Product Manual EIE – Bernoullis Theorm Apparatus

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 Organization’s ISO 9001:2015 Certificate

PRODUCT MANUAL: EIE – BERNOULLIS THEORM APPARATUS PAGE NO.:2

 Forward

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Table of contents

PRODUCT MANUAL: EIE – BERNOULLIS THEORM APPARATUS PAGE NO.:3

Organization’s ISO 9001:2015 Certificate..........................................................................................2
Forward............................................................................................................................................3
Table of contents..............................................................................................................................4
List of tables.....................................................................................................................................4
List of figures....................................................................................................................................4
1. Aim of the Experiment.............................................................................................................5
1.1 Introduction and Theory...................................................................................................5
2. Potential energy of liquid motion.............................................................................................5
3. Kinetic Energy of a liquid Particle in Motion.............................................................................5
4. Pressure Energy of a liquid Particle in Motion:.........................................................................5
5. Total energy of liquid particle in motion..................................................................................6
6. Bernoulli’s equation.................................................................................................................6
7. Apparatus description..............................................................................................................6
8. Experimental Procedure...........................................................................................................6
9. Observation table....................................................................................................................7
9.1 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................7
9.2 Sample calculation............................................................................................................8
10. Bernoulli’s test section..........................................................................................................8
Warranty Certificate.........................................................................................................................9

List of tables
Table 1 Observation Table....................................................................................................................7
Table 2 Sample calculation chart........................................................................................................8

List of figures
Figure 1 testing section........................................................................................................................8

PRODUCT MANUAL: EIE – BERNOULLIS THEORM APPARATUS PAGE NO.:4

1. Aim of the Experiment
To validate Bernoulli’s Theorem as applied to the flow of water in a tapering circular duct.

1.1 Introduction and Theory

Bernoulli's principle is named after the Dutch-Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli who
published his principle in his book Hydrodynamic in 1738.
Bernoulli’s principle in its simplest form states that "the pressure of a fluid [liquid or gas]
decreases as the speed of the fluid increases." The principle behind Bernoulli’s theorem is
the law of conservation of energy. It states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but
merely changed from one form to another.

The energy, in general, may be defined as the capacity to do work. Though the energy exists in
many forms, yet the following are important from the subject point of view:
1) Potential Energy
2) Kinetic Energy and
3) Pressure Energy

2. Potential energy of liquid motion

It is the energy possessed by a liquid particle, by virtue of its position. If a liquid particle is Z meters
above the horizontal datum (arbitrary chosen), the potential energy of the particle will be Z meter-
kilogram (briefly written as mkg) per kg of liquid. Potential head of the liquid, at that point, will be Z
meters of the liquid.

3. Kinetic Energy of a liquid Particle in Motion

It is the energy, possessed by a liquid particle, by virtue of its motion or velocity. If a liquid particle
is flowing with a mean velocity of v meter per second, then the kinetic energy of the particle will be

2 2
v /2g meter of the liquid. Velocity head of the liquid, at that velocity, will be v /2g meter of liquid.

4. Pressure Energy of a liquid Particle in Motion:

It is the energy, possessed by a liquid particle, by virtue of its existing pressure. If a liquid particle

2
is under a pressure of p kg/m , then the pressure energy of the particle will be p/w mkg per kg of

PRODUCT MANUAL: EIE – BERNOULLIS THEORM APPARATUS PAGE NO.:5

liquid, where w is the specific weight of the liquid. Pressure head of the liquid under that
pressure will be p/w meter of the liquid.

5. Total energy of liquid particle in motion

The total energy of a liquid particle, in motion, is the sum of its potential energy, kinetic energy and
pressure energy. Mathematically,
Total energy,

p v²
E= w + 2g +Z

6. Bernoulli’s equation
It states, “For a perfect incompressible liquid, flowing in a continuous stream, the total energy of
a particle remains the same; while the particle moves from one point to another.” This
statement is based on the assumption that there are no losses due to friction in pipe.
Mathematically,
p v²
E= w + 2g + Z = Constant

7. Apparatus description

The apparatus is made from transparent acrylic and has both the convergent and divergent
sections. Water is supplied from the constant head tank attached to the test section. Constant level
is maintained in the supply tank. Piezometric tubes are attached at different distance on the test
section. Water discharges to the discharge tank attached at the far end of the test section and from
there it goes to the measuring tank through valve. The entire setup is mounted on a stand.

