
PS: 125–126 Belgium’s Response to the
Cox, James M. Request for Passage
B: 177 PS: 51, 75–76
CPI. See Committee on Public Dual Alliance between the
Information German Empire and the
Creel, George Austro-Hungarian Empire
A: 177 PS: 55–57
B: 27–33, 27 (ill.) Franco-Russian Alliance
Crimean War (1854–56) Military Convention PS: 51,
PS: 2 54, 55, 57–58, 59
Czechoslovakia German Request for Free
A: 194, 197, 204 Passage through Belgium
PS: 51, 74–75
Telegrams from American
consulates in Russia PS: 167,
D 204–211
Dadourian, Gadarinée
Willy-Nicky Telegrams PS: 51,
PS: 32–33
Damascus 61, 62, 64–68
A: 118 Woodrow Wilson’s Declaration
Dardanelles, the of Neutrality PS: 81, 86–87
A: 110, 113, 127 Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Davignon, M. Points PS: 82, 101–104,
PS: 73 104–108
de Croÿ, Marie Woodrow Wilson’s War
B: 22, 24–25 Message PS: 81, 94–97
de Croÿ, Reginald Diplomats, role of
B: 22, 24 PS: 49, 51
de Gaulle, Charles Disease, worldwide.
B: 130 See Spanish Flu
Dead, The Dogger Bank (battle)
PS: 119–120 A: 130

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Dogger Bank 7

 DORA. See Defense of the Realm Eliot, T. S.
Act PS: 128
Dos Passos, John Elizabeth
PS: 88, 161 (Austrian archduchess)
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor B: 43
B: 70 Emden (battleship)
Douaumont, Fort A: 125–127 (ill.)
A: 50, 51 Engels, Friedrich
B: 130 B: 70
Draft, military. See Conscription England. See Great Britain
Dreadnoughts Enlistment
A: 124 (ill.), 125, 131, 132, 151 PS: 9–10
Dreyfus, Alfred in France PS: 8 (ill.)
B: 65 in Germany PS: 134–136
Dreyfus affair (fiction)
B: 65 posters used to encourage
Dual Alliance, the PS: 6 (ill.), 7, 12, 172 (ill.),
A: 1, 5, 10, 14 177 (ill.)
PS: 51, 55 Entente Cordiale
members of PS: 50, 53 A: 7
purpose of PS: 53–54, 58, 59 Entente powers.
text of treaty signed by See Triple Entente
PS: 55–57, 59 Enver Paśa
Dugouts. See Trench warfare A: 110, 111
Dulce Et Decorum Est Espionage Act, the
PS: 126–128 A: 176
Europe
antiwar sentiments in
E A: 12–13, 14, 99, 101
East Prussia economic changes in, during
A: 85, 86, 87, 88, 94 WWI PS: 163–166, 167
Eastern Front economies after WWI
B: 100–01 A: 202, 208
PS: 167 economies during WWI
battles on the A: 85–94, 96–97, A: 156–159;
101–103 (ill.) economies before WWI
location/extent of A: 85–86, A: 8–9
96 (ill.), 101–102 military power in, 1914
strategy on the A: 44, 85–86, A: 9–12
86–87 nationalism in A: 14
Ebert, Friedrich neutral countries in, during
A: 193 WWI A: 42, 124, 129
PS: 198 political balance in, before
Economic changes in Europe WWI PS: 49–50, 53–54
during WWI political boundaries of, after
PS: 163–166, 167 Treaty of Versailles (ill.)
Economy A: 203
European, during WWI political boundaries of,
A: 156–159 in 1914 (ill.) A: 2
European and U.S., after WWI possessions of, prior to WWI
A: 185, 202, 208 (ill.) A: 10
European and U.S., prior to Expatriates
WWI A: 8–9 B: 146

8 DORA A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

 F Fokker, Anthony
Factories, production of war A: 149
materials in Fokker DVII (fighter plane)
A: 156–157, 158 (ill.), 165 (ill.), PS: 24 (ill.)
166 (ill.) Fonck, Paul-René
Factories used for war effort A: 149
PS: 164 (ill.), 184 (ill.) Food production during WWI
Faisal (Arab troop leader) PS: 187
B: 87 Food shortage during WWI
Falkenhayn, Erich von A: 161–164, 178
A: 44, 48, 51, 93, 97, 118 B: 160 (ill.)
B: 97 among civilians PS: 37, 165
Falklands, Battle of the among troops in battle PS: 31
A: 125 in Germany PS: 93, 142
Farewell to Arms, A (fiction)
PS: 113, 133, 145, 146–148, in Great Britain PS: 202 (ill.)
149–160, 161 in Russia PS: 167, 202–203,
Faulkner, William
205, 207
PS: 88, 161
Fort Douaumont
FBI (Federal Bureau of
A: 50, 51
Investigation)
B: 82 Fort Vaux
Federal Reserve System A: 50, 51
B: 172 Fourteen Points address (Wilson)
PS: 103 A: 182–183, 187, 188, 190,
Federal Trade Commission 192, 196
B: 172 B: 31, 169, 173
PS: 103 PS: 82, 101–104, 104–108
Feinberg, Absalom France
B: 3 alliances of A: 3, 5–6, 7, 24;
Ferdinand, Franz. See Franz PS: 50, 54 (ill.), 58, 59
Ferdinand. army revolt of French soldiers
Ferdinand I A: 61–62, 157, 161
A: 92 casualty rate and soldiers
Fez, banning of the killed in combat A: 52 (ill.),
B: 9–10 199, 200
First World War: An Eyewitness colonies of A: 107, 204
History conscription (military draft) in
PS: 10 PS: 8
Fitzgerald, F. Scott economy of, during WWI
PS: 135
PS: 201–202
Flamethrower
goals of, in WWI A: 203
A: 49, 50, 121 (ill.), 144
government of, before WWI
Flanders
A: 42 A: 5–6
Flu, Spanish industry and manufacturing in
A: 169 A: 7, 156–158
Flying Circus, the military and economic strength
B: 14, 134 (ill.), 135 of, before WWI PS: 54
Foch, Ferdinand military and naval strength of
A: 69 (ill.), 73, 77, 79, 181, A: 7, 9, 11
207–208 optimism in, at beginning of
B: 48–53, 48 (ill.), 51 (ill.), 127 WWI PS: 6–7
PS: 176 (ill.) population of A: 7

