Brning

hrs 0-20
Descri
2040 40 6)
ptive Statistics, Probability AndDistributions 409
Nmlvrofbulbs |04 60 80
certainAe of the toxiCant, 12
For a a sludy on
weeks, has a Camma distributon mice deteine%
survivesnolonger than60
weeks?
with Whal ntetht the urvival
Parametere5 probabiity
time, in
that a mo
survivalime in wecks ol an
has,gamadistributionaninal when subetedtotetain
raiation
What is the
with o 5and (
mean survival time of a 1/I0 expoure of gamn
eperiment? randomly seleted aninal of thetype uned in the
Whatis the probability that an animal survives more than )
7Supposethat proportion of delelives, supplied wecks?
by a vendor fron lot to lot may be looked
upon as a variable having the beta distribution with - 2and
random
(a) FindIthe average proportion oof defectives in alot fromthis vendor ß-3
( dthe probability that alot from this vendor will contain W0% or more defectives,
8. The responsetime of a certain computer systemin seconds has an exponential di distribution
seconds.
with a mean of 3
(a) What is the probability that responsetime exceeds 5seconds?
What is the probability that response time is between 5-10seconds?

L12
METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES AND CURVE FITTING

Btingof curveto a given

t bivariate data is important bothfromthe point of view of theoretical and
regression and
ical statistics. Theoretically, concept is useful in the study of correlation andresponse y for a
cically. functional relationship between x and y enables us to predict the
Mafic inputx. The appropriate relationship to be fitted may be polynomial, algebraic, exponential
Method of least square is an excellent
logarithmic depending upon the nature of the data. data.
the given
hnique for fitting an appropriate relationship to
2412.1 Method of Least Squares
1,2, .., n, say, marks in mathematics and physt>
observations (x,,y), i= problem under
POse we have npaired end-semester examination. Let the nature of the
Tgroup of nindividuals in the betweenx and y. We wantto determine the line
which, in
deration suggests a linear relation some
Such a line may be useful for estimating values for y for in
Sense, provides the best-fit. the method of least squares which
best-fit is obtained by applying
Cvaluesof x. This lineof
Case may bestated as follows.
The straight line 24.91)
sum of thesquares of deviations (errors)
2, ., nso hat verttcal direction.
l be fited (x, y), i= 1,
the given pointsminimum,
measuredinthe
through where thedvationsare the ordinatea t bx
ese points from the straight line is straight line with abscissa x, has deviatiosis
point M, onthe squares of these
Referrideviation
the g toig. 24.13,the
from P is MP =(y, -a -bx, ) andthesum
of the
 obtainedare:minimum. is The
24.12.2 sense
Proceeding (24.93)for
Wemethod equations
obtain
ofThese 141O
need least gdatng Differentiating
(24.92) areWe
xyE Exy,
to Fitting square. and
discussed a Advanced
a+ = on determine these as determine to
a2; the and
b
-2S
same of
above substituting are separately Engineering
+a2x{ a,Polynomial
's called a
ax*+ lines
such can i=1
EM EM
x;(y,-a-bx). and
i=1
i=1
-a-to w.r.t b
+t as be the zero Mat
a,Z in that the Y;na=+ bx) sucha
generalized normal and that
case of values and
2x*+.. x sum
b,
+..+ of Degree rearranging
/=l
isS
fitting the
of
to obtained,
equations
i=1
respectivmielnyimum.
a,E squares fita k . (24.92)
+ x* of for the
a polynomial the we
a,E straight fitting terms
of line
x. the we
error (24.91) the
line, of straight obtain
the is
degree is 24.13Fig
(k+1) minimum, the
k, line line
(k[n-l (24.91,
norma best.it of
that
s g ie
 normal
e solved
equations
form a
linear
Descriptive Statistics, Probability and Distributions
blybe
for do a . system
of (k + 1) 1411
palrnomial

24.65.
kubsitutng
Cindthe line of
these (k + ) equatvaluesionsinin()4(k +94),1) weunknown
get
and can
the desireo
Example best fit relating yto x
a tp
ao n t s
for the
3.0
2 3
5.0
4
5
6
following data, plot the line and the
5.5 6.0
8.0
Solution: Let the line be y=a :+bx. The 9.5
Sy=6a + b2 x, normal
and equations are
formulatethe following table: Exy =axt bE x.
Wei
X

