Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research,

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bypass Road, Manglia Square, Manglia, Indore, M. P. – 453771

Experiment No. 09

Aim: To study of Bernoulli’s theorem and verify it.

System Resources:
1. Mono-block centrifugal pump
2. Constant head tank-2 nos
3. Venture tube-inlet & outlet diameter 25mm NB, made of transparent acrylic.
4. Piezometer panel consisting of transparent tubes mounted on a graduated screen of
height 400mm approx.
5. Pipe & fitting made of PVC/ corrosion resistant plastic.
6. Digital stop watch.

Theory: Bernoulli's law indicates that, if an in viscid fluid is flowing along a pipe of varying
cross section, then the pressure is lower at constrictions where the velocity is higher and
higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnates. Many people find this situation
paradoxical when they first encounter it (higher velocity, lower pressure). The well-known
Bernoulli equation is derived under the following assumptions:

1. Fluid is incompressible (density is constant)

2. Flow is steady
3. Flow is frictionless
4. Along a streamline

Then, it is expressed with the following equation:

Where (in SI units):

P = fluid static pressure at the cross section in N/m2.

= density of the flowing fluid in kg/m3

g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 (its value is 9.81 m/s2 = 9810 mm/s2)

V= mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section in m/s

Z= elevation head of the center of the cross section with respect to a datum z=0

Page 1 of 5
 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bypass Road, Manglia Square, Manglia, Indore, M. P. – 453771

Figure 9.1: Bernoulli’s Apparatus

In our experimental setup, the centerline of all the cross sections we are considering lie on the
same horizontal plane (which we may choose as the datum, z=0), and thus, all the ‘z’ values
are zeros so that the above equation reduces to:

……….. (Eq.: 1)

Above Eq.: 1 show that the total head at a cross section is constant.

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 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bypass Road, Manglia Square, Manglia, Indore, M. P. – 453771

Procedure:
1. Connect the power plug to electric board.
2. Ensure that control valve is adjusted to fully open.
3. Fill the sump tank with water.
4. Ensure that the two ends of the venture apparatus is connected properly to
the constant thanks with the coupler provided.
5. Switch on the electric power supply of electric board.
6. Partially “close” the by pass valve so that water flow into the constant head
tank.
7. Adjust flow control valve &discharge valve to maintain constant water
level in constant head tanks.
8. Allow the water to flow through the apparatus (venturi meter).
9. Remove the water to flow through the apparatus (venturi meter).
10. Close the drain valve provided at the bottom of measuring tank.
11. Measure time required for increase in water level by 50mm.
12. Note down the readings in the observation table.
13. Calculate the result as per the calculation procedure.
14. Repeat the above procedure for different head &flow rates.
15. Switch off the electric supply at motor &mains.

Observation Table:

Sr. No. h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9

Readings of
Piezometric tubes in
cm
Cross sectional area 6.1575 4.7143 3.463 2.405 1.539 2.405 3.463 4.7143 6.1575
at each section of
venturi meter
cm2
Velocity of water at
each section

Velocity head
(V2/2g) in cm

Pressure head
P/ g

Total head
cm

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 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bypass Road, Manglia Square, Manglia, Indore, M. P. – 453771

Calculation:
We can see that in our experiment level of all the points is same i.e. Z= constant.
Now, consider section-1 of venturi.

……….. (Eq.: 2)
Where:
P= Gauge pressure,
ρ= Density of water=0.001kg/cm3,
V= Velocity of flow at any section in m/s,
G= Acceleration due to gravity = 981 cm/s2,

, Pressure head in meters of water column…....... (Eq.:3)

, Velocity head in meters of water column. .......... (Eq.:4)

hp we can direct measure from the piezometric tube fitted on different sections of venture.
Now, Velocity head:

………………………………. (Eq.:5)

Where area of measuring tank (A) = 40.64× 20.32 cm2.

Velocity of flow (V)= Q/A in cm/s ……………………. (Eq.:6)

Now,
Where; “a” area of venturi at different sections.
Now,

Velocity head (hv) = V2/2g ………………………………. (Eq.:7)

Now, By Eq.:3 and Eq.:7 we can calculate total head ht =hp + hv m

Similarly calculate total head for all the sections.

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 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bypass Road, Manglia Square, Manglia, Indore, M. P. – 453771

Conclusion: We have studied the phenomenon of Bernoulli’s

experiment and performed theexperiment on it, which is
successfully validated.

Questions:

1. What is Bernoulli’s theorem for incompressible fluid. Discuss the assumptions

of Bernoulli’s Phenomenon.
2. What is venturi meter?

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