UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS ESPE

SIGNAL AND SYSTEMS

Fausto Granda

Sangolqui - Ecuador
Signal and Systems
Aims
• To analyze and evaluate the signal and systems mathematic modelling
process.
• To offer the student the basis and fundamentals of signal and system in order
to apply to the design of electric and electronic systems and signal processing.
• To understand and apply the Laplace and Fourier transform for periodic and
aperiodic signals.
 Signals

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/dsn-antennas/en/
 Signals

“…But the launching of this bottle into the cosmic ocean

says something very hopeful about life on this planet."

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/dsn-antennas/en/
https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/958/how-does-voyager-1-send-signals-to-earth
https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/
https://theskylive.com/how-far-is-voyager1
https://eyes.nasa.gov/apps/orrery/#/home?time=2021-05-18T16:51:21.375+00:00
 Signal- definition

A signal, represented as a function of one or more variables,

may be defined as an observable change in a quantifiable
entity.
Chakravorty, P. (2018). What Is a Signal? [Lecture Notes]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 35(5), 175–177. doi:10.1109/msp.2018.2832195

- A signal may or may not contain any information (ej. sinusoids, step, signum, and so on, do not
contain any information however they are signals).
- A wave is a special case of signal.

https://sci-hub.tw/10.1109/MSP.2018.2832195, may 5th, 2020

Signal and Systems- Reminder
Euler’s
Identity

Euler’s
Equation

conjugate
Complex
numbers

Polar
representation
Signal and Systems- Reminder
From Euler’s identity to trigonometric identities.
Basic continuos-time signals
The unit step signal ( u(t) ): also known as the Heaviside unit function, is
defined as:

shifted

Wolfram:-> unitstep()
Basic continuos-time signals
The unit step signal ( u(t) ): also known as the Heaviside unit function.
Basic continuos-time signals
The Unit Impulse Function (δ(t) ): also known as the Dirac delta function,
is defined as:
shifted

Propiedades
Basic continuos-time signals
The Ramp function, is defined as:
Basic continuos-time signals
The Sign Function, is defined as:
Basic continuos-time signals
Complex exponential signals.

General complex exponential signals.

Basic continuos-time signals
Sinusoidal Signals.

EULER
Basic continuos-time signals
Complex exponential Signal.
Basic discrete-time signals
The unit step sequence ( u[n] ): is defined as:

shifted
Signals - Basic Signal Operations
1) Signal addition: x(t) and y(t) are added to obtain their sum z(t).

2) Constant multiplication: x(t) is multiplied by a constant α.

3)Time and frequency shifting:

- x(t) is delayed seconds to get x(t − τ), and advanced by τ to get x(t + τ).
- x(t)can be shifted in frequency or frequency modulated by multiplying it by a
complex exponential or a sinusoid.
- A modulator shifts the signal in frequency.

4) Time scaling: the time variable of a signal x(t) is scaled by a constant α to give
x(αt). If α = −1, the signal x(−t) is reversed in time or reflected.

5) Time windowing: x(t) is multiplied by a window signal w(t) so that x(t) is

available in the support of w(t).
Signals - Basic Signal Operations

a) Signal addition (adder)

b) Constant multiplication(multiplier):
c)Time shifting-delay:
d) Time windowing-modulation:
e) Integrator
Signals - Time shifting
Signals - Time scaling
Signals - Time inversion
Mirror image of f(t) about the vertical axis
 x(t) = Piecewise[{{x+5, -5 ≤ x < -4}, {1, -4 ≤ x < 4}, {5-x, 4≤ x < 5}} ]
Signals-example x(t) = (5+t)*unitstep(t+5)-(t+4)*unitstep(t+4)-unitstep(t-4)+(5-t)*unitstep(t-4)-(5-t)*unitstep(t-5) OPC1