PS = World War I: Primary Sources France 9

 propaganda posters in PS: 174 Fuel for heat, shortage of,
(ill.), 176 (ill.), 179 (ill.), during WWI
186 (ill.) A: 161–162
recruiting posters in Fyodorovna, Alexandra. See
PS: 7, 174 (ill.) Alexandra (Russian czarina)
soldiers (ill.) A: 35, 40, 52, 152
strikes in PS: 215
war plans A: 26–27, 44, 45
See also French army G
Franco, Francisco Galicia
B: 129 A: 85, 90, 91, 100
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) Gallipoli
A: 3, 5, 159 A: 113–115, 122
B: 49–50 B: 7
PS: 2, 53 PS: 2, 116
Franco-Russian Alliance Military Garros, Roland
Convention A: 148, 149–151
PS: 51, 54, 55, 57–58, 59 Gas attacks. See Poison gas
Frantz, Joseph Gas masks
A: 148, 151 A: 142 (ill.), 143
Franz Ferdinand PS: 40 (ill.)
A: 1, 15, 16–18, 19, 91 Genocide of Armenians
B: 42–47, 42 (ill.), 44 (ill.) A: 111, 112, 198
PS: 1, 50 (ill.), 58, 63 B: 3
Franz Josef I PS: 32–33, 37
A: 4, 5 (ill.), 19, 22, 101 George. See Lloyd George, David
PS: 63 George V
Frederick the Great. B: 166
See Friedrich II
German Americans, treatment
French, John
of, during WWI
B: 56–57
A: 177
French, Sir John
German army
A: 37
casualty rate of. See Central
French army
Powers: casualty rate of
casualty rate of PS: 39
crossing Belgium PS: 74 (ill.)
mutiny of PS: 170, 214
size of PS: 8 morale of PS: 41–43
French Foreign Legion mutinies of PS: 215
B: 144, 146 retreat of PS: 142–143 (fiction)
PS: 88, 119, 130 size of PS: 8
French Socialist Party soldiers from PS: 77 (ill.),
B: 65 137 (ill.)
Freud, Sigmund German Communist Party
B: 78 PS: 197
Fribourg, André German East Africa
PS: 10 A: 107, 108–109
Friedrich I German Empire
B: 167 A: 3
Friedrich II (Frederick the Great) PS: 53, 55
B: 167 German New Guinea
Friedrich III A: 107
B: 164, 167 German Request for Free Passage
Frost, Robert through Belgium
B: 113, 158–59 PS: 51, 74–75

10 Franco, Francisco A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

German Southwest Africa war plans A: 24–26 (Schlieffen
A: 107, 108 plan), 44, 48, 68–69; PS: 51,
German Workers’ Party 71–73
A: 206 See also German army
Germany Geronimo
alliances of A: 3–5; PS: 50, B: 119
53–54 Gestapo
armistice signed by A: 83, B: 74
193–194; B: 103 Ghost Dance Rebellion
blockade of PS: 80, 87, 92, B: 119
93, 170 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
borders of, 1914 (ill.) A: 18 B: 70
casualties A: 199 Good-Bye to All That
colonies of A: 106–109, 194, PS: 21, 30–31
195 Gorky, Maksim
conscription (military draft) B: 70
in PS: 8 Gorlice
declaration of war by A: 93
PS: 68, 72 (ill.) Grady, Tom
economy of, during WWI A: 8, PS: 45
192, 197, 202 ; PS: 201 Graves, Robert
first major attacks by A: 36 (ill.) B: 89, 112–13, 115
food shortage in PS: 93, 142 PS: 19, 21, 30–31, 117
(fiction) Great Britain
goals of, in WWI A: 202–203 alliances of A: 7; PS: 50, 59
industry and manufacturing in blockade of Germany by PS: 80,
A: 3, 12, 156–159 87, 92, 93, 170
militarism and expansionist casualty rate of A: 199 (see also
policy in B: 167 Allies: casualty rate of )
military strength of A: 3, 10, 11, colonies of A: 6, 107, 204
12; PS: 53–54 conscription (military draft) in
modernization and PS: 8, 14
industrialization in economy of, during WWI A: 6;
B: 163, 165 PS: 201–202
naval strength and strategy expeditionary force from A: 27,
A: 11, 123–129, 133–135 30, 37–39, 43, 48
population of A: 3 food shortage in PS: 202 (ill.)
propaganda posters in goals of, in WWI A: 203
PS: 180 (ill.) industry and manufacturing in
punishment of, after WWI A: 9, 156
A: 204; PS: 108, 110 military and naval strength of
railway system in PS: 14, 72 A: 9, 10, 11
recruiting posters in PS: 7 morale of soldiers from
revolution in B: 150–52, 154–55 PS: 20–21, 28–30
soldiers (ill.) A: 17, 38, 43, navy A: 7, 11, 44, 113,
89, 195 123–124, 125
spring offensive launched by pilots from PS: 26 (ill.)
A: 67, 68–73, 74 (ill.); B: 60, population of A: 9
102–03 propaganda posters in
strikes in PS: 215 PS: 182 (ill.), 184 (ill.)
surrender of PS: 98, 109 (ill.) recruiting posters in
telegram sent to Mexico by PS: 7, 172 (ill.)
PS: 93 soldiers (ill.) A: 191
Treaty of Versailles A: 193–194 strikes in PS: 215

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Great Britain 11

 war plans of A: 27, 43–44 Herzegovina.
women’s voting rights in See Bosnia-Herzegovina
PS: 187 Herzl, Theodor
Great Depression, the B: 4
A: 185, 202 Hindenburg, Paul von
B: 33 A: 51, 73, 87 (ill.), 88, 89,
Great War, The. See World War I 90, 147
Greece B: 97, 100–104, 100 (ill.)
A: 13, 102 Hindenburg line
PS: 63 A: 59, 74 (ill.), 81
Gregory, Thomas W. PS: 123
A: 176 Hipper, Franz von
Guns. See Weapons: artillery; A: 130, 131
Weapons: machine guns Hitler, Adolf
Guynemer, Georges-Marie A: 28, 76, 112, 193, 197,
A: 149 206–207, 208
PS: 110
as leader of Nazi Party
B: 69, 83, 130
H condemned by George Creel
Habsburgs B: 33
B: 43 Ludendorff’s association with
Haig, Douglas B: 104
A: 44 (ill.), 47, 49, 52–54, Wilhelm II’s association with
63, 70, 80 B: 167–68
B: 54–61, 54 (ill.), 57(ill.) Hohenzollern
Haldane, Richard B: 164, 167
B: 56 Home front, war effort on the
A: 155–169
Hardaumont
PS: 163–166, 178 (ill.)
B: 130
Hoover, Herbert
Harding, Constanza
A: 178
B: 72
Hoover, J. Edgar
Harding, Warren G.
B: 82
B: 177
Horses, mobilization and the
Hauptmann, Gerhart
use of
B: 70 A: 28, 156
Hawker, Lanoe Hôtel des Invalides
B: 135 B: 50
Hay, W. Hötzendorf. See Conrad von
PS: 20–21 Hötzendorf, Franz
Heligoland Bight, Battle of Howitzer (ill.)
A: 130 A: 32
Hemingway, Ernest Hughes, Charles Evans
PS: 2, 113, 114, 145–148, B: 173
146 (ill.) Humanitarian organizations,
novels by PS: 161 assistance of, during WWI
postwar attitude reflected in B: 23
war novels by PS: 128, Humanitarians
133, 148 Cavell, Edith B: 19–26
success of PS: 161 Kollwitz, Käthe B: 68–76
WWI service of PS: 88, 145–146 York, Alvin C. B: 178–83
Hertling, Georg von Husayn ibn ‘Alî
A: 73 B: 87

