j o u r n a l o f t r a f fi c a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e n g i n e e r i n g ( e n g l i s h e d i t i o n ) 2 0 2 2 ; 9 ( 5 ) : 8 6 4 e8 7 9

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Review Article

Utilization of inferior quality aggregates in asphalt

mixes: A systematic review

Surya Narayanan Sakthivel a,*, Ankit Kathuria a, Bhupendra Singh b

a
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu 181221, India
b
Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342037, India

highlights

Various inferiorities in aggregates properties are discussed.

A review of different treatment measures to improve the properties of inferior quality aggregate is presented.

Effect of various treatment methods on the properties of asphalt mixes is reviewed.

Future research directions for treating inferior quality aggregate to be used in asphalt mixes are discussed.

article info abstract

Article history: Properties of aggregates are majorly influenced by parameters of source rocks viz., for-
Received 19 August 2021 mation process, chemical composition, impurities, volume of pores, and grain size. The
Received in revised form study presents a review of aggregate treatment methods and its efficacy to enhance the
26 October 2021 quality of aggregate. Various aspects of aggregate treatment methods like processing
Accepted 11 March 2022 temperature, the dosage of additives, adaptability in the field is studied for three treatment
Available online 24 September 2022 methods viz., polymer coating, cementitious coating, and chemical treatments. The paper
also presents an insight to understand the effect of different treatment methods on mix
Keywords: properties and performance parameters of asphalt mixes. The review revealed that the
Mineral aggregates shape properties of aggregates can be enhanced by the incorporating suitable crushing
Inferior quality aggregates process (two-stage or three-stage). Whereas, physical and durability properties of aggre-
Treatment methods gates can be improved by various treatment methods like polymer coating, Zycosoil
Asphalt mixes treatment. It was further inferred from the review that treatment methods can have
Mix performance moderate effects on the mechanical properties of aggregates, since, it is mostly dependent
on properties of source rocks.
© 2022 Periodical Offices of Chang'an University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on
behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-
ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 9205570604.