2 3.0
4 6.0
3 5.0
15.0
4 5.5
16 22.0
5 6.0 25 30.0
6 8.0 36 48.0
7 9.5 49 66.5

27 37.0 139 187.5

Tolal

Substituting for n, 2x, 2y,2 ,Exyin the normal equations, 10

9
wehave 8+
7+ y=0.767 -
6a+ 27h = 37.0 6+

27a + 139b = 187.5

these fora and b, we obtain a=0.767, b= 1.2

Solving 4 5 6
y=0.767 + 1.2r
Thus, the line of best fit is Fig. 24.I4
shown in Fig. 24.14
Fitted line and the points are the following data:
parabola of second degree to
EXample 24.66: Fit a 3.0 3.5 4.0
1.5 2.0 2.5
x: 1.0 4.1
2.0 2.7 3.4
1.1 1.3 1.6 I-25

+cu, where u= 0.5

bu
parabola be y=a+
Solution: Let the
The normal equations are bEu+cEu
2y =7a +
cEuw'
=Eu + bEu+
uy bEu'tcEu
u+
Euy=~
table:
We formulate the following
 data.ample can e om
re
Ve ution: owing 24.12.3
sing
ulate We For y= Solving Advanced 1412
4.077 proceed we A Hence
The
224.67:
calculate
obtain example,
concept
the
2.07 Substituting Tota

+ the
the curve for the Fitting 0.5 11 tor 4.0 35 3.0 25 20 1.5 10
11.084 Determine other to parabolic a,
for
wing normal
for fit of
is 4
fitting of and b Eu,
In y curves. a.
the 0.I-2.5
5 7a
Y=A+bx, Y= y = Substitutingequations Non-polynomial
In
Y curve curve c,
28c=
+
Eu
=ae". the =A y
= yax of we
able: Iny In 30.128 straight +
Ina+b y obtain
of Eu, 2 1 1
X-0.5 25
Taking
a+ constants
6 +bX, 16.2,
and = 'b est-fie
bx,
the forwhere Intake axy=line,
Ew,
a 28b
Alogarithm values this x.
to
= Ey, 16.2 4.1 3.4 2.7 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.1
= a logarithm ae, we 2.0 7, =
In
81.897 and straight Y= Curves the 14. 3 , E
8 can uy
a b for or y=1.04 given b= and
In it and
sides,both such 28
and line a y, xy=b. the 0.511 E 9 1 1 4

A=In
both data uy
222.62 that curves -0.2x and 28a
band in -27
10 we sides, is normal + thethe
27 8
1 0
-1 -8
v
we = obtainsolve a, + c=196c
ae" of 0.24y2
obtain and we the 0.061. 69.9. = 196
81 16 16 81
is the those obtain 1
the'best-fit desired form
equations In.X= 123
143 27
-18

curve
cure íct:
 Descuptive Statists Probataly anlIbistrbuions 1413
Y In y
2 1 405
4 2405
6 3 405
9 820
8 4405
10 5 405
35 240
100
30 17025
220
122 159
torEx, EY, Er.and
stituting }Yinthe normal cquationsfor tle stralghtiine
Y-A+ br, we
5A+ 30b = 17.025
17.025A + 220b=122.50
SingtorA and b, we obtain A=0.405 and b = 0.5. Hence, a =eh =1.499
1.499,,0.5
the curve is y=
Thus

EXERCISE 24.7
straight line of the form y = a+ bx to the data
1 Fit a 2 3 4
1 6 8
2.4 3.1 3.5 4.2 5.0 6.0
the straight line y=a+ bx is the best-fit line to the set of points (, y), i=1, 2, . n. then
1

show that |2 x; = 0.

