SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

HFF 225: PHILOSOPHY AND CURRENT ISSUES

SEM 1, 2021/2022

TITLE:
EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION THROUGH TIMES:
IMPACTS & CHALLENGES

GROUP 20
NAME MATRIC NUMBER
MAH HIN MAN 148703
NURUL AFIFAH BINTI OTHMAN 150174
NURUL ANIS BINTI MOHD SABRI 150205
NG JIA WEN 153729
TOH YAN YOU 153207

I
Table of Content

Content Page Number

1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Data & Analysis: 2-15
2.1 Evolution of Education 2-5
2.2 Impacts Brought by The Evolution of Education 6-11
2.3 Challenges Brought by Modernized Education 12-13
2.4 Solutions to Overcome the Challenges 14-15
3.0 Conclusion 16
References 17-20

II
Abstract

The study was carried out to identify how the education world has evolved through times, the
impacts and challenges brought by the evolution of education, as well as ways to mitigate the
challenges. Based on the survey carried out, it is found out that most respondents do think
that evolution has evolved for the better. Most respondents do think that the modernized
education is more beneficial to learners, as it places an emphasis on learners and the
outcome of the learning, as well as the thinking skill of learners instead of their ability to
memorize. Aided by its accessibility, most respondents feel that modernized education has
successfully brought about an influx of creativity and innovation, as well as minimized
cultural differences. Most respondents opine that the challenges brought by the evolution of
education come in the shape of lacking in motivation, internet connection problem as well as
distraction from the surrounding. In their opinion, in order to mitigate the challenges, they
have to be in a conducive environment, stay connected with their peers; they also ought to
watch recorded lectures in case they need to, and have a planner to help tracking their
progress.

III
1.0 Introduction

Education system and purpose of education changes over time. It has changed from
conventional education to modernized education through the development of human
history. Conventional education refers to the education in the past where it occurs in a
classroom with a teacher who plans and presents a particular topic lesson. It is a long-
established custom that society has traditionally used in schools and the teacher acts as an
instructor (Shimahara, N., 2021). Teachers can use various educational tools such as
introducing information on a chalk or whiteboard, student presentations, group or partner
work and individual exercises or activities. Conventional education is also the education
which includes all the requirements of traditional teaching and learning such as crowded
classrooms, instant information sharing, impersonal approach to students and materials
like black or white boards, desks and pencils.

Modernized education is the education that occurs nowadays such as online learning and
active learning in which the teacher becomes a facilitator. In modernized education,
modern electronic gadgets such as smartphones, tablets and laptops are often used in the
study and learning process. Online learning takes place over the internet, and it is a form
of distance learning in which it is a non-face-to-face learning method. It can be teacher-
led at a specific time which is synchronous or student-paced working through the material
unguided which is asynchronous. Content can be delivered to the students as text, image
and video while features could include online assessment or interactive activities. The
online learning is carried out through many online meeting platforms available such as
WebEx, Google Meet and Zoom (Leverage, 2021).

There are also many significant differences between conventional education and
modernized education in which conventional education is time-based, passive learning,
teacher-centered, based on facts and memorization, isolation study, consists of
fragmented curriculum and printed assessments and is textbook-driven. Modernized
education is opposite to conventional education and it is outcome-based, active learning,
student-centered, based on higher-order thinking, collaboration study, consists of
integrated curriculum and multiple forms of access and is research-driven (Stephanie,
2021).
 2.0 Data & Analysis
2.1 Evolution of Education

Figure 1: Responses on “ Do you prefer studying in isolation or in group?”

Studying in isolation means students are studying alone without being accompanied by
anyone. Studying in isolation allows students to study without assistance of any people and in
a quiet environment without any distraction. In this study mode, self-thinking and learning
ability of the student is enhanced (Imogen, 2020). Studying in a group means that a study
group is formed and a collaborative thinking and learning process is carried out within
students. Studying in group encourages students to think creatively and enhance strong
communication skills which also help in refining understanding of the material (Becton,
2021).