E-mail addresses: suryanarayanan.nitt@gmail.com, 2020rce2050@iitjammu.ac.in (S.N. Sakthivel), ankit.kathuria@iitjammu.ac.in (A.
Kathuria), bhupendra@iitj.ac.in (B. Singh).
Peer review under responsibility of Periodical Offices of Chang'an University.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2022.03.001
2095-7564/© 2022 Periodical Offices of Chang'an University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co.
Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879
1. Introduction
Mineral aggregates are extracted from rock fragments after
various mechanical processing like crushing, sizing, washing,
etc. There are nearly 300 different types of rock fragments
available worldwide (Farhana et al., 2013); out of which few
are considered worthful to be used as construction
aggregates. Aggregates constitute 90%e95% of the material
used in asphalt mixes for constructing flexible pavements
(Chowdhury et al., 2001); therefore, the aggregate quality has
a significant effect on the performance of the pavement.
Over the years, different test methods have been developed
to select suitable aggregate for pavement construction. The
intention is to obtain a material having adequate strength,
durability, and compatibility with other materials to last the
road's design life. Apart from the elemental composition and
mineral composition, many other variables such as
pavement type, pavement design, subgrade conditions,
maintenance practices, traffic characteristics, and weather
conditions also affect the performance of the aggregates in
the bituminous mix (Little et al., 2001; Pasetto et al., 2021).
Aggregate properties are classified into two different cat-
egories, i.e., consensus properties and source properties. The
consensus properties are the properties that can be modified
by adopting different mining and crushing processes on
source rocks. The consensus properties includes the aggregate
angularity, flakiness and elongation index, voids content, and
sand equivalent. These properties are in general related to the
shape, texture, and angularity of aggregates. The inferiorities
in consensus properties affect the aggregate skeleton stability
in the asphalt mix, affecting aggregate gradation and marshall
properties (Chowdhury et al., 2001; Little et al., 2001; Singh
et al., 2013, 2019). The standard limits of consensus
properties are selected based on the type of asphalt mix and
design traffic of the pavement structure (Asphalt Institute
Manual, 2014). On the other hand, the source aggregate
properties are inherent properties related to the source of
rock particles, mineral constituents, and geological
formations, and they can be classified as strength properties
and durability. The source properties include hardness,
toughness, and soundness. These source properties of
aggregates play a significant role in the resistance of asphalt
mixes against various degradation and disintegration during
stocking, mixing, placing, compacting the asphalt mixes,
and traffic loading (Wu et al., 1998).
The asphalt mix performance parameters like permanent
deformation (Dulaimi et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2016), fatigue
cracking (Barksdale et al., 1992; Kumar and Varma, 2020),
stiffness (Fred, 1970; Monismith, 1970), resilient modulus
(Bennert, 2009; Pan et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2012), and
moisture susceptibility (Baldi-Sevilla et al., 2017; Kakade
et al., 2017; Parker and West, 1992) are greatly influenced by
aggregate properties. It is evident from the literature that
good quality aggregates are one of the primary necessities
for the long life of the pavement. A highway of 1 km in
length with a two-lane carriageway and having paved
shoulders (10 m wide and 575 mm of granular and
bituminous layers) needs about 25,000 tonnes of aggregate
for its construction (Newman et al., 2012). With the
865
increasing demand for aggregate, the availability of good
quality natural aggregate is becoming a big problem all over
the world. Even if good quality aggregates are available,
hauling them from long distances increases emissions and
material costs (Swarup, 2015). A more economical and
sustainable practice is to use locally available aggregates
which may be of inferior quality. In the recent past,
attempts have been made to improve the properties of low-
quality aggregates by proposing various mechanical and
chemical treatment methods to address the rising material
demand and scarcity (Cady et al., 1979; Kareem et al., 2020;
Min-Gu et al., 1999; Moghadas Nejad et al., 2013; Saha et al.,
2017). This study provides a review of literature on the
utilization of inferior quality aggregates in asphalt mixes.
2. Research methodology
This section provides study methodology, research questions
based on the methodology, and the inclusion & exclusion
criteria to select literature for the study.
2.1. Research questions
A systematic classification method was used to develop the
research questions intended to summarize each review topic
presented in Fig. 1.
The research questions (RQ) addressed to achieve the
objective of the review are listed as follows.
RQ.1 What are the different inferiorities present in the ag-
gregates and their types? How can these inferiorities be
evaluated?
RQ.2 What are the different treatment measures adopted to
improve the properties of inferior quality aggregates?
What are the methodologies adopted to implement the
treatment measures?
RQ.3 What is the mechanism behind improving the proper-
ties of inferior quality aggregates for each treatment
method?
RQ.4 What is the quantitative improvement in the properties
of inferior quality aggregates after treatment?
RQ.5 What is the effect of different aggregate treatment
methods on the properties and performance of asphalt
mixes?
The above-mentioned research questions are answered in
the subsequent sections. Additionally, potential research gaps
for future study are identified.
3. Types of inferiorities in aggregates
Various agencies recommend different standard limiting
values to categorize aggregates used for pavement construc-
tion as inferior or good quality. In view of the above, Table 1
summarizes standard specifications of different aggregate
properties followed by different agencies viz., Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS), American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials & American Society
866 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879
Fig. 1 e Study methodology.
for Testing and Materials (AASHTO/ASTM), and British
Standards Institution (BSI). This section further elaborates
the various inferiorities in shape, strength, and durability
properties of aggregates in detail.
3.1. Inferiorities in shape properties
The shape of a rock particle can be expressed as three inde-
pendent properties, i.e., its form, angularity, and surface
texture (Barrett, 1980). A schematic diagram illustrating the
differences between these properties is presented in Fig. 2.
The shape reflects variations in the proportions of a particle,
and angularity reflects variations at the corners (Masad,
2001). Surface texture describes the surface irregularity at a
scale that is too small to affect the overall shape or
angularity. The three properties can be distinguished based
on their different scales concerning particle size (Lytton
et al., 2005). These properties are independent of each other,
implying that any of it can vary widely without necessarily
affecting the other two properties.
Angular and rough-textured aggregates are preferred over
other aggregates as they offer better interlocking and
increased stability. In contrast, rounded, smooth types of ag-
gregates are least preferred because they tend to roll over each
other, which leads to deformation of the asphalt layer over the
service life. The aggregate texture is highly dependent on its
mineralogy and can be improved by adopting the appropriate
crushing process (single-stage or two-stage). Whereas, shape
and angularity of aggregate can be modified by using an
appropriate crushing mechanism like jaw, cone, gyratory, etc.
The percentage of fractured faces determines the angularity
(ASTM, 2017b). Whereas, the gradation of different sizes of
particles in an aggregate source can be determined by sieve
analysis (ASTM, 2017a) (less than 0.75 mm size) and (ASTM,
2019). Abo-Qudais and Al-Shweily (2007) found that
aggregate gradation influences the adhesion properties of
asphalt mixes. Fig. 3 shows effect of aggregate gradation on
creep behavior of asphalt mixes.
The major geological factors that influence aggregate sur-
face texture are grain size and volume of pores (Sun et al.,
2017). A study done by Pang et al. (2010) reported that basalt
exhibits higher texture and angularity levels due to the
presence of plagioclase and hematite, forming a crystal-strip
compound structure. The granite exhibits medium-grained
surface texture because of the presence of quartz and
exhibits good mechanical properties due to the presence of
plagioclase. On the contrary, limestone aggregates exhibit
uniform micro-texture, due to the high calcite mineral
constituents (Haddock and O'brien, 2013). Roberts et al.
(1996) investigated aggregates from different aggregate
sources with different mineralogical properties. From the
study, it was concluded that the strength and texture
properties of the aggregates change with the change in rock
mineralogy. Siddans categorized various types of rocks in
groups based on the grain size and formation of source rock
(Siddans, 1952). Table 2 presents aggregates categorized
based on the rock mineralogy and mineral composition
highlighting quality under different rock properties.
Apart from aggregates mineralogy, types of crushing pro-
cesses also affect the aggregate properties like surface texture
and shape (flaky and elongated particles). There are, in gen-
eral, five different types of crushing mechanisms used to
crush the quarried rocks, namely jaw, cone, gyratory, vertical
shaft impactor (VSI), and horizontal shaft impactor (HSI)
(Rajan and Singh, 2017). These crushers are used alone (single-
stage process) or in a sequence of crushing processes (two or
three-stage process) to get different quality aggregates
(Fig. 4). The single-stage process (jaw) results in more flaky
and elongated particles due to the nature of the cleavage
plane and breakage of particles with fewer compaction
efforts during the crushing process, whereas the two-stage
process results in more cubical-shaped particles with
controlled sphericity (Hafeez et al., 2016). A jaw crusher is
called a primary crusher, as it is used to reduce the size of
rocks. Hafeez et al. (2016) used single source aggregates to
compare a single-stage process (jaw) with a two-stage
process (jaw followed by cone). The study concluded that
two-stage crushing (jaw with a cone crusher) showed better
physical and mechanical properties than single-stage
crushing (jaw) in crushed aggregates.
 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879 867