12 Great Depression A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

 I location/extent of Italian Front
I Have a Rendezvous with Death A: 118 (ill.), 120
PS: 120 political changes in, after WWI
Ibsen, Henrik A: 208
B: 70 role of, in WWI A: 105,
Imperial War Conference (1917) 118–121, 122
B: 16 soldiers A: 119 (ill.)
Imperialism
PS: 80, 192
Industrial Revolution
B: 63 J
Industrialization Jagerstatter, Franz
A: 6, 97, 153 B: 180
Industry and manufacturing Japan, role of, in WWI
in Austria-Hungary A: 6 A: 107
in France A: 7, 156–158 Jaurès, Jean
in Germany A: 3, 12, 156–159 B: 62–67, 62 (ill.), 66 (ill.)
in Great Britain A: 9, 156 Jellicoe, Sir John
in Russia A: 12 A: 132
in United States A: 14 Jerusalem
See also Factories, production A: 118
of war materials in Jewish people
International Socialist Bureau homeland proposed for
Congress (1903) B: 4–5, 87
PS: 191 hostility toward PS: 198
International Women’s Day persecution of, in Europe
PS: 203 B: 1–2, 4, 65, 75, 129
Internationalists Joffre, Joseph
A: 183 A: 26, 35, 37, 39 (ill.), 45,
PS: 109 46, 51, 58
Islam B: 130
B: 9, 11 Jogiches, Leo
Isolationists and isolationism PS: 190, 198
A: 183–184, 185, 196, 208 Jünger, Ernst
PS: 80, 82, 83, 103, 109 PS: 20, 31–34, 42–43
Isonzo, Battles of the Junius Pamphlet
A: 120 PS: 167, 191, 192–197
Israel Jutland, Battle of
B: 1, 5 A: 130–132 (ill.)
Italian army
PS: 155 (ill.)
attitude of soldiers in
PS: 149–150 (fiction) K
harshness of PS: 148, Kemal, Mustafa. See Atatürk,
156–159 (fiction) Mustafa Kemal
retreat of PS: 145, 156–159 Kemalists
(fiction), 161–162 B: 11
Italian front Kiaochow
PS: 145, 146, 147 (ill.) A: 107
Italy Kilmer, Joyce
alliances of PS: 50 B: 147
casualties A: 199 Kingsley, Charles
goals of, in WWI A: 191 B: 63

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Kingsley, Charles 13

 Klinger, Max B: 82, 90–96, 90 (ill.),
B: 70 94 (ill.), 102
Kluck, Alexander von PS: 214
A: 38 Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von
Kollwitz, Käthe A: 109
B: 68–76, 68 (ill.) Lewis, Cecil
Königsberg PS: 20, 22–27, 37
A: 87 Liberals
Kreibohm, Gottfried B: 64
PS: 21–22 Liberty Bonds/Loans
Kreisler, Fritz B: 30 (ill.), 32
B: 32, 77–83, 77 (ill.), 80 (ill.) PS: 166, 169, 173 (ill.), 174 (ill.),
Kressenstein, Franz Kress von 175 (ill.), 176 (ill.), 181 (ill.)
A: 117 posters promoting purchase of
Kurdish rebellion in Turkey A: 161 (ill.), 173 (ill.), 179
B: 11 Liebknecht, Karl
Kut PS: 197, 198
A: 116, 117 Liège
A: 29, 33
B: 99
PS: 76
L Limy
Labor protests A: 78 (ill.)
A: 157–158, 163–164, 176 Lines of Fire: Women Writers
B: 40, 64, 82, 93 of World War I
PS: 167, 191, 203, 215 PS: 32–33, 39–42
Ladoux, Georges Lishansky, Yosef
B: 108, 110 B: 3
Lafayette, Marquis de Literature
B: 118 after WWI PS: 128
Landship. See Weapons: tanks importance of, during WWI
Lanrezac, Charles PS: 115
A: 37 Lloyd George, David
Lansing, Robert A: 14, 58, 190 (ill.), 191, 192
B: 29, 32 B: 58–59, 174 (ill.), 175
Lausanne, Treaty of Location of WWI battles
B: 9 (war zones)
Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence A: 106 (ill.), 111 (ill.).
of Arabia) See also Battles
B: 84–89, 84 (ill.), 86 (ill.) Lodge, Henry Cabot
Le Cateau A: 184, 185
A: 39 B: 176
League of Nations Loos, Battle of
A: 183–185, 188, 195, 196 A: 47–48, 139
B: 16, 169, 173, 175–76 Lorraine. See Alsace-Lorraine
PS: 82, 103, 104, 109, 110 region
League of the Three Emperors Lost Battalion, the (U.S. troops)
A: 3, 5 A: 79–80
Left, the Ludendorff, Erich
B: 64–65 A: 51, 67–69, 71–72, 73, 76, 83,
Leftists 87 (ill.), 88, 89, 90
B: 64, 69, 82 B: 97–104, 97 (ill.), 100 (ill.)
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich Lusitania
A: 101, 205, 206 A: 133, 152, 173

14 Klinger, Max A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

 B: 147, 172 Ottoman Empire war zones (ill.)
PS: 7, 92 (ill.) A: 111
Luxembourg Schlieffen plan (ill.) A: 25
A: 24, 25 Serbia (ill.) A: 95
PS: 71 Turkey, 1914 (ill.) A: 18
Luxemburg, Rosa war zones during WWI (ill.)
PS: 166–167, 189–192, A: 106, 111
190 (ill.), 197, 198 Western Front (ill.) A: 37
Lys, Battle of Ypres region (ill.) A: 64
A: 69, 70 Ypres Salient (ill.) A: 45
Lys River Marianas, the
A: 41 A: 106, 107
Marne, Battle of the
A: 39–40 (ill.)
B: 52
M Marshall, Thomas R.
Machine guns, use of, B: 172–73
during WWI Marshall Islands
B: 58 A: 107
PS: 17–18
Marx, Karl
See also Weapons: machine
B: 63, 70
guns
PS: 190
Mackensen, August von
Marxism
A: 93, 94
PS: 190–191
Magyars (ethnic Hungarians)
Masuria, Winter Battle of
A: 5
A: 91
Mansart, Jules Hardouin
Masurian Lakes
B: 50
A: 90
Manufacture of war materials
Mata Hari
A: 156–157, 158 (ill.), 165 (ill.),
B: 105–10, 105 (ill.)
166 (ill.)
See also Industry and home of 107 (ill.)
manufacturing Maximilian (Prince of Baden)
Maps A: 83
Austria-Hungary, 1914 (ill.) B: 35
A: 18 McAdoo, William Gibbs
Brusilov Offensive (ill.) A: 96 A: 179
Eastern Front (ill.) A: 96, 102 McCrae, John
European political boundaries B: 147
after Treaty of Versailles (ill.) Mediterranean Sea, WWI fighting
A: 203 in the
European political boundaries A: 127
in 1914 (ill.) A: 2 Megiddo, Battle of
European possessions prior to A: 118
WWI (ill.) A: 10 B: 7
first major attacks of WWI (ill.) Mensheviks
A: 36 B: 93
German spring offensive (ill.) Mesopotamia
A: 74 A: 117, 122
Germany, 1914 (ill.) A: 18 Messines, Battle of
Hindenburg line (ill.) A: 74 PS: 28–30
Italian Front (ill.) A: 118 Meuse-Argonne, Battle of the
North Sea battles (ill.) A: 128 A: 77–80 (ill.)

