Fundamental Concepts 25

Objective-type Questions
1.1 The difference in the length of an arc and its subtended chord on earth’s surface
for a distance of 18.5 km is about
(a) 0.1 cm (b) 1.0 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 100 cm
1.2 The effect of the curvature of the earth’s surface is taken into account only if the
extent of survey is more than
(a) 100 km2 (b) 260 km2 (c) 195.5 km2 (d) 300 km2
1.3 The difference between the sum of the angles of a spherical triangle on the earth’s
surface to that of the angles of the corresponding plane triangle is only one second
for every
(a) 260 km2 (b) 160 km2 (c) 360 km2 (d) 195.5 km2
1.4 A hut can be shown by the symbol

(a) (b) (c) (d)

1.5 The symbol represents

(a) Temple (b) Mosque (c) Church (d) Hut

1.6 Which of the following scales is the largest one?
(a) 1 cm = 50 m (b) 1 : 42 000
(c) R.F. = 1/300 000 (d) 1 cm = 50 km
1.7 The smallest length that can be drawn on a map is
(a) 0.2 mm (b) 0.5 mm (c) 10 mm (d) 15 mm
1.8 The shrinkage factor of an old map is 24/25 and the R.F. is 1/2400, then the corrected
scale for the map is
(a) 1/2400 (b) 1/2500 (c) 1/600 (d) 1/60 000
1.9 The main principle of surveying is to work from
(a) higher level to the lower level (b) lower level to the higher level
(c) part to whole (d) whole to part
1.10 Surveys which are carried out to depict mountains, water bodies, woods and other
details are known as
(a) Cadastral surveys (b) City surveys
(c) Topographical surveys (d) Hydrographic surveys
1.11 Plan is a graphical representation of the features on large scale as projected on a
(a) horizontal plane (b) vertical plane
(c) in any plane (d) None of the above
1.12 Map is a graphical representation of the features on small scale as projected on a
(a) horizontal surface (b) vertical surface
(c) in any surface (d) None of the above
1.13 The error due to bad ranging is
(a) cumulative (+ve) (b) cumulative (–ve)
(c) compensating (d) cumulative (+ve or –ve)
1.14 Theory of probability is applied to
(a) accidental errors only (b) cumulative errors only
(c) both accidental and cumulative (d) None of the above
1.15 Systematic errors are those errors
(a) which cannot be recognised
(b) whose character in not understood
26 Surveying

(c) whose effect are cumulative and can be eliminated by adopting suitable
methods
(d) which change rapidly
1.16 The difference between the most probable value of a quantity and its observed value
is
(a) true error (b) weighted observation
(c) conditional error (d) residual error
1.17 It is convenient to record the field notes for a closed traverse in the field book on
the right page and read
(a) from left to right (b) from right to left
(c) from top to down (d) from bottom to top
1.18 The degree of precision required in survey work mainly depends upon the
(a) purpose of survey (b) area to be surveyed
(c) sources of error (d) nature of the field
1.19 The error which occurs while conducting the survey from whole to part and part to
whole is
(a) same
(b) in whole to part, it is localised and in part to whole it is expanded
(c) in whole to part it is expanded and in part to whole it is localised
(d) in both the methods error is localised
1.20 Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on, above or
beneath the surface of the earth, with respect to each other, by the measurement of
(i) distances (ii) directions (iii) elevations
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) are required (b) only (i) is required
(c) only (ii) required (d) only (iii) is required
1.21 A point R can be located by the two control points P and Q by
(i) measuring PR and QR from P and Q, measure distance of R and plot
(ii) dropping a perpendicular from R on PQ, meeting the line in S, measure PS,
SQ and plot
(iii) distance QR and angle between QR and QP
(a) only (i) is correct (b) by (i) and (ii) both
(c) by (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) None of these
1.22 The objective of a survey is to
(i) prepare a plan or map
(ii) determine the relative position of points
(iii) determine position of points in a horizontal plane
(iv) determine position of points in a vertical plane
(a) Only (i) is correct
(b) Only (i) and (ii) are correct
(c) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) all are correct
(d) (i), (ii), and (iii) are correct
1.23 The following are the subdivisions of engineering survey. Match them.
(i) Reconnaissance survey (A) To determine feasibility
and rough cost of the scheme.
(ii) Preliminary survey (B) To collect more precise data,
to choose the best location for
the work and to estimate the
exact quantities and costs.
(iii) Location survey (C) For setting out the work on
the ground.
(a) (i)–A, (ii)–B, (iii)–C (b) (i)–B, (ii)–A, (iii)–C
 Fundamental Concepts 27