specifications

BIS 812: Part 3

BIS 812: Part 3

BIS 812: Part 3

BIS 812: Part 3

Standard

ASTM C131

ASTM C127
British standards

e
bituminous concrete
Specified limits for

Above 40%
Below 15%
Max 30%

Max 12%

Max 20%

Max 2%
e

e
Fig. 2 e Shape, texture, and angularity.
specifications

AASHTO M323,

ASTM E303-93
AASHTO T112

AASHTO T104
AASHTO T96
Standard

ASTM D4791

ASTM D3625
ASTM C131

ASTM C127

Hafeez et al. (2016) found that a two-stage crushing process

American standards

leads to a more polished aggregate surface resulting in poor

adhesion properties between aggregate and bitumen, which
e

may affect the performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) and

bituminous concrete

Minimum 95% retained

Specified limits for

reduce the frictional resistance. A polished stone value test

or accelerated polishing test is used to measure the
Max 12% (Na2SO4)
Max 18% (MgSO4)

frictional resistance of the aggregates, it is important to

evaluate polished stone value within the limit for better
Above 40%

frictional resistance.
Max 30%

Max 10%
Max 2%

Max 2%

coating

Previous studies analyzed the role of aggregate shape in

controlling the performance of asphalt mixtures, especially
e

resistance to flow number, dynamic modulus, fatigue

Standard specifications

cracking and rutting (Araga ~ o et al., 2016; Kogbara et al., 2016).

IS: 2386 (part IV) - 1963

IS: 2386 (part IV) - 1963

IS: 2386 (part IV) - 1963

IS: 2386 (part III) - 1963
IS: 2386 (part V) - 1963
IS: 2386 (part I) - 1963

IS: 2386 (part I) - 1963

Table 3 presents the results of various studies that analyzed

Table 1 e Different Standard limits and specifications for various aggregate properties.

the influence of aggregate properties on the properties of

IS: 6241 - 1971

asphalt mixes. Table 4 shows the correlation coefficients

between coarse aggregate properties and asphalt mix
Indian standards

properties (dynamic modulus and flow number). These

studies conducted experiments that focused on
understanding the influence of fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate, or the combined effect of fine and coarse
bituminous concrete
Specified limits for

aggregate on the mechanical properties and performance of

12% (Na2SO4)
18% (MgSO4)

retained coating
Max 5% passing
0.075 mm sieve

the asphalt mixes.

Minimum 95%
Max 30%

24%

35%

Min 55%
Max 2%
Max
Max
Max
Max

Stripping value of aggregate

Los Angeles abrasion test

and elongation indices

Aggregate impact test

Water absorption test

Type of test

Polished stone value

Combined flakiness
Grain size analysis

Soundness test

Shape factors
Property of

Adhesion to
Cleanliness

Toughness
aggregate

bitumen
Durability
Hardness

Polishing
Porosity

Fig. 3 e Creep behaviour vs. gradation and type of

aggregate.
868 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879

Table 2 e Aggregate types and properties (Roberts et al., 1996).

Rock type Hardness, toughness Resistance to stripping Surface texture Crushed shape Group
Igneous rocks
Granite Fair Fair Fair Fair Acidic medium-grained rock
Basalt Good Good Good Good Basic fine-grained rock
Sedimentary rocks
Limestone Poor Good Good Fair Calcareous rock
Sandstone Fair Good Good Good Siliceous rock
Shale Poor Poor Fair Fair Fine-grained siliceous rock
Metamorphic rocks
Quartzite Good Fair Good Good Siliceous/thermal rock
Marble Poor Good Fair Fair Thermal rock

3.2. Inferiority in strength properties
Hardness and toughness are the two strength properties of
aggregates used for road construction. The hardness of
aggregate (resistance to abrasion) is associated with the
degradation (wearing action) of aggregate during construction
and under traffic loading. The toughness of the aggregate is a
measure of resistance for impact loading. During the con-
struction process, the road aggregates are subjected to impact
and pounding action, and there is a possibility of some par-
ticles breaking into small pieces. Excess degradation during
compaction and vehicular wheel loads causes a severe prob-
lem because the aggregate faces are exposed and uncoated,
leading to stripping (reduced tensile strength ratio) and less
durability (Amirkhanian et al., 1991).
Hardness is measured by Los Angeles abrasion resistance
(LAR) test (ASTM, 2010) or micro deval abrasion test (ASTM,
2017c). Abrasion resistance is the most critical parameter for
open-graded and gap-graded asphalt mixes than dense-
graded mixes (Kandhal and Parker, 1998). Al-Suhaibani
(1995) found that Los Angeles abrasion resistance have
better correlated with Marshall stability of the asphalt mixes
(Fig. 5). ASTM standards mainly recommends abrasion
resistance by LAR test or micro deval test as selection
criteria for choosing appropriate aggregate to be used in
pavement construction. Apart from LAR test, Indian
standards recommend conducting impact value tests and
aggregate crushing strength tests during the selection of
aggregates for pavements (IS, 1963b).
The hardness and toughness properties of various mineral
aggregates are presented in Table 2. The hardness of the
aggregate depends on the grain size and volume of pores of
the source rock (Sun et al., 2017). The grain size, fine and
medium-grained rocks exhibit higher resistance to hardness,
whereas coarse-grained rocks exhibit lesser resistance to
hardness. When it comes to the volume of pores, hardness
decreases with an increase in the volume of pores (Kazi
et al., 1980). This is a reason why Basalt provides better
resistance against abrasion as it is a fine-grained and less
porous rock. In contrast, limestone provides low resistance
against abrasion because of high porosity. Therefore, based
on the above-mentioned reasons, aggregates obtained after
crushing basalt rocks are preferred in road construction
(Goswami, 1984).
3.3. Inferiority in durability properties
The durability of aggregates refers to resistance to degrada-
tion due to reasons like moisture. The durability of aggregates
can be evaluated by soundness, stripping, and water absorp-
tion properties. Soundness is the measure of the degradation
of aggregate during exposure to different climatic conditions.
Aggregate should be resistant to breaking or disintegration
when exposed to wet and dry conditions during the pave-
ment's service life. The most widely used soundness
measuring test method is the sodium sulphate or magnesium
sulphate soundness test as per (ASTM, 2018a). If the asphalt
coating remains intact, the weathering cycles do not

Fig. 4 e Aggregate crushing process.