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Meuse-Argonne, Battle of the 15

 Mexico, Zimmermann telegram Morale of British soldiers
sent by Germany to PS: 20–21, 28–30
A: 174–175 Morale of German soldiers,
PS: 93 near end of war
Michael (grand duke; brother of PS: 41–43
Nicholas II) Mörhange-Sarrebourg, Battle of
A: 100 A: 137
PS: 212 Morocco
Michel, Victor A: 7, 13, 14
A: 26 Mortars
Middle East, battles in A: 146
A: 115–117, 117–118 Moscow, Russia
Middle East, strategic A: 99, 101
importance of PS: 204–206, 214
Muckraker
A: 115, 117
B: 28
Militarism
Murray, Archibald
B: 68, 73
A: 117
Military leaders
Murray, Joseph
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal B: 6–12
PS: 11
Foch, Ferdinand B: 48–53, 127 Muslims
Haig, Douglas B: 54–61 B: 9, 11
Ludendorff, Erich B: 97–104 Mussolini, Benito
Pershing, John Joseph A: 197, 208
B: 51 (ill.), 52, 118–25, 140, Mustard gas. See Poison gas
172–73 Mutinies during WWI
Pétain, Henri-Philippe B: 52, B: 128–29, 150, 152–55
126–31 PS: 170, 204, 214, 215
Richthofen, Manfred von of French army A: 61–62,
(the Red Baron) B: 13–14, 157, 161
17, 132–37 of German navy A: 83, 168–169
Mobilization (preparations for war) of Russian army A: 99
A: 12, 27–28
PS: 12–13, 14, 63–64
in Germany PS: 14, 63
in Great Britain PS: 11, 12
N
Namibia
in Russia PS: 14, 63
A: 107, 195
in the United States PS: 13 (ill.),
Napoléon I (Napoléon Bonaparte)
95–96
B: 49–50, 127
Modernism (literary movement)
PS: 2
PS: 114 Napoléon III
Mohammed VI A: 5
B: 8 National Socialist German
Moltke, Helmuth Johannes von Workers’ Party. See Nazi Party
A: 33, 39, 88 Nationalistic feelings in Europe
B: 99 at beginning of WWI
Monroe Doctrine, the A: 14
B: 172 PS: 5
Mons, Battle of Nationalists and nationalism
A: 37, 38–39 B: 66, 73
B: 22, 57 German B: 104
PS: 43 Serbian B: 45
Montenegro Slavic B: 46
A: 10, 13, 92 Turkish B: 7, 11

16 Mexico A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

Naval strategy during WWI marriage of B: 36
A: 123, 127–130, 133–135, remains of B: 95
151–153. Nie wieder Krieg (“No more war!”)
See also Blockade, naval B: 73 (ill.)
Naval strength Nili (Jewish spy ring)
of Austria-Hungary A: 6, 11 B: 3–5
of France A: 7, 11 1914–1918: Voices and Images of
of Germany A: 3, 11 the Great War
of Great Britain A: 7, 9, 11, 113 PS: 9–10, 11, 20–21, 21–22,
of Russia A: 11, 12 27–30, 43–46
of the United States A: 14 Nivelle, Robert-Georges
Naval warfare A: 58, 59, 61
A: 113, 123–135 (ill.) B: 52
Nazi Party (Germany) Nivelle offensive
A: 28, 193, 197, 204, 206–207 A: 64 (ill.), 65.
B: 33, 104, 168, 180 See also Aisne, Second Battle
PS: 135, 144 of the
conditions leading to rise of the No-man’s-land
B: 154 A: 49, 52 (ill.)
occupation of Slavic countries PS: 18, 19 (ill.)
by soldiers of the B: 46 Nordau, Max
persecution of Jewish people B: 4
by the B: 75 North Africa
policies of the B: 69, 74, 83, 130 A: 13, 14
political position of the B: 64 North Sea, control of the
Neutral countries during WWI A: 127–130
A: 42, 124, 129, 172 Novels about WWI
See also Belgium; United States: PS: 128
neutrality of See also All Quiet on the Western
Neuve-Chapelle Front; A Farewell to Arms
A: 44 Nurses in WWI
New Deal B: 23–25
B: 143 Nurses on the Western Front,
perspective of
“New Freedom” reforms (U.S.)
PS: 39–42
B: 169, 172
Nurses, recruitment of, for
PS: 102–103
war effort
New Zealand, role of, in WWI
PS: 171, 183 (ill.), 186 (ill.)
A: 107, 114–115, 199
Newspaper censorship
A: 160
Newspapers during WWI O
PS: 169–170 Offensives. See Battles
Nicholas (grand duke; cousin Office of War Information
of Nicholas II) B: 28, 33
A: 94, 95 Oil wells in the Persian Gulf,
Nicholas II strategic importance of
A: 6, 23, 95, 97–99, 100 (ill.) A: 115
B: 166 Omdurman, battles of
PS: 51, 53, 61–62, 62 (ill.), 63, B: 56
68 (ill.), 69, 212 Opinion, public. See Civilian
abdication or overthrow of attitudes toward WWI
B: 40 Orlando, Vittorio
influenced by Alexandra A: 190
B: 34, 93 B: 175

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Orlando, Vittorio 17

 Otavi Passchendaele, Battle of
A: 108 A: 63–65
Ottoman Empire B: 17, 23, 58
B: 3, 6–7, 9, 86, 87 Passionate Prodigality, A
PS: 103, 107 PS: 13
area ruled by A: 13, 109 Patriotism in Europe at beginning
end of A: 118, 195 of WWI
goals of, in WWI A: 203 PS: 5
strategic importance of A: 109 Peace
war zones in A: 111 (ill.) A: 196–197.
See also Turkey See also Armistice agreements;
Ourcq, River Armistice celebrations
A: 40 Peace (poem)
Owen, Wilfred PS: 119
B: 111–17, 111 (ill.), 147 Peace celebrations
PS: 2, 113, 122 (ill.), 129 PS: 38 (ill.), 44 (ill.)
attitude of, toward WWI See also World War I: end of
PS: 118, 121–122 Peace plan. See Fourteen
background and war experience Points, the
of PS: 123, 130 Peace treaty ending WWI
poems by PS: 122–124, B: 166, 169, 176
124–125, 126–128 PS: 39, 59, 82
popularity of poems by PS: 122 Pégoud, Adolphe
A: 148, 149
People’s Republican
Party (Turkey)
P B: 11
Pacific, battles on islands in the Pershing, John Joseph
A: 106–107, 122 A: 67–68 (ill.), 73, 76, 181
Pacifists B: 51 (ill.), 52, 118–25, 118
PS: 143 (ill.), 121 (ill.), 140, 172–73
Pacifists who fought in WWI PS: 98
B: 111, 113 Persian Gulf, strategic
Paléologue, Maurice importance of
A: 28 A: 115
Palestine Persian Gulf War (1991)
A: 118, 122 B: 180
British role in B: 3, 5, 87 Pétain, Henri-Philippe
history of Jewish settlement in A: 45, 51, 61, 68 (ill.)
B: 1–2, 4 B: 52, 126–31, 126 (ill.),
Jewish homeland in B: 3–4, 87 128 (ill.)
Palmer, A. Mitchell Petrograd, Russia
B: 82, 176 A: 99, 101
Palmer Raids PS: 207–211, 214
B: 82 Phosgene gas
Pankhurst, A. D. A: 76, 143 (ill.), 144
PS: 43–45 See also Poison gas
Parachutes Pilots. See Aces (fighter pilots)
A: 149 Planes. See Airplanes
Paris Peace Conference Plekhanov, Georgy
A: 189–192, 196 B: 92
B: 16, 87–88, 170, 174 Plumer, Herbert
Paśa. See Cemal Paśa, Ahmed A: 62

18 Otavi A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

Poems about WWI Pétain, Henri-Philippe B: 52,
B: 111–13, 147 126–31
PS: 115–130 (see also Brooke, Wilson, Woodrow B: 23, 27, 29,
Rupert; Owen, Wilfred; 31, 122, 169–77
Sassoon, Siegfried; Seeger, Population of European countries
Alan; War poetry) in 1913. See individual
Anthem for Doomed Youth countries
124–125 Population of the United States
Counter-Attack 125–126 in 1913
The Dead PS: 119–120 A: 14
Dulce Et Decorum Est 126–128 Posters promoting the war effort.
I Have a Rendezvous with Death See Propaganda posters;
PS: 120 Recruiting posters
Peace PS: 118–119 Potiorek, Oscar
Sonnet X 120–121 A: 91
Sonnet XI: On Returning to the B: 45–46
Front After Leave 121 Pound, Ezra
Strange Meeting PS: 122–124 PS: 128, 146
They PS: 124 Prager, Robert
Poetry, importance of, during WWI A: 177
PS: 115–118 Princip, Gavrilo
Pogroms A: 1, 17–18, 19 (ill.), 20–21 (ill.)
A: 205 B: 42, 46
B: 2 Pripet Marshes
Poison gas A: 90, 96, 97
A: 46, 70, 144 Prisoners of war, experiences of,
B: 114, 116 (ill.) at end of WWI
PS: 2, 127 (ill.) PS: 45–46
Allied use of A: 47, 76, 78, Prittwitz, Max von
143–144 A: 88
casualties caused by A: 144 Progressive reforms in the
effects of A: 46, 58 (ill.), United States
142–143, 144 PS: 102–103
first use of A: 45, 46, 141–142 Proletariats
German use of A: 50, 70, B: 155
141–142 Propaganda
Poland A: 159–161 (ill.), 173 (ill.),
PS: 103, 107, 166, 189, 191 176–178, 179, 207
battles between Germany and B: 19, 25, 29–30, 135, 163 (ill.),
Russia in A: 90, 93–94 166 (ill.)
independence granted to PS: 7, 12, 99, 166, 169–171
A: 101, 188, 204 Propaganda posters
postwar events in A: 194, A: 161 (ill.), 173 (ill.), 179
197, 204 PS: 166, 169–188
strategic position of A: 86 in France PS: 174 (ill.), 176
Political cartoons (ill.), 179 (ill.), 186 (ill.)
PS: 54 (ill.), 84 (ill.) in Germany PS: 180 (ill.)
Political leaders in Great Britain PS: 182 (ill.),
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal B: 6–12 184 (ill.)
Franz Ferdinand B: 42–47 in Russia PS: 173 (ill.), 185 (ill.)
Jaurès, Jean B: 62–67 in the United States PS: 170
Lenin, Vladimir B: 82, (ill.), 175 (ill.), 178 (ill.),
90–96, 102 181 (ill.)

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Propaganda posters 19

 Prussia Red Baron, the. See Richthofen,
A: 2 Manfred von
B: 98, 100, 164, 167 Red Cross. See American Red Cross
PS: 53 Red Scare, the
See also East Prussia B: 82
Psychological stress caused Reds, the. See Red Army
by WWI Reed, John
PS: 34 B: 145
Public opinion. See Civilian Refugees
attitudes toward WWI Jewish B: 1–2
Putnik, Radomir produced by WWI A: 157 (ill.),
A: 92 163 (ill.), 200; PS: 47
Reichstag Investigating
Committee
Q B: 150–51
Quénault, Louis Reinsurance Treaty of 1887
A: 148, 151 A: 3
Remarque, Erich Maria
PS: 113, 114, 131–134,
132 (ill.), 145
R background of PS: 134–135
Radicals and radicalism novels by PS: 144
B: 64, 69, 82, 152 postwar attitudes reflected in
Railway systems, importance of, war novels by PS: 128, 131
during WWI success of PS: 131
A: 12, 25, 28, 78, 92, 158–159 WWI service of PS: 134, 144
PS: 14 Rennenkampf, Pavel
Rasputin, Grigory A: 87, 88, 90
A: 93, 94 (ill.), 96, 98–99 Reparations
B: 38–39, 39 (ill.), 93 A: 192, 202
Rathenau, Walther Resistance movement in Belgium
A: 156 B: 22, 24–25
PS: 201
Revolution. See Russia: revolution
Rationing of food during WWI
in; Workers’ (people’s)
A: 162–164, 178
revolution
PS: 165, 179 (ill.), 202 (ill.)
Richthofen, Manfred von
See also Food shortages
(the Red Baron)
during WWI
A: 149
Reactionaries
B: 64 B: 13–14, 17, 132–37, 132 (ill.)
Reconnaissance (information- Rickenbacker, Eddie
gathering) missions A: 149
PS: 22–27 B: 138–43, 138 (ill.), 140 (ill.),
Recruiting posters 142 (ill.)
PS: 6 (ill.), 7, 12 Right, the
in Austria PS: 177 (ill.) B: 64–65
in France PS: 174 (ill.) Romania
in Great Britain PS: 172 (ill.) A: 97, 199
in the United States PS: 63
PS: 183 (ill.) Romanian Front
Red Army A: 110 (ill.)
B: 41, 82, 93 Romanov family
PS: 214 B: 36