Piecewise[{{(x-10)+5, -5≤(x-10)< -4}, {1, -4≤(x-10) < 4}, {5-(x-10), 4≤(x-10) < 5}} ]

x(t) = (t+5)*unitstep(t+5) + (-t-

4)*unitstep(t+4)+(4-t)*unitstep(t-4)+(t-
5)*unitstep(t-5) OPC2
 Signals-Basic operations

d) x(5-10t) Desplaza 5->invierte-> escala t/10

5−10𝑡
e) x( ) Desplaza 5/4->invierte-> escala
(5+t)*unitstep(t+5)-(t+4)*unitstep(t+4)-unitstep(t- 4
4)+(5-t)*unitstep(t-4)-(5-t)*unitstep(t-5) t/(10/4)

MATLAB
clc
t=-10:0.01:10; %Valor inicial y final
f=(t<-5).*(0)+((t>4)&(t<=5)).*(5-t)+((t>=-
4)&(t<=4)).*(1)+((t>=-5)&(t<-
4)).*(t+5)+(t>5).*(0);%Funcion e) x( -10t/3) invierte-> escala t/(10/3)
plot(t,f,'b-')%Gráfico en 2D
 Signals-Basic operations
5−10𝑡 5 10𝑡
e) x( )= x( − ) Desplaza 5/4->invierte-> escala t/(10/4)
4 4 4

Wolfram
(t+5)*unitstep(t+5) + (-t-4)*unitstep(t+4)+(4-
t)*unitstep(t-4)+(t-5)*unitstep(t-5)

MATLAB
t=-10:0.01:10; %Valor inicial y final
f=(t<-5).*(0)+((t>4)&(t<=5)).*(5-t)+((t>=-
4)&(t<=4)).*(1)+((t>=-5)&(t<-4)).*(t+5)+(t>5).*(0);
plot(t,f,'b-')

Wolfram
((5/4-10*t/4)+5)*unitstep((5/4-10*t/4)+5) + (-
(5/4-10*t/4)-4)*unitstep((5/4-10*t/4)+4)+(4-(5/4-
10*t/4))*unitstep((5/4-10*t/4)-4)+((5/4-10*t/4)-
5)*unitstep((5/4-10*t/4)-5)
MATLAB
t=-4:0.01:4;
f=(((5-10*t)/4)<-5).*(0)+((((5-10*t)/4)>4)&(((5-
10*t)/4)<=5)).*(5-((5-10*t)/4))+((((5-10*t)/4)>=-
4)&(((5-10*t)/4)<=4)).*(1)+((((5-10*t)/4)>=-
5)&(((5-10*t)/4)<-4)).*(((5-10*t)/4)+5)+(((5-
10*t)/4)>5).*(0);%Funcion
plot(t,f,'b-')
title('x(t)'); ylabel('x(t)'); xlabel('(t)')
Signals-Basic operations

(-t-5)*unitstep(t+5) +
(t+4)*unitstep(t+4) +
2*unitstep(t) + (-
t+3)*Unitstep(t-3) + (t-
4)*unitstep(t-4)

(-(10*t-5)-5)*unitstep((10*t-5)+5) + ((10*t-
5)+4)*unitstep((10*t-5)+4) + 2*unitstep((10*t-
5)) + (-(10*t-5)+3)*Unitstep((10*t-5)-3)uni
Signals and classification of time-dependent signals
(a) According to the variation of their time variable and their amplitude:
continuous-time or discrete-time, analog or discrete amplitude.

(b) According to the predictability of their behavior: random or deterministic.

(c) According to their energy content: finite or infinite-energy signals.

(d) According to whether the signals exhibit repetitive behavior or not: periodic or
aperiodic signals.

(e) According to the symmetry with respect to the time origin: even or odd.

(f) According to the dimension of their support: finite or of infinite support.

Support can be understood as the time interval of the signal outside of which the
signal is always zero.
Signals and classification of signals

Continuous time signal: is specified for real values of the independent variable.