Based on the figure above, 50.7% of the respondents (76 respondents out of 150 respondents)
prefer studying in isolation. This is because they think that studying in isolation is more
comfortable, more efficient and can be more focused into the study without any disturbance.
The remaining 49.3% of respondents (74 respondents out of 150 respondents) prefer studying
in groups. This is because they think that studying in a group can help them to solve curiosity
more easily and have higher motivation to study. The preference for each of the study modes
is close to each other but more respondents agree that studying in isolation is better as
studying in this way can enable them to master knowledge more easily.

2
 Figure 2: Responses on “Do you prefer conventional education or modernized
education?”

Conventional education is referred to as teacher-centered and passive learning in which

passive learning is defined as a method of learning or instruction where students receive
information from the teacher which acts as the instructor and internalize or absorb it. It means
that a student will listen and read the material, then reflect internally without any further
reflection back or reviewing (ASU, 2021). Modernized education is referred to as student-
centered and active learning in which active learning is the process of learning via engaging
with the content and student is centered while the teacher acts as a facilitator. This means that
students are interacting with the material in any way that can promote active thought, via
activities for learning or via reframing the note-taking process to encourage thinking about
the material rather than transcribing the content (Gogus, 2012).

From the figure above, it can be seen that 52% of the respondents (78 respondents out of 150
respondents) prefer conventional education and they rely more on teachers in the learning
process. They prefer to receive information from teachers rather than actively thinking and
absorbing materials by themselves. The remaining 48% respondents (72 respondents out of
150 respondents) prefer modernized education. This is because they think that modernized
education is more effective, and they prefer interactive learning which is more interesting.
They think that studying passively in a classroom without interacting with each other is very
boring and they like to learn new knowledge through different interactive activities. This can
conclude that more respondents agree that conventional education is better than modernized
education and more respondents are used to conventional education.

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 Figure 3: Responses on “Do you prefer time-based education or outcome-based
education?”

Before we get into details, let us define time-based education and outcome-based education.
Time-based education is an education system utilised in the past whereas completion of
teaching is emphasised, while learners may not graduate without having completely mastered
the required competencies (Park et al., 2016). Whilst, outcome-based education is the
contemporary style of education nowadays where focus is placed on attainment of intended
learning outcomes (Spady et al.,1994). What is important is that students are able to have a
solid understanding of what is being taught, thereby building a sound foundation for them in
whatever they learn.

For the question above, 125 respondents out of the 150 lean towards outcome-based
education rather than time-based education, which made up 83.3% of total respondents. No
matter the age group, the distribution of the choice is not too skewed: the majority of
respondents opine that learning properly is of utmost importance. This is because in outcome-
based education, learners are being emphasised. They are active, meaning they have to take
accountability for their own learning; as a result, they are motivated by feedback from
teachers and receive affirmation of their worth (Nakkeranet al., 2018). This way, they will be
able to learn properly, having grasp the understanding of subjects being taught. This portraits
why most respondents, no matter the age group, prefer outcome-based education rather than
time-based education.

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 Figure 4: Responses on “ Do you think education based on facts and memorization’ or
that based on ‘higher-order thinking’ will benefit you the most?”

In traditional education, old teaching approaches work like this: memorise the facts and
consequences blindly (Good, 2016). Learners in the past may not get to develop higher-order
thinking skills (HOTS) like they do in education nowadays. In modernised education,
students are required to think creatively and innovatively in their learning process (Owi et al.,
2017). This way, learners get to develop critical thinking skill and solve problems via
analytical means.

For the question above, the majority of respondents (77.3% or 116 respondents) feel that
education based on HOTS is more beneficial to them. One thing to be noted is that the
majority group of people comprises respondents of younger age groups. Respondents of the
older age group tend to think that education based on facts and memorization is more
beneficial, since this was their way of learning, and it worked out quite good for them.
However, younger generations get that the ability to think critically and analytically is
imperative, since this better prepares them in problem solving.

5
2.2 Impacts Brought by The Evolution of Education

Figure 5: Responses on “Do you agree that education is more accessible nowadays
compared to that in the past?”

From the figure above, most (136 out of 150) respondents agree that education is more
accessible nowadays while being compared to in the past. The reason being the momentous
advancement in technology. Not only is internet connection much more accessible to
everyone, even in the rural areas, but a massive amount of learning materials are also
available at one’s fingertips on the internet. This is a positive contrast to the older days when
books were rare and education opportunities were highly limited. This has contributed to e-
learning morphs from being a possibility to a reality in the present. It is no longer a must for
students to attend physical classes to learn; they may now attend virtual classes on various
platforms to gain knowledge. These changes made possible by technology advancement have
brought newfound accessibility in education. Therefore, most respondents opine that
education is much more accessible in the present compared to that in the past.

6
 Figure 6: Responses on “Do you agree that modernized education has brought about
an influx of creativity and innovation in human resource?”

Based upon the figure above, it is found that 82.6% (124 out of 150) of the respondents do
think that modernized education has successfully brought about an influx of creativity and
innovation in learners, and in broader terms the human resource. This is because in
conventional education, memorisation and facts reigns over capability to think critically. To
put it in simpler terms, if you can manage to memorise all the facts and points in the learning
materials, you are bound to get good grades. However, in modernised education, learners are
required to think for themselves. Nowadays, learning involves challenging, refining, and
improving understanding by being made to think hard. In order to acquire mastery over new
concepts, one’s thought process ought to be creative, imaginative, and lateral (incorporating
new ways of looking at things), as well as linear (using existing patterns of thought). Learners
today cannot depend only on facts they memorise, they also need to have a willingness to ask,
to question themselves about what they learn, and not to be constrained by existing
knowledge. This way, they can formulate their own understanding about the subjects they
learn. In short, they get to master the skill to think critically, to think outside of the box, in
order to come up with creative and inventive measures to solve problems encountered. These
are why the majority of the respondents do feel that the modernised education system utilised
nowadays has managed to bring about an influx of creativity and innovation in human
resource.

7
 Figure 7: Responses on “Do you agree that education nowadays is more effective
compared to the education in the past?”

Compared to the last questions, the number of respondents who agree with the statement
“education nowadays is more effective than education in the past” has dropped quite a bit to
about 70% of the respondents, albeit it is still a majority who agrees with the aforementioned
statement. 34 respondents (22.7%) are unsure if modernised education is more effective than
conventional teaching. This may be due to the fact that there is an excessive dependency on
modern technologies used in modern education. Tools like graphing calculators and spelling-
and-grammar checkers have affected students on the way they use their brain. They know
such tools can and will help them to correct the inevitable mistakes they make, therefore they
will just “wing” whatever they do, and let the modern technologies work their magic. In a
nutshell, students have become less self-reliant.

The pros of modernised education certainly outweigh its cons, as evidenced by the number of
respondents who agree that education nowadays is more effective than that in the past. This is
aided by the increased accessibility of education, as well as the paradigm shift in the
education world. It has changed from time-based education in the past to outcome-based
education in the modern day. The emphasis is being placed on learners rather than teachers
nowadays. All these have made sure students could learn properly and develop better
thinking skills. As a direct consequence, the effectiveness of education has increased through
time.

8
 Figure 8: Responses on “ Do you agree that modernized education allows students to
interact effectively through modern communication tools?”

According to the survey conducted, around 86% of the respondents agree that modernized
education allows students to interact effectively through modern communication tools. The
advancement of technology has expanded the communication and collaboration between
students. For example, the traditional classrooms are isolated, which causes a limited
collaboration with other students. Today, the students staying in a rural area, are able to learn
more extra knowledge through the Internet by reading the blog posting of scientists. They are
able to view photos, email questions to the scientists, and even talk live with them through
videoconference. When it comes to group assignments, students can collaborate regardless of
distance via technology-based tools such as Google docs, spreadsheet, Wikipedia etc. (Purdue
Online, n.d.). Researchers have found that modernized education leads to more cooperation
and more interactive relationship among learners. Modernized education has enhanced the
entire learning process, and it brings a better understanding and interactive learning process
to students. (Raja, Nagasubramani, 2018)