20 Prussia A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

Roosevelt, Franklin D. provisional government in
B: 143, 177 PS: 212
Roosevelt, Theodore revolution in A: 97, 99–101,
B: 120, 148, 171–72, 175 197, 204–206 (ill.); B: 38,
PS: 102 39–41, 93, 102, 166; PS: 59,
Rosenberg, Isaac 69, 167, 198, 203–214
B: 112–13 royal family of A: 100 (ill.);
PS: 117 B: 40–41
Rosenthal, Moriz strikes, protests, and labor
B: 78 disputes in PS: 167, 191, 203
Ross, Alexander WWI peace treaty signed by
B: 16 B: 93
Ross, Robert WWI unpopular in B: 39
B: 115 See also Russian army;
Soviet Union
Rouvroy, Claude Henri de
Russian army
B: 63
casualty rate of PS: 39
Rudolf (Austrian archduke)
mobilization of PS: 14
B: 43
mutiny of PS: 204
Russia
size of PS: 8
alliances of A: 3, 5–6, 7, 24; Russian Social Democratic
PS: 50, 54, 58, 59 Workers’ Party
armistice signed by PS: 214 B: 92
army problems and revolt in Russner, Kathe
A: 86, 99 PS: 39–42
assassination of royal family in Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)
PS: 69 B: 38, 120, 175
casualty rate and soldiers killed
in combat A: 199, 200
civil war in B: 41, 93–94;
PS: 214 S
Communist government in Sagittarius Rising
A: 197, 206; PS: 214 PS: 22–27, 37
conscription (military draft) in Saint-Mihiel
PS: 8 A: 75, 77, 181
PS: 98
economy of A: 8–9, 93, 97, 197,
St. Petersburg
206; PS: 167, 202
A: 28
food shortage in PS: 167,
Salandra, Antonio
202–203, 205, 207
A: 119
goals of, in WWI A: 203
Salonika Front
government of, prior to WWI A: 102
A: 6 Sambre River
industry and manufacturing in A: 37
A: 12, 97 Samoa
massacre of striking workers in A: 107
PS: 191, 203 Samsonov, Aleksandr
military and naval strength of A: 87–89
A: 9, 11, 12 Sarajevo
offensives A: 86–91, 100–101 A: 16, 21, 91
patriotism in, at beginning of Sassoon, Siegfried
WWI PS: 5 B: 112–13, 115–16, 147
population of A: 12, 97 PS: 2, 113, 123, 129 (ill.)
propaganda posters in attitude of, toward WWI
PS: 173 (ill.), 185 (ill.) PS: 118, 121–122, 128

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Sassoon, Seigfried 21

 background and war experience role of, in WWI PS: 50, 58,
of PS: 129 61, 68
poems by PS: 124, 125–126 WWI battles in PS: 69
popularity of poems by PS: 122 Serre, battle at
Scheer, Reinhard PS: 123
A: 131, 132 Sèvres, Treaty of
Schetter, Hans Otto A: 195
PS: 27–28 B: 8–9
Schiller, Friedrich Shell shock
B: 70 PS: 34, 123, 129
Schlieffen, Alfred von Shipping, WWI effects on
A: 24, 32 merchant
B: 98 A: 133–135, 151, 162, 173
PS: 71 See also Blockade, naval
Schlieffen plan Ships. See Weapons: battleships;
A: 24–26 (ill.), 32–33, 38, 39 Weapons: dreadnoughts
PS: 71–73 Siegfried Zone
Scott-Moncrieff, Charles A: 59
B: 115 Sitting Bull
SDKP (Social Democracy for the B: 119
Kingdom of Poland) Slack, C. M.
PS: 190, 191 PS: 45–46
Slavic countries, unification of
Seeger, Alan
B: 45–46
B: 144–49, 144 (ill.)
Social Democracy for the
PS: 113, 123
Kingdom of Poland (SDKP)
attitude of, toward WWI
PS: 190, 191
PS: 117, 118
Social Democratic Party of
background and war experience
Germany (SPD)
of PS: 88, 119, 128, 130
PS: 191, 192
poems by PS: 120–121
Social Democrats
popularity of poems by PS: 122
A: 83
Selective Service Administration Socialism and socialist movement
(U.S.) B: 28, 63–65, 69–70, 82,
A: 180 102, 152
B: 173 PS: 167, 189, 191, 197
PS: 14 Socialist groups
Separate peace, treaties A: 12, 83, 157, 176, 206
preventing a Socialist view of WWI
PS: 59 PS: 191, 194–197, 215
Serbia Soldiers
A: 95 (ill.) American (ill.) A: 33, 34, 191
B: 42, 45 Bishop, William Avery B: 13–18
PS: 54, 64, 107 British (ill.) A: 191
allies of A: 9–10 French (ill.) A: 35, 40, 52, 152
Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to German (ill.) A: 17, 38, 43,
PS: 63 89, 195
battles in A: 91–93 Italian (ill.) A: 119
casualties A: 92, 199 killed in WWI A: 199. See also
conflict with Austria-Hungary Casualties
A: 13, 16, 19–23, 91–92 Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence of
postwar events in A: 194 Arabia) B: 84–89
postwar (Fourteen Points) plan leaving home (Germany) (ill.)
for PS: 107 A: 17

22 Scheer, Reinhard A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

 Owen, Wilfred B: 111–17, 147 Stallupönen
Rickenbacker, Eddie B: 138–43 A: 87
Seeger, Alan B: 144–49 Starvation. See Food shortage
Stumpf, Richard B: 150–56 during WWI
York, Alvin C. B: 178–83 Statute of Westminster (1931)
See also Military leaders B: 16
Solomon Islands Stein, Gertrude
A: 107 PS: 146
Some Desperate Glory: The World Stewart, Carson
War I Diary of a British PS: 9–10
Officer, 1917 Storm of Steel: From the Diary of a
PS: 12
German Storm-Troop Officer on
Somme, Battle of the
the Western Front
A: 49, 52–54, 79
PS: 31–34, 42–43
B: 52, 58–59, 111, 113
Strange Meeting
PS: 20–21, 21–27, 119
Sonnet X PS: 122–124
PS: 120–121 Strategy. See Eastern Front:
Sonnet XI: On Returning to the Front strategy on the; Naval
After Leave strategy during WWI; War
PS: 121 plans; Western Front: strategy
Sophie (countess; wife of Franz used on the
Ferdinand) Strikes. See Labor protests
A: 16–17 Stumpf, Richard
B: 42–44 , 44 (ill.) B: 150–56
PS: 50 (ill.) Submarine attacks
South Africa, Union of B: 101, 166, 172–73
A: 108 on the Lusitania PS: 7, 92 (ill.)
Soviet Union on U.S. ships PS: 79, 80, 87,
A: 206 92, 103
B: 74, 90, 95 purpose of PS: 93, 103
PS: 214 U.S. condemnation of
See also Russia PS: 94–95
Soviets See also Weapons: submarines
PS: 213 Suez Canal, strategic
Spanish Flu importance of
A: 169 A: 117
Spanish-American War (1898)
Suffrage, women’s
B: 120
PS: 187
Spartacus League
Sukhomlinov, V. A.
PS: 191, 197, 215
A: 87
SPD (Social Democratic Party) of
Germany Surrender of Germany
PS: 191, 192 PS: 98, 109 (ill.)
Spee, Maximilian von See also Armistice agreements
A: 125 Susse x pledge
Spring offensive A: 174
A: 67, 68–73, 74 (ill.) Swinton, Ernest D.
Spy activity (intelligence) during A: 146
WWI Sykes-Picot Agreement
B: 1, 3–5, 85, 105, 108–10, 122 B: 87, 89
Stalin, Joseph Syria
A: 206 B: 3

