A PROJECT SKILLS REPORT ON

ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF FREQUENCY BAND MEDIUM

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of

Mr.D.RAJU, M.E., (Ph.D).,

Assistant Professor / Electrical Engineering

BY

A JAGADEESH 20751A0102
A SIVA REDDY 20751A0105
G AKHIL 20751A0121
M VENKATESH 20751A0150

SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT STUDIES, CHITTOOR-517127, A.P.
(Autonomous – NBA Accredited)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA,
Ananthapuramu)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(July 2023)
 SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT STUDIES, CHITTOOR-517127, A.P.
(Autonomous – NBA Accredited)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA,
Ananthapuramu)

This is to certify that the project work entitled “ENHANCING THE QUALITY
OF FREQUENCY BAND MEDIUM” is a genuine work of

A JAGADEESH 20751A0102
A SIVA REDDY 20751A0105
G AKHIL 20751A0121
M VENKATESH 20751A0150

Submitted to the department of Mechanical Engineering, in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
CIVIL ENGINEERING from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Ananthapur,
Ananthapuramu.

Signature of the Supervisor Signature of the Head of Department

Mr.D.RAJU, M.E., (Ph.D).,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Sreenivasa Institute of Technology and
Management Studies, Chittoor, A.P.
Dr.K.GOPI, M.Tech., Ph.D.,
Professor & ECE,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Sreenivasa Institute of Technology and
Management Studies, Chittoor, A.P.

Submitted for University Examination (Viva-Voce) held on……………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A Project of this magnitude would have not been possible without the guidance
and co-ordination of many people. I am fortune in having top quality people to help,
support and guide us in every step towards our goal.

We would like to express the heartfelt gratitude to our Management, Chairman

Sri.K.Ranganatham Garu for providing excellent institutional support to complete this
project.

Further, we would like to express our profound gratitude to our principal

Dr.N.Venkatachalapathi, M.Tech., Ph.D for providing all possible facilities throughout
the completion of our project work.

We express our sincere thanks to our Head of Department

Dr.S.Rajesh., M.E., Ph.D., for his co-operation and valuable suggestions towards the
completion of project work.

We express our sincere thanks to our guide Dr.K.Gopi., M.Tech., Ph.D, for
offering us the opportunity to do this work under his guidance.

We express our sincere salutation to all other teaching and non-teaching staff of
our department for their direct and indirect support given during our project work. Last
but not the least, we dedicate this work to our parents and the Almighty who have been
with us throughout and helped us to overcome the hard times.

A JAGADEESH 20751A0102
A SIVA REDDY 20751A0105
G AKHIL 20751A0121
M VENKATESH 20751A0150
 ABSTRACT

The base concept of this project is to reduce difficulty occurred while assemble
the turbocharger core manually and to detect the error occurred during the process with
special control error proofing. The turbocharger core components are turbine wheel,
piston ring, heat shield, bearing housing, thrust ring, thrust plate, oil deflector, back plate,
socket head bolts, compressor wheel, and shaft nut. All the components are assembled as
a sequence of process in a single station to form the core which is the heart of
turbocharger. In existing system the operator may fail to include some materials which
are necessary to assemble the core. To ensure that the programmable logic control detect
missing parts by receives signals from sensors and vision techniques at each stage of
process and indicates error, only by clearing the error, the controller will proceed to
further process. The turbocharger are widely used in many vehicles for Better power and
torque characteristics, Lower fuel consumption, Lower emission, Lower weight and a
smaller engine package, Lower engine noise, Reduced power loss at high altitude.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION 1
1.2 TURBOCHARGER CORE ASSEMBLY 2
1.3 SCOPE OF PRESENT WORK 3
1.4 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 3
1.5 OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT WORK 5
1.6 METHODOLOGY 5

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 8
2.1 THE TURBOCHARGER FUNCTIONAL
ANALYSIS AND PROCESS STUDY 8
2.1.1 The structure principle of turbocharger
Assembly 8
2.2 CONTROLLING ASSEMBLY SYSTEM VIA
PLC 11
2.3 ASSEMBLY PART INSPECTION BY VISION
SYSTEM 16
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 23
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ENTIRE SYSTEM 23
3.2 PROXIMITY SENSOR 23
3.2.1 Specification 24
3.2.2 Advantage 25
3.3 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROL 25
3.3.1 PLC Hardware 26
3.3.2 CPU 27
3.3.3 Memory 27
3.3.4 Input and output modules 28
3.3.5 Power supply 29
3.3.6 Programming terminal 29
3.3.7 PLC Specification 29
3.3.8 Advantage 30

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34

4.1 PLC LADDER LOGIC SIMULATION 34
4.2 OMRON PLC BASIC OPERATING
PROCEDURE 34

5 CONCLUSION 40
5.1 CONCLUSION 40

REFERENCES 41
APPENDIX 43
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.4 Manual Turbocharger Core Assembly 4

1.6(a) Flow diagram structure of Assembly process 6
1.6(b) Block Diagram of PLC 7
2.1(a) Impeller rotor assembly analyzed by Suying Xu 9
2.1(b) Design of robotic assembly made by S. S. Ngu 10
2.1(c) Block diagram of S. S. Ngu system 10
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Manual Turbocharger Core Assembly 6

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PLC Programmable Logic Control

SPC Statistical Process Control
CCD Charge Coupled Device
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In modern manufacturing, especially in light of increased globalisation, a primary
goal is to ensure high production efficiency. Optimal productivity is fundamental in
ensuring the competitiveness of a firm. While true for all organisations, it is particularly
important for manufacturing and related industries. Consequently, assembly line is often
evaluated in terms of their suitability for enhancements and the possible implementation
of continuous improvement initiatives.

Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of PLC

 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 THE TURBOCHARGER FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Turbo technical had become the most effective measures to improve engine
power and improve the economy since the first turbocharger patents - power-driven axial
turbocharger was applied by doctor Alfreed Buch in 1905, and it has become the
important development direction of the internal combustion engine. The power source of
driving turbocharger is completely the exhaust gas rather than other external drive. With
the widespread use of the turbocharger in the automotive and other industries, the
requirement of a new generation of turbochargers becomes increasingly strict on its
strengthening indicators, economic indicators and environmental indicators. The
processing and manufacturing processes to meet the technical requirements become one
of the key issues.

2.1.1 The structure principle of turbocharger assembly

The turbocharger core assembly space is mainly composed of turbine wheel(T/w),

piston ring, heat shield, bearing housing(B/hsg) sub-assembly, thrust ring, thrust plate, oil
deflector, back plate sub-assembly, socket head bolt, compressor wheel(C/w), and shaft
nut.

Figure 2.1(b) Design of robotic assembly made by S. S. Ngu

 CHAPTER 3

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ENTIRE SYSTEM

Figure 3.1 Block diagram of turbocharger core assembly station

3.3.2 CPU
Like other computerized devices, there is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) in a
PLC. The CPU, which is the “brain” of a PLC, does the following operations:

• Updating inputs and outputs. This function allows a PLC to read the status
of its input terminals and energize or de-energize its output terminals.
• Performing logic and arithmetic operations. A CPU conducts all the
mathematic and logic operations involved in a PLC.
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

4.1 PLC LADDER LOGIC SIMULATION

CX programmer software is a program editor of Omron CP1E series PLC for

WINDOWS computers. In addition to general PLC programming and WINDOWS
editing functions (e.g. Cut, paste, copy, multi-window display, etc.), CX programmer
software also provides various comment editing as well as other special functions (e.g.
register editing and settings, file accessing and saving, contacts monitoring and setting,
etc.).

Table No.4.1. Collection Hardware Details

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

In this project, PLC ladder logic was proposed in order to reduce the error, reduce
operator fatigue and increase the production rate. The programmable logic controller is
fast and has a good performance regarding accuracy and speed in detection of errors. Plc
based automation and vision techniques are used to develop core assembly station for
turbocharger assembly. Controls are established at each stage for ensuring zero defects.

REFERENCES

[1] Jia Yang, Turbocharger production organization and quality control, Advanced
Materials Research, Vol. 422, pp 420~423, 2012
[2] Rekiek, B., Dolgui, A., Delchambre, A. & Bratcu, A. 2002. State of art of
optimization methods for assembly line design, Annual Reviews in Control, 26(2002), pp
163-174

[3] T. G. Yip, Y. H. Chung, and V. Iyengar, “Challenges in Verifying and Integrated 3D

Design,” Design Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 2012,
pp. 167-168.

[4] J. Barata, L.M. Camarinha-Matos, M. Onori, A Multiagent Based Control Approach

for Evolvable Assembly Systems, INDIN'05 - 3rd IEEE International Conference on
Industrial Informatics 2005, pp. 478-483

[5] T. Borangiu, N. Ivanescu, S. Raileanu, A. Rosu, Vision-Guided Part Feeding in a

Holonic Manufacturing System with Networked Robots, RAAD 2008, Ancona, Italy

[6] www.nptel.ac.in

APPENDIX

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
Any Related Photo