Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA

Lenggong, Perak

JOB SHEET

PROGRAMME DFE

SESSION JAN – JUNE 2022 SEMESTER 3

EGF3053
CODE & COURSE SHEET NO JS03
Fluid Mechanics
LECTURER MOHD HAFIZ BIN HUSAIN DURATION 6 HOURS

TOPIC Internal Flow in Pipe and Conduits

4.3 Continuity Equation
SUB-TOPIC
4.4 Bernoulli’s Equation and Flow Measurements
TOPIC After completing the topic, students should be able to:
LEARNING 1. Determine the fluid velocity using the Bernoulli’s theorem and
OUTCOME the continuity equation.

TOOLS /
EQUIPMENTS / Flow meter, venturi meter and the orifice meter.
MATERIALS

DRAWING AND
DATA

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 Experiment 3: Demonstration of Bernoulli Theorem in Fluid Flow
 This experiment is conduct as hands on practical.
INSTRUCTION  Technician will explain every part of the equipment and their
function to the students and let the student explore the equipment
while doing the experiment.

PROCEDURE

STEP KEY POINT

1. Fill water into the volumetric tank of
the hydraulic bench until it is approximately
90% full.

2. Open the outlet flow control valve

fully at the right hand end of the apparatus.

3. Close the inlet flow control valve

then start the pump.

4. Gradually open then inlet flow

control valve and allow the pipework
(Venturi and manometer) to fill with water
until all air has been expelled from the
pipework.

5. Check that all manometer tubing is

properly connected to the corresponding
pressure taps and are air-bubble free. If
needed press air bleeds screw slowly to
flush the air-bubbles.

6. After ensure that air is being

expelled from the pipework, close the inlet
valve fully and stop the pump.

7. With the outlet valve open, press

the air bleed screw slightly until the
manometer levels reach mid height. Wait
for some time for the level in manometer
tube to stabilize (it takes some time for it to
reach steady state).

8. Start the pump and slowly adjust

the inlet valve (you may adjust both inlet
and outlet valves) so that you get the
maximum difference in levels between
tapping point 7 and 8.

9. Wait for some time for the level in

manometer tube 8 to stabilize (it takes
some time for it to reach steady state).

10. After the steady state is achieved,

redirect the water outlet hose into a

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PROCEDURE

STEP KEY POINT

container whose capacity is known (20
liter, for example) and record the time
taken for the water to fill it up. Take at least
3 measurements and record the timings in
order to calculate (average) flow rate.

11. Gently push the Pitot (total head

measuring) tube, connected to manometer
8, so that its end reaches the cross section
of the Venturi tube at 1, for example. Wait
for some time and note down the readings
from manometer 8 and 1. The reading
shown by manometer 8 is the sum of the
pressure and velocity heads, i.e. the total
(or stagnation) head (h*), because the Pitot
tube is held against the flow of fluid forcing
it to a stop (zero velocity). The reading in
manometer 1 measures just the pressure
head (h) because it is connected to the
Venturi tube pressure tap, which does not
obstruct the flow, thus measuring the flow
static pressure.

12. Repeat step 11 for other cross

sections.

13. Repeat step 1 -12 for other flowrate

(another two different flowrate).

14. Record all the measurements

acquired.

15. Calculate the velocity, ViB ¬ using

the Bernoulli’s equation where:

16. Calculate the velocity, ViC using

the continuity equation where ViC = Qav /
Ai

17. Determined the difference between

two calculated velocity and the percentage
differ of it.

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RESULT:

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*Where

*The distance is from the beginning tip to the respective tapings.

*Depends on the equipment, need to re check the distance and diameter of cross section.

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QUESTION/DISCUSSION:

Plot graph manometer reading vs distance for discussion.

1. What is meant by stagnation pressure?

2. List down three factors which cause pressure to vary along a pipe.
3. a) Discharge can be measured either in terms of mass flow rate and volumetric flow
rate. Define discharge.
b) Benzene flows through a 100 mm diameter pipe. The mean velocity of flow is 3 ms-1.
Find the volumetric flow rate and mass flow rate. Mass density of benzene is 879
kgm-3.

CONCLUSION:

Fluid velocity using the Bernoulli’s theorem and the continuity equation determined.

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