Rof acopper bar at various temperature

3 The result of measurement of electric resistance
form R =a + bt.
fcare given below. Fit a relation of the 45 50
25 30 36 40
t: 19
82 83 85
77 79 80
below. Fit a straight line using the
R: 76
intervals is given
The weight of acalf taken at weekly
method of least squares: 10
6 7
2 3 4 1084
Age (x) 1 955 102.2
:
70.2 754 81.1 87.2
58.7 65.0
Weight (y): 52.5
to the following data:
ita second degree parabola 5
7
X: 1 2 3 4
11 velocity
6 7 8 10
resistance Kbs./ton) with the
measurement of train
6 data is for the
Following IfR =a+ bV +cV, find
a, b, c.
V(mph).
 numerical The Karl correlation
a inthe noFigabout . positive to Correlation data.
of The 24.13.1bivariatedata. represented
between individual
x is exist. extension, demand if as to We 24.13 1414
Karl increase
is 24.15b. If th e each
Pearson's
accompanied a all
points are 10.
straight linear When the simplest other. often y: 9. 8. 7.
Pearson's the and Fit 150V: of
Vlitres)
voltageThePkg/em) Fit a number Fit R:Advanced V:
measure (decrease) correlation In Correlation is CORRELATION
etc. heights is a the
points (*, two the
case
expected.In line the a price
In concerned If 43 curve
2 form
0 curve 100151 5.5 20
coefficient y),measure variables such a
each 1
curve
of
correlation
coefficient the on way
of with with pointsi=1,2,..., of
elemernt 25 4 of 63 2 V
Vacross= the of families
2 9.Engineering
1 40
linear inpoints is the to a the
y
decrease ynegative said tendscatter get of commodity
bivariate duringthe with form a
and
positive under form
relationship of are the (*, 18 7 28 4 to 1.62 0.5 61 3 (v) ka 14.9 60
an indata AND
linear vice widely exist,to to called n degree
idea y) , the =
this a
y capacitor P"=b, in toMathermatics
(increase) lineargradient, concentrate diagram study. datewe set data athe 22.8 80
versa; i=1,2,
REGRESSION data that 13 10 ax 12 6 1.0.0705 1.05 50survey
refer whether to 4
following
correlation scattered, the of
between
between correlation, association The has
consist the at where a
while to lie
scatter example,
maybe For.,n. 20 5.6. 8 time f conducted
20 33.3 100
in then Fig. on corncept an following
y about a the different x and giving
them two and in negative diagram,
variables interestedto value pairsof seconds
negative shown as24.15astraight 5 40
0.52
0.62 2.0 8 6
46.0. 120
random vice increase a existing of data: are b over the
and straight correlation and
months, of is constants
versa. linear and line, refer are values 3 60 given
2.5 c 390
number
is linear in a
defined
variables (decrease) Fig. when thencorrelated between
to find value,
y farniliee
correlation line Fi g . the that s 0.46.
by 3.0
correlation 24.15c, 2 80 in of
the witperfect is out and following
data the
as
h 24.15.
tw o related force then may the children
Xand inthen points ispositive linear variables is there weights
haveSome
on relationgthe
tollewing
x
is said to a
Y, increase tend obtain to data
accomparieu poor a correlatiom
is
thisarny wire ofa
denoted arra
togradient,
exisconcent:
t, to tha group
and for data
the in relations the
by (aetur eher diagr hiar a reslin
ot
 givesThis ehave, nils emark. ot pose Ths
forSuitable The is a
correlation E(r-)'
E(y-)E(r-)
(y-)
given
convenient )(4, YA

;-s,-F--E.
a-s,-7'=y-y.
coefficient
for
non-linear by
. .,
a

I+1±2 expression n
coefficient r, is
provides
relationship.
-) the
r,, (W;- bivariate Cov
>0, E for
or measure
a
the -E) y)
(x,
esipve
-1Srå (Zx)?2_Karl-Pearson'
Exy - s
distribution,
then
Fig.24.I5
E(x-x)(y-
eE(* of
n
2
S1. y only (2y)
(Ex) Statistics,
- >0.
) the ) ºX
y linear coefficient
- (Ey)? Probability
)
>0
relationship
of
correlation and
Distributions
between
for
X calculation
and ...24.96) .(24.95) 1415
Y.
It
 Solution: resulting
Example which
Letual-a Efjectcorrelation
are
1416
70 60 50 40 30 20 10
280 Wehave,We Find
(N) variables Also Thus
(mm.) :Force
Extension Also, said
Thus
We
formulate the extension, have of Mathematics
to
Engineering
Advanced
Let 24.68: correlation
we o, change be is
y
coefficient note - uncorrelated perfect lies
643 1.70 1.45 1.20 0.85 0.61 0.40 0.22 lho, pyh and
bex X a+ betuern
the
the In and that
the an coefficient
and Cov of and
hu,
following
variable offollowing correlation Y o, (1, v+ origin Hegative -1
linear 0.22 experiment
are = )
(K-) n 10measured. ko,. and
30 20 10 0-10 -20 -30 =7, r where and
is hk
E(r-.(y-V'
table: correlation
force independent
data coefficient Cov Hence, Cov Av. scale
fr0, 1.+
Ex=280, 0.40 20 to We a,
applied
(x, (u, can b, r=
lf
is
determine y)Cov h, then
0.781 0.531 0.281-0.069-0.309-0.519-0.699(y-9) obtained: v). very k +1,
for 0.61 30 is of are there the
Zy and this a the casily
constants
dimensionless
the (u, correlation is
6.43, = data.
y 0.85 40 change Ho
(-X)- ) be relationship v) show linear
th e
71.30 23.43 10.62 2.81 3.09 10.38 20.97 1.20 50 of with
extension, origin that eorrelation is
= number h, perfect
40, 1.45 between
60 and k
)> and
y then independent scale. between
2800 900 400 100 100 400 900
=0.919. 1.70 70 postie.
force
On
a
0610 0:282 0.079 0.005 0.096 0.269 0
wire the of
1829 489 - inats
and
he
 aution: Verseample
that This
Thus,
=0 r
Theor 24.70:is shows
Since
there
Total
tion: mp2le4.69. nson. shows Hence
for )
Let
not
36 35 33 31 30 29 28 28 27 23 We the
when two
Cov and
true.
X
Prove
good a no
is take daata
Calculate
almost
dependent effect u=X- 29 given
and X (X, Y 10 -1 -1 -2 -6 =-u 18 23 perfect
n
are positive 148
(Ev) of
(Eu)
7 6 4 2 1