(c) (i)–C, (ii)–A, (iii)–B (d) (i)–B, (ii)–C, (iii)–A

1.24 Match the following:
(i) Topographical survey (A) To determine the natural
features of a country such as hills,
valleys, rivers, nuallas, lakes,
woods, etc.
(ii) Cadastral survey (B) To survey for the features
such as roads, railways, canals,
buildings, towns, villages, etc.
(iii) City survey (C) To locate the boundaries of
fields, houses, etc.
(iv) Engineering survey (D) To determine quantities
and for collection of data for road,
railways, reservoirs, sewerage,
water supply scheme, etc.
(E) For laying out plots and
construction streets, water supply
systems and sewers.
(a) (i)–A and B, (ii)–C, (iii)–E, (iv)–D
(b) (i)–C, (ii)–A and B, (iii)–C, (iv)–E
(c) (i)–D, (ii)–A and B, (iii)–C, (iv)–E
(d) (i)–B, (ii)–C, (iii)–A, (iv)–D and E
1.25 Consider the following statements:
(i) Precision is referred to as the degree of fineness and care with which surveying
measurements are made.
(ii) Precision represents the repeatability of a measurement and is concerned with
only random errors.
(iii) For a measurement to be accurate, its most probable value must be a value
close to the true value
Of the above statements
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct (b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct (d) only (i) is correct
1.26 The relative horizontal position of various points in surveying are determined by
(i) Traversing
(ii) Triangulation
(iii) Trigonometric levelling considering curvature of earth surface
(iv) Reconnaissance survey
Of the above
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct (b) only (iii) is correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct (d) (i) and (iv) are correct
1.27 Match the following:
Type of map Scale
(i) Geographical map (A) 1 cm = 160 km
(i) Topographical map (B) 1 cm = 2.5 km
(iii) Location map (C) 1 : 2500 to 1 : 500
(iv) Forest map (D) 1 : 2500
(v) Cadastral map (E) 1 : 1000 to 1 : 5000
(a) (i)–A, (ii)–B, (iii)–C, (iv)–D, (v)–E
(b) (i)–B, (ii)–A, (iii)–C, (iv)–D, (v)–E
(c) (i)–C, (ii)–D, (iii)–E, (iv)–A, (v)–B
(d) (i)–E, (ii)–B, (iii)–D, (iv)–B, (v)–A
28 Surveying

1.28 Consider the following surveys:

(i) Traversing (ii) Triangulation
(iii) Plane table (iv) Tacheometry
Which of the above survey(s) does/do not follow(s) the principle of surveying—
working from whole to part.
(a) (iii) only (b) (ii) only
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
1.29 Mistakes are errors which arise from
(i) lack of attention (ii) carelessness
(iii) poor judgment (iv) confusion
(a) only (i) is correct
(b) (i), (ii) are correct
(c) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) all are correct
(d) (i), (ii), and (iii) are correct
1.30 Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below
the lists:
List I List II
(Object) (Symbol)
(i) Hedge (A)
(ii) Wire fencing (B)
(iii) Pipe fencing (C)
(vi) Wood fencing (D)
Codes
(a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
A B C D
(b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
D B C A
(c) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
A B D C
(d) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Answers to Objective-type Questions

1.1 (b) 1.2 (c) 1.3 (d) 1.4 (d) 1.5 (b) 1.6 (a)
1.7 (a) 1.8 (a) 1.9 (d) 1.10 (c) 1.11 (a) 1.12 (a)
1.13 (a) 1.14 (a) 1.15 (c) 1.16 (d) 1.17 (c) 1.18 (b)
1.19 (b) 1.20 (a) 1.21 (c) 1.22 (c) 1.23 (a) 1.24 (a)
1.25 (c) 1.26 (a) 1.27 (a) 1.28 (a) 1.29 (c) 1.30 (a)
82 Surveying

cross sectional area = 2.75 mm2, coefficient of thermal expansion = 1.2 10–5 per
°C and E = 2.05 106 N/mm2. [Ans. 29.77002 m]
2.22 The slope distance between two stations A and B of elevations 1572.25 m and
4260.46 m, corrected for meteorological conditions is 33449.215 m. Determine sea
level distance, R = 6370 km. [Ans. 33332.789 m]
2.23 Using EDM, top-mounted on a theodolite, a distance of 1500 m is measured on an
angle of inclination of 10°00 00 . Compute the horizontal distance.
Now, taking R = 6.4 106 m and the coefficient of refraction m = 0.07, correct the
vertical angle for refraction effects, and recompute the horizontal distance.
If the EDM equipment used above was accurate to ± (3 mm + 5 ppm), calculate
the required accuracy of the vertical angle, and thereby indicate whether or not it
is necessary to correct it for refraction.
Calculate the equivalent error allowable in leveling the two ends of the above
measured line.
[Ans: Corrected angle = 9°59 56.65 ; 1477.2158 m;
vertical angle correction = ±8.08 ; ±0.0465 m]

2.1 A well-conditioned triangle should not have angles more than

(a) 30° (b) 120° (c) 45° (d) 60°
2.2 Perpendicularity of an offset may be judged by eye if the length of the offset is less
than
(a) 5 m (b) 10 m (c) 15 m (d) 20 m
2.3 The angle of intersection of the two plain mirrors of the optical square is
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
2.4 The permissible error in chaining for measurement with a chain on rough or hilly
ground is
(a) 1 in 100 (b) 1 in 250 (c) 1 in 500 (d) 1 in 1000
2.5 During chaining along a straight line with a 20 m chain, the leader of the party has
4 arrows in his hand while the follower has 6. Distance of the follower from the
starting point is
(a) 4 chains (b) 6 chains (c) 8 chains (d) 10 chains
2.6 A 30 m metric chain is found to be 10 cm too short throughout a measurement. If
the distance measured is recorded as 300 m, what is the actual distance?
(a) 300.1 m (b) 301.0 m (c) 299.0 m (d) 310.0 m
2.7 The correction to be applied to each 30 m chain length along slope is
(a) 30 (1 – sec ) m (b) 30 (sec – 1) m
(c) 30 (1 – cos ) m (d) 30 (cos – 1) m
2.8 If the length of a chain line along a slope of is l, the required slope correction
is
(a) 2l cot2 /2 (b) 2l sin2 /2 (c) l tan2 /2 (d) l cos2 /2
2.9 The accuracy of measurement in chain surveying, does not depend upon
(a) length of the offset (b) scale of the plotting
(c) importance of the features (d) general layout of the chain lines
2.10 Chain survey is well adopted for
(a) small surveys in open ground
(b) small surveys with ups and downs
(c) large area with simple details
(d) large area with crowded details
 Horizontal Measurements 83

2.11 Cross-staff is used for

(a) setting out right angles (b) measuring horizontal angles
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) measuring the bearing of lines
2.12 In chain surveying, perpendiculars to the chain line are set out by
(a) a theodolite (b) a prismatic compass
(c) a clinometer (d) an optical square
2.13 Chainage in chain survey means
(a) the distance between end stations
(b) the perpendicular distance of the object from the chain line
(c) the distance of the object along the chain line from the zero end of the
chain
(d) any distance measured by chain in field
2.14 Main stations in chain survey are the points
(a) lying in the area enclosed by survey lines
(b) connected by main survey lines
(c) on main survey lines to cover the local details
(d) on main survey lines to check the accuracy of the survey work
2.15 Oblique offsets are used to
(a) locate broken boundaries
(b) locate boundary lines of property
(c) check the accuracy of the plotted work in chain survey
(d) plot the chainage
2.16 Which of the following methods results in higher accuracy for measuring horizontal
distance on rough grounds?
(a) chaining (b) taping
(c) tacheometry (d) contouring
2.17 While measuring horizontal distance with chain on hills, it is better to measure the
distance by
(a) stepping down slope (b) stepping up slope
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) suspending tape in air
2.18 Prolongation of a chain line across an obstruction in chain survey is done by
(a) making angular observations
(b) drawing perpendiculars with a chain
(c) solution of triangle
(d) All of the above
2.19 While measuring a line between two stations A and B intervened by a raised
ground,
(a) the vision gets obstructed
(b) the chaining gets obstructed
(c) vision and chaining both get obstructed
(d) None of the above
2.20 Offsets are
(a) short measurements from the chain line
(b) ties or check lines which are perpendicular to the chain line
(c) chain lines which go out of alignment
(d) Both (a) and (b)
2.21 Check lines (proof lines) in chain surveying are essentially required
(a) to plot the chain line
(b) to plot the offsets
(c) to indicate the correctness of the survey work
(d) to increase the efficiency of the surveyor
84 Surveying

2.22 Which of the following instruments is generally used for base line measurement?
(a) Chain (b) Metallic tape
(c) Steel tape (d) Invar tape
2.23 The length of a chain is measured from the
(a) centre of one handle to the centre of other handle
(b) outside of one handle to the outside of other handle
(c) outside of one handle to the inside of other handle
(d) inside of one handle to the inside of other handle
2.24 If the length of a chain is found to be short on testing, it can be adjusted by
(a) straightening the links
(b) removing one or more small circular rings and by placing bigger rings
(c) flattening of the rings, if opened
(d) All of the above
2.25 If the length of a chain is found to be too long on testing, it can be adjusted by
(a) closing the opened joints of rings
(b) reshaping elongated links
(c) removing one or more circular rings
(d) all of the above
2.26 Which of the following is an obstacle to chaining but not to ranging?
(a) River (b) Hillock
(c) Building (d) None of the above
2.27 A building is an obstacle to
(a) chaining but not to ranging (b) ranging but not to chaining
(c) both chaining and ranging (d) neither chaining nor ranging
2.28 Which of the following is not used in measuring perpendicular offsets?
(a) Line ranger (b) Tape
(c) Optical square (d) Cross-staff
2.29 The main difference between an optical square and a prism square is
(a) the difference in the principle of working
(b) that an optical square is more accurate than a prism square
(c) that no adjustment is required in a prism square since the angle between the
reflecting surfaces cannot be changed
(d) All of the above
2.30 The allowable length of an offset depends upon the
(a) degree of accuracy required
(b) method of setting out the perpendicular and nature of ground
(c) scale of plotting
(d) All of the above
2.31 Normal tension is that pull which
(a) is used at the time of standardising the tape
(b) neutralizes the effect due to sag
(c) makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
(d) makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
2.32 The correction for sag is
(a) always additive
(b) always subtractive
(c) always zero
(d) sometimes additive and sometimes subtractive
2.33 For setting out an offset at an angle of 45° with a chain line, the instrument used is
(a) an optical square (b) an open cross-staff
(c) a French cross-staff (d) a prism square
 Horizontal Measurements 85

2.34 Which of the following is the most precise instrument for measuring horizontal
distances?
(a) Chain (b) Tape (c) Tacheometer (d) Tellurometer
2.35 Two mirrors are used for offsetting in
(a) cross-staff (b) optical square
(c) miner’s dial (d) prismatic compass
2.36 A 20 m chain was found to be 10 cm too long after chaining a distance of 2000 m.
It was found to be 18 cm too long at the end of the day’s work after chaining a
total distance of 4000 m. What is the true distance if the chain was correct before
the commencement of the day’s work?
(a) 3962 m (b) 4019 m (C) 3981 m (d) 4038 m
2.37 Choose the correct statement.
(a) The cost of making a horizontal measurement decreases with an increase in
the desired precision.
(b) A base line may be measured with a precision of 1 in 106.
(c) Tie stations are generally located on the intersection of two main survey
lines.
(d) Base line is a line lying at the base of the area to be surveyed by a chain.
2.38 Choose the correct statement(s).
(i) Offset is the distance from the foot of an object to the chain line
(ii) Perpendicular offsets may have infinite length
(a) only (i) is correct (b) only (ii) is correct
(c) Both (i) and (ii) are correct (d) None of the above
2.39 Choose the correct statement.
(a) A revenue chain is 66 ft long.
(b) Gunter devised the invar tape.
(c) A tally is used to facilitate observation in an optical square.
(d) A brass ring is provided at every metre length in a metric chain.
2.40 Choose the correct statement.
(a) Invar is an alloy of steel (36%) and nickel (64%).
(b) A steel tape is soft and easily deforms as compared to invar tape.
(c) Metallic tape is made by weaving linen with brass wires.
(d) Steel tapes can be used comfortably in grounds with weeds and vegetation.
2.41 Choose the correct statement.
(a) A ranging rod is provided with a stout open ring recessed hook.
(b) An offset cannot be laid with a French cross-staff.
(c) Optical square and cross-staff are used for the same purpose.
(d) Clinometer is used to measure the directions of survey lines in chain
survey.
2.42 Choose the correct statement(s).
(i) In the process of chaining, the leader inserts the arrows and the follower picks
them up.
(ii) A leader follows the instructions of the follower.
(a) Only (i) is correct (b) Only (ii) is correct
(c) Both (i) and (ii) are correct (d) None of the above
2.43 Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) It is easy to measure distance down the slopes.
(b) Incorrect plumbing, while measuring distances on slopes, is a cumulative
error.
(c) Sag correction is a cumulative error.
(d) Incorrect holding of chain at arrow is a compensating error.
86 Surveying

2.44 Pick up the correct statement.

(a) Sag correction may be positive or negative.
(b) The limiting length of an offset is independent of the scale of plotting.
(c) Error due to laying of the direction of offset is negligible.
(d) The slope correction is always subtractive.
2.45 The principle used for measuring distances electronically is that the difference in
phase between the transmitted and received waves represents.
(a) Only a fraction of wavelength (b) Half wavelength
(c) 1/4 wavelength (d) 1/3 wavelength
2.46 The pattern wavelengths employed by various E.D.M. instruments is maximum
for
(a) Tellurometer (b) Geodimeter
(c) Distomat (d) Mekenometer
2.47 Tellurometer is an instrument used for
(a) GPS (b) EMR (c) GTS (d) EDM
2.48 Zero correction in EDM instrments corresponds to the
(a) difference of final and initial readings
(b) delay of E.D.M. signal
(c) difference of distance travelled by electromagnetic waves and the direct
distance between the point of arrival of signal and centrig mark
(d) calibration error
2.49 Geodimeter is based on
(a) propagation of modulated light waves
(b) propagation of infrared radiation
(c) the visible light as carrier waves with frequency of the order of 5 1014
Hz
(d) high frequency radio waves
2.50 Choose the correct statement(s).
(i) The length of the offsets in a chain survey is always limited to reduce error
in plotted work.
(ii) Perpendicular offsets are used for filling in details.
(a) Only (i) is correct (b) Only (ii) is correct
(c) Both (i) and (ii) are correct (d) None of the above is correct
2.51 Choose the correct statement(s).
(i) Optical square is better than a prism square.
(ii) In both the optical and prism squares, the principle of operation is same.
(a) Only (i) is correct. (b) Only (ii) is correct.
(c) Both (i) and (ii) are correct. (d) None of the above
2.52 Match the following:
(i) Correction for standard length (A) Ca = LC/l
P – P0
(ii) Correction for tension (B) Cp = ______ L
AE
(iii) Correction for temperature (C) Ct = (Tm – To)L
(iv) Sag correction (D) Csa = W2 L/24 P2
(v) Reduction to m.s.l. (E) CR = L h/R
___
0.204W AE
(vi) Normal tension (F) P = ___________
______
P – P0
 Horizontal Measurements 87

where L = measured length,

C = correction applied, and
l = nominal length of tape
(a) (i)–A, (ii)–B, (iii)–C, (iv)–D, (v)–E, (vi)–F
(b) (i)–C, (ii)–D, (iii)–B, (iv)–A, (v)–F, (vi)–E
(c) (i)–B, (ii)–A, (iii)–F, (iv)–C, (v)–E, (vi)–D
(d) None of the above
2.53 Consider the following statements regarding indirect ranging. It is resorted to
(i) When the end stations of the line are far apart.
(ii) When a hillock is encountered while chaining.
(iii) in case of ravines
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (iii) and (i) are correct (d) (ii) and (iii) are correct
2.54 Which of the following instruments have both horizon glass and index glass?
(i) Optical square (ii) Line ranger
(iii) Box sextant (iv) Pedometer
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) (ii), (iii), and (iv) (b) (i), (iii), and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iii) only (d) (ii) and (iv) only
2.55 When it is impractical to hold the chain on sloping ground, the method need to
measure horizontal distance is called.
(i) Indirect method
(ii) Broken chain method
(iii) Stepping method
(iv) None of these
(a) Only (i) is correct (b) (i) and (ii) are correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct (d) (iii) and ((i) are correct