 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879
Fig. 5 e Influence of LAV on Marshall stability (Al-
Suhaibani, 1995).
significantly affect the performance of the asphalt mixes.
However, water can penetrate the aggregate particles if
some degradation happens while handling and constructing
asphaltic pavement layers (Harris and Chowdhury, 2004).
Utilization of unsound aggregates may cause raveling,
stripping, and permanent deformation of asphalt pavement.
Stripping is the detachment of bitumen film from the
surface of aggregate in the presence of water (Parker and
West, 1992). Stripping will reduce the durability of the
asphalt mix; this problem may occur when an aggregate has
more affinity to water than bitumen (Rossi et al., 2017).
Freshly crushed aggregates, more angular aggregates,
hydrophilic aggregates are more susceptible to stripping
(Roberts et al., 1996). The main attributing cause for
stripping is rock mineralogy, water absorption, surface
texture, surface aging, and deleterious materials present in
the aggregates (Abo-Qudais and Al-Shweily, 2007). Table 2
shows the stripping resistance of various mineral
aggregates. Several immersion tests are used to determine
stripping, like static immersion tests, dynamic immersion
tests, chemical immersion tests, and coating tests. IS (1971)
recommends the static immersion method to assess the
effect of stripping. Other Indian codes recommend using
mineral, amine-based, or liquid-based anti-stripping agents
if the stripping value is above 10% (IS, 2017).
Water absorption is an important aggregate property that
needs to be minimum for better performance of pavements.
Water absorption gives an idea of the internal structure of
aggregate. More water absorption shows more porous aggre-
gate surfaces, which leads to higher consumption of optimum
asphalt content. Aggregates having more absorption are
generally considered unsuitable unless found to be acceptable
based on strength, impact, and hardness tests. IS (1963a)
provides various test procedures to measure the water
absorption of aggregates having different particle sizes. Due
to less pore volume, granite aggregates exhibit less water
absorption, where limestone aggregates exhibit more water
absorption values due to their higher pore volume
(Petrounias et al., 2018).
869
4. Methods for improving the quality of
aggregates
Aggregate inferiorities can be eliminated by treatment
methods like polymer coatings, cementitious coating, and
chemical treatments. This part of the review will discuss the
various treatment methods and their process used for
improving inferior quality aggregates.
4.1. Polymer coating
The utilization of plastic waste in asphalt mixes is a sustain-
able solution to problems arising during its disposal. However,
polymer modifications can effectively improve the perfor-
mance of asphaltic pavements (Mohammad et al., 2015).
Polymer coating is an economical and eco-friendly nature,
since; waste plastics can be collected free of cost from
municipal administration and utilized to improve the
durability and lifetime of asphaltic pavements. Rubber latex,
crumb rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), styrene-
ethylene-butylene, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), low
density polyethylene (LDPE) (Zoorab and Suparma 2000),
high density polyethylene (HDPE) (Min-Gu et al., 1999;
Rajasekaran et al., 2013) ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) (Salter
and Rafati-Afshar, 1987) and polyolefin (Little, 1986;
Vasudevan et al., 2012) are some of the widely used polymer
coatings.
Among various polymers, PE is locally available in huge
amounts in the total polymer waste. It is a semi-crystalline
material with excellent chemical resistance, good fatigue, and
wear resistance. A molecule of PE is a long chain of carbon
atoms, with two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon
atom. They are light in weight and provide good resistance to
organic solvents with low moisture absorption rates
(Moghadas Nejad et al., 2013). Polymer modification in asphalt
mixes can be done in two processes: the dry and wet
processes. Usually, aggregate surface has hydroxyl groups
(OHe) that make it water-loving in nature (hydrophilic),
resulting in reduced affinity to bitumen. In the dry process,
polymers are mixed with heated aggregate before adding
bitumen, whereas, in the wet process, polymers are heated
with bitumen (Pettinari et al., 2014). During the dry process,
added polymers form a strong adhesive coating over the
aggregates making their surface oil-loving and aggregates
more durable, as shown in Fig. 6. The wet process requires
additional machinery to mix the molten polymer with
bitumen properly at a high temperature, but no additional
machinery is needed in the dry process.
Past researchers suggested incorporating waste plastic in
asphalt mixes rather than recycling (Ahmadinia et al., 2011,
2012), the main concern is the process is the selection of
suitable polymer types and the addition process (Abreu
et al., 2015). It is reported in past research that polymer-
coated aggregates can improve the durability of aggregates
as well as the performance of asphalt mixtures (Costa et al.,
2013; Kim et al., 2013). ISO (2018) suggests a differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) test to find out the suitable
processing method for a particular type of polymer. In the
DSC test, polymers and plastics are heated from 60  C to
 870
Table 3 e Influence of aggregate properties on properties of asphalt mixes.
Reference Type of mix used Type of aggregates used in Aggregate property Asphalt mix property Observed result
the study considered considered
Monismith (1970) HMA Rough textured angular and Shape, size, and texture Fatigue and Stiffness Recommended crushed, rough-
smooth-textured rounded textured aggregates for better fatigue
aggregates resistance and stiffness values.
Yeggoni et al. (1994) HMA Crushed limestone, crushed Shape and texture Permanent deformation More crushed aggregates showed
river gravel, and uncrushed more Hveem stability. Static and
river gravel dynamic creep tests showed decreased
creep and rutting with crushed
aggregate.
Al-Suhaibani (1995) HMA Limestone from 9 different Los Angeles abrasion value Marshall stability Marshall stability was found more
sources (LAV) and Water absorption influenced by LAV and water
absorption (Fig. 5).
Pan et al. (2005) HMA Crushed gravel, crushed Angularity index (AI) and Resilient modulus Combined morphological irregularities