below:
Yare E(XY)- =two change v 20 27 the
29, =
two 10100 1230 positive J2800
1.829 x
variables correlation coetticient
pendent. independentindependent
148 49 36 16
4 1 1 1 4 36
y- 22 28 71.30
V164 -0 (Ev)? of
25 correlation
E(X)E()
E(X)
origin and 27 28
of
Descriptive
between on
29 28 29 27 29 21 27 22 20 18 y
form
=r=0,andom
correlation
variables ages /138164 x123 r, 21 29 0,996.
V=y- 25
thus the between Statistics,
E(X) 4 3 2 2
-3 -5 -7
29 30
E(Y). variables,
following
table.
of between
are 0.818. = the
husbands 164
16 9 16 16 16 4 25 49
27 31 Probability
uncorrel
then ated, 4

29 33
the
force

and 123 28 18 16 4 4 2 3 10
42
28 35 age
applied and
that wives.
of Distributions
1417
husband()
29. 36
and
is,
r the
=
0 resultant
but and of
the
 Example absence that isbut
Solution:
coefficient
Example and Y.X 1418
Also, Thus, Hence, r= In Thus, Here But
y ofr,, 0. this
converse
Y: X:
the Hence,
is case Advanced
24.72:
between (X,CovY) a,= Cov 24.71:
x The linear the
9 -3
y (X, numerical variables
relation two is
TheX E[Y Y= relationslhip Engineering
andY. - a[X
Two
uncorrelated (CXYo1,v) X-0, 4 -2not
joint a+1, a E() EI(X variables
is true.
1
- measure X
X E(X)] aX
-XY-(xY and Consider
1
probability E(X) - + between 11 Mathematics
a + bY X variables of are
Y
|-1,
-E[X (Y- b[Y c=0. +and only
X the
0
and dependent EY-28,
distribution if ifa E(X)' - E(Y)] E(Y] - are
Y linear following
a It Y. may
and and related There
1
1/4 1/8 -1
=-E;X =0 gives relationship
b b - or, aE(X)
not and
are are may example:
4 2
of of of o. [Y by necessary are
(X, the the which the be
- - + non-linearbetween related -0.
) same E(X)]=o. E()]=-;X- bE() linear 9 3

is opposite be
1/4 3/8 +1 given
signs. gives, equation+ independent. the by
crelationship two an
signs. =0.
below. =o,Hence. o, EX)) aX rU
explicat
.
+betuveen
relationship TheX
The
Find bY andy..
c=. + the
reaon
the
correlat .Find iarah fo
h
 Hence o,Alos,o,
=E(r;-)"
the
Cov
(X,
gives I
Let
E(-7)= eticiesnpteocftivelyAc. act5eLertiSpearman'
e
Hence,=y=valAsusesuming
l,
sy;ticSsup oseB.
US
13Ra.2snk Therefore, Hence Thus
orrelation Vn
YY
- Cov(X,
2
correlation Thei=1, and. Athat
2,
. , thatno )-E(X)] E(Y) E(X)
12 1
(y- n. = =
(n'-1) - Y)= n+1 Spearman' 2.
two ...,. a Cov
E(X) yqy)
E
xp(r)=
1 2 Thesegroup =1(X,
coefficient 9)' -y?-nk2=
d,
calculated
individuals
n's the be
n
- =0+
=E(,-I
E '+ and,
1/16 E(XY) )= 2= -3/8
=

