Chap 9.

- 1 -

Chapter 9. Infinite sequences and series

§9.1 Sequences

1. Determine whether the sequence converges or diverges. If it converges, find the limit.
tan    
(a)    (b)   
 

2. Determine whether the sequence is increasing, decreasing, or not monotonic. Is the sequence bounded?

(a)      (b)       (c)     


3. Let lim    and   be a bounded sequence.

→ ∞

(a) Is the sequence    convergent?

(b) Prove that lim     if    .
→ ∞


4.(a) Show that the sequence defined by        
  
satisfies    ≤  and is decreasing.
Deduce that the sequence is convergent and find its limit.

(b) Let   be a sequence such that    ,      


    for each ∈  .

Determine whether the sequence converges or diverges. If it converges, find the limit.

5. Let   be a convergent sequence, lim    .

→ ∞

(a) Prove that the sequence   is bounded.

    ⋯  
(b) Prove that lim  
 .
→ ∞

6. (a) Prove that an increasing sequence that is bounded above is convergent.

(Use the Completeness Axiom: If  is a nonempty set of real numbers that has an upper bound,
then  has a least upper bound.)

(b) Let    ∞
n  be the sequence, where           ⋯   .


Show that the sequence is convergent.

Chap 9. - 2 -

§9.2. Series

1. Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. If it is convergent, find its sum.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

      
   
(a)   
(b)  arctan  (c)  ln 

 
(d)   
  (e) 

      

∞ ∞
 
2. If the  th partial sum of a series   is    ,
 
find  and  . 
 

∞ ∞

3. Suppose that    ≠  converges. Prove that 

is a divergent series.
  

∞
4. Find the value of  if     
 .
  

5. The Fibonacci sequence was defined by the equations    ,    ,          ,  ≥ .

  
(a) Show that  
       

       
.
∞ ∞ 

(b) Find the   and  .
         
    
Chap 9. - 3 -

§9.3. The integral test and estimates of sums

1. Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent.

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
   
(a)    (b)   
(c)  
(d)  
     ln      ln         ln   ln ln  
  

∞

2.(a) Find the values of  for which the series  
is convergent.
ln 
  
∞

(b) Find the values of  for which the series  
is convergent.
  ln  ln ln  

3. (a) Compare appropriate areas in figure to deduce the following inequalities for ≥ :
 
 ln    ln   
 
ln   .

      
(b) Use the result in part (a) to show that   
       .
 
 
  
(c) Use the Squeezing Theorem for Sequence and the result in part (b) to show that lim 

 .
 → ∞

∞

4. (a) When we approximate the sum of the series  
by using the   ,

  

Estimate the error involved in the approximation.

(b) Find the value of  so that   is within  of the sum.

5. State and prove the Integral Test.

     
6. Prove that    ⋯    ln         ⋯   .
      
Chap 9. - 4 -

§9.4. The comparison test

1. Determine whether the series converges or diverges.

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
  sin     
  
(a)  (b)      (c)   (d)    
       


2. Determine whether the series converges or diverges.

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
sin  
(a)  
    
 (b) 


sin 
   (c)   tan     tan       

(d)  ln   
 




3. (a) Suppose that   and   are series with positive terms and   convergent.

Prove that if lim 


  , then   is also convergent.
→ ∞ 
∞
ln 
(b) Use part (a) to show that the series  converges.





4. (a) Prove that if   converges absolutely, then   converges.

(b) Show that the converse of part (a) is false by giving a counterexample.

5. Let      converge.

∞
(a) Prove that  ln     converges.


∞


(b) Prove that 

converges.

∞ 
(c) Prove that 
 
converges (  ≠  ).
 

6. State and Prove the Limit Comparison Test.

∞  
 
7. (a) Prove that  


  
   

converges.
 
(b) Let the series in part (a) converges to  . Prove that lim       ⋯  


 ln      .
 → ∞

∞ ∞ ∞
8. Show that     converges absolutely if   converges absolutely and   converges.
  

9. Suppose    and lim    . If    then   is divergent.

→∞

10. Determine whether the series converges or diverges.

∞ ∞ ∞

 ln  
   
 
        sin 
(a) 
(b)   (c)  , where
       with   
       
 
Chap 9. - 5 -

§9.5. Alternating series

1. Test the series for convergence or divergence.


∞ ∞ ∞ sin     ∞
 
(a)    



  
(b)

 
   

(c) 


  



(d)    
  

 

sin 


2. Approximate the sum of the series correct to four decimal places.

(*)         ≤                 means the error 
∞ ∞
        
(a)   (b) 
    



∞
  
3. Show that the series  
is convergent. How many terms are required to ensure that the sum
  

is accurate to within 

.

4. State and prove the Alternating Series Test.

Chap 9. - 6 -

§9.6. Absolute convergence and the ratio and root tests

1. Determine whether the series is absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent, or divergent.

∞  ∞ 

 
∞
    
(a)


  
(b)


   
 ∙  ∙  ∙⋯∙    
(c)



    
  

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 
           
(d)   (e)   (f)   (g)  
       
 
      ln     

2. Determine whether the series is conditionally convergent, absolutely convergent, or divergent.

∞ ∞ ∞
              arctan 
(a)   (b)  (c) 

    ln 

       

  sin 
 
∞ ∞
3. Show that if   converges (    ), then  
converges.
 

4. Prove the Root Test. [Hint for part (i): Take any number  such that   and use the fact that
there is an integer  such that      whenever  ≥  .] 

5. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. If it is true, explain why. Otherwise,
explain why or give an example that disproves the statement.
(a) If a series   is absolutely convergent, then     is convergent.
(b) If a series  is absolutely convergent, then it is convergent.

∞ 
6. Let        and             ⋯ diverges. Prove that 

diverges.

