DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2021/2022 ACADEMIC YEAR

INSTITUTE OF GEOMATICS, GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

SECOND YEAR EXAMINATION FOR DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN GEOMATICS AND

GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SCIENCE AND BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN GEOSPATIAL
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND REMOTE SENSING

GGE 2201: GEOGRAPHICAL DATA PROJECTION

DATE: 12/04/2022 TIME: 11.00 A.M.-01.00 P.M.

Instructions: ATTEMPT QUESTION ONE AND ANY OTHER TWO QUESTIONS

Question 1 (30 Marks)

(i) Using examples describe situations the type of map projections be of critical, life-and-death
importance? (2 Marks)
(ii) What are the general terms used describe map projections and qualities? (3 Marks)
(iii) Clearly elucidate the following terms as used in Geographic data projection. (5 Marks)
(a) Datum:.
(b) Graticules
(c) False Origin
(d) Scale factor
(e) Map projectio
(iv) With aid of Globe in diagrams, discuss the following map projections giving their features.
(11 Marks)
(a) Mercator conformal projection
(b) Lambert Conformal projection
(c) Stereographic projection
(d) Gnomonic projection

(v) Discuss the following coordinate transformations. (9 Marks)

(a) Moledensky Badeka
(b) Bursa wolf
(c) Affine transformation models

1
Question 2 (20 Marks)

(i) Define the term, Geo-Referencing and gives its importance in Geographic Map projections.
(2 Marks)
(ii) Compare and contrast between Mercator projection and Transverse Mercator Projection
(6 Marks)
(iii) In map projection, the developable surface can either be tangential or secant to the globe.
Discuss (4 Marks)
(iv) Considering the geodetic coordinates, the problem is that of deriving the relationship with
the plane Cartesian coordinates. This is done by means of mapping equations, i.e.

Discuss (3 Marks)

(v) Clearly elucidate, the term ‘Datum’ and explain the parameters required to define a
geodetic datum (5 Marks)

Question 3 (20 Marks)

(i) Map coordinate systems are framed on a grid that can be used for defining positions. To
be able to set up the grid it is necessary to decide on various factors. Explain
(4 Marks)
(ii) Briefly explain, the effects of map projections to the real surface (5 Marks)
(iii) Creation of map projection involves two steps. Discuss (2 Marks)
(iv) Discuss the process of converting Cassini- Soldner coordinates (Clarke 1858 ellipsoid) to
their equivalent UTM coordinates (Clarke 1880 ellipsoid). (5 Marks)
(v) Explain the two models used to effect Map projection (4 Marks)

Question 4 (20 Marks)

(i) The projection could be on the surfaces such as ellipsoid, a sphere or a plane,
Depending on the use, there are basically two classes of coordinate systems, Discuss
(2 Marks)
(ii) Explains the useful traits of maps that motivated the development of map projections
(6 Marks)
(iii) Calculate the actual scale at a given point on map with scale factor of 0.99860 at the
point and nominal map scale of 1:25000. (3 Marks)
(iv) With aid of diagrams, discuss the following projections as applied in Kenya giving their
key features (9 Marks)

a) Cassini map projection

b) Universal Transverse Mercator projection

2
Question 5(20 Marks)

(i) Why is Transverse Mercator maps often used to portray areas with larger north-south
than east-west extent? (2 Marks).
(ii) How does the curvature of the earth contribute to map distortion (2 Marks)
(iii) When choosing a map projection, one must take into account what it is that matters in
your analysis and what properties you need to preserve. Giving examples, discuss
various metrics properties of map projection that you need to consider (12 Marks)
(iv) Clearly elucidate the following terms as used in geographic data projection.
(4 Marks)
(a) Central meridian:
(b) Aspect:
(c) Developable surface:
(d) Grid convergence: