PNTC COLLEGES

Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

ONLINE DISTANCE LEARNING MODULE

COURSE CODE Nav 101B PRE-REQUISITE NAV 100

COURSE TITLE Terrestrial & Coastal Navigation 1 SEMESTER 2nd
UNITS 5 YEAR LEVEL 1st
COURSE DESCRIPTION This course covers the requirements in Chapter II of the 1978 STCW Convention, as
amended, in Table A-II/1 of section A-II/1 and Table A-II/2 of Section A-II/2. This course
provides the background knowledge to support the following main topics arranged by
chapter: The Electronic Position Fixing System, Use of Information from Navigational
Equipment for Maintaining a Safe Navigational Watch, Echo-Sounders, Compass –
Magnetic and Gyro, The Principles of the Magnetic Compass and their Correction, The
Principles and Errors of Gyro Compasses and Systems Under the Control of the Master Gyro
and the Operation and care of the main types of Gyro Compasses.

MODULE 14 (WEEK 14)

1.7 SAILINGS
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

The students shall be able to:

(1) Calculate the correct departure use in plane sailing problem.

(2) Calculate the course and distance between two position using the plane sailing formula
(3) Calculate a DR position or the estimated position by using the plane sailing formula

ENGAGE

How do we get the value for mean latitude?

EXPLORE

Where can we apply plane sailing?

EXPLAIN AND ELABORATE

PLANE SAILING (Continuation)

Plane sailing formulae are used in determining ship’s position after sailing on a course or different courses for known
distances. These formulae are also used to calculate course made good and distance made good between two known
positions or to find rhumb line course to make good and distance to go between known positions. If the correct
departure can be found for positions in different latitude and meridian then the plane sailing formulae has no
limitation of 600nm. Plane sailing formulae in conjunction with Mercator sailing formulae gives very accurate results.

The following examples have been solved using scientific calculator and plane sailing formulae.

Sample Problem No. 1

A vessel sails on a course of 235º (T) for 225 miles. Find difference of latitude and departure she makes.
Solution:
Course 235º (T) means S55º W quad. Course

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 NAV 101B (Module 14)

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 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

Distance = 225 miles

Using plane sailing formula
i.e. d′lat / dist = cos Co.

D′lat = dist cos. Co. = 225 × cos 55

D′lat = 129.05′ = 2º 09.05′S
(named N or S depending on course)

For dep. Using dep / dist = sin Co.

So, dep = dist × sin Co.

Dep = 225 × sin 55 = 184.3′W
Dep = 3º 04.3′W

Sample Problem No. 2

Find the course and distance between the following positions :
10º 43′.0 S 005º 56′.0 W and
06º34′.0S 018º 05′.0 E.

Solution:
From Position 10º 43′.0 S 05º 56′.0 W
To Position 06º 34′.0S 18º 05′.0 E
Dlat 4º 09′.0 N Dlong 24º 01′.0 E

Dlat becomes 249’N Dlong 1441’ E

Mlat 08º 38′.5 S

Dep. = D′long. × cos M′lat

= 1441 × cos 08º 38′.5
= 1424′.6 E

Tan course = dep/d′lat

= 1424′.6/249

Course = N 80.09 E
(N north comes from D′lat) (E east comes from Dep)

Distance = dep/sin course

= 1424.6/ sin 80.09 = 1446.2 n. miles
Sample Problem No. 3
A vessel left position 34º 18′.0 N 178º 08′.0 E steered a course of 120º T for a distance of 340′.0. Calculate the arrived
position.

Solution
Course = 120º T = S 60º E
D′lat = Distance × cos course
= 340 × cos 60º
= 170′.0 S
Dlat= 2º 50′.0 S

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 NAV 101B (Module 14)

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 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

Dep. = Distance × Sin course

Dep. = 340 × sin 60º
= 294′.4

Position Left = 34º 18′.0 N

Arrived Lat = 31º 28′.0 N
D′lat = 02º 50′.0 S

Position Left = 34º 18′.0 N

Mean lat = 32º 53′.0 N
= 01º 25′.0 S

D′long = Dep/cos M′lat

= 294.4 / cos 32º 53′.0 = 350.6
= 6º 50′.6 E

Long left = 178º 08′.0 E

Dlo = 006º 50′.6 E
Long. Arrived = 184º 58′.6 E
= 360º 00.0 – 184º 58′.6 E
Long Arrived = 175º 01′.4 W

Arrived position
31º 28′.0 N 175º 01′.4 W

EVALUATE

A vessel sails on a course of 215º (T) for 325 miles. Find difference of latitude and departure she makes.

Find the course and distance between the following positions :

12º 45′.0 S 015º 54′.0 W and
08º24′.0S 022º 15′.0 E.

A vessel left position 38º 15′.0 N 175º 88′.0 E steered a course of 210º T for a distance of 450′.0. Calculate the arrived
position.

EXTEND

What is the importance of your knowledge in Plane Sailing?

References:

http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/28430/1/Unit-2.pdf

Revision Status:

MOD NAV 101B(14)

Rev.: 00
Issue Date:
March 5, 2021

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 NAV 101B (Module 14)

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