Answers to Objective-type Questions

2.1 (b) 2.2 (c) 2.3 (b) 2.4 (b) 2.5 (b) 2.6 (c)
2.7 (c) 2.8 (b) 2.9 (d) 2.10 (a) 2.11 (a) 2.12 (d)
2.13 (c) 2.14 (b) 2.15 (b) 2.16 (c) 2.17 (a) 2.18 (d)
2.19 (a) 2.20 (d) 2.21 (c) 2.22 (d) 2.23 (b) 2.24 (d)
2.25 (d) 2.26 (a) 2.27 (c) 2.28 (a) 2.29 (c) 2.30 (d)
2.31 (b) 2.32 (b) 2.33 (c) 2.34 (d) 2.35 (b) 2.36 (a)
2.37 (b) 2.38 (a) 2.39 (d) 2.40 (c) 2.41 (c) 2.42 (c)
2.43 (b) 2.44 (d) 2.45 (a) 2.46 (d) 2.47 (d) 2.48 (c)
2.49 (a) 2.50 (c) 2.51 (b) 2.52 (a) 2.53 (d) 2.54 (c)
2.55 (c)
122 Surveying

3.18 The magnetic bearing of sun at noon was 170°. Calculate the magnetic declination.
[Ans. 10°E]
3.19 A line was drawn to a magnetic bearing of S50°00 E on an old plan when the
magnetic declination was 2°40 W. To what bearing should it be set now if the present
declination is 3°20 E? [Ans. S56°E]
3.20 The bearings of the sides of a triangle ABC are as follows. Compute the interior
angles.
AB = 60°, BC = 130°, and CA = 270°
[Ans. A = 30°, B = 110°, C = 40°]
3.21 Find out the bearing of the lines of an equilateral triangle ABC running clockwise,
if the bearing of the line AB is 60°30 .
[Ans. BC = 180°30 , CA = 300°30 ]
3.22 The following bearings were observed in running a compass traverse:
Line F.B. B.B.
AB 66°15 244°00
BC 129°45 313°00
CD 218°30 37°30
DA 306°45 126°45
Find the correct fore and back bearings and the true bearings of the lines, given
that the magnetic declination is 1°40 E.
[Ans. True bearings AB = 67°55 , BC = 133°40 ,
CD = 219°10 , DA = 308°25 ]
3.23 The fore and back bearings of a closed traverse conducted at Naini, Allahabad are
given below. Indicate which stations are affected by local attraction. Also find out the
corrected bearings. If the value of declination is 4°W, find out the true bearings.
Line Fore bearing Back bearing
AB S55°30 E N55°30 W
BC N68°15 E S66°00 W
CD N49°30 W S44°45 W
DA S20°15 W N17°45 E
[Ans. AB = S59°30 E, BC = N64°15 E,
CD = N51°15 W, DA = S13°45 W]
3.24 To find out the included angles in a closed survey PQRSTP, the following
observations were made with the compass. Calculate the included angles after
correcting for local attractions.
Line Fore bearing Back bearing
PQ N62°45 E S62°15 W
QR N21°00 E S20°45 W
RS N71°30 W S71°30 E
ST S39°00 W N38°00 E
TP S54°30 E N53°15 W
[Ans. TPQ = 115°54 , PQR = 138°39 , QRS = 87°39 ,
RST = 110°24 , STP = 87°24 ]

Objective-type Questions
3.1 A declination of 3° east means
(a) magnetic north is 3° east of true north
(b) magnetic north is 3° west of true north
(c) true north in 3° east of magnetic north
(d) true south is 3° east of magnetic south
 Compass Surveying 123