Vn
2n
n (; =x, ranks of
2 - rank n J15/16
J1/4 1/2=1/2,3+5/8
= xyp(x,
bet7U,
ween-)' -1
12 - ranks
1 y, for individuals in
Correlation -1/815/16, )-
=
(r'-n)-E4? (U:- ) (; correlation
have the respect
of E(X) Descriptive
y) =1/4,
ù) - ranks the
the
) M7+1) the and, E(n =E(Y)
n
= 1 - same individual ith twothe of1S =-0.2582. +0+| 0
two (y;- 6 xs arranged
coefficient, Coefficient o, =yqlv)-0 E(X}
(,- (2n -1/8,
= = Statistics,
), rank, and
characteristics +1) characteristics, E(Y)- Ep)- =
T)- therefore each
y's. in
n
denoted in order [E(Y= Probability
12 of respect +1/2
A ,- the
of 3/8
and - two byto inmerit 1/2 =
(4, ) general, 1/2, 5/8- + and
isB -J). characteristics
variables p,
1/4 -
is (rank) Distributions
1, 1419
simply =1/4
x regarding wil
and be
Pearson different. A
y
takes and
two
B
 which Solution: examination.
Example
minimumillustrated
minimum, 2. formula
tied Remarks
rank 1.called
Therefore, have,We MarksMarks
Economnics in
Students Hence, 2 1420
shows df=2 Spearman's up. If
=4 equal any
Diference(4Maths.
) Rank in
Rank
Eco.in
Students
in 24.73: This(24.98)
the
Mathenatics
Engineering
Advanced
a Alloting min. n(n (;- when that factor in Spearman's
totwo
good Mathenatics Calculate Example the
p= +1)y)'-E is,
rank is or
Ten 6 x, correctedaverage
positive the 1-=1-2=-1. (2n and zero. is more
correlation to rank
students
the +1) (24.74).
Ed²=30 In
ranks
: rank
n(n-1)
6I(n-1) [2x; have y,
this
Compensated
be individuals
ofcorrelation
correlation p=1
by the
1 1 3 4 1 to 81 78 1 + -
nfn opposite
(n case,x;= adding ranks
got Cov (
+1+1)] coefficient
correlation
the
n(n-1) 62a 0 9 9 2
students,
51 36 2 the coefficient.
are
-2n(n 4x?+ y;i=1,2,
= the they
0 0 1 1 3 91 98following
3 ranks, . , for bracketed,
between factor would
have
coefficient. p each
tied
=1 16 4 6 10 4
we
60 25 4
1° + that also
n(n-1)
Thus n(n m(m'-1)
68 82
75 5marks lies
n(n =
th10(100
e -1) 1 1 4 5 have
5
+ is, n. group 12assumed in then
62
p 1) between
x;
two 180 4 -2 5 3 6 6 in lies Hence, these

characteristics. 0 0 2 2 7 86mathematiCs
90 7 between 1)| + - y;+
4(n =n+ both
where
inEd, to
individuals
+1) maximum -1
to
1.
0.8182, = 58 62
65
39 3 case
0 7 7 8 1; the
-1 Zi=1, of
53
47 x; x's
isp and marginal
4 -2 10
8 6 9
and and value
2,
m are
maximum is
10 .., dys. the
4 8 10 ecornomics 1. of giver
n.
is1.FurtherIn p Thenumber
differencesh
this the
procedure
when
case, of Omen
in iter
end-s
g
 Linear Spendence
Regression
4.13.3
enationship
gnal dependence gession
nple then dof Hence, Thus factors
ation is Due
the
Regression: units (x, anable the Hence, to ple
pointsthein
between
of
observe
yi); average of
the 1=1,
analysis
y y
on as
total thcommon
e h<6
as
|te
fornn
24.
heitheght the correction correction beenranks ra 70 50 4 68
81
45 68 58 62
Obtain
data.
2, x. m(m-1) the 1
dependent
If the . , For one 12
Scatter Correspondi
the ng
two n.exampl of
son e,
of p=1 =
assigned
in
in
following; the
variables (or,
We the
(y2(4-1)3(9-),2-+2+
)
x-series,
thrice.)
the2.5 68rank

diagram are variable

on
two
n(n-1) 6(2+3
d )
12
10 2.5 25
Rank x (54
tabl Correlation
e edependence
inintmorerest commondue to
vald ues the variables,
6 1 6 4
75
68 Descriptive
the Similarly
wil in height which 12 beenthahes 45 50
bivarate
converge
case
in yj may say
=1
average
in
coefficient
81 6A
of Voofof
finding fath,erblood be x 6(x72 3)
10
99 + Rank y Statistics,
y-series,
ranks 3.5 10 3.5 60 80
is 12
stributmulion tivarlate aY,pressure
diaround of(1), random
regarded corresponds the
rank
2 9 6 1
68 75
th
for
e
Probabilty
mat(, hematical thre.v. etc.In
0.545. =
2 1 48 40
in as average following
some (y)
Y,. , nature.
data) general Total: 0 S0 55
y); on an 1
rank3.5 -1
curve, varii=ables soindependent the We 3.
to
assigned
4 1 5 1 1 70 64
data
and
1, measure that we age are m
=
Distributions
2,
called . , in speciwe ty (r) 2,has
of get interested
of
3
and beentwice
the are n,terms the a variable, .a
72 16 25 25
person, assigned2 1 1