∞ ∞ ∞
Show by example that    may diverge even if   and   both converge.
  

∞ ∞ ∞
7. If   is a conditionally convergent series, show that both of the series  
 and  
 are
  

         
divergent, where        .





8. Determine whether the series is absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent or divergent.

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
       
(a)  sin   
 (b)  (c)  (d)       
 
       ln   ln  ln  
  ln  




∞
9. Suppose that   is conditionally convergent.

∞
(a) Determine whether the series  
 is convergent or divergent.

∞ ∞
   ≥ 
(b) Prove that the series

 
 and 


 are divergent, where 
      

and 
  
  ≥ 
     
.
Chap 9. - 7 -

10. State and prove the Limit Comparison Test.

11. Prove thet if   is a conditionally convergent series, then there are infinitely many terms such that
   .

12. Determine whether the statement is true of false. If it is true, explain why. If it is false, explain why
or give an example that disproves the statement.
∞ ∞
(a) If    is convergent, then      is convergent.
 

(b) If sequences   and   are both divergent, then    is divergent.

(c) If    for all for each and lim 


  , then lim    .
→ ∞  → ∞
∞ ∞ ∞
(d) If     and     where  and  are finite number, then       .
  

13. Consider   satisfying        , and          (   ⋯ ).


(a) Prove that the limit lim 


exists.
→ ∞ 
∞

(b) Prove that  

converges.
 
∞

(c) For the sequence    in (b), determine whether 

is convergent or divergent.
 
Chap 9. - 8 -

§9.7. Power series

1. Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of the series.

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
          
(a)       (b)   (c)      (d)  
      

∞
     
2. (a) Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of the series   .
 
∞
    
(b) Find the interval of convergence of the series  . 


3.(a) Suppose that the power series      satisfies  ≠  for all  . Show that if lim
→ ∞
 


  
exists, then it is equal to the radius of convergence of the power series.
∞ 
(b) Let       

be a power series. When lim  


        ∞  exists, find the radius
 → ∞ 
∞ 
of convergence of the power series 
      
 
.


∞
4. If  

is convergent, does it follow that the following series are convergent?
  
∞ ∞
(a)    

(b)     
     
Chap 9. - 9 -

§9.8. Representations of functions as power series

1. Find a power series representation for the function and determine the interval of convergence.
  
(a)      (b)     
 
(c)     
     

2. (a) Use differentiation to find a power series representation for     
   
What is the radius of convergence?
 
(b) Use part (a) to find a power series for      ,    
       
3. Find a power series representation for the function and determine the radius of convergence.

(a)     ln     (b)     
   
4. (a) Find a power series representation for     ln     . What is the radius of convergence?

(b) By putting  

in your result form part (a), express ln  as the sum of an infinite series.

5. Evaluate the indefinite integral as a power series. What is the radius of convergence?

(a)  ln      

(b) 
 
  



6. Use a power series to approximate the definite integral 

  
 to six decimal places.
∞ ∞
7. (a) Starting with the geometric series   , find the sum of the series   
,     .
 

(b) Find the sum of each of the following series.

∞ ∞

(i)     ,     . (ii)  . 
 


(c) Find the sum of each of the following series.

∞ ∞ ∞
   
(i)        , 
    . (ii)  . 
(iii)  . 
 
 


8. Use the power series for tan    to prove the following expression for  as the sum of an infinite
∞ 
  
series :   
  . 
   


 
9. (a) By completing the square, show that  

 
 

(b) By factoring    as a sum of cubes, rewrite the integral in part (a).

Then express      
as the sum of a power series and
 
 ∞     
use it to prove the following formula for  
   
   
    



10. Expand 

as a power series with center  and find the interval of convergence.
Chap 9. - 10 -

11.(a) Find a series representation for ln     and its radius of convergence.

∞

(b) Find the sum of the series  . 
    

Chap 9. - 11 -

§9.9. Taylor and Maclaurin series.

   cos
1. Use series to evaluate the limit lim  
.
→  

2. Find the Maclaurin series for    using the definition of a Maclaurin series.
[Assume that  has a power series expansion. Do not show that    →  ]
Also find the associated radius of convergence.
(a)     ln     (b)     sin 

3. Use the binomial series to expand the function as a power series. State the radius of convergence.

(a) 


(b) 
   

4. Find the sum of the series.

∞
     ln   ln  
(a)  
(b)   ln       ⋯
 
  


5. How many terms of the Maclaurin series for ln     do you need to use to estimate ln  
to within  ?

∞
6. Suppose that       

for all  with the radius of convergence   .

∞
(a) If   

 , show that    for all  .


(b) If  is an odd function, show that       ⋯   .

(c) If  is an even function, show that       ⋯   .


7. Find the Maclaurin series of      and the radius of convergence of the series.


 ln   
 

8. Find the sum of the series . 



9. (a) Find a power series representation for the function      
and determine the interval
  
of convergence.
(b) Using part (a), find      .
Chap 9. - 12 -

10. Find the Taylor series for       centered at the given value of   .

11. (a) Use the binomial series to expand     .

(b) Use part (a) to find the Maclaurin series for sin    .


   if  ≠ 
12. Show that the function defined by     
if   
is not equal to its Maclaurin series.


13. Let     arcsin  . Find the Maclaurin series of    and evaluate      .

14. Let     cos .


(a) Approximate the function    by Taylor polynomial of degree  at   .

(b) Use (a) to approximate the value cos  . How accurate is your approximation?



15. Evaluate the indefinite integral 

 as an infinite series.

16. Let     
.


(a) Approximate the function    by Taylor polynomial of degree  at    .

(b) Show that the approximation in part (a) is accurate to within  when  ≤  ≤ .
 
[Note  ×
  
   .]