J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879

granite, crushed limestone surface texture (ST) (AI and ST) shown a better correlation
with the Resilient modulus of HMA.
Pan et al. (2006) HMA e Image-based aggregate Permanent deformation Among shape properties, angularity
morphology and surface texture were found to be
more influencing permanent
deformation.
Abo-Qudais and Al- Dense graded HMA Limestone and basalt Shape, gradation, type, and Stripping and creep behavior Upper limit gradation showed better
Shweily (2007) aggregates with different chemical composition of stripping resistance followed by mid
gradations (upper and mid aggregates limit. The aggregate type also
limits) influences the adhesion of asphalt
mixes (Fig. 3).
Hafeez et al. (2016) Stone matrix asphalt e Comparison of crushing Marshall, permanent Two-stage crushed aggregate showed
mechanism deformation, fatigue, adhesion better rutting, fatigue performance
compared to single-stage crushed
aggregates. Two-stage crushed
aggregate showed poor adhesion
properties due to more polished
surfaces.
~ o et al. (2016)
Araga HMA Gneiss and gravel Angularity and texture Flow number (FN), fracture FN and E* have a strong correlation
energy, and dynamic modulus with coarse aggregate properties
(E*) whereas FE is found to be weakly
correlated with coarse aggregate
properties. (Table 4).
 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879
Table 4 e Correlation between coarse aggregate
properties and asphalt mix properties.
Properties of coarse aggregate Correlation coefficient
Dynamic Flow
modulus number
at 10 Hz
Superpave-CAA 0.78 0.84
AIMS 2-texture 0.73 0.84
AIMS 2-CAAT 0.72 0.84
AIMS 2-coarse 0.70 0.82
Uncompacted voids-CAA 0.69 0.76
180  C and again made cool from 180  C to 60  C. Thermal
transitions temperature and enthalpy values corresponding
to glass transition (Tg), melting point (Tm), and crystallization
(Tc) are determined from this test. Based on the thermal
analysis from DSC tests, various polymers and their
transitions are studied. It was reported based on the test
results that heavy polymers HDPE and PP are suitable for the
dry process as they may not mix properly with bitumen in
the wet process (Ranieri and Celauro, 2018). Therefore, PE is
most suitable for the wet process as it has a low transition
temperature and easily mixes with bitumen.
Rajasekaran et al. (2013) found that polymer-coated
aggregates show better performance compared to aggregate
used with polymer-modified bitumen (wet process). The
study revealed that the polymer coating method (dry
process) improves adhesion between aggregate and
bitumen; thus, the need for anti-stripping agents can be
avoided. Further, it was inferred from the study that
increasing polymer percentage for coating increased the
toughness, crushing value, and abrasion resistance of
aggregate. Moreover, PE coating reduces the air voids by
filling the pores in the aggregate surface, making aggregate
more durable. With 3% PE coating, moisture absorption, and
soundness become zero percent, the reason being polymer
coating makes the aggregate inert to water and chemical
degradation. Whereas impact value, LAR value, crushing
Fig. 6 e Polymer coating.
871
values reduced 33.0%, 29.7%, and 30.0% respectively
compared to uncoated aggregates, depicting improved
strength and durability due to PE coating (Rajasekaran et al.,
2013). Various polymer coating processes found in the past
researches are summarized in Table 5.
4.2. Cementitious coating
Cement is primarily used as a filler in asphalt mixes to ensure
the adhesion between aggregate and asphalt (Daoud et al.,
1982). When it comes to inferior quality aggregates, the
cementitious coating can improve smooth surfaced
aggregates' texture and provide better interlocking in the
aggregate skeleton. Cement-coated aggregates possess a
rough texture which makes aggregate durable due to
increased bitumen adhesion. Ordinary Portland cement is
used to prevent stripping in warm mix asphalt mixes and
enhance the coating over aggregates with a wet surface.
Schmidt et al. has done a study to investigate emulsion-
treated asphalt mixes with the addition of 1.3% and 3.0% of
portland cement (Schmidt et al., 1973). It was reported that
cement-coated aggregates reduced the mix's curing time,
which led to exhibiting high MR and reduced moisture
susceptibility. Terrel and Wang had previously found that
the addition of cement has greatly accelerated the rate of
development of MR in emulsion-treated mixes (Terrell and
Wang, 1971).
The reason for adding a very less quantity of cement is
thick coating layer over the aggregate causes particles to stick
together, and the cost of cement is high. The percentage of
cement-added and optimum water content are the two critical
parameters in the cementitious coating process. Optimum
water content and percentage of cement can be calculated
using Eqs. (1) and (2) (Min-Gu et al., 1999).
C ¼ 1:52  6:34 log D (1)
where C is cement added in percent (by weight of the aggre-
gate), D is the mean diameter of the aggregate particles.
W ¼ 0:2Cw þ AðWa  Wn Þ (2)
872 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879

Table 5 e Various treatment methods to improve inferior quality aggregates.