related, biofvariate
curve in
and and
1421
the orthe the the the
of
 where Or,
regression or,
On r Hencethe To
and,
of
erchanging the
is obtain
Next, Thus Dividing
Thus
squares,
eeording 1nen linetheLettrom y
of the
coefficient y [Cov dividing the
equation on b, line theirwhich 1fic
the
multiply
x, (24.99) normal value
as (x, of
error
to
estimated
the since y)+ (24.100)
regression the
regression
Of
consists
y-9 of byequations of
of
variables, of the (24.101) n, Ey
principle
estimate the e
of
correlation b= Cov y] =a+b. y wexy, 2 independent
regression.
values in
=b- line = by
passes = = minimising
a+ n, obtain of nappens
regression
of Cov by ( we a na for ie1 of for Yas
we (Z, y) + through estimatinga+
x,+ (y-a-bx)' least Yon It
between
arrive ) = b[o obtain minimum. is
b~ =given
xbe variable. isto
- y) andExy,- +
bx x sauare8, V.
refer
the the
Cov ofy subtract (, Yby line be
(z)]. the
Sum a
at (*, on y). to +a Thestraight
which
the x and weFig. bx. linebest-fit of
and Y) x need
the
equation from of givesline,
and y,
(x-) b
y. is are 24.13,best-nt
squares
to line the the
(24.102), o;- find is best
of PMY regression
of is
the and
a the
estimate
obtained
line we deviations
of
x-(z.
obtain so
b
of is
fregression b,
that
Ux3. the
dependent
of
bythe said
to
priniple
the the be
linear
actual
slope
ofx ..24.10 ..2410
pariable
of and
ony -24 thleof
valies
least foY the
 Solution:
For Cm/sec. independent
ndependent
Example perpendicular
regressionRemark: pOSitive
betFOis thweliAeennglese epeundpson Alwsoia ents Whe b.,
8.35,y,=
11
10, =
observations
150EvaporationvelocityAr eneeincient
mm/sec. the
On
regression
(cm/sec)
coefficient
basis
this of is of (x) burning
of
()
24.75:
and
of variable
There
of
ony
or
negative, then
Ifr=0.

totan
acute e
angle two the
shouldcoefficient
regression
ecraeolgerdfethisceiIonts
wesof he
Thus observetWe
hat
coefficiby
ertwnoi ts
x xare the each regression
needed?
set (mm²/sec)
the dependent, gives change note
of The always
twother.
o = between
and o, tan = and of and
data ony
following
fuel thregression
e coincide. correlation
that br=r
lines that of the
2 available (Y) dropletsx. y two
best If of scale. signof the r=tbyb b,y
xy,=2000,
Xx, Also then is r= is, 1+r the Þ, gven
:0.18 estimate
a
regression =
regression
= estimate
20
60 dependent
are the tl, /2. tw o r of and
2175.40, what in then
Oy
roregression
between
is r y
onrespetively
0.37 measurementsan line Thus, ro
taken Descriptve
).
of x
should 0.35 100 impulse the of lines, y tan coefficients the and
for 8 if
evaporation regression
variable. =0, two astwo of
be0.78 140 engine. given one lines th e
Sy=9,11.
Sr=532,000 the 0.56 180
variables
that
common
variables onx Statistics,
of specific of (24.104) are
expected 0.75 220 of If y is, independent respectively. y
coefficient Find the onyis xthe on 9are X
x = Probablty
1.18 260 the air situationvalue and uncorrelated, 0. and sign and
air Thus,
1.36 300coefficient
velocity(x) used. of (24.105), of isY
velocity when other
x in ofandb,, the
1.17 340
isand of case then tgeometric
he and
in the otherwise, is then
380 air and
of used on x of change b, Distributions
case 1.65 correlation perfect the
velocity
evaporation evaporation when The y.regression mean
correlation, ...24.107) of
y origin of
is being isxline 106)(24 105)(24
210 and r anof lines the
two 1423
but
 and Solution: estimatey
Example
when
=32. I= mm/sec,
Also, (235.735)Thus, Therefore,
114.896,-
Hence, have,We To
When Thus Also, Thus, Further Also
E=
164, find Thus,
n=10, Let 24.76: the the we the
(1.50) the = F=
u 18 23 expectedregression need 210 equation
=- expected 200,
Obtain +
cm/sec,
to
20 27 3.61 x-200 = y
29, find of
air-velocity Cov 0835, heering
Mathematics
u=10, v=y-
uv 357.21
the line =0.95.air-velocity
by= the then y-0.835 the
=a+ = 22 28 line
equation (x,
123, (235.735)(y-0.835) of regression estimated v)
and,
k 25. 27 28 m/sec. x
=0.00383
of by o'v-(0
|148 and corresponding on regression Cov(x,y) o,
=
29 Refer of yis () (0.95) Oy
21 29 the equation
corresponding
+ to 114.89 y xM-
-(1y 10 10 line 0.463 is,
(x r(Yy1210