3.2 The whole circle bearing of a line is 300°. Its quadrantal bearings is
(a) S60°E (b) N60°W (c) N30°W (d) N60°E
3.3 The angle of dip at a point on equator is
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 180°
3.4 If the back bearing of a line is N30°W, its fore bearing is
(a) S30°W (b) S30°E (c) N30°E (d) N30°W
3.5 The whole circle bearing of a line, whose quadrantal bearing is S19°30 E is
(a) 19°30 (b) 199°30 (c) 160°30 (d) 340°30
3.6 Which will be included angle AOB if the bearings of the lines AO and OB are
respectively 40° and 130°?
(a) 90° (b) 170° (c) 270° (d) 130°
3.7 Which will be the included angle AOB if the bearings of the lines AO and OB are
130° and 40°, respectively?
(a) 90° (b) 170° (c) 270° (d) 130°
3.8 The fore bearing of line AB is 209°. The included angle ABC is 341°. The F.B. of
line BC is
(a) 550° (b) 330° (c) 10° (d) 190°
3.9 The magnetic bearing of the sun at noon is 178°. The magnetic declination at the
place is
(a) 2°W (b) 2°E (c) 2°N (d) 2°S
3.10 True bearing of a line is 10° and the magnetic declination is 2°W. Its magnetic
bearing is
(a) 2° (b) 8° (c) 12° (d) 20°
3.11 The value of dip at the magnetic pole is
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 30°
3.12 Which of the following compass can be used without a tripod for observing
bearings?
(a) Trough compass (b) Prismatic compass
(c) Surveyor compass (d) All of these
3.13 A looking mirror is generally provided on the object vane to
(a) sight on whole circle bearing system
(b) sight the objects too low
(c) sight the objects too high or too low
(d) observe the reading while sighting
3.14 The temporary adjustments of surveyor compass involves
(a) centring only
(b) levelling only
(c) centring and levelling
(d) centring, levelling and focussing the prism
3.15 Which of the following reference direction is used in a geodetic survey?
(a) True (b) Magnetic
(c) Arbitrary (d) Any of these
3.16 Dip is defined as
(a) the smaller horizontal angle, a survey line makes with the true meridian
(b) the vertical angle, which a freely suspended needle makes with the horizontal
plane
(c) the angle which a survey line makes with some reference direction
(d) the angle, which the needle makes with vertical plane
3.17 Which one of the following is the correct statement in a prismatic compass?
(a) Zero is placed at N end.
(b) The least count is 20 min.
124 Surveying

(c) The graduations are inverted.

(d) It indicates quadrantal bearing.
3.18 The annual variation of magnetic declination at a place is caused because of rotation
of
(a) moon about earth (b) earth about its own axis
(c) earth about sun (d) moon about sun
3.19 Survey is preferred with true meridians because these
(a) converge at poles (b) do not change with time
(c) facilitate plotting (d) are chosen arbitrarily
3.20 The lines joining points of equal dip are called
(a) aclinic lines (b) isogonic lines
(c) agonic lines (d) isoclinic lines
3.21 Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) Local attraction affects included angles.
(b) The position of E and W are interchanged in prismatic compass.
(c) Dip of magnetic needle is the angle between the magnetic north and true
north.
(d) None of the above.
3.22 Choose the correct statement.
(a) Prismatic compass is used to measure included angle between the survey
lines.
(b) Compass may be used to fill in details.
(c) Compass cannot be used to plot irregular boundaries.
(d) Compass is not suitable for reconnaissance and exploratory surveys.
3.23 Choose the correct statement.
(a) The graduations (figures) are inverted in a surveyor compass.
(b) A prism in a prismatic compass is provided to magnify the graduations in
addition to erecting the figures.
(c) East and west are interchanged in prismatic compass.
(d) The 0° graduation is placed at north in prismatic compass.
3.24 Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) The direction of magnetic meridian is variable.
(b) The direction of true meridian is invariable.
(c) The magnetic bearing of line varies with time.
(d) Magnetic meridian through various stations are not parallel but converge at
poles.
3.25 Choose the correct statement.
(a) If during computation of bearings, the fore bearing of a line is found to be
200°, the actual fore bearing will be 380°.
(b) Lines joining places of equal dip are known as isogonic lines.
(c) Lines joining places of zero dip are known as isoclinic lines.
(d) Magnetic equator is an example of aclinic line.
3.26 Choose the correct statement.
(a) Lines joining places of equal magnetic declination are known as isogonic
lines.
(b) Lines joining places of zero magnetic declination are known as agonic
lines.
(c) On agonic line, the magnetic needle defines true as well as magnetic north.
(d) All of the above are correct.
 Compass Surveying 125