Nature of treatment Product/chemical Product Treatment method Reference
dosage/quantity (%)
Polymer coating Polyethylene 10e15 A higher percentage of PE used Rajasekaran et al. (2013)
and heated aggregates (170  C)
Polyethylene 4e8 Mixing LDPE and HDPE with Ranieri and Celauro (2018)
heated aggregates (165  C)
Polyethylene 0.43e0.48 Mixing PE (1e2 mm size) with Moghadas Nejad et al. (2012)
Heated Aggregates (187  C)
Carpet co-product 2.5 Mixing CCP with heated Min-Gu et al. (1999)
aggregates (187  C)
EVA 5 Mixing EVA and HDPE with Mauro et al. (2017)
heated aggregates (165  C)
Cementitious coating Cement þ latex 4.3 and 0.5 Cement was added to Min-Gu et al. (1999)
aggregate, then latex was
added with cement coated
aggregates
Cement 2.5 Cement slurry (0.65 W/C) and Daoud et al. (1982)
cured for 48 h at room
temperature
Chemical treatment Hydrated lime (coating) 1 HL slurry added over aggregate Daoud et al. (1982)
24 h before heating
Hydrated lime (filler) 2 Used HL as a filler along with Yilmaz and Yalcin (2016)
SBS and Gilsonite modifiers
Hydrated lime (filler) 1.5e2.0 Compared HL as filler and Kakade et al. (2017)
asphalt modifier
Zycosoil (nanotechnology) 0.25 Aggregate soaked in Zycosoil Saha et al. (2017)
solution (1 L Zycosoil in 400 lts
of water) 24 h before heating

where W is the amount of water, Wa is water absorption of the
aggregate, Wn is the natural moisture content present in the
aggregate, Cw is the weight of cement (cement percent  A),
and A is the aggregate weight.
None of the past studies have compared the properties of
inferior aggregates before and after treatment. They only
found the changes in mix properties and performance pa-
rameters. Therefore, more investigation is needed to observe
the effect of cement coating on the aggregate property.
4.3. Chemical treatment
Craus, 1977). Therefore, it is preferred to add HL slurry to the
aggregate (Blazek et al., 2000; Lesueur et al., 2013). Fig. 7
shows the reaction of HL in asphalt mixes as a filler and
coating material. During the field construction, there might
be a need for additional equipment for mixing HL slurry
with aggregates. More attention needs to be given to find a
solution to overcome these difficulties during mixing.
Kakade et al. (2017) evaluated the moisture susceptibility of
asphalt mixes with the addition of lime in both wet and dry
processes. In the dry process, HL was added as a filler in two
proportions of 2.0% and 2.5% (by weight of mix). They found