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Syria 23

 T Lausanne B: 9
Taft, William Howard Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 A: 3
B: 171 secrecy of PS: 55, 59, 105
PS: 102 Sèvres A: 195; B: 8–9
Tanks. See Weapons: tanks Versailles A: 171, 184, 192–194,
Tannenberg, Battle of 196, 206, 207, 208; B: 52,
A: 88–90 (ill.), 94 169, 174
B: 100–01 See also Alliances; Armistice
Tanzania agreements
A: 107, 195 Trench warfare during WWI
Taxes. See United States: income A: 50 (ill.), 77, 144
tax reform in B: 58–59
Tear gas PS: 17–18, 28–30, 77
A: 46 French and British soldiers in
See also Poison gas trenches PS: 18 (ill.)
Technology. See Factories; Gas German innovations in A: 47,
masks; Weapons 53
Telegram from Germany to German soldiers in trenches
Mexico. See Zimmermann PS: 19 (ill.), 77 (ill.), 137 (ill.)
Telegram. illustrations of trenches (ill.)
Telegrams from American A: 34, 35, 72, 138, 141, 152
consulates in Russia Italian soldiers in trenches
PS: 167, 204–211 PS: 155 (ill.)
Telegrams of Nicholas II and strategy and weapons used in
Wilhelm II. See Willy-Nicky A: 41, 140, 146
Telegrams Trenchard, Hugh M.
They B: 15
PS: 124 Trialism
Thomas, Edward B: 44–45
B: 113, 157–59, 161 Triple Alliance
Thomas, Helen PS: 50, 59
B: 113, 157–62 Triple Entente
Tirpitz, Alfred von A: 1, 7, 10, 11, 14
B: 166 Trotsky, Leon
Tito, Josip Broz A: 101
A: 21 B: 93, 102
B: 46 PS: 214
Togo Truce. See Armistice agreements;
A: 107 Christmas Truce
Tolstoy, Leo Tsingtao
B: 70 A: 107, 124
Total war Turenne, Henri de La Tour
PS: 164 B: 50
Townshend, C. V. F. Turkey
A: 116–117 PS: 32–33, 37, 63
Trade, alliances and importance of alliance with Germany A: 127
A: 172–173, 183 Armenian genocide in A: 111,
Trains. See Railway systems, 112, 198; B: 3; PS: 32–33, 37
importance of armistice agreement signed by
Treaties A: 82, 118, 194
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of PS: 214 battles in A: 105, 109–113
ending WWI A: 187, 193, borders of, 1914 A: 18 (ill.)
194, 196 casualties A: 111, 115, 199

24 Taft, William H. A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

 clothing regulations in
B: 7, 9, 10
ethnic minorities in B: 3, 11
government and religious
customs in B: 9–10
Grand National Assembly
established in B: 8–9
independence gained by
B: 6, 8–9
Kurdish rebellion in B: 11
legal system in B: 9–10
modernization of B: 9–11
nationalism in B: 11
postwar events in A: 208
strategic importance of
A: 109, 113, 115
surrender of A: 103
women’s status in B: 10
Turks marching during
World War I
B: 8 (ill.)
Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo
A: 120
U A: 14, 178–179
U-boats. See Submarine attacks
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (U.S.S.R.).
See Soviet Union.
Unions, workers’. See Labor
protests
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
United Nations
A: 196
B: 175
PS: 110
United States
African Americans, treatment
and role of, during WWI
A: 177, 180 (ill.), 182–183
alliances before entry into
WWI A: 9
anti-German hysteria in B: 32
as world power B: 175;
PS: 47, 79
attitudes about WWI A:
171–172, 174, 176–178,
179–180, 183–184
battles involving U.S. troops
A: 71, 73–75, 75–77, 79–80
(ill.), 81 (ill.), 181
PS = World War I: Primary Sources
casualty rate of. See Allies:
casualty rate of
conscription (military draft) in
PS: 14, 99
Declaration of Neutrality
PS: 81, 86–87
declaration of war by
PS: 97, 98 (ill.)
economy of, during WWI A: 9,
174, 185, 208; PS: 87–88,
165–166
English-only laws passed in
B: 32
entry into WWI A: 67, 135,
152, 171, 174–175
European ties of PS: 84–85, 86
foreign policy of PS: 79–81,
82, 93
foreign trade by, early in WWI
PS: 80, 87, 88, 91, 101
German aggression directed at
PS: 91, 92, 103
German Americans, treatment
of, during WWI A: 177
income tax reform in PS: 103
industry and manufacturing in
isolationism in A: 183–185,
196, 208; B: 170; PS: 80, 82,
83, 103, 109
leftist politics in B: 82
military draft in B: 173
military and naval strength of
A: 14
neutrality of, at beginning of
WWI A: 172–174; B: 172;
PS: 79, 81, 86–87, 91, 95,
96, 103
peace celebrations in
PS: 38 (ill.)
policies and propaganda during
wartime A: 175–178
population of A: 14
postwar difficulties in B: 176
progressive reforms in
PS: 102–103
prohibition in B: 177
propaganda agency created by
PS: 99
propaganda posters in
PS: 170 (ill.), 175 (ill.),
178 (ill.), 181 (ill.)
United States 25
 recruiting posters in War bonds
PS: 7, 183 (ill.) B: 30 (ill.), 32
role of, since World War II PS: 166, 169, 173 (ill.),
B: 175 174 (ill.), 175 (ill.), 176 (ill.),
soldiers (ill.) A: 33, 34, 191; 181 (ill.)
PS: 13 (ill.) posters promoting purchase of
trade policy during WWI A: 161 (ill.), 173 (ill.), 179
A: 172–173 War Council for the Red Cross
war information agency A: 177 B: 23
War Message PS: 81, 94–97 War effort. See Civilian war effort
women’s voting rights in War Message (Wilson)
B: 177; PS: 187 PS: 81, 94–97
WWI battles involving soldiers War novels
from PS: 98 PS: 128 (see also All Quiet on
United States Information Agency
the Western Front; A Farewell
B: 28
to Arms)
War plans
A: 24–27, 43–46, 67–69, 92
V B: 52, 58, 123, 127–28, 133
Vauban, Sébastien PS: 51, 71–73
B: 50 War poets and poetry
Vaughan, Edwin Campion B: 111–13, 147
PS: 12 PS: 113, 115–118
Vaux, Fort See also Brooke, Rupert;
A: 50, 51 Owen, Wilfred; Poems about
Verdun, Battle of WWI; Sassoon, Siegfried;
A: 49–51 Seeger, Alan
B: 97, 128, 130, 133 War resistance movement in
Versailles, Treaty of Belgium
A: 171, 184, 192–194, 196, B: 22, 24–25
206, 207, 208 War zones during WWI
B: 52, 176 A: 106 (ill.), 111 (ill.)
PS: 39, 59, 82, 108, 109, 110 Warfare, types of. See Airplanes;
Versailles Peace Conference Cavalry; Naval warfare;
PS: 105 (ill.) Trench warfare; Weapons
Victoria (queen of Great Britain) Wars
B: 35–36, 38, 163 Balkan Wars A: 194
Villa, Francisco “Pancho” Boer War A: 39
B: 121–22, 172 Franco-Prussian War
Villain, Raoul
A: 3, 5, 159
B: 67
Great War, the A: 1
Vimy Ridge
Warships. See Weapons:
A: 45–46, 47, 62
battleships; Weapons:
B: 15–16
dreadnoughts
Voting rights for women
Weapons
A: 164, 165
PS: 187 A: 114 (ill.), 116 (ill.)
artillery A: 29, 44, 50, 53,
70–71, 146, 167
barbed wire A: 33 (ill.), 41, 49,
W 53–54, 140; PS: 18
Wadi Run battleships A: 11 (ill.), 113,
B: 87 124 (ill.), 131 (ill.), 151