9
 Figure 9: Responses on “ Do you agree that modernization in education has helped in
minimizing cultural differences?”

Malaysia is known for the multiracial culture. Therefore, to eliminate the cultural conflict in
the society, modernized education helps in flavouring the cultural values in life (Mathews,
Arulsamy, 2020). Based on the responses, 61.4% of respondents agree that the modernization
in education has helped in minimizing the cultural difference in Malaysia. 27.3% of them stay
neutral and 11.3% of them do not agree with this statement. In fact, the modernization of
education comes along with a more enlightened way of thinking, which encourages open-
mindedness in the cultural issues in order to live peacefully and harmoniously. A modernized
education helps protect and promote the diversity of cultural expression in the society
(Kulesz, 2016). During the old times, communication gap and conflict between different
ethnicities happened as students communicated by only using their mother tongue, and some
may feel not respected by others. With modernized education, students with various races are
able to become more considerate in understanding and tolerating with each other. Besides, in
computer-mediated communication, one could communicate with others by using
internationally available software, where communication may be not so much determined by
cultural styles (Zorn, 2005). Hence, the cultural difference that bring us apart will be
minimized, thus fostering the relationship between all the students and learners.

10
 Figure 10: Responses on “Do you think education has evolved for the better?”

Based on our survey, 76.7% of respondents support that our education system has evolved for
the better these days. 18% of the respondents stay neutral and 5.4% disagree with it.
Nowadays, the education system has become stronger from ancient civilization itself. The
past education was usually in books and lecture based. Students would have to spend hours in
the libraries or classrooms, looking through books for information in order to complete their
project or research. Now, modern gadgets such as iPads and smartphones enable students to
find what they want via websites (Kraj, 2019). Physical education was compulsory in ancient
days. However, education was restricted based on the class or hierarchy. The invasion of the
British brought some advantages in the evolution of education in Malaysia as they established
several schools and facilities, besides making some changes in the syllabus (Francis, 2017).
In the past, students were always memorizing the factual information for their subjects. In
modern education, they could work in groups to compare, contrast, and discuss the topics to
have better understanding (Kraj, 2019). Modern education is mainly aimed to develop
knowledge and skills to make money. Everyone has the right to learn in schools and colleges.
Nevertheless, a lot of improvement can be made so that technical and professional skills will
be emphasized in the education system. This will boost the development of countries by
building up the professional qualities of students (Francis, 2017). Thus, we can say that
education has evolved to be better than the past, but there’s still a long way to go to have it
systematic and organized enough.

11
2.3 Challenges Brought by Modernized Education

The spread of COVID-19 has not only caused severe infectious disease and human loss, it
also has changed many aspects of humans’ life. Taking education as the main focus, this field
also has been forced to evolve drastically as the schools have been shut down due to social
distancing and gathering restrictions. As a result, many of them choose online teaching and
learning as an alternative to continue the teaching process without having face-to-face
instruction. In this topic, we are discussing the obstacles faced by students and teachers when
attempting to learn and teach online. As we conducted the survey research study, we
collected respondents’ opinions to understand the challenges faced by them.

Figure 11: Responses on Challenges Faced by The Respondents during Online Learning

Firstly, (70.7%) of the respondents from the survey relate that they are having difficulties
staying motivated during e-learning. This is understandable because having to sit in the same
place and do the same thing every day in a confined area could make them feel unmotivated
to finish the work. Also, there are no peers to support each other during online learning.
Negative emotions, such as boredom or anxiety, can hinder motivation and learning
performance by interfering with attention processes and deeper processing of learning (Rowe,
A., & Fitness, J., 2018).

12
In this survey, the respondents were also asked if they are having a major distraction from
their surroundings during online learning. As the result, the point has been agreed upon by
the majority of the respondents (71.3%). Mahesh H Puttaiah, Senior Economist, Swiss Re
Institute has stated that this is because the increased use of digital tools is blurring the lines
between work, lifestyle, and social interaction (Swiss Re, 2020). In result, some students
would find it hard to stay focused on the task because of the tiny gap between them and the
entertainment provided by digital devices nowadays.

Other than that, the lack of digital devices and internet connection problems are also a major
flaw when it comes to online learning. The reason behind the gap in the digital divide in
Malaysia usually has been linked to a number of demographic and socio-economic
characteristics, such as income, education, geographic location (urban-rural), skills, and
digital awareness (NST Leader, 2021). 31.3 percent of students taking the survey claimed
they did not possess any device with which to follow online lessons. Even it is true that some
areas have been aided by broadband hardware from the government, however internet
connectivity remains a problem in some areas due to the poor internet coverage.

