(Maa 1.13-1.15) Complex Numbers (Polar Form)

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
Mathematics: analysis and approaches
MAA
EXERCISES [MAA 1.13-1.15]

COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)
Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis
POLAR FORM – DE MOIVRE
O. Practice questions
1. [Maximum mark: 16] [with / without GDC]

Write down the polar form of the following complex numbers
Cartesian form Polar form

x  yi rcis r  cos  i sin   re i 
1
i
8
8i
8i

Write down the Cartesian form of the following complex numbers
Polar form Cartesian form Polar form Cartesian form

π
4cis0 6cis
2
 π
5cisπ 7cis   
 2
Page 1
[MAA 1.13-1.15] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

Find the polar form rcis of the complex numbers
z1  1  i , z 2  1  i , z 3  1  i , z4  1  i
and represent them on the complex plane.
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Page 2
4. [Maximum mark: 18] [without GDC]

Let z  2cis10 and w  6cis20
(a) Express the following results in the polar form rcis
zw
w
z
z
w
z2
z3
z3
w2
[12]
(b) Express zw  z 3 in polar and hence in Cartesian form x  yi . [3]
(c) Find the minimum positive integer n such that z n

(i) is a real number
(ii) is a positive real number
(iii) is an imaginary number [3]
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Page 3

(a) Find the polar form of the complex numbers z  1  i and w  3  i
using degrees for the arguments. [4]
(b) Find zw by using the Cartesian forms. [2]
(c) Find zw by using the polar forms. [2]
(d) Deduce the exact values of cos15 , sin 15 and tan 15 . [6]
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Page 4
A. Exam style questions (SHORT)
Let z  3  i
(a) Find the polar form rcis of the complex numbers z and  z . [4]
(b) Find the polar form rcis of the complex numbers z and  z . [4]
(c) Represent the four complex numbers above on the Complex plane. [2]
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Page 5

1 1
Find the polar form of the complex numbers z  1  i 3 , w   i , u  2 3  2i
2 2
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π π 5π
Given that z  2 cis , w  cis( ) , u  4cis , find the polar form of
3 4 6
z z6
(i) zw (ii) (iii) u 3 (iv)
w w4 u 3
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Page 6
(a) Find the polar form of z  1  i 3

1 a
(b) Hence, express in the form where a, b  Z .
(1  i 3) 3
b
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 
Let z1 = a  cos  i sin  and z2 = b  cos   i sin  
 4 4  3 3
3
z 
Express  1  in the form z  x  yi .
 z2 
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Page 7

 π π
Let z1  r  cos  i sin  and z2  1  3 i .
 4 4
(a) Write z2 in modulus-argument form. [3]
(b) Find the value of r if z1 z2 3  2 [3]
(c) Find the argument of z1 z23 . [2]
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Page 8

6 i 2
Let z1  , and z2  1  i .
2
π π
(a) Write z1 and z2 in the form r (cos   i sin  ) , where r  0 and –   . [6]
2 2
z1 π π
(b) Show that  cos  i sin [2]
z2 12 12
z
(c) Find the value of 1 in the form a  bi , where a and b are to be determined
z2
exactly in radical (surd) form. Hence or otherwise find the exact values of
π π
cos and sin . [4]
12 12
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Page 9

Consider z  cos   i sin 
(a) Find z 3 by using de Moivre's theorem [1]

(b) Find z 3 by using the binomial theorem [3]
(c) Compare the results for z 3 and deduce formulas for cos 3 and sin 3 ; express
cos 3 in terms of cos  only and sin 3 in terms of sin  only. [5]
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Page 10

(a) Find z 4 by using de Moivre's theorem. [1]

(b) Find z 4 by using the binomial theorem. [4]
(c) Compare the results for z 4 and deduce formulas for cos 4 and sin 4 . [4]
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Page 11

(a) Use de Moivre's theorem to show that
z n  z  n  2 cos n
z n  z  n  2i sin n . [4]
(b) Expand ( z  z 1 ) 2 and ( z  z 1 ) 2 and deduce formulas for cos2  and sin 2  . [6]
(c) Expand ( z  z 1 )3 and ( z  z 1 )3 and deduce formulas for cos3  and sin 3  . [6]
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Page 12

(a) Use de Moivre's theorem to show that
z n  z  n  2 cos n
z n  z  n  2i sin n . [4]
(b) Expand ( z  z 1 ) 4 and ( z  z 1 ) 4 and deduce formulas for cos4  and sin 4  . [8]
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Page 13
Given that z   b  i  , where b is real and positive, find the exact value of b when
2
arg z  60 .
METHOD A: Expand  b  i  and then consider the argument of z

2
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METHOD B: Think of the argument of b  i first
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Page 14
18*. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]
Find, in its simplest form, the argument of  sin   i(1  cos  )  where θ is an acute
2
angle.
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Page 15

The complex numbers z1 and z 2 are z1  2  i , z2  3  i .
(a) Find z1 z 2 , giving your answer in the form a  ib , a, b  R . [1]
 1
(b) The polar form of z1 may be written as  5 , arctan  .
 2
(i) Express the polar form of z 2 , z1 z 2 in a similar way.
 1 1
(ii) Hence show that  arctan  arctan [5]
4 2 3
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Page 16
   
n n
Prove that 3i  3 i is real, where n 
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Page 17
Let z1  (1  i 3) m and z2  (1  i) n .
(a) Find the modulus and argument of z1 and z2 in terms of m and n , respectively. [6]
(b) Hence, find the smallest positive integers m and n such that z1  z2 . [6]
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Page 18

