~iiG- Chapterwise WB JEE EXPLo

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Property ~ 1opbilk l'olloids Lyophobic colloids Scattering of light depends on the wavel ength f .
used, size of particles and difference (L\µ) in re~ li~ht
lnteraction Strong internction Weak interaction
between dispersed between dispersed phase indices of dispersed phase and dispersion mediu active
phase nnd and dispersion medium • Mechanical properties: The molecules of the dispni ..
dispersion medium .d ' .h ers1on
medium are constantIy co ll I mg wit the particl
Prepm-ation Easy-by shaking Special method required . es of
the dispersed phase, th1s causes a continuous zi
or wanning . . . kn B . g-zag
motion. TI11s mot10n 1s own as rowman move
Reversibility Reversible lrrcvcrsiblc . . b 111er11
after the name of its discoverer, Ro ert Brown.
Stability More stable Less stable
• Electrical properties : The dispersed phase Parti·
Yiscosity Higher than Some as medium . c1es
carry either +ve or - ve charge an d d 1spersion medium
medium
Lower than Same as medium has an equal and opposite charge. The particles repel
Surface
tension m~imn one another and hence do not coagulate, thus making
Action of Not easily Coagulation takes place the colloid stable.
electr1..1lvte p~ipitated _ Cataphoresis or Electrophoresis is the movement
Hydration Extensive No hydration of colloidal particles either towards cathode or anode
Examples Gmn. gelatin. Solutions of metals like depending on their charge, under the influence of a~
starch, protein, Ag, Au, metal sulphides electric field.
rubber, etc. like As2S3 etc.
- Electro-osmosis is the movement of only the
• Depending upon the type of pruticles of_dispersed phase molecules of dispersion medium towards oppositely
colloidal systems are divided into three classer charged electrode under -the influence of electric
- Multimolecular colloids : These solutions 'con~ist field, whereas the colloidal particles are not allowed
of a&oregates of atoms or .small molecules with
to move.
diameter of less than 1 run and these molecules are
• Coagulation or_flocculation is the process of bringing
held together with van der Waals' forces, e.g., gold
sols, sulphur sol (S 8, molecules). · .. colloidal particles closer so that they aggregate to form
- Macromolecular colloids : In these colloids, t~e . large~ ·particle~ tJiat pr~cipitak and settle down or float
dispersed particles are themselves large _molecules - on '!he- surface. It _is usually -done by addition of a
(usually polymers). Most ly9philic sols-belong ~o ~-- electrolyte. ·
this category. - - -:p3~dy-Schulze rule _: It states that "greater th
- :!\ficelles : There are certain colloids which behave as -. . valepcy_.of th~ oppositely charged ion of electrolyte
normal strong electrolytes at low concentrations, b11_t - bifug added, -faster is Jhe -co~gulation", e.g., for
exhibit colloidal properties at higher concentration . .:~ega~velyc~arg~~ ~ol, tlie o~der is: Al3+ > Ba2+> K+,
due to the formation of aggregated particles. Th~~¢.. - · ·ror-apo·shively ch~ged sohhe_order is:
are known as micelles or associated collofds. · - _Fe:(CNJ.t >d~6J_c >s9J- >er~.~ .
J:oagulafifig power _: It'is-the_minimum amount o
Properties of colloids el~c;trolyte required to coagulate ·a definite amount
o(sol. .- ' - -
• Physical properties:
- Heterogeneous in nature. - ·6;agulation ,~a_~-~ls9 b~ broughf about by persistent
Diffusion through parchment membrane is slow. dialysis; mutu~l pr ecjpitation or electrophoresis.
- Pass through normal filter papers. - Lyophilic coll~ids -have . ·unique property 0
- Sol particles do not settle down due to gravity. protecting lyophobfo colloids ru{d they differ in
- V1Scosity and surface tension of lyophobic colloids their protective ·power which is measured in tenns
are almost similar to those of pure solvent but, for of gold number.
lyophilic colloids viscosity is higher and surface - Gold number of a lyophilic sol is the minimum amoun
tension is lower than that of the solvent. of it in milligram, which prevents the coagulation °
Surface area of particles is large and hence they 10 mL gold sol against 1 mL of 10% NaCl solution.
show great tendency for adsorption. - Higher the gold number, lesser is the protective power.
• Colligative properties : Colligative properties like
osmotic pressure, elevation in boiling point or depression Emulsions
in freezing point, lowering of vapour pressure, etc. Emulsions are colloidal systems in which dispersed phase
are much lesser than true solutions due to number of as we II as d1spers1on. . medium . are normally 1·1qu1·ds · The
I. afflW
particles being relatively lower. emu s10ns are generally unstable and form two se~ . d
• Optical properties : All colloidal particles are capable layers on standing for sometimes. They can be stabihze
. gents
of scattering light in all directions, giving rise to a bright bY a th1rd substance called emulsifiers. These anents
. .
glowing cone when seen sideways, this is known as re duce the mterfac1al tension between the two comP 0

Tyndall effect. fanning the emulsion.