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Operating System
Chapter 4: History of Operating System
Components of OS
Introduction to OS
Kernel
Device Drivers
User Interface
System Utilities
Types of OS
Batch Operating System
Time Sharing Operating System
Distributed Operating System
Dr. Rahman Ali, University of
Network Operating System
Peshawar. Real time Operating System
rahmanac1@gmail.com
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 4
Operating System
History (continued…)
• 1990’s:
Microsoft Windows NT, multi-user OS with multi-
processing capabilities.
Windows 98, Windows 2000.
EPOC (Symbian) OS for mobile devices e.g. Nokia,
Sony Ericson.
• 2000’s:
Microsoft Windows XP.
Pocket PC, later called Windows Mobile, a popular OS
for mobile devices.
Apple iOS, an OS for iPhone and iPad.
Android OS, the most widely used OS for mobile
devices.
Windows 7 was released.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 5
Components of OS
Kernel
• The basic component of OS.
• Provides control over hardware.
• Functions
Memory management
I/O management
Task
Management
Provides access to hardware for programs
Synchronization
Program execution Device I/O
and
Management Communication
Device management
Data security
Kernel
Interrupt and
Memory
Organizing data for storage Event
Management
Handling
Timer
Management
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 6
Components of OS
Device Drivers
• A program that instructs OS and user applications
how to communicate with a specific hardware
device.
• Every hardware needs a driver in order to
operate.
User Interface
• Interface between user and computer, the rest of the OS and applications.
• Accepts requests and interprets for the rest of the OS.
• Two types:
Command Line Interface – where the user communicate via textual commands with
computer, e.g. Command Prompt and Ubuntu Terminal.
Graphical User Interface – an interface comprised of visual elements like buttons, menus
etc. that allow to operate the machine without having to learn command for each task.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 7
Components of OS
System Utilities
• The programs installed with operating system that are not necessary for the
computer to work.
• Help to configure, monitor and maintain a computer system.
• Examples:
Firewall
Backup tools
Compression tools
File manager
Network monitors
Disk utilities
User accounts and more.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 8
Types of OS
Batch Operating System
• Used in early days of computing.
• Use of devices like punch cards.
• Tasks were prepared on punch cards and submitted for processing.
• Jobs with similar needs grouped together and run without intervention.
• Slow I/O process.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 9
Types of OS
Time Sharing OS
• More than one users simultaneously.
• Processor time is shared among multiple users.
• Frequent switching among jobs from different users.
• CPU scheduling schemes.
• A time slice (very short period of time) is assigned to each process.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 10
Types of OS
Distributed OS
• Several interconnected computers (nodes) located at different sites.
• Run by a specific OS designed to serve multiple applications and users across
the network.
• Sharing of resources.
• Fault tolerance
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 11
Types of OS
Network OS
• An OS runs on a central server, allowing the users in a network to share
applications and resources.
• Manages network resources.
• Examples:
MS Windows Server
Linux
Mac OS X
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 12
Types of OS
Real Time OS
• OS designed to serve applications that processes data
in real time.
• Real Time:
Processing data in very short time without delay.
Response within a specific period of time otherwise the
system fails.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 13
Popular OS’s
UNIX
• Developed in 1969, reprogrammed in C language in 1973.
• Multi-user
• Multi-tasking
• Time sharing
• Components:
Master Control Program (Kernel).
UNIX Shell (CLI)
Utility applications.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 14
Popular OS’s
LINUX
• A family of open source OS’s built on the LINUX kernel.
• Linux Kernel:
Developed in 1991.
Free open source kernel.
Built after UNIX was licensed and was no more
freely available.
• LINUX Distribution:
An OS built using LINUX Kernel.
Ubuntu, Lubuntu, LINUX Mint etc.
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Popular OS’s
MS Windows
• A family of OS’s with GUI developed by Microsoft.
• Introduced in 1985, with the development of a GUI for the existing MS-DOS.
• 1987 – Windows 2.0
• 1990 – Windows 3.0
• Dominated the PC market and still dominates.
• Several versions since Windows 1.0:
Windows NT
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows 7
Windows 8
Windows 10
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 16
Popular OS’s
Macintosh OS
• Mac OS, a family of OS’s developed by Apple for “Macintosh”.
• Released in 1984.
• One of the first GUI based OS’s.
• Renamed to Mac OS X with the release of version 10 (X) in 2001.
• Renamed to OS X in 2012 and to macOS in 2016.
• A basis for apple’s other devices’ OS like iOS and watchOS.
Android OS
• Designed for touch screen mobile devices.
• Open source project, based on a modified version of Linux kernel.
• Developed by Android Incorporation and sold to Google in 2005.
• Introduced in 2007.
• Most widely used mobile OS.
• Adopted by smartphones manufacturing giants like Samsung,
HTC, Motorola.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 17
Popular OS’s
IPhone OS
• iOS, a UNIX like OS.
• Developed by Apple for their mobile devices.
• Released in 2007 for iPhone, later adopted for iPad and iPod etc. as well.
• Provided for free with mobile devices, along with several free apps.
• Use of gestures like swiping, tapping and pinching on multi-touch screens.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 18
Introduction to DOS
• Introduced in 1981 on IBM-PC for the first time.
• Replaced UNIX on PC’s.
• Command line interface for the user to interact with the device using commands
for each task.
• Programs started by entering their filenames.
• Programs + commands not associated with any program.
• DOS was replaced soon by GUI based OS’s, however it was widely used for
different tasks for many years and still in use.
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Introduction to DOS
Commonly used DOS commands
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 20
References