Discrete time signal: is specified only for discrete values of the independent variable. It is
usually generated by sampling so it will only have values at equally spaced intervals along
the time axis.
Signals and classification of signals

Analog signal: signal whose amplitude can take on any value in a continuous range.
Can be both continuous time and discrete time

Digital signal: a signal is one whose amplitude can take on only a finite number of
values (thus it is quantized)
Signals and classification of signals
Signals and classification of signals

1. We can specify a rule for calculating the nth

value of the sequence.

2. Sum and product of two sequences:

Signals and classification of time-dependent signals
Signals and classification of signals
• Exercise: Draw (Matlab/Octave) the representation of the sine wave of the
electric public network for continuous time. Adapt it for discrete time.

A= 120*sqrt(2); f=60; f_s=100*f; t=[0:1/f_s:(1/f)]; A= 120*sqrt(2); f=0.1; f_s=10*f; t=[0:1/f_s:(1/f)];

x=A*sin(2*pi*f*t+0); x=A*sin(2*pi*f*t+0);
plot(t,x,'r-’); stem(t,x,'r-’);
xlabel('t(s)'); ylabel('x(t)’); xlabel('[n]'); ylabel('x[n]'); legend('My home voltage');
legend('My home voltage'); grid on grid on
Signals and classification of signals
• Exercise: Draw (Matlab) the representation of a sawtooth wave where:
amplitude 10, fundamental frequency of 50 Hz (with 2 periods). The sample
rate is a) 250 Hz, b) 2500 Hz.

A=10; f=50; fs=250; cycles=2; A=10; f=50; fs=2500; cycles=2;

x=[0:1/fs:cycles*1/f]; x=[0:1/fs:cycles*1/f];
y=A*sawtooth(2*pi*f*x); y=A*sawtooth(2*pi*f*x);
plot(x,y,'r-'); plot(x,y,'r-');
hold on hold on
stem(x,y,'bo’); xlabel('t(s)'); ylabel('x(t)'); stem(x,y,'bo’); xlabel('t(s)'); ylabel('x(t)');
Signals and classification of time-dependent signals
Characterize the sinusoidal signal:

Amplitude: ?
Frequency: ?
Phase: ?

Deterministic or randomic?
Analog or digital?
Finite or infinite support?
Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals: A continuous-time signal x(t) or discrete-
time signal are said to be periodic if:

• Any continuous-time signal or sequence which are not periodic are called a nonperiodic
(or aperiodic ).
• A sequence obtained by uniform sampling of a periodic continuous-time signal may not
be periodic.
• The sum of two continuous-time periodic signals may not be periodic. The sum of two
periodic sequences is always periodic.
• Any constant signal is periodic of non definable fundamental period (ej. x(t) = Acos(0t))
Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

Fundamental period Fundamental period

Ωo: angular frequency.
Wo: angular frequency Periodic if No is
rational number
Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

For z(t) to be periodic requires

that T1/T0 be a rational number.

T1/T0 is not rational number.

w(t) is periodic, with period T2
z(t) is not periodic.
Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
b)
a)

x(t) es periódica, de período fundamental To x(t) no es periódica

Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

DiscretePlot[cos(n/8-pi),{n,1,150}]

- No , is not a rational number:

- x[n] is aperiodic.
Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

DiscretePlot[2*cos(pi*n/4)+sin(pi*n/8)-2*cos(pi*n/2+6),{n,1,35}]

The fundamental period

is: 16
Is the lowest common
denominator of N1, N2,
N3
Signals and classification of signals
Real and Complex Signals: A general complex signal x( t ) is a function of:

Determinist and random signals: a deterministic signal can be modeled by a known

function of time t. Random signals can take random values at any given time and must
be characterized statistically.
Signals and classification of signals
Even and Odd Signals: a signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as:

COS (x) = COS (-x ) even signal

SIN (-x) = - SIN (x) odd signal

Signals and classification of signals
Even and Odd Signals:

• Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum of two signals: one of which is even
and one of which is odd.