26 U.S. Information Agency A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

 bombs, mines, and explosives
A: 62, 113, 130, 135, 146,
147, 148
dreadnoughts (battleships)
A: 124 (ill.), 125, 131,
132, 151
flamethrower A: 49, 50,
121 (ill.), 144
howitzer (ill.) A: 32
machine guns A: 41, 48,
138–141 (ill.)
mortars A: 146
submarines (U-boats) A: 76,
124, 133–135 (ill.), 151–153,
162, 173–175, 194
tanks A: 54, 65, 66 (ill.), 140,
145–147 (ill.); PS: 2
zeppelins A: 147, 167, 168 (ill.)
See also Airplanes; Poison gas
Weapons, introduction of new
PS: 2
Weapons, production of, vs. food
production
PS: 187
Weather, battlefield conditions
and
A: 63, 92–93, 108, 111,
113, 116
Weimar Republic
PS: 198
Welt-politik (world scheme)
A: 7
Western Front
PS: 17, 77
first years on the A: 31–55
location/extent of the
A: 37 (ill.), 38, 57
strategy used on the
A: 44, 57–59, 65–69,
138–139, 140, 181
Westminster, Statute of (1931)
B: 16
White Army (the Whites)
B: 41, 93
PS: 214
Wilhelm I
A: 3
B: 41, 93, 163–64, 167
PS: 53
Wilhelm II
A: 3, 5, 7, 8 (ill.), 13, 22, 29, 83,
87 (ill.), 123
PS = World War I: Primary Sources
B: 19, 71, 97, 99, 100–01,
163–68, 163 (ill.)
PS: 51, 61–62, 62 (ill.), 63,
69, 84 (ill.)
Willy-Nicky Telegrams
PS: 51, 61, 62, 64–68
Wilson, Woodrow
A: 184 (ill.), 185, 189 (ill.)
B: 23, 27, 29, 169–77, 169 (ill.),
174 (ill.)
PS: 81 (ill.), 84 (ill.), 87, 105
(ill.), 110 (ill.), 212
Declaration of Neutrality by
PS: 81, 85, 86–87, 91
declaration of war by A:
174–176; PS: 81, 92–93
downfall of PS: 108–110
and Fourteen Points A:
182–183, 187, 188; PS: 82,
101–104, 104–108
League of Nations proposed by
A: 183–184; PS: 82, 103, 104
military draft instituted by
PS: 99
neutrality urged by A: 172
opinion about colonies A: 195
peace conference role of
A: 189–191, 196
progressive reforms supported
by PS: 102–103
War Message PS: 81, 94–97
Windhoek
A: 108
Winter Battle of Masuria
A: 91
Women
effects of WWI on
PS: 32–33, 47
role of, during WWI
A: 164–166 (ill.); PS: 164
(ill.), 164–165, 171,
183–186 (ill.), 188
voting rights of A: 164, 165;
B: 177; PS: 187
Women’s Land Army
PS: 164
Women’s roles during WWI
Aaronsohn, Sarah B: 1–5
Cavell, Edith B: 19–26
Fyodorovna, Alexandra B:
34–41
Kollwitz, Käthe B: 68–76
Mata Hari B: 105–10
Thomas, Helen B: 113, 157–62
Women’s roles 27
 Women’s status in Turkey war zones during A: 106 (ill.),
B: 10 111 (ill.)
Workers’ (people’s) revolution See also Food shortage during
PS: 166, 189, 191, 192, 197, 198 WWI; Mobilization
Workmen’s compensation World War II
law (U.S.) A: 185, 197, 199, 202, 204, 208
PS: 102 Wounded soldiers, numbers of
Works Progress Administration PS: 34
(WPA) See also Casualties caused by
B: 33 WWI
World War I WPA. See Works Progress
attitudes toward, early in war Administration.
PS: 2, 5–7, 9–10, 12, 172 (ill.),
174 (ill.), 192–197
attitudes toward, later in war
PS: 13, 150–152 (fiction), Y
154–156 (fiction), 166, Yekaterinburg
175 (ill.) B: 40–41
battlefield conditions during YMCA assistance during WWI
B: 116 (ill.) B: 23
beginnings of A: 23–24; York, Alvin C.
B: 42, 165–66; PS: 68, B: 178–83, 178 (ill.)
72 (ill.), 76, 77 film about, scene from
casualties caused by A: 199, 182 (ill.)
200 (ill.); PS: 34, 38–39 Young Bosnians
causes of (general) PS: 1 B: 46
censorship during PS: 12, 169 Young Turks
civilian war effort during A: 112
A: 155–169 Ypres, First Battle of
costs of, financial A: 198, A: 41
201–202 B: 52, 57
deaths caused by PS: 37, 47 Ypres Salient and region (ill.)
effects of, on civilians A: 82 A: 45, 64
(ill.), 129, 147, 157 (ill.), Ypres, Second Battle of
161–164 (ill.), 198, 200; A: 45, 46
PS: 47, 163–166 Ypres, Third Battle of
end of PS: 37–46, 111 A: 63–65
financial cost of PS: 165 PS: 27–28
goals of European countries in Yudenich, Nikolay
A: 202–203 A: 113
influence of, on literature and Yugoslavia
worldview PS: 114, 131, A: 194, 197, 204
145, 148 B: 46
peace treaty ending PS: 39,
59, 82
popular opinion against
A: 12–13, 14, 99, 101. Z
(see also Civilian attitudes Zangwill, Israel
toward WWI ) B: 4
U.S. declaration of war during Zelle, Margaretha Geertruida.
PS: 97, 98 (ill.) See Mata Hari
war plans for A: 24–27, 43–46, Zeppelin, destruction caused by
67–69, 92 A: 82 (ill.).

28 Women’s status A = World War I: Almanac B = World War I: Biographies

 See also Weapons: zeppelins Zionism
Zimmermann telegram B: 4
A: 174–175 Zola, Émile
PS: 93 B: 70

PS = World War I: Primary Sources Zola, Émile 29