SANTINIKETAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

NAME : E.PREM NIVAS

CLASS : XII – ‘B’
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
TOPIC : POLLUTION

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 Certificate

This is to certify that this “Biology project” on the topic

“POLLUTION” has been successfully completed by E. PREM
NIVAS of class XII under the guidance of Mr. M.Ramesh in a
particular fulfillment of curriculum of Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE) leading to the award of Annual
Examination of the year 2023 -2024

DATE :

ROLL NO:

Teacher-In-Charge External Examiner

Principal’s Signature

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to our Principal

Mr. David sir for giving me this opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic “Ebola Virus” which has helped me in doing a lot of
research.

I would extend my thanks to my Biology Teacher Mr. M. Ramesh

sir for providing me with all the support I required all the time.

THANK YOU

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 INDEX
S. TOPICS PAGE
NUMBE
N
RS
O

1. Introduction 5

2. Types of pollution 6

3. Air pollution 7

4. Water pollution 9

5. Soil pollution 11

6. Noise pollution 13

7. conclusion 14

8. Bibliography 15

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 INTRODUCTION

Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the

environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants
are substances that are chemical, physical or biological materials that
contaminate the environment and cause pollution. Pollutants damage
the quality of air, water and land.

Pollution has widespread consequences on human and

environmental health, having systematic impact on social and economic
systems.

Pollution can take any form of any substances (solid, liquid or gas)
or energy such as radioactivity, heat, sound or light. Pollutants, the
components of pollution can be foreign substance, energy or natural
occurring contaminants.

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 TYPES OF POLLUTION

There are four major types of pollution.

 Air pollution
 Water
pollution
 Soil pollution
 Noise
pollution

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AIR POLLUTION:
Air pollution can be defined as the release of harmful
substances such as gases, particulates and biological molecules into the
atmosphere by human activities or due to natural processes. The air
pollutants are the material present in the air that can have adverse
effects on human and the ecosystem. Common gaseous pollutants
include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs) and
nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photo
chemicals ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and
hydrocarbons react to sunlight.

Causes of Air pollution:

 Release of gaseous by industry and motor vehicles

 Burning of trash, Bio chemical wastes and other materials
 Bursting of crackers.
 Deforestation
 Smoking in public places

Effects of Air pollution:

1. Increased risk of respiratory illness and cardiovascular problems

2. Risk of skin disease
3. Risk of cancer
4. Global warming
5. Acid rain
6. Ozone depletion
7. Hazard to wild life

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How to control Air pollution:

 Use natural gases like LPG auto

 Do not burst crackers
 Use less amount of fuel for fuel for vehicles
 Avoid using gas powered lawn and use electric stove, bio gas
 Avoid burning leaves, trash and other materials.

Industry smoke

Vehicles Emission

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WATER POLLUTION:
The contaminants of water with undesirable substance which
makes it unfit for usage is termed as water pollution. When toxic
pollutants are introduced into water bodies such as lakes, rivers and
seas the water gets polluted. Improper sewage treatment and oil spills
made by human in the water bodies leads to contamination of water.

Cause of Water Pollution:

 Dumping solid wastes in water bodies

 Disposing untreated industrial sewage
 Human and animal wastes
 Agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizer

Effects of Water Pollution:

1. Disruption of the eco system

2. Threats to marine life
3. Increased risk of water borne disease
4. Increase toxic chemicals (such as mercury) in water bodies
5. Eutrophication

How to control Water Pollution:

 Rivers should not be used for washing clothes or bathing animals

 Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirements
 Dams and embankment must be created
 Waste should not be dumped in rivers
 Proper channelizing the factory sewage

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Factory waste outlet

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SOIL POLLUTION:
Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals
(pollutants or contaminants) in soil. The degradation of land due to the
presence of chemicals or other man – made substance in the soil.

Cause of Soil Pollution:

 Improper industrial waste disposal

 Oil spills
 Acid rain which is caused by air pollution
 Mining activities
 Intensive farming and agro chemicals (like fertilizers and
pesticides)
 Industrial accidents

Effects of soil pollution:

1. Loss of soil nutrients, which renders the soil unfit for agricultural.
2. Impacts the natural flora and fauna residing in the soil
3. Degrades vegetation due to the increase of the soil
4. Toxic dust (such as silica dust) can cause respiratory problems or
even lung cancer

How to control Soil Pollution:

 Trees should be planted

 Proper waste management
 Avoid using more fertilizers and pesticides
 Avoid using plastics
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 Use organic products

Avoid using plastics

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NOISE POLLUTION:
Noise pollution refers to the excessive amount of noise in the
surrounding that disrupts the natural balance. Any sound which is over
85 decibels is considered to be detrimental. A normal conversation is
around 60 decibels, and jet taking is around 150 decibels. Noise
pollution is more other types of pollution.

Causes of Noise Pollution:

 Industry – oriented noises such as heavy machines, mills, factories

etc
 Transportation noises from vehicles, airplane etc
 Construction noises
 Noises from social events (loud speakers, fire crackers, etc)
 House hold noise (such as mixers, TV, washing machines etc)

Effects of Noise Pollution:

1. Hearing loss
2. Tinnitus
3. Sleeping disorders
4. Hypertension (high BP)
5. Communication problems

How to control Noise Pollution:

 Sound proof technology

 Sound horn symbol in the main public places
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CONCLUSION:
Every kind of pollution leaves a huge negative impact n our
environment, human lives, animals etc. we citizens must take
responsible steps towards a better tomorrow. All should try to adopt
4R’s method Recycle, Reuse, Reduce and Recover.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.google.com

www.who.int/news-room

https://images.app.goo.gl

https://en.m.wikipedia.org

www.everydayhealth.com

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