4.3.1. Hydrated lime

Hydrated lime (HL) was used as an additive in bitumen during
the 1970 petroleum crisis in the USA (Kennedy, 1984; Lesueur,
2010). HL was added to poor-quality bitumen to enhance the
moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixes. In the USA, 10% of
the asphalt mixes produced contains HL as an effective
additive (Hicks, 1991). The primary chemical composition of
HL is Ca(OH)2, it comes in the form of dry powder which is
obtained from the hydration process of quick lime (Hicks
and Scholz, 2003). European standards (BS, 2016) recommend
HL as a filler in HMA mixes.
In the dry process, the addition of HL slurry into aggregates
induces the precipitation of calcium ions on the surface pores
of the aggregate, which arrests pores in the aggregate surface
and improves aggregate-bitumen bond (Gro € nniger et al., 2010;
Hicks, 1991). When HL is added as a bitumen additive, calcium
ions form. One part of the calcium ions moves to the aggregate
surface to make the bond with aggregate, whereas another
part of the calcium ions floats in the bitumen (Ishai and Fig. 7 e Effect of hydrated lime on aggregate surface.
 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879
that moisture susceptibility in both wet and dry processes had
a similar effect in improving the moisture-resistant of asphalt
mixes. None of the past studies measured improvement of
inferior aggregate properties with HL slurry coating (dry
process).
4.3.2. Zycosoil treatment
Several nano-materials have emerged as effective additives in
the construction industry (Ali Zangena 2018). Carbon
nanotubes, nanofibres, nanoclays have been reported as
successful nano-materials in the near past (Singh et al.,
2020). Zycosoil, a pale-colored nano-material, was utilized to
treat aggregates and modify binder (Ameri et al., 2013;
Behbahani et al., 2015; Mirzababaei et al., 2020; Moghadas
Nejad et al., 2012; Saha et al., 2017; Sarkar et al., 2014).
Zycosoil is a water-soluble compound that forms an
odorless water-clear solution. It reacts with hydrophilic
silanol groups (XeSieOH) present on the aggregate surface
and forms a siloxane (SieOeSi) bond, making the aggregate
surface water repellent (hydrophobic) in nature. The
SieOeSi siloxane bond, which is known to be one of the
strongest and durable bonds, increases the durability of the
aggregates. Zycosoil's reactive silanol bonding leads to an
effective decrease in stripping in asphalt mixes, and thus
increases the durability of the pavement. Fig. 8 shows the
reaction of Zycosoil at the surface of the aggregate. Zycosoil
has given satisfactory results and has fulfilled the purpose of
using it for treating the aggregates. Khodaii et al. (2014) also
observed that the coating of the aggregate surface with
Zycosoil reduces the moisture susceptibility of the asphalt
concrete mix. According to Moghadas Nejad et al. (2012),
Zycosoil is a water-soluble reactive organosilane component
that is specially designed to improve the adhesion between
bitumen and aggregates in hot mix asphalt.
According to Saha et al. (2017), Zycosoil can be used for
treating inferior aggregate as well as mixing with hot
Fig. 8 e Reaction of Zycosoil on aggregate surface.
873
asphalt while preparing the mix. In their study, Zycosoil was
mixed with water at a proportion of 1 kg Zycosoil: 400 L of
water and the stone aggregate by soaking them for 24 h in
the Zycosoil and water mix. After surface drying, they
evaluated the basic properties of the aggregates. From the
results, they found that Zycosoil treatment improved the
properties of the aggregates significantly. The aggregates
used in the study are very poor in LAR value, impact value,
and water absorption as per Indian standards &
specifications. After treating with Zycosoil, the aggregate's
LAR value, impact value, and water absorption reduced by
25%, 19%, 19% respectively compared to untreated samples.
The attained values after Zycosoil treatment were well
under the standard limit and hence the aggregates were
made suitable to be used in the asphalt mix.
5. Mix performance
Aggregates significantly affect the performance parameters of
asphalt mix, which can be measured by evaluating it for sta-
bility, tensile strength, permanent deformation, cracking,
frictional resistance, and moisture susceptibility. This section
of the review will be addressing various performance tests
that need to be done on asphalt mixes, and the performance of
treated aggregates to overcome the distresses, which may
occur at the time of traffic loading in the field.
The Marshall method of mix design is the most widely used
procedure for asphalt mixes (AASHTO, 2015; ASTM, 2020).
Marshall properties like stability, flow, and VMA can be
improved by improving aggregate properties using suitable
treatment methods. For example, more abrasion resistance
will provide better resistance to degradation during
compaction, which will preserve the VMA of the mix and
increase Marshall stability (Fig. 5). Likewise, more porous
aggregates will lead to more asphalt consumption which will
874 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879
increase the cost of asphalt mixes. This can be prevented by
proper surface coating treatments like polymer coatings.
When aggregates are hydrophilic, they will tend to high
stripping potential, this can be prevented by Zycosoil
soaking where hydrophilic aggregates are converted to
hydrophobic by chemical reactions. Aggregate with more
soundness will affect the moisture susceptibility of asphalt
mixes, this can be prevented by making aggregate surface
inert to chemical attack. Rajasekaran et al. (2013) found that
polyethylene coating over the aggregates made soundness to
zero and increased the Marshall stability.
Daoud et al. (1982) found that HL treated aggregates
increased the optimum binder content (OBC) which resulted
in increased Marshall stability. The same study revealed that
cement coating on aggregates increased the OBC and that
resulted in increased stability and bulk density. Saha et al.
(2017) studied the effect of Zycosoil treated aggregate in
asphalt mixes and results showed an increase in Marshall
stability, density, and voids filled with bitumen (VFB) values.
Cement latex-coated aggregates and carpet co-product (CCP)
coated aggregates showed better results in Marshall stability
values but the removal of the coating during compaction
caused a reduction in percentage air voids (Min-Gu et al.,
1999). Rajasekaran et al. (2013) found that PE coated
aggregates increased the Marshall stability by 30%. Fig. 9
shows the Marshall stability values obtained by different
treatment methods from various studies.
Moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixes is a serious issue
in the performance of asphalt pavements, which is defined as
moisture-induced damage occurring at the Asphalt-aggregate
interface of asphalt mixes. The most commonly recognized
moisture-induced damage mechanism is Stripping. Breaking
of the adhesive bond between asphalt and mineral aggregate
is termed stripping (Xiao et al., 2010). The stripping will slowly
reduce the resistance of the asphalt mix against cracking,
rutting, corrugation, raveling, shoving, etc. The indirect
tensile strength test is used to measure moisture damage
and determining whether an additive needs to be added to
the mixture to reduce the probability of stripping. AASHTO
Fig. 9 e Marshall stability.
(2014) provides the procedure for the measurement of the
indirect tensile strength test. Tensile strength ratio (TSR) is
the ratio between indirect tensile strengths of conditioned
and unconditioned specimens. The minimum acceptable
value of tensile strength ratio is 80% (Asphalt Institute
Manual, 2014). IS (2017) recommends coating retention test
(boil test) to find the stripping potential of aggregate and
asphalt and suggests antistripping agents if coating
retention value is less than 95%. This test will intimate
moisture susceptibility in the material selection stage.
Fig. 10 shows the TSR values obtained by different treatment
methods from various studies. Most of the studies proved
that treatment methods like LDPE coating, CCP coating,
cement-latex coating, HL dry process are improving
moisture susceptibility. In the case of HDPE, the reason for
less TSR after treatment is the soft binder (70/100) used for
the treated mix and hard binder (35/50) used for the control
mix (Mauro et al., 2017). Few studies came with TSR values
of more than 100 percent, which is practically not possible
this indicates errors in sample preparation or performing
tests (Min-Gu et al., 1999). Table 6 summarizes various past
studies done on different treatment methods to evaluate
Marshall stability and moisture susceptibility.
Permanent deformation or rutting of asphalt mixtures is
the distress that occurs in the top (75e100 mm) of the pave-
ment surface at high pavement temperatures due to heavy
traffic loading (Kandhal and Parker, 1998). To measure the
permanent deformation potential of asphalt mixes, the
Hamburg wheel track test was implemented according to
(AASHTO, 2019). Rutting performance can be affected by
inferiorities of aggregates like rounded particles, nonporous
aggregate, small top-sized aggregate particles, excess sand
particles in the mix, and insufficient fillers (Button and
Jagadam, 1992). Through the treatment methods, some of
the above-mentioned issues can be eliminated thus, a more
rut-resistant asphalt mix can be attained. From past
studies, many treatment methods have not been
investigated for rutting and fatigue performance studies,
very few performance studies have been done on the
Fig. 10 e Tensile strength ratio.
 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879
Table 6 e Summary of past studies on asphalt mix properties.
Reference Treatment method Marshall stability (kN)
Before treatment
Min-Gu et al. (1999) Cement þ latex 4.12
Min-Gu et al. (1999) CCP 4.12
Sreedevi and Salini (2013) PE coating 15.39
Rajasekaran et al. (2013) PE coating 12.00
Moghadas Nejad et al. (2013) LDPE coating e e
Yilmaz and Yalcin (2016) HL filler (2%) 19.56
Saha et al. (2017) Zycosoil soaking 23.00
Kakade et al. (2017) HL filler (2%) 12.60
Mauro et al. (2017) HDPE e e
Khodadadi et al. (2021) PET e e
Note: “*” error addressed by authors.
polymer dry process. Mauro et al. (2017) compared the
performance of HDPE and EVA in both dry and wet
processes. They concluded that the rutting resistance of
HDPE mixes is better compared to EVA mixes. Rut depth
reduced 50% in EVA and 76% in HDPE mixes compared to
conventional mixes. Ranieri and Celauro (2018) tried to
improve high modulus asphalt mixes using polymeric
additives through a dry process. They found that the
addition of waste plastics in the dry process reduced the
optimum asphalt content (up to 0.3%) of the mix due to the
reduction in pores on the aggregate surface. Also, they
found that 0.5% waste plastics dosage improved the rutting
performance of the mix, i.e., reducing rut depth by 65%.
Load-associated cracking often called fatigue cracking of
asphalt mixes is developed at bottom of the pavement due to
higher tensile strains. When the repeated traffic load con-
tinues, it propagates to the surface. The most widely used
fatigue performances are the flexural beam fatigue test
(ASTM, 2018b) also called the four-point bending beam test
and, semi-circular bending test. Fatigue cracking can be
eliminated by aggregates with better durability, interlocking,
and stripping properties. Mauro et al. found that HDPE
modified mixes performed more or less the same as
conventional mixes, whereas EVA mixes showed better
results than both HDPE and conventional mixes (Mauro
et al., 2017). Ranieri and Celauro (2018) found that
conventional mix with a hard binder (50/70) and HDPE
modified mix (dry process) with a soft binder provide the
same fatigue performance.
6. Conclusions
This paper presented a systematic review of the utilization of
inferior quality aggregates in asphalt mixes. The review
gathered information from the literature related to types of
inferiorities in aggregate and methods to treat it for effec-
tively using the same in asphalt concrete. From the review, it
is found that the aggregate inferiorities in consensus and
source properties influenced the asphalt mixe properties.
Source rock mineralogy, formation process, the volume of
pores, grain size, and crushing process are the factors
causing inferiorities in aggregate properties. Further, various
875
TSR (%)
After treatment Before treatment After treatment
5.64 96 110*
5.77 96 116*
22.68 e e
16.00 e e
65 75
20.25 82 85
26.00 90 91
15.10 75 90
66 72
75 80
available treatment methods used in the past literature to
improve inferior quality aggregates were discussed in the
review. These treatment methods can be clubbed into three
categories namely; cementitious coating, polymer coating,
and chemical treatment. Polymer coating methods give a
better improvement in strength and durability to the inferior
quality aggregates. Chemical treatments (hydrated lime and
Zycosoil) improved the stripping resistance of aggregates and
makes asphalt mixes more durable. But, cementitious coat-
ings were not significant in improving aggregate properties
as well as it affects the volumetric properties of asphalt
mixes due to the removal of the coating during compaction.
Past studies focused on quantifying improvements of asphalt
mix properties after treatment rather than quantifying im-
provements in aggregate properties. Further, this review
discussed the influence of treatment methods on asphalt mix
properties. Many studies were conducted on evaluating
Marshall properties and moisture susceptibility (Table 6),
whereas very few studies were conducted on evaluating
performance parameters like rutting, fatigue cracking.
Polymer coatings, hydrated lime (dry process), and Zycosoil
soaking are enhancing the Marshall properties and
moisture susceptibility of the asphalt mixes.
7. Recommendations
Based on the studies conducted and data available from the
past literature, the following recommendations can be drawn.

