Data Analysis and Graphing

in SPSS
Prepared By:
Dr. SamanHassnAbdulla

E-mail:
saman.abdulla@univsul.edu.iq
2023-2024
 Frequency Distribution

This analysis produces frequency tables showing frequency counts and

percentages of the values of individual variables.
Analysis of Data (Frequency)
• Frequencies
➢ Statistics
- Measures of Central Tendency
- Measures of Dispersion
➢ Charts
- Bar Chart
- Pie Chart
- Histogram

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 Frequency Distribution

After entering the Data or transforming the Data we can analyzing the
frequency distribution in SPSS.
Go to analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies.

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 Frequency Distribution

You can select all variable or some variable to analyzing.

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 Measure of Central Tendency (MCT)

• What is the Measures of Central Tendency

• A measure of central tendency is a summary statistic that represents the
center point or typical value of a dataset. In statistics, the three most
common measures of central tendency are the (mean, median, and mode).
Each of these measures calculates the location of the central point using a
different method. .

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 Measure of Central Tendency (MCT)

• In this part, we are going to explain the (MCT) like (Mean, Mode, Median,
Sum).
• Step 1:
Go to analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies.

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 Measure of Central Tendency (MCT)

• Step 2:
• You can select all variable or some variable to analyzing.

Click on Statistics button

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 Measure of Central Tendency (MCT)
• After clicking on the Statistic button you see this window. And chose any
tools as you want

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 Measure of Dispersion
Dispersion (also known as Scatter, spread or variation ) measures the items
vary from some central value.
It measures the degree of variation.

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 Measure of Dispersion
In this section, we are going to Calculate the Measure of Dispersion like
(Std.deviation, Variance, Maximum, Minimum, Range and S.E mean ).
After clicking on the Statistic button you see this window. And chose any tools
as you want

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 Charts
In this section, we are going to charts produces optionally a (bar-chart, a pie-
chart or a histogram).
After clicking on the Charts button you see this window. And chose any type
of charts as you want

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Notice: Choose statistics and graphs based on the data:

Statistics Graphs
Nominal Frequency Bar chart
Scale Mean, Histogram
Standard deviation

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Example : For the smoker table in below use frequency analysis.

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➢ In the Data Editor window select Analyze.
➢ From the Analyze menu select Descriptive Statistics.
➢ From the Descriptive Statistics submenu, select Frequencies
➢ Select Sex of respondent.
➢ Click the right pointing arrow head to move sex into the Variables
box

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 Measure of Central Tendency (MCT)

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 Measure of Dispersion

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 Producing a Bar chart from frequencies
• To create a bar chart for sex using the Frequencies box:
➢ In the Analyze menu, click Descriptive Statistics.
➢ From the Descriptive Statistics submenu, click Frequencies.
➢ Select Sex of respondent [Sex] and then click on to choose Bar
charts and click on the continue, ok respectively.

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 Producing a Pie chart from frequencies
• To create a bar chart for sex using the Frequencies box:
➢ In the Analyze menu, click Descriptive Statistics.
➢ From the Descriptive Statistics submenu, click Frequencies.
➢ Select Sex of respondent [Sex] and then click on to choose Pie
charts and click on the continue, ok respectively.

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 Producing a Histogram from frequencies
Use the Frequencies dialog box to request a histogram:
Select Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies
Select Age last birthday [age] Click Charts Histogram(s)
To display a normal curve on the chart:
Select With normal curve Click Continue and then click OK

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 Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive
This analysis shows the maximum, minimum, mean, and standard deviation of
the variables

Go to analyze Descriptive Statistics Descriptive

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 Descriptive Statistics

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 Homework:
1- Do a frequency analysis and Pie Chart on the variable “Gender”?
2- Find mean, median, mode, quartiles, standard deviation, variance, range,
minimum, maximum, standard error of mean, skewness, and kurtosis for
EcDegree variable and then draw a Histogram for the same variable.

