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Roads are an important mode of transport of India. India has a network of over
6,215,797 kilometers (3,862,317 mi) of roads as of 1 December 2021. This is the
second-largest road network in the world, after the United States with 6,853,024
kilometers (4,258,272 mi). At (1.94 km, 1.21 mi) of roads per square kilometer of
land, the quantitative density of India's road network is equal to that of Hong
Kong, and substantially higher than the United States (0.71 km, 0.44 mi), China
(0.54 km, 0.34 mi), Brazil (0.23 km, 0.14 mi) and Russia (0.09 km, 0.056 mi).
Road networks play an essential role in India's growth story. It contributes more
than 3.6 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or around two-thirds of all
transport-related contributions to the GDP of India. Over 85 per cent of India's
passenger traffic and about 65 per cent of its freight are transported on roads. With
a total length of 5.5 million km, India boasts one of the largest road networks
globally. Ninety per cent of India's total passenger traffic uses the country's road
network for travel, and it transports 64.5 per cent of all goods and commodities in
the nation.
As of March 2020, India had completed and placed into use over 136,440
kilometers (84,780 mi) of four or more lane highways connecting many of its
major manufacturing, commercial and cultural centers. According to Ministry of
Road Transport and Highways, as of March 2021, India had about 151,019
kilometers (93,839 mi) of national highways and expressways, plus another
186,528 kilometers (115,903 mi) of state highways. Major projects are being
implemented under the Bharat Mala, a government initiative. Private builders and
highway operators are also implementing major projects.
Organization:
category managing authority Length(k Length(
m) %)
National Ministry of road transport and highway 151,000 2.19%
highway
State Public works department of state/union 186,528 3.00%
highway territory
District Public works department of state/union 632,154 10.17%
Roads territory
Rural roads Panchayat and PMGSY 4,535,511 72.97%
The government has categorized various road types which are headed by different
authorities. The largest bulk of transportation and trade is carried out through
national highways which connect major cities, ports, and capitals.
Following national highways, there are state highways, district roads, and village
roads that connect smaller administrative units and facilitate economic activity at
the micro-level. Although most of India's international trade is carried out through
airways and seaways construction of border roads has helped in increasing the
trade with the neighboring countries thus providing an impetus to international
trade.
The government has categorized various road types which are headed by different
authorities. The largest bulk of transportation and trade is carried out through
national highways which connect major cities, ports, and capitals.
Following national highways, there are state highways, district roads, and village
roads that connect smaller administrative units and facilitate economic activity at
the micro-level. Although most of India's international trade is carried out through
airways and seaways construction of border roads has helped in increasing the
trade with the neighboring countries thus providing an impetus to international
trade.
Methodology:-
Pole of national highways in economic development-
The pulsating economy of a country depends on the roads that serve as its arteries.
Therefore, road transport has emerged as a dominant segment with a share of 4.8
per cent in India’s GDP.
As we know that national highways are play a major role by providing mobility for
the efficient movements of people and goods, as well as providing availabilities to
a wide variety of commercial and social activities. National Highways are
connecting all the major cities and state capitals, forming the economic backbone
of the country. This Economic development is categorized into 4 types:-
1) Tourism:-
National Highways and the tourism industry are indivisible. National
Highways are an essential component of the tourism industry which can give
safe rides and great offices to the guests.
2) Transportation:-
National Highways are very important for transportation of goods across the
lengths and breadths of India. Presently, the length of National Highways in
India is about 151,019 km (93,839 mi).
They spread through every one of the states like an organization, giving
street availability all through the country. National Highways form only
2.91% of the total length of roadways in India. They help to transport about
40% of the total transport plying through roadways in the country.
They are supported by the central government of India. Transportation can
be roughly grouped into two types-
i) Transportation of people –
National Highways are playing a crucial role in public transportation by
providing beautiful sceneries and safe riding facilities with less time and
without any traffic issues by connecting the main states, popular cities,
ports, and international borders to cross the country. Because of good
facilities the people are also choosing the national highway is increasing
year by year. Average growth of the number of vehicles has been around
10.16% per annum over recent years.
In India, 29 states and 773 districts are recorded in the 2022 Census of
India. In every state, we can get at least one unique product is
manufacturing and transported to other states, districts, and other border
countries like Bangladesh, Afghanistan, etc. For e.g.-
(1) Andhra Pradesh – Budithi Brassware
(2) Arunachal Pradesh – Handcraft woods and bamboo products
(3) Assam – Tea Farming
(4) Maharashtra – Kolhapur Chappals
(5) Odisha – Pattachitra Painting
3) Employment:-
National highways and development are using a crucial tool to elevate
employment growth by restoring the economic activities and attracting
foreign investments. The ongoing and targeted projects of the national
highways Authority of India (NHAI) would generate estimated employment
of approximately 50crore men a day over the next four years on a seasonal
basis.
4) Toll Plaza:-
National Highways Authority of India(NHAI) has been the nodal agency
tasked with developing national highways and appointing concessionaries
for building highways under the Build, Operate and Transfer(BBOT) basis.