• The product of: ( two even signals or two odd signals) = is an even signal
( an even signal and an odd signal) = is an odd signal
Signals and classification of signals
Even and Odd Signals:
Signals and classification of signals
Even and Odd Signals:
Signals and classification of signals
Even and Odd Signals:

plot[0.5*(Piecewi
se[{{x+2, -
2<=x<-1}, {-x, -
1<=x<0},{x,
0<=x<1},{1,
1<x}}]+Piecewis
e[{{-x+2, -2<=-
x<-1}, {-(-x), -
1<=-x<0},{-x,
0<=-x<1},{1, 1<-
plot[Piecewise[{{x+2, -2<=x<-1}, {-x, -1<=x<0},{x, x}}])],x=-4..4
0<=x<1},{1, 1<x}}]],x=-4..4

plot[0.5*(Piecewis
e[{{x+2, -2<=x<-
1}, {-x, -
1<=x<0},{x,
0<=x<1},{1,
1<x}}]-
Piecewise[{{-x+2,
-2<=-x<-1}, {-(-x),
-1<=-x<0},{-x,
0<=-x<1},{1, 1<-
x}}])],x=-4..4
Signals and classification of signals
Energy and Power Signals:
• The normalized energy content E and normalized average power P
are defined as:

Clases of signals
• Energy signal (or sequence): if and only if 0<E<ꝏ and so P=0.
• Power signal (or sequence): if and only if 0<P<ꝏ and so E= ꝏ.
http://blog.espol.edu.ec/telg1001/senales-continuas/
Signals and classification of signals
Energy and Power Signals:
- Condition: Signal to be of energy type -> amplitude
goes to zero as the independent variable tends to infinity.

- All practical signals have finite energy and thus are

energy signals.

- It is impossible to generate a real power signal because

this would have infinite duration and infinite energy.

- A periodic signal is a power signal if its energy

content per period is finite, and then P need only be
calculated over a period
Signals and classification of signals
Energy and Power Signals: find the value of P and E
Signals and classification of signals
Energy and Power Signals: find the value of P and E

WOLFRAM limit ((sum ((1/(2*N+1))*(1+cos(pi*n/2))/2), n=-N to N)) as N->infinity

limit ((sum ((1/(2*N+1))*(cos(pi*n/4)^2), n=-N to N)) as N->infinity

Signals and classification of signals
Energy and Power Signals:
Signals and classification of signals
Energy and Power Signals:
Basic discrete-time signals
The Unit Impulse sequence (δ[n] ): is defined as:

shifted
Basic discrete-time signals
Complex exponential sequence is defined as:

Using Euler’s formula

In order for ejΩon to be periodic with period (N>0), Ωo must satisfy the following
condition:
Basic discrete-time signals
General complex exponential sequence is often defined as:

Real Exponential Sequences: If C and α are both real, then x[n] is a real
exponential sequence.
Four distinct cases can be identified:
Basic discrete-time signals
Sinusoidal sequences can be expressed as is often defined as:

No=12
Basic discrete-time signals
Sinusoidal sequences:

? Discrete plot(10*cos(4*pi*n/31+pi/5)), n=-20..20

SYSTEMS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
Bibliography
• Oppenheim, A. Willsky, and H. Nawab, Signals and Systems, 2ª edición, 1997, Prentice Hall, ISBN # 0-13-
814757-4.
• Hwei P. Hsu, “Signals and Systems”, 2nd Edition, McGrawHill Schaum Outlines, ISBN: 978-0-07-163473-1, 2011.
• Chaparro Luis, “Signal and Systems using Matlab”, Elsevier, Oxford UK, ISBN 978-0-12-374716-7 , 2011
• https://www.di.univr.it/documenti/OccorrenzaIns/matdid/matdid744681.pdf, may 2020.
• https://ocw.unican.es/pluginfile.php/1522/course/section/1956/Tema1.pdf, may2020

• Phyton:
• https://pythonnumericalmethods.berkeley.edu/notebooks/chapter24.01-The-Basics-of-waves.html
• http://blog.espol.edu.ec/telg1001/senales-continuas/