(Maa 1.9) Mathematical Induction

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
Mathematics: analysis and approaches
MAA
EXERCISES [MAA 1.9]

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis
O. Practice questions
1. [Maximum mark: 7] [with GDC]

It is given that
n 2 (n  1) 2 n
n 2 (n  1) 2
13  2 3  33  ⋯  n 3 
4
(or otherwise  r3 
r 1 4
)
(a) Show that the result is true for

(i) n  1 , (ii) n  2 , (iii) n  3.
(b) Find 13  23  33  ⋯  203 .
(c) Find the least value of n such that 13  23  33  ⋯  n3  1000000
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Page 1
[MAA 1.9] MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
2. [Maximum mark: 7] [with GDC]

Show by mathematical induction that for any n  ℤ 
n 2 (n  1) 2 n
n 2 (n  1) 2
13  2 3  33  ⋯  n 3 
4
(or otherwise  r3 
r 1 4
)
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Page 2
A-B. Exam style questions (SHORT OR LONG)
DIVISIBILITY
3. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]
Using mathematical induction, prove that 10n  1 is a multiple of 9, for n  +.
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Page 3
Using mathematical induction, prove that n 3  2n is divisible by 3, for n  +.
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Page 4

Using mathematical induction, prove that 5n  3 is divisible by 4, for n = 1,2, …
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Page 5
Using mathematical induction, prove that 22n – 3n – 1 is divisible by 9, for n = 1,2, …
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Page 6
Use mathematical induction to prove that 5n + 9n + 2 is divisible by 4, for n  +.
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Page 7
Prove by induction that 12 n  2(5 n 1 ) is a multiple of 7 for n  +
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Page 8
SERIES
Use mathematical induction to prove that for n  +,

n
n(n  1)(2n  1)
r
r 1
2

6
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Page 9

Use mathematical induction to prove that for n  2
1 2 3 n  1 n!1
  ⋯ 
2! 3! 4! n! n!
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Page 10

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Page 11

Using mathematical induction, prove that for all positive integers
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Page 12

(a) Use mathematical induction to prove that
[6]
(b) Hence show that the sum of the first n  1 terms of the series
[3]
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Page 13

(a) Use mathematical induction to prove that
(b) Find the minimum number of terms of the series for the sum to exceed 109.
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Page 14
SEQUENCES

An arithmetic sequence is defined recursively by
the first term u1
and the recursive relation u n 1  u n  d
Prove by mathematical induction the general formula u n  u1  ( n  1) d , for n  +
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Page 15
A geometric sequence is defined recursively by

the first term u1
and the recursive relation u n 1  u n r
Prove by mathematical induction the general formula u n  u1 r n 1 , for n  +
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Page 16

A sequence is defined recursively by
the first term u1  10
and the recursive relation u n 1  2u n  2
Prove by mathematical induction that u n  3( 2) n 1  2 , for n  +
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Page 17
18*. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]

A sequence is defined recursively by
the first two terms u1  5 and u 2  8
and the recursive relation u n 1  2u n  u n 1
Prove by induction that u n  3n  2 , for n  +
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Page 18
INEQUALITIES
Prove by mathematical induction that
(n  1)! 2 n n for any integer n  3 .
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Page 19

Prove by mathematical induction that
3 n  n 2  2n for any integer n  2 .
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Page 20
TRIGONOMETRY

Prove by mathematical induction that for all n  Z  , sin x  0 ,
sin 2n x
 cos x  cos 2 x ⋯  cos 2n 1 x  
2n sin x
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Page 21
22**. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

(a) Show that sin 2nx  sin(( 2n  1) x ) cos x  cos(( 2n  1) x ) sin x . [2]
(b) Hence prove, by mathematical induction,
sin 2nx
cos x  cos 3 x  cos 5 x  ⋯  cos(( 2n  1) x ) 
2 sin x
for all n  Z  , sin x  0 [8]
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Page 22
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Page 23
23**. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

(a) Show that cos 2nx  cos(( 2n  1) x ) cos x  sin(( 2n  1) x ) sin x . [2]
(b) Hence prove, by mathematical induction,
1  cos 2nx
sin x  sin 3x  sin 5 x  ⋯  sin(( 2n  1) x ) 
2 sin x
for all n  Z  , sin x  0 [8]
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Page 24
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Page 25
DERIVATIVES

Let f ( x)  ln x . Prove by mathematical induction that
( n  1)!
f ( n ) ( x)  ( 1) n 1
xn
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Page 26

