Periodic Table

Sub-atomic Particles: - An atom is supposed to

Electrons have 8 electrons in it’s
Protons outer-most shell (when
Neurons talking about their exchange
and conversion regarding ions)

However,
Group I elements have: 1 valence electron (Gives 1 electron during ion conversion)
Group II elements have: 2 valence electrons (Gives 2 electrons)
………
Group VII elements have: 7 valence electrons (Receives 1 electron during ion
conversion)

More electrons = less space between orbits, hence lower radius

There are 119 elements in total and 116 are on the periodic table. 3 are excluded as
we are not well-aware of their properties.

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 Group I

 They are referred to as “alkali metals”.

 Group 1 is on the left-hand side of the periodic table.

Properties:
 They are soft (they can be cut with a knife).
 They have relatively low melting points.
 The alkali metals also have low densities; the first three (lithium, sodium
and potassium) are able to float on water.
 They have vigorous reactions with water.
 The melting points of Group I elements decrease as we descend in the group:
Element Melting point

Lithium, Li 180°C

Sodium, Na 98°C

Potassium, K 63°C

Rubidium, Rb 39°C

Caesium, Cs 28°C

Francium, Fr 27°C

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Group II

 They are referred to as “alkaline earth metals”.

Trend in reactions in group II reactions:
Reactions get more vigorous descending the group.

Elements of group II:

 Beryllium (Be)
 Magnesium (Mg)
 Calcium (Ca)
 Strontium (Sr)
 Barium (Ba)
 Radium (Ra)

----------------

Group VII

 They are referred to as “halogens”.

 They are used to kill germs.

Properties:
 They are gases.
 They are non-metals.
 They are not solid at room temperature.
 They have low melting & boiling points.
 They can be extremely harmful.

Elements of group VII:

 Fluorine (F)
 Chlorine (Cl)
  Bromine (Br)
 Iodine (I)
 Astatine (At)

Their melting and boiling points increase as we descend in the group:

Element Melting point Boiling Points

Flourine, F -220°C -188°C

Chlorine, Cl -101°C -35°C

Bromine, Br -7°C 59°C

Iodine, I 113°C 184°C

Astatine, At 28°C 336°C

- Refer to 1st Term Science notebook for more (they require more research).