=30, Eu'Example
=148, 29 30
of
y - of
=200) y
()(0)-217
=3.71, regression to or,
=235.735 0.00383
of
114.89
on (11489)
0.463(0463)
27 31 or,y x 50.54 091|
ù evaporation x on x is
=b+ 24.69, =
o, 0.86 =
235.735 y. to
(210) = 0.00383. -06*r
=0, 29 33 the 0.00383 54-
ofy 4-
F
= Ev=0 have we 28 35 on
evaporation +
0.0069 0.95 (2) =0214,
10164 coefficient+3.161. y x
-0
25+0=25
405 = 29 36
for x 0.069
=
+
0
the 0.8733 Thetefee
5) 0
coefficient
fallowing of
1.30 mm s4
m n
 theline of regression of yon xis
Descriptive Statistics, Probability and Distributions 1425
y-25 = (0.86) 4.05
3.71 (r -30) or,
the
estimated value of y
for X=32 is y (0.94)(02)
y094r 32

rny
24.77:
=5+2.8 and x=3-0.5y be the 32-26,88
Can y
mplerespectively? Exxplain.
x
estiated reressionequations o y
In
the
case given equations happen to be
lon
regression of y on X1s b the cquations of the
tofpossible
since the two =2., and the cocfficient of regression lies, then the
isnot
(2,v). Hence, the given
coefticients regression are always
of regression of x on is
of the same sign by
rat
Cor equations cannot be the regression that of the
equations.
EXERCISE 24.8
. Inanexperimentto determine the relationship between the current flowing ,in an electrical
circuit andthe voltage applied, the results
Current(mA) 5 11 15
obtained are
19 24 28 33
Applicdvoltage (V) : 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Findthe Karl-Pearson's coefficienttof correlation.
2 Agas is being compressed in a closed cylinder and the values of pressures and
corresponding volumes at constant temperature are as shown:
Pressure (k) : 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
Hale(n): 0.034 0.036 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.025 0.020 0.019
Find the coefficient of correlation for these values.
1 The following marks have been obtained by a class of students in statistics
PaperI : 45 55 56 58 60 65 68 70 75 80 85
PaperII : 56 50 48 60 62 64 65 70 74 82 90
Compute the coefficient of correlation for the above data.
Find also the equations of the lines of regression.
Xand Y.
4. Forthe following data,compute the coefficient of correlation between
X-series Y-series
15 15
No. of items
25 18
Arithnetic mean 138
Sum of square of deviations from mean : 136
arithmetic means is
the sum of products of deviations of Xand Yfrom their respective
AISo
122.
given below, find the coefficient of correlation
5. For the bivariate probability distribution
betweenXand Y.
 1426
13. 12. 10. 8.
extraction 9. 7. 6.
process For
extraction Find correlation
and obtained Find ltx, Calculate 68y: X:
65
Discuss RanksC:
by
Ranksby
B:
Ranks
A:
by
following
order: Ten V(/sec)
mx(mðsec)
m: with and
Calculate Advanced
the Total 55-65 45-55 35-45 25-35 15-25 Xwives(y) the competitors Karl-Pearson's
the Xy evaporation
following
obtained coefficient in Xg
time coefficientbetween are
the which rank
68 63
66 67 Engineering
inthrows n rank 6 3 1
is case uncorrelated pair correlation
from
40 data in 0.18 coefficient 20
minutes. of correlation 4 5 6 coefficient
of of of x, 65 64judges of a
20-30correlation + musical 0.375
chemicalgiving
athe 5 0 0 0 5 100 correlation a ) 60 Mathematics
coin. 9 8 5
coefficient
couples and
variables 69 68 (y)
coefficient has 10contest 100 of
30-40 x,+ 66 62
4
correlation. of
industry,effect 20 1 10 from the burning 2/15 M15 1/15
surveyed, between X3 1 7 3 for
each 68 70nearest were 0.78 140
of 40-50
the for the
extraction 44 12 25 3 having 2 10 2 fuel
following 65 66the ranked
find the approach 0.75
0.56 180 following me 1/15 2/15 2/15
the following
71 68
3 2 4 droplets
24
50-60 number the 220
time
4 16 2 2
table 10 1 9 by measurements
same 67 67 to the in
common 5 6 2115 1/15 1/15
69data:
three 1.18 an
on 60-70
giving of S.D' s, 70
68 71 260
inpuse
efficiency the 7 2 5 0 heads
ikings
7 judgs
efficiency Tola
the
avs and
obtain 136
f
10 the A.B
expated vofexantrati 6 25 15 37 17 Dumber
oi
h coeti tuSE
in
and
when
 2/911. 0.381 9. 0.475 6.0.26(a)5.4/9, 8.6/11Exercise
5/6l6.
0.75112 3. 1.
mean=1,
13. 12B, 1809. o 8.
Median 34, 545
Skewedright
(b) mean7.(a) 33,
2