The suitability of treatment methods for different aggre-
gates based on the type of source rock, its chemical
composition, and type of inferiority should be studied.

Future research studies must quantify improvements in
the properties of aggregates after undergoing treatment
methods.

Focus to be given on different hybrid treatment methods,
i.e., incorporating two methods together, this will be useful
to find out the most reliable solutions for local conditions.

Cost analysis and feasibility of treatment methods to
implement in the field construction should be done for
understanding the treatment methods.
876 J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.) 2022; 9 (5): 864e879

When it comes to asphalt mix properties, very few pa-
rameters (Marshall properties, moisture susceptibility)
have been investigated through laboratory tests in past
studies. It also draws attention to the other mix perfor-
mance parameters (rutting, fatigue, resilient modulus) that
predict the field performance of asphalt mixes and the
paucity of research data concerning the effect of treatment
methods. These performance studies (laboratory and field
studies) to predict the asphalt mix performance with
suitable treatment methods is a major grey area in the
research.
Conflict of interest
The authors do not have any conflict of interest with other
entities or researchers.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the National Highways Au-
thority of India (NHAI) for providing financial support to carry
out this research.
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Yeggoni, M., Button, J.W., Zollinger, D.G., 1994. Influence of Dr. Ankit Kathuria is an assistant professor
Coarse Aggregate Shape and Surface Texture on Rutting of at the Department of Civil Engineering, In-
Hot Mix Asphalt. FHWA, Washington DC. dian Institute of Technology Jammu. He
Yilmaz, M., Yalcin, E., 2016. The effects of using different bitumen received his PhD from Indian Institute of
modifiers and hydrated lime together on the properties of hot Technology Roorkee in 2017. His research
mix asphalts. Road Materials and Pavement Design 17 (2), interests are public transportation systems,
499e511. traffic engineering, road safety, pavement
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performance of improved bituminous composites utilizing
recycled plastics packaging waste. Technology watch and
innovation in the construction industry. In: Palais
Descongres, Brussels, 2000.

Dr. Bhupendra Singh is an assistant profes-

Surya Narayanan Sakthivel is a research
scholar at the Department of Civil Engi-
neering, Indian Institute of Technology
Jammu. He completed his master degree
(transportation engineering and Manage-
ment) from NIT, Tiruchirappalli in 2019. His
areas of interest include pavement analysis,
pavement design, pavement material char-
acterization, hot, warm and cold mix
asphalt.
sor at the Department of Civil and Infra-
structure Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Jodhpur. He received his PhD
from Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
in 2018. His research interests are pavement
material characterization, sustainable
pavements, recycled, warm and cold mix
asphalt, analysis and design of highway.