3.27 Choose the incorrect statement.

(a) Diurnal variation of declination is more for the places near the equator.
(b) Irregular variation of declination may be of the order of 1°.
(c) Causes of secular variation of declination are not well understood.
(d) Both (a) and (c).
3.28 Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) An arbitrary meridian can be of any convenient direction.
(b) All the three faces of prism in a prismatic compass are made convex.
(c) Sighting and reading can be done simultaneously with a surveyor compass.
(d) Both (b) and (c).
3.29 In surveyor compass,
(i) the graduations are in whole circle bearing system
(ii) the graduated card is attached to and rotates with the box
(a) Only (i) is correct (b) Only (ii) is correct
(c) Both (i) and (ii) are correct (d) Both (i) and (ii) are wrong
3.30 Choose the correct statement(s).
(i) With a prismatic compass, sighting and reading can be done simultaneously.
(ii) Levelling of the compass is achieved by eye judgement.
(a) Only (i) is correct (b) Only (ii) is correct
(c) Both (i) and (ii) are correct (d) Both (i) and (ii) are wrong

Answers to Objective-type Questions

3.1 (a) 3.2 (b) 3.3 (a) 3.4 (b) 3.5 (c) 3.6 (c)
3.7 (a) 3.8 (c) 3.9 (b) 3.10 (c) 3.11 (c) 3.12 (b)
3.13 (c) 3.14 (c) 3.15 (a) 3.16 (b) 3.17 (c) 3.18 (c)
3.19 (b) 3.20 (d) 3.21 (d) 3.22 (b) 3.23 (b) 3.24 (d)
3.25 (d) 3.26 (d) 3.27 (a) 3.28 (d) 3.29 (b) 3.30 (c)
 Theodolite 165

(a) Derive an expression for the error in the horizontal angle between the two
stations as given by the instrument.
(b) Show by a diagram the effect of the collimation error on the vertical circle
reading of one station.
(c) What is the effect of measuring the horizontal and vertical angles on both
faces?
4.15 What is meant by face left and face right of theodolite? How would you change face?
What instrumental errors are eliminated by face left and face right observations?
4.16 In an examination of a theodolite, it is found that when the instrument is wheeled
horizontally,
(a) the bubbles of the plate levels do not preserve a constant position in their
tubes, and
(b) the difference between the readings of the horizontal circle verniers is not
constant.
Discuss these errors, and explain how you would prevent their influencing
the angular measurements.
4.17 You have been asked to use a theodolite, and it is suspected that the horizontal
axis is not quite perpendicular to the vertical axis. In the absence of facilities for
making adjustments to the instrument, show how you would arrange readings and
field book entries so that this instrumental error could be eliminated. Draw suitable
figures to show the application of your method to the vertical circle readings and
to the horizontal circle readings.
4.18 Write notes on
(a) Micrometer microscope theodolite
(b) Optical theodolite
(c) Electronic theodolite.
4.19 The diaphragm of a theodolite in good adjustment is broken and replaced. What
tests and adjustments must be carried out in order to bring the instrument in good
working order again?
4.20 Describe clearly with neat sketches a micrometer microscope, as used for reading
the horizontal circle and the vertical circle of a theodolite.
4.21 Explain what recent developments have taken place in the construction of modern
theodolites.

Objective-type Questions
4.1 The difference between face left and face right observations of a theodolite is 3 .
The error is
(a) 45 (b) 1 30 (c) 3 (d) 0
4.2 Right deflection angle may be directly obtained by setting the instrument to read
(a) zero on back station (b) 180° on back station
(c) 90° on back station (d) 270° on back station
4.3 The size of a theodolite is defined by
(a) the diameter of the graduated circle of lower plate
(b) the diameter of the graduated circle of upper plate
(c) the height of the theodolite
(d) the length of the telescope.
4.4 If the lower clamp screw is tightened and the upper clamp screw is loosened, the
theodolite may be rotated
(a) with a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of the
lower plate