Economic Contribution:-
India has the world’s second largest road network, aggregating over 3.34 million
kilometers. The share of road transport in GDP is over 3.6 per cent, accounting for
about two-thirds of the total transport contribution to the GDP. Roads handle about
65 percent of the freight and over 85 percent of the passenger traffic in India.
With the ever-expanding number of vehicles (automobiles grew at the rate of 16.82
per cent in 2006-07), accelerated trade growth, increasing urbanization, need to
reduce the stress on existing highways and the need to provide connectivity for
improved accessibility of hinterland, it becomes imperative to strengthen and
expand the road transport network to meet both present and future traffic demand.
An estimated investment of US$ 50-60 billion over the next five years is required
to tackle the projected growth of 12-15 per cent passenger traffic and 15-18 per
cent cargo traffic. To meet this investment requirement the government has
undertaken various reform measures.
As per the policy guidelines, the term “Stuck Project” as used, means a project
undertaken by the MoRTH through NHAI, NHIDCL or state PWD where the work
has stopped due to :-
Nitin Gadkari also informed the House about the major road development projects
undertaken by the Central government in Jammu and Kashmir. He stated that the
government has undertaken 17 major road development projects of aggregate
length of 1,554 km to enhance the capacity of National Highways (NHs)in Jammu
& Kashmir.
However, the work of preparation of detailed project r(DPR) costing Rs 3.23 crore
for two laning of Mughal Road connecting Shopian to Baffliaz (in Punch district)
including Mughal Road is in progress and scheduled to be completed by January,
2020, the statement added.
Revenue Collection by Toll Plaza:-
Total toll collection through FASTag on fee plazas, including state highway toll
plazas, increased 46 per cent to Rs 50,855 crore in 2022, state-owned NHAI said
on Tuesday. Total toll collection through FASTag on fee plazas, including state
highway toll plazas, in 2021 was Rs 34,778 crore.
The average daily toll collection through FASTag on NH fee plazas in December
2022 was Rs 134.44 crore, and the single day highest collection touched Rs 144.19
crore on December 24, 2022, the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
said in a statement.
Similarly, the statement said the number of FASTag transactions also witnessed a
growth of about 48 per cent year-on-year in 2022.The number of FASTag
transactions in 2021 and 2022 was 219 crore and 324 crores, respectively, it added.
The statement said with 6.4 crore FASTags issued as of date, the total number of
FASTag-enabled fee plazas across the country also grew to 1,181 (including 323
state highway fee plazas) in 2022 from 922 in the previous year 2021.
Since February 16, 2021, the government has made FASTag mandatory for all
private as well as commercial vehicles. As per the rules, vehicles that do not have a
valid or functional FASTag must pay double the toll charge as a penalty.
Golden Quadrilateral:-
The Golden Quadrilateral Project (GQ Project) was intended to establish faster
transport networks between major cities and ports, provide smaller towns better
access to markets, reduce agricultural spoilage in transport, drive economic
growth, and promote truck transport.
History:-
Cost:-
Total 5,846 km
(3,633mil)
Economic Benefits:-
Enhanced Connectivity:
Industrial Development:
Industries can set up their manufacturing units in areas along the highway,
benefiting from improved connectivity and transportation infrastructure.
This leads to the establishment of industrial clusters and promotes industrial
development in previously underserved regions.
Agricultural Sector:
Corruption Allegations:-
In August 2003, Jharkhand-based project director Satyendra Dube, in a letter to the
prime minister, outlined a list of bad faith (mala fide) actions in a segment of a
highway in Bihar.
Dubey's claims included that big contractor had inside information from NHAI
officials, that the contractors for this stretch were not executing the project
themselves (as stipulated in the contract) but had been subcontracting the work to
small builders who lacked technical expertise, and that no follow-up was
performed after awarding advances.
Dubey's name was leaked by the prime minister's office to the NHAI, and he was
transferred against his wishes to Gaya, Bihar, where he was murdered on 27
November.
The NHAI eventually admitted that Dubey's allegations were substantiated, and
implemented "radical reforms" in the selection and contract procedures. After
considerable Central Bureau of Information scrutiny, Mantu Kumar and three
accomplices were arrested and charged with murder. Mantu escaped from court on
19 September 2005, but was recaptured a month later. In 2010, Mantu and others
were convicted of murder and other offenses and sentenced to life in prison.
The Bharat Mala Pariyojna (lit. 'India garland project') is an ecosystem of road
development which includes development of tunnels, bridges, elevated corridors,
flyovers, overpass, interchanges, bypasses, ring roads etc. to provide shortest, jam
free & optimized connectivity to multiple places, it is a centrally-sponsored and
funded Road and Highways project of the Government of India.
The total investment for 83,677 km (51,994 mi) committed new highways is
estimated at ₹10.63 lakh crore (US$130 billion), making it the single largest outlay
for a government road construction scheme (as of March 2022).
Impact:-
GSRTC:-
2013-14 - - - 7719