Other than that, a sense of isolation is also one of the challenges faced by students, especially
those in their first year. Weissbourd and his team also argue that eliminating loneliness
requires a robust social infrastructure. However, with the current condition, it is hard to
achieve physically engaging instruction in learning. 67 individuals from our survey also
agree on this matter. Finally, the respondents were also asked if they ever feel like time
commitment toward their study has increased. 36.7% of respondents agreed that this
argument is also one of the challenges faced when attempting to learn online.

13
2.4 Solutions to Overcome the Challenges

Figure 11: Responses on Solutions That Could Help the Respondents to Overcome the
Challenges

It is perceptible that the Covid-19 pandemic affects everyone. However, we must not allow
the situation to compromise the quality of learning for those whose hands the future of our
country lies. Thus, we must come up with innovative ways to clear the hurdles associated
with online learning.

While some may prefer studying in a school environment, adapting to online learning is the
best way they can do to maintain their academic progress. Getting a comfortable and
productive environment during online learning is a crucial solution to overcome the
challenges of online learning (Movchan, 2018) as majority of the respondents (108 out of 150
respondents) have agreed to this solution. An engaging and positive learning environment
ensures that the students are able to attend their online class comfortably without any
disruptions from their surroundings. For instance, students may create a space with good
ventilation and air quality, comfortable temperature, pleasant lighting, and an environment
with limited ambient noise to enable them having a better learning environment at home
(Elizabeth, 2020). These can ensure that students can experience a conducive learning
environment despite the challenges they face during online learning. Thus, a comfortable and
productive environment is a great attribute to the success of the students during online
learning as it offers a positive ambiance to feel motivated and engaged.

14
Furthermore, staying connected with friends and teachers may help students to cope with the
challenges they faced during online learning. A response rate of 63.3% was achieved for this
solution. Seeking help or sharing problems either with friends or teachers may help students
to stay motivated during this critical time (Almendingen et al., 2021). For example, students
can communicate with their friends to clear doubts or share their problems of online learning
through video chat or social media such as WhatsApp. This ensures that students may have a
supportive community and a safe learning environment in which they can socialize emotions
such as fear, anxiety, frustration, and where they can cope with and recover from a crisis like
Covid-19. Thus, staying connected with friends and teachers indeed contributes to a better
online learning experience of the students.

Moreover, watching through recorded classes could also help students to overcome the
challenges of online learning. This solution has been agreed by 89 out of 150 respondents.
Missing lectures is an often-unavoidable part of the online student lifestyle as they also need
to balance the role as a student and a son or a daughter when they are learning at home.
Internet connection problems also may lead them to sometimes miss some important part of
the lessons. Thus, recorded classes ensure that they can still stay on top of their course
content even if they miss the lessons. Other than that, utilizing the recorded lectures also
could help students to have a better understanding and master the content of their course
(Khalil et al., 2020).

Some students also think that having a planner to keep track of assignment and any upcoming
events may help them to enhance their online learning and responsibility as a student (Khalil
et al., 2020) as up to 88 respondents have agreed to this option. Having a planner gives
students freedom to plan, organize and keep track of their work to the best of their abilities
and requirements. This has a dual benefit in that it increases the student’s accountability to
the commitments planned as well as provides them with a structure that contributes to their
success. For instance, students could create a To-Do list to prepare a list of activities on an
everyday basis. Thus, students are able to take full responsibility and accountability to
complete their work.

15
3.0 Conclusion

Based on the study conducted, it is without any doubt that education has evolved for the
better. Modernized education places an emphasis on learners: it helps to train the way we
think, as it helps learners to develop the skill to think critically, analytically, and creatively.
Aided by advancement in technology, education is far more accessible nowadays: learning
environment is no longer limited to schools; and information is essentially at anyone’s
fingertip. However, the evolution of education does not come without its challenges:
distractions and lack of motivations are cited as two of the most common challenges faced by
the respondents. In order to overcome such challenges, and to make modernized education
prosper even more, appropriate measures must be taken to mitigate the challenges.

16
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