(a) tercise
1
The The
24.2
(p.
0.038,
=
14.95,
O,
=

=
mean
89.5, mean The. 24.1
class (p.
regresidioealPhg/n gasem'):Vcpmre')SEsexutfrraeicEtioxentrac(yt%io) n
l, B, Q,10.9, 115.2, analysisto time
median
1367) =6,
1.806,
= = frequencies 1352) oant
Appty law Pof
(minutes)
22.83,
=6.5,
Q medianmedian 8,8 a is64.7
50gas
B, 89, given
0.332217.0.085014. 0.001612.(a) 10. 30/61l 7.0.7(b0) 22/25(a)4. 2. slightly -0.42111.
1.6/, 6. estimate
Yandcorresponding
c 5
mode 126.4,
1- (365)
Q , 1.774,
- mode are s by51.3 60 x
== 88.2 the
i=1
n P20.89,
positively Q,
18.25, no 5,
(364) =7.88 1.77, 8, tunwlionform Statistirs,P'robabltty
arbrstrittifirons
Descriplive
57 27
(1-p). mode 10, A0.5
70
(363) D, 0.385 15,
positivelyskewed lo
1296 671 .. 10 8, 29Vaous
and 4,
(365 3, lVl-C,
0.215.80.9984(b) (b) P=12.57.
and 1
0.99 8. 7.
skewed and volume,
78
3/25 n n+1
+ platykurtic.
2
1.
1)/(365)", and wleretand(
1 Vieoea
(c)
platykurtic
17/50 23
ANSWERS are
curve. follo

127
 Exercise
0.3774(a)6. 0.2852(a)4. 8/13.9 1, 4 Exercise
7. 0.2637(a)5. 0.0338(a)3.
0.1536(a)2.0.5%,
.0151. 10.(a) Mathematics
Advanced
1428
f5)792 =f(0) 8. 5 2. 1.x .01219. 18.
k=3/8, 1 P,{X F(): P():1/6
= 24.4 24.3
(a)
1, 2 1 = a4/(a,
k}
(p. P{x> = 1/6 1 (p.
+
=924,
f(6) f1)12, = 1390) 3/70 2/70 1) 1379) Engin2)eering
= 2/6 1/6 2
1/2,
0.9997(b) 0.0220(b) 0.9887(b) 0.8779(b) 0.9984(b) 215/1614.(a) 12.
F(x) hrs.
200 6. -7.0Rs.3. 3/6 1/6 4/9.20. (b)
pe'/(1 9/70 18/70 3/70 1 1/(a,
=
4/6 1/6 4 +
- 2)
ge),
=792,
S(7) f(2)6 , = 3/70 18/70 9/70 2
mean 5/6 1/6 5

(1) 2/70
0
3/70 3 0.0372 9. 12.67Rs. 7. 6/6 1/6 (c)
) 0.6083(c) 0.1859(c)
(c19 s1/4.(b) = 1050Rs. 4.
1/(0,
1/p.
var +
2)
95, S3=)20
=48) (r) 1/2(b)
=
 BIercise )ercise
24.6(p. 0.3085l(6a.)0.978215(a.)
13e-0.412t
V=2 7. 6.
b=-0.002,
(0.5754)"
(309.0)
C=0.0029.
a=3.48, y=2.016
y=y=45.74
6.16x +
1.
24.7
0.(4a) 7. nmean(a) 6. 0.3935(a1.
1,4,
12 0.30851.

6,
(a) 0.4586(a)0.6.24yr7.
Ounces
s 4.082 40.l151
(a)3 1/3.1.
45
iercise24.5 (a0).39 1 018134 0.1(a353)
1}!12!x;! I9)=2 0 n!
4,
(p.
+ 1,
0.503y B y (p. (0.35)
1413) 50= 1408) = f(10)66, =
4Nr 1403)
*1
(0.05)
781-08
10. y= 8. 5. 3. 0.4537(b) S.(Db), =0.4346(b) 0.0197.(b) 0.0059(b) 0.2417(b)0.0170(b) 15.9% 8. 0.5403
5. (b) 0.(a6) 2. 0.1315(b) 15.0.4335
4,2 (b)

PV270 y= R= -6 mean *2
(0.60)
=
-0.98 70.052 50,
Descriptive
1.039. + + S.D. 1f(11)
12, =
3.55r 0.292 =
-
22.36 10,
Statistics,
0.27x 0.1889(a)8. (c) 0.3968 2. 0.0121(c) 0.237614.(a) 0.0045(c) 58% 9. ) 6. 16.(1c)
(a67 (0.b)7 18. 16.0023513. 0.3010 11
0.8155 670, (a)
0.060 Probablity
268,54,7, f(12)-1

(b)
1 and
0.7155. 0.0576(b) 184(b)20.275(d) 0.(c5) 97)
0.1532.(b) Distributions

109(c)
1429