UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB

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ASSIGNMENT No. 1
COURSE TITLE: Modern muslim world
SUBMITTED TO: Prof. Muhammad umar zaka
Date: 13-11-2023

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SUBMITTED BY: Zohaib Anjum
Reg No. L1F20BBAM0778
Section: A
 United Kingdom
1) How many countries did united kingdom colonialised?
During the height of its colonial power, the United Kingdom colonised a sizable number
of countries worldwide. Exactly how many depends on one's definition of a "country" or
"colony," and it's important to acknowledge that the idea of a nation-state has changed
over time. The British Empire also comprised a variety of mandates, protectorates,
dominions, and colonies.
Some of the well-known areas and nations that the United Kingdom colonised during
that time were as follows:
India, Canada, Australia ,New Zealand ,South Africa,
Nigeria ,Kenya ,Egypt ,Sudan ,Malaysia ,Singapore ,Hong Kong and Tobago Barbados.

2) How much area did united kingdom conquered?

At its height, the British Empire is thought to have occupied an area of approximately
13.71 million square miles (35.5 million square kilometres) of land.
This led to it being one of the biggest empires in history, with territories and colonies
spread across several continents. It's crucial to remember that colonisation, acquisition,
and decolonization all contributed to the changes in this region over time.

3) How many of these countries were muslim?

A significant number of territories within the British Empire had Muslim-majority
populations. The British Empire included regions in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East
where Islam was a predominant religion. Some of the territories with significant Muslim
populations that were part of the British Empire include:
India,egypt,sudan,malaysia,iraq,jordan and palestine

4) Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantages
 Economic Development: By building trade routes, infrastructure (like ports and
railroads), and introducing contemporary financial systems, the British Empire
contributed to the economic development of some areas.
 Global Spread of English Language and Culture: As a result of colonisation, the
English language and British cultural influences spread over the world,
 influencing literature, law, and governance in different regions of the world and
serving as a common language for international communication.
 Political Institutions: The British occasionally imposed political structures and
governing frameworks that had an impact on the evolution of democratic values
and the rule of law in their former colonies.
 Scientific and Technological Exchange: The British Empire promoted scientific
and technological exchanges between regions of the world, leading to advances
in a number of fields.
Disadvantages
 Economic Inequality and Exploitation: Due to the frequently unequal distribution
of the economic benefits received from the colonies, there was economic
inequality and exploitation. The local populace would occasionally become
impoverished as a result of the colonies' wealth and resources being taken.
 Cultural Imperialism: The erasure of indigenous cultures and customs may result
from the imposition of British cultural values and norms, which would further
contribute to cultural imperialism.
 Social and Racial Discrimination: Tensions and conflicts arose within the
colonised societies as a result of colonial policies that frequently perpetuated
social hierarchies and racial discrimination.
 Violence and Conflicts: Throughout the colonisation process, there were
numerous wars, conflicts, and acts of violence that resulted in great suffering for
people all over the world.

5) Effects?
Both good and bad things came about as a result of the British Empire. The growth of
the English language, international trade networks, and infrastructure are examples of
positive effects. The legacy of arbitrary borders, violence, social and racial
discrimination, cultural imperialism, economic exploitation, and other negative effects all
contribute to persistent problems in many post-colonial societies.
6) How did they withdraw?
After World War II, there was a decolonization process that led to the British Empire's
withdrawal. Global power shifts, economic factors, and the emergence of nationalist
movements in colonised areas all had an impact on it. Through negotiations, the British
Empire granted independence to numerous colonies, resulting in the creation of new,
independent countries.
Different regions went through different processes, some involving calm transitions and
others involving violent ones. The Commonwealth's establishment permitted the newly
independent countries and the former colonial power to maintain diplomatic and
economic relations.
 1) How many countries did french colonialised in past?

In the past, France had a vast colonial empire, and over time, the number of
nations it colonised changed. Among the important territories that France
colonised were:
North america,caribbean,south america,africa,vietnam and combodia

2) How much area did the french conquered?

Throughout history, the French have occupied and ruled over regions in Europe,
the Caribbean, North America, Africa, and Asia. The French Empire's total area
fluctuated over time, but at its height it encompassed large parts of Southeast
Asia, Caribbean islands, North America, Western and Central Europe, and
various African regions. By the middle of the 20th century, decolonization had
reduced the extent.

3) How many of these countries were muslim?

Several countries that were once part of the French colonial empire had significant
Muslim populations.
Algeria,tunisia,morocco,senegal,mali and ivory coast

4) Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantages
 Economic Development: Colonial powers frequently took advantage of their
colonies' resources to make money. Trade routes, industries, and infrastructure
could grow as a result of this.
 Cultural Exchange: Between the indigenous populations and the colonial power,
colonisation occasionally facilitated cultural exchange. This might involve the
introduction of novel concepts, languages, and technology.
 Administrative Systems: The introduction of legal frameworks, administrative
systems, and educational institutions by European colonial powers served as a
precursor to modern governance structures in certain instances.
 Global Trade Networks: Colonies frequently developed into essential
components of global trade networks, which helped to connect various
geographical areas.
  Infrastructure for Transportation: In order to improve communication within the
colony and ease trade, colonisers frequently constructed ports, railroads, and
roadways.
Disadvantages
 Exploitation and Oppression: Many colonial powers engaged in the exploitation
and oppression of indigenous populations, including forced labor, resource
extraction, and cultural suppression.
 Social and Cultural Disruption: Local societies and cultures were frequently
upended by colonisation. There have been occasions when traditional social
structures have been weakened, resulting in social unrest and the loss of cultural
identity.
 Economic exploitation: Although economic growth was possible, it frequently
benefited the colonial powers at the expense of the native populace. Economic
imbalances resulted from the frequent extraction of resources and their transfer
to the colonising nation.
 Loss of Independence: When decisions about their resources and government
were made by outside forces, colonised countries lost their political
independence.
 Conflict and Resistance: Between colonisers and indigenous populations,
colonisation frequently led to resistance and conflict. This might lead to
bloodshed, fatalities, and enduring hostilities.
 Legacy of Injustice: Post-colonial societies continue to face difficulties due to the
lingering effects of colonisation, which include economic inequalities, social
inequalities, and cultural imbalances.

5) What were the effects of this?

French colonisation had both positive and negative effects on colonised nations.
Positive effects included infrastructure development and cultural exchange, while
negative effects included economic exploitation, cultural disruption, and loss of
autonomy.
These effects have shaped social, economic, and political dynamics in post-colonial
societies, leaving a long-lasting legacy.

6) How did they withdraw?

A number of causes contributed to the French withdrawal from their colonies, including
post-World War II geopolitical shifts on a worldwide scale and regional independence
movements. Treaties, negotiations, and sometimes protracted conflicts were all a part of
this process.
The French withdrawal was largely influenced by the Wars in Indochina and Algeria,
which resulted in diplomatic agreements formalising the independence of the former
colonies. The French expulsion from their overseas territories was also impacted by the
larger decolonization context and evolving global sentiments against colonialism.
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