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 Explore
Explore: The Explore procedure produces detailed univariate statistics and
graphs for numeric scale variables for an entire sample, or for subsets of a
sample. It can also be used to assess the normality of a numeric scale variable
with special inferential statistics and detailed diagnostic plots.
Go to analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore

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 Explore

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 Explore

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 Explore

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 Explore

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 Explore

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 Explore

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 Explore

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 Explore

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 Explore
Testing Normality
Example: Is the weight of student normal or not.
135 119 106 135 180 108 128 160 143 175 170
205 195 185 182 150 175 190 180 195 220 235
Solution :
➢ First of all, we have to write the Null and Alternative hypothesis for
checking normality

H0: the data is distributed normally

H1: the data is not distributed normally

➢ Second, procedure for Testing Normality

• Analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore

• Put the weight variable into the Dependent list and tick Both
• Click on Plots and then tick on Normality plots with test

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 Explore
The p-value 0.692 from Shapiro-Wilk test of normality is greater than
0.05 which imply that it is acceptable to assume that the weight of
student is normal (or bell-shaped)

Notice: 1- If the value of Sig. is less than and equal to α=0.05, we do

reject H0, if the value of Sig. is greater than α=0.05, we fail to reject H0
(accept H0).
2- If the number of sample size is less than and equal to 50 use
Shapiro-Wilk but if the number of sample size is grater than 50 use
Kolmogorov-Smirnov for testing normality.

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 Explore

The p-value 0.692 from Shapiro-Wilk test of normality is greater than 0.05
which imply that it is acceptable to assume that the weight of student is normal
(or bell-shaped).

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Notice:

Descriptive Basic Descriptive

Frequencies Flexibility to choose

Explore Very Detailed

Split Analysis

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 Crosstabs
Crosstabs is adopted to define the relationship that may exist between nominal or
ordinal variable, to create a crosstab and perform a chi-square test of independence.
The Chi-Square Test of Independence determines whether there is an association
between categorical variables (i.e., whether the variables are independent or
related). It is a nonparametric test.
Go to analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs

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 Crosstabs

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 Crosstabs

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 Crosstabs
The null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (H1) of the Chi-Square Test of
Independence can be expressed in two different but equivalent ways:
H0: "[Variable 1] is independent of [Variable 2]"
H1: "[Variable 1] is not independent of [Variable 2]"
OR
H0: "[Variable 1] is not associated with [Variable 2]"
H1: "[Variable 1] is associated with [Variable 2]"

For our example:

H0: “Sex is independent of Smoker"
H1: “Sex is not independent of Smoker"
OR
H0: “Sex is not associated with Smoker"
H1: “Sex is associated with Smoker"

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 Crosstabs
The p-value 0.260 from pearson chi – square is greater than 0.05 which imply
that it is acceptable to assume that the variable independent.

DECISION AND CONCLUSIONS

• The value of the test statistic is 1.270.
• Since the p-value is greater than our chosen significance level α = 0.05, we
can accept the null hypothesis, and conclude that there is not an association
between sex and smoker.

• Based on the results, we can state the following:

• There was not a significant association between sex and smoker

(Χ2(1) = 1.27, p > .05).

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 Graphs
The most effective way to present quantitative and qualitative data is by means
or graphs. There are many different types of graphs. The most common used in
descriptive statistics are Bar charts, Pie charts, Histograms and Boxplots. The
first two are used for qualitative (nominal and ordinal) variables and the last two
for quantitative (scale) variables.

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 Bar charts

Bar charts are plotted based on the contingency table of a qualitative variable.

Graphs Legacy Dialogs Bar charts

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 Bar charts

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 Bar charts

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 Pie charts

Pie charts are circular graphs divided in sectors, each sector represents on
category.

Graphs Legacy Dialogs Pie charts

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 Pie charts

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 Pie charts

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 Histogram

A histogram is equivalent to a bar chart but the horizontal axis depicts classes
instead of categories.

Graphs Legacy Dialogs Histogram

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 Histogram

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 Histogram

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 Boxplot
A boxplot consists of rectangle with two antennas, one at the lower base and the
other at the upper one.

Graphs Legacy Dialogs Boxplot

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 Boxplot

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 Boxplot

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 Homework:
1- Create bar chart and pie charts for Gender?
2- Create histogram for CoDegree?
3- Create boxplot for Age by Gender?

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