OPERATING INSTRUCTION

MANUAL OF

ORIFICE AND MOUTHPIECE

APPARATUS

PRODUCT

EIE INSTRUMENTS PVT. LTD.

( MFR. OF HIGH CLASS LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS )

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Aim of the Experiment:

To determine Hydraulic Co-efficient using Orifice and Mouthpiece

Introduction and Theory

An orifice is an opening in the wall of a tank or in a plate which may be fitted in a

pipe such that the plate is normal to the pipe axis. An orifice is used for the
discharge measurement. Usually an orifice has a sharp edge as shown in fig. A
mouthpiece is a short pipe whose length does not exceed two to three times its
diameter. It may be of uniform section or may have varying section.

Orifice and mouthpiece are used for discharge measurement. The jet approaching
the orifice continues to converge beyond the orifice till the streamlines are
parallel. This section of the jet is, then a section of minimum area and is known
as vena contracta, as shown in fig.

Fig: Sharp Edged Orifice

The ratio of the area of the jet at the vena contracta, ao to the area of orifice, a,
is called the Coefficient of contraction Cc. Thus,

ao = Cc . a

If there is no friction, the jet will attain some velocity, say,

Vt = (2gh)1/2
Where, h is the height of water level in the tank above the centre of the orifice.
However, owing to the friction, the jet attains a lower velocity Va. The ratio of Va
(i.e., actual velocity) to Vt is called the coefficient of velocity, Cv. Thus,
 Va = Cv . Vt = Cv . (2gh)1/2 …(Eq. 2)

Similarly, the ratio of the actual discharge Q to the discharge to Qt in absence

of friction and contraction is termed as the Coefficient of Discharge, Cd. Thus,

Q = Cd . Qt …(Eq. 3)

Where Qt = a . Vt = a. (2gh)1/2 …(Eq. 4)

Also, Q = ao . Va

Using Eq. 1 and Eq.2, we get

Q = (Cc.a) (Cv.Vt)

Or Q = Cc. Cv. a.Vt

Or Q = C c . Cv . Q t …(Eq. 5)

Using Eq. 3 and Eq. 5, we get

Cd = Cc. Cv

Combining Eq.3 and Eq.4

Q = Cd. a. (2gh)1/2

Q
i.e., Cd =-------------------
a. (2gh)1/2

Above Equation is valid if the head h in the tank to which orifice has been
fixed, remains constant. The corresponding method of determining the
Coefficient of Discharge Cd is therefore named as the constant head method.

If x and y (measured +ve downward) represent, respectively the horizontal and

vertical coordinates of the lowest point at any section on the trajectory of the
jet (origin being taken as the lowest point of the jet at vena contracta or at the
orifice) then it can be shown that
x
Cv =
a . (yh)1/2
Apparatus Description

The unit consists of a supply tank to which orifice or mouthpiece can be fitted.
The tank is provided with flow settling arrangement. A tracer pointer is provided
at the discharge of orifice to demonstrate and to determine X-Y co-ordinates of
jet. Arrangement is provided to vary and measure the head over orifice or
mouthpiece. A fixture is provided for orifice or mouthpiece fitting which can easily
adopt both. Thus, we can determine Cd, Cc, & Cv of orifice as well as Cd of
mouthpiece.

Images:
Experimental Procedure

1) Fill up the water in the sump tank.

2) Now start the pump and open the gate valve slowly so that water
starts flowing over the main tank.
3) Let the water level become stable till the level of overflow pipe.
4) Note the height H
5) Using the X-Y Probe measure the X and Y Coordinate at certain point on
the flow jet as shown in figure
6) Close the drain valve of measuring tank and measure the discharge.
One can also use measuring flask to note down small discharge.
7) Repeat the same procedure for Mouthpiece also.

Fig: Setup for Orifice Jet Measurement

FM.C.006 (Page 3)
Observations:

For Orifice
Diameter of Orifice = __________ (6) mm
Area of Orifice = _______ m2

Sr. Constant X Y time for 5 cm

No. Head Coordinate Coordinate Rise in water column ‘t’ sec
H

For Mouthpiece

Diameter of Mouthpiece = 6 mm, 15 mm

Area of Mouthpiece = __________m2

Sr. Constant time for 5 cm

No. Head Rise in water column ‘t’ sec
H

Calculations:-
For Orifice
1. Constant Head H = m

2. Actual Discharge ,
Q act = 0.3x0.3x0.05 m3/sec
t
= m3/sec
2. Now theoretical discharge
Qth = area of orifice X (2gH)1/2

=
4. coefficient of discharge

FM.C.006 (Pag e 4)
 Qa
Cd = -------
Qth

5. Coefficient of Velocity Cv = x
(4yH) 1/2

5. Coefficient of Contraction Cc = Cd / Cv

For Mouthpiece

1. Constant Head H = m

2. Actual Discharge ,
Qact =0.3x0.3x0.05 m3/sec
t

= m3/sec

3. Now theoretical discharge

Qth = area of mouthpiece X (2gH)1/2

4. coefficient of discharge
Qa
Cd = -------
Qth

Conclusion

1) Value of Hydraulic Coefficient for Orifice is:-

 Coefficient of Discharge Cd = 
  Coefficient of Velocity Cv = 
 Coefficient of Discharge Cd = 

2) Value for Coefficient of Discharge (Cd) for Mouthpiece =

FM.C.006 (Page 5)
Sample Calculations (FOR REFERENCE ONLY)

Observations:-

For Orifice

Diameter of Orifice = 6 mm

Area of Orifice = 5.024 X 10-5 m2

Sr. Constant X Y time for 5 cm

Rise in water column ‘t’
No. Head Coordinate Coordinate sec
H mm
1 150 187 60 78.45

For Mouthpiece

Diameter of Mouthpiece = 10 mm

Area of Mouthpiece = 7.85 X 10-5 m2

Sr. Constant time for 5 cm

No. Head Rise in water column ‘t’ sec
H mm
1 180 49.5

Calculations

For Orifice

1. Constant Head H = 150 mm or 0.15 mm

Actual Discharge , Qact = 0.005 m3/sec

t
= 6.37 x 10-5 m3/sec
Now theoretical discharge
Qth = area of orifice X (2gH)1/2
= 5.024 X 10-5 x (2 x 9.81 X 0.15) 1/2

= 8.62 x 10-5 m3/sec

Coefficient of discharge
 Qa
Cd = ------- = 0.73
Q th

Coefficient of Velocity Cv = x
(4yH) 1/2
= 0.98

Coefficient of Contraction Cc = Cd / Cv
= 0.74

For Mouthpiece

1. Constant Head H = 180 m = 0.18 m

Actual Discharge , Qact = 0.005 m3/sec
t

= 1.01 x 10-4 m3/sec

Now theoretical discharge
Qth = area of mouthpiece X (2gH)1/2
= 7.85 X 10-5 x (2 x 9.81 x 0.18) 1/2
= 1.475 x 10-4 m3/sec

coefficient of discharge
Qa
Cd = ------- = 0.68
Qth

Conclusion:-

Value of Hydraulic Coefficient for given Orifice is:-

 Coefficient of Discharge Cd = 0.73 

  Coefficient of Velocity Cv = 0.98 
 Coefficient of COntraction Cc = 0.74 

Value for Coefficient of Discharge (Cd) for Mouthpiece = 0.68