Let f ( x)  e3 x
( n)
(a) Find the first three derivatives of f (x ) , and thus guess a formula for f ( x) . [4]
(b) Prove by mathematical induction that your guess is true. [6]
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Page 27

The function f is defined by f ( x)  ln( x  1)
Let f ( n ) ( x) denote the result of differentiating f (x) with respect to x, n times.
a
(a) Find f ( x) , f ( x) , f ( x) , and f (4) ( x) , each in the form [5]
( x  1) m
(b) Guess a formula for f ( n ) ( x) . [3]
(c) Use mathematical induction to prove that your guess is true. [7]
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Page 28
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Page 29

Given that the derivative of x is 1, and using only the product rule, prove by
d n
mathematical induction that (x ) = nxn–1, for all positive integer values of n.
dx
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Page 30
dn  nπ 
Using mathematical induction, prove that n
(cos x)  cos  x   for all positive
dx  2 
integer values of n.
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Page 31

The function f is defined by f ( x)  e px ( x  1) , here p  .
(i) Show that f ( x )  e px ( p ( x  1)  1) .
(ii) Let f ( n ) ( x ) denote the result of differentiating f ( x ) with respect to x, n times.

Use mathematical induction to prove that
f ( n ) ( x)  p n 1e px ( p ( x  1)  n) , n  ℤ
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Page 32

Given that y  xe  x ,
dy
(a) find
dx
dn y
(b) use mathematical induction to prove that, for n  +, n
 (1) n 1 e  x (n  x)
dx
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Page 33

The function f is defined by f ( x )  xe 2 x .
f ( n ) ( x)  (2n x  n 2n 1 )e 2 x
for all n  , where f ( n ) ( x ) represents the n th derivative of f ( x ) .
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Page 34

The function f is defined by f ( x )  sin 2 x .
f (2 n ) ( x)  (4) n sin 2 x
for all n  , where f ( n ) ( x ) represents the n th derivative of f ( x ) .
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COMPLEX NUMBERS

(a) Evaluate (1 + i)2, where i = 1 . [2]
(b) Prove, by mathematical induction, that (1 + i)4n = (–4)n, where n  *. [6]

(c) Hence or otherwise, find (1 + i)32. [2]
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Page 36

Use mathematical induction to prove De Moivre’s theorem
(cosθ+ i sinθ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ), n +

.
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Page 38

(Maa 1.9) Mathematical Induction

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(Maa 1.9) Mathematical Induction

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

EXERCISES [MAA 1.9]

1. [Maximum mark: 7] [with GDC]

(a) Show that the result is true for

(c) Find the least value of n such that 13  23  33  ⋯  n3  1000000

2. [Maximum mark: 7] [with GDC]

A-B. Exam style questions (SHORT OR LONG)

3. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

Using mathematical induction, prove that 10n  1 is a multiple of 9, for n  +.

4. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

Using mathematical induction, prove that n 3  2n is divisible by 3, for n  +.

5. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

6. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

Using mathematical induction, prove that 22n – 3n – 1 is divisible by 9, for n = 1,2, …

7. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

Use mathematical induction to prove that 5n + 9n + 2 is divisible by 4, for n  +.

8. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

Prove by induction that 12 n  2(5 n 1 ) is a multiple of 7 for n  +

9. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

Use mathematical induction to prove that for n  +,

10. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

11. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

12. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

13. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]

14. [Maximum mark: 11] [without GDC]

15. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

16. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

A geometric sequence is defined recursively by

Prove by mathematical induction the general formula u n  u1 r n 1 , for n  +

17. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

Prove by mathematical induction that u n  3( 2) n 1  2 , for n  +

18*. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]

Prove by induction that u n  3n  2 , for n  +

20*. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

21. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

22**. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

23**. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

24. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

25. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

26. [Maximum mark: 15] [without GDC]

Let f ( n ) ( x) denote the result of differentiating f (x) with respect to x, n times.

27. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

28. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

29. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

(i) Show that f ( x )  e px ( p ( x  1)  1) .

(ii) Let f ( n ) ( x ) denote the result of differentiating f ( x ) with respect to x, n times.

30. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

31. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]

for all n  , where f ( n ) ( x ) represents the n th derivative of f ( x ) .

32. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

for all n  , where f ( n ) ( x ) represents the n th derivative of f ( x ) .

33. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

(b) Prove, by mathematical induction, that (1 + i)4n = (–4)n, where n  *. [6]

34. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

(cosθ+ i sinθ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ), n +

35. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

Use mathematical induction to prove that for n  +,

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