8. Experimental Procedure

1) Note down the area of cross-section of the conduit at sections where piezometers have been
fixed.
2) Open the supply valve and adjust the flow in the conduit so that the water level in the inlet
tank remains at a constant level (i.e., the flow becomes steady).

PRODUCT MANUAL: EIE – BERNOULLIS THEORM APPARATUS PAGE NO.:6

3) Measure the height of water level (above an arbitrarily selected suitable horizontal plane) in
different piezometer tubes.
4) Measure the discharge by calculating time taken for 10 cm rise in water column flow.
5) Repeat steps (2) to (4) for other discharges.

9. Observation table

Piezometer tube number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Diameter of Cross-Section (mm)

Discharge Q1 =

Area of cross-section, A
0.01/ t Run No.2 0.01/ t Run No.1

V=Q/A
2
V /2g

(p/ρg) + z
Discharge =Q2 =

E
V=Q/A
2
V /2g
(p/ρg) + z
Run No.3 Discharge

E
= Q3 = 0.01/ t =

V=Q/A
2
V /2g

(p/ρg) + z

E
Table 1 Observation Table

Plot the following graph on an ordinary graph paper for all runs taken.
1) {(p/ρg) + z} v/s distance (x) of piezometer tubes from some reference point. Draw a smooth
curve passing through the plotted points. This is known as the hydraulic gradient line.
2) E = {(p/ρg) + z + V2/2g} v/s distance (x) of piezometer tubes on the graph {(p/ρg) + z} v/s
distance. Draw a smooth curve passing through the plotted points. This is the total energy line.

9.1 Conclusion
The Total Energy remains the same at different sections of the conduit.

PRODUCT MANUAL: EIE – BERNOULLIS THEORM APPARATUS PAGE NO.:7

9.2 Sample calculation

Piezometer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
tube number

Diameter of Cross 32.37 22.17 16.38 21.13 25.88 30.63 35.38

section (mm)

Area of cross-
section, A 8.23x10-4 3.86x10-4 2.11x10-4 3.5 x10-4 5.26x10-4 7.6 x10-4 9.83x10-4

V=Q/A
X 10-4sec) Run No.1 Discharge

0.272 0.416 0.6 0.503 0.398 0.32 0.269

5

2 0.00377 0.0088 0.0183 0.0129 0.008 0.0053 0.00368

V /2g

(p/ρg)+z 0.235 0.23 0.22 0.225 0.227 0.22 0.23

1 9
Q=2.47 (t=41

E 0.2387 0.2388 0.2393 0.2379 0.2350 0.2344 0.2337

Table 2 Sample calculation chart

Run 1:
Discharge time for 10cm rise in water column: 41 sec

Therefore, Discharge, Q = 0.3*0.4*0.1 = 2.92 X 10-4 m3/sec.

41

10. Bernoulli’s test section

PRODUCT MANUAL: EIE – BERNOULLIS THEORM APPARATUS PAGE NO.:8

 Figure 1 Testing section

Warranty Certificate

Your EIE product is guaranteed to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for
one (1) year under normal use from the date of purchase. This WARRANTY does not apply to
any product damaged by accident, misuse, mishandling, abuse, negligence, transit,
improper line voltage, drop, fire, flood or if the products were altered or repaired by anyone
other than the qualified service personnel. The liability of EIE Instruments is limited to repair
or replacement and under no circumstances shall EIE be liable for any collateral
consequential damages or loss. This guarantee specifically excludes the expendables and
consumables.
All warranty claims must be directed to your corresponding
purchase organization that is responsible for the sale of this equipment. The users are
responsible for shipping expense. The warranty cards which are not signed and stamped by
the actual user will be treated as void. The warranty card should accompany the defective
products sent for repair, without which no claims would be entertained. Please detach the
below warranty card from following cut-line.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Name of the company:

Address:

Telephone no:

Mobile no:

Email address:

Date of purchase:

Product model:

Serial no:

PRODUCT MANUAL: EIE – BERNOULLIS THEORM APPARATUS PAGE NO.:9

Bill or cash memo no:

This card should be detached, filled in properly and posted within 15 days from the date of
purchase otherwise the warranty becomes invalid.

--- End of Document ---

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