A complex number z is such that z  z  3i .
3
(a) Show that the imaginary part of z is . [2]
2
(b) Let z1 and z2 be the two possible values of z , such that z  3.
(i) Sketch a diagram to show the points which represent z1 and z2 in the
complex plane, where z1 is in the first quadrant.
π
(ii) Show that arg z1  .
6
(iii) Find arg z2 . [4]
 z1k z2 
(c) Given that arg    π , find a value of k . [4]
 2i 
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Page 19

2 3
 π π  π π
 cos – i sin   cos  i sin 
Consider the complex number z   4 4  3 3 .
4
 π π 
 cos – i sin 
 24 24 
(a) (i) Find the modulus of z .
(ii) Find the argument of z , giving your answer in radians. [4]
(b) Using De Moivre’s theorem, show that z is a cube root of one, i.e. z 3  1 . [2]
(c) Simplify (1  2 z )(2  z ) , expressing your answer in the form a  bi , where a and
2
b are exact real numbers. [5]
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Page 20
THE EQUATION z n  a
O. Practice questions

Complete the following table with the n -th roots of 1
Roots
Equation Polar form Cartesian form
z0  cis0 z0  1
z2  1 z1  cisπ z1  1
z0  cis0
2π
z1  cis
z3  1 3
4π
z2  cis
3
z4  1
z5  1 (only Polar form here)
z6  1
Page 21

Solve the following equations and represent the solutions in the complex plane.
(a) z 3  1 , (b) z 3  i , (c) z 3  i
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Page 22
A. Exam style questions (SHORT)

Solve the following equations
(a) z 4  16 , (b) z 4  16 , (c) z 4  16i (d) z 4  8 2  8 2i
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Page 23
Solve the equation z 5  16 2  16 2i
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Let x and y be real numbers, and  be one of the complex solutions of the equation
z 3  1 . Evaluate:
(a) 1   2 [2]
(b) ( x   y )( x   y )
2 2
[4]
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Page 24

2π 2π
Let w  cos  i sin .
5 5
(a) Show that w is a root of the equation z 5  1  0 . [3]
(b) Show that ( w  1)( w  w  w  w  1)  w  1 and deduce that
4 3 2 5
w4  w3  w2  w  1  0 . [3]
2π 4π 1
(c) Hence, show that cos  cos  . [6]
5 5 2
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Page 25

(a) Express z 5  1 as a product of two factors, one of which is linear. [2]
(b) Find the zeros of z 5  1 , giving your answers in the form r (cos   i sin  ) , where
r  0 and  π    π . [3]
(c) Express z 4  z 3  z 2  z  1 as a product of two real quadratic factors. [5]
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Page 26

Given that z  ,
(a) solve the equation z 3  8i  0 , giving your answers in the form z  r c i s  .
[Notice: in other words, find the cube roots of 8i ] [6]
(b) show the roots on an Argand diagram. [2]
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Page 27

(a) Use de Moivre’s theorem to find the roots of the equation z 4  1  i . [6]
(b) Draw these roots on an Argand diagram. [2]
(c) If z1 is the root in the first quadrant and z2 is the root in the second quadrant, find
z2
in the form a  bi . [4]
z1
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Page 28

The complex number z is defined by
 2π 2π   π π
z  4  cos  i sin  4 3  cos  i sin 
 3 3   6 6
(a) Express z in the form rei , where r and  have exact values.
(b) Find the cube roots of z , expressing in the form rei , where rei have exact
values.
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Page 29
B. Exam style questions (LONG)

(a) The complex number z is defined by z  cos   i sin  .
1
(i) Show that  cos(  )  i sin(  ) .
z
(ii) Deduce that z n  z  n  2 cos n . [5]
(b) (i) Find the binomial expansion of ( z  z 1 )5 .
1
(ii) Hence show that cos 5   (a cos 5  b cos 3  c cos  ) ,
16
where a, b, c are positive integers to be found. [5]
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(a) Expand and simplify ( x  1)( x 4  x3  x 2  x  1) . [2]
(b) Given that b is a root of the equation z 5  1  0 which does not lie on the real axis
in the Argand diagram, show that 1  b  b 2  b3  b 4  0 . [3]
(c) If u  b  b 4 and v  b 2  b3 show that

(i) u  v  uv  1 ;
(ii) u  v  5 , given that u  v  0 . [8]
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Consider z 5  32  0 .
  2π   2π  
(a) Show that z1=2  cos    i sin    is one of the complex roots of this equation. [3]
  5   5 
(b) Find z12, z13, z14, z15, giving your answer in the modulus argument form. [4]
(c) Plot the points that represent z1, z12, z13, z14, z15, in the complex plane. [3]
(d) The point z1n is mapped to z1n 1 by a composition of two linear transformations,
where n = 1, 2, 3, 4. Give a full geometric description of the two transformations. [2]
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Page 32

π
i
(a) Express the complex number 1  i in the form ae b , where a, b  +.
. [2]
n
 1 i 
(b) Using the result from (a), show that   , where n  , has only eight distinct
 2
values [5]
(c) Hence solve the equation z n  1  0 . [2]
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Page 33
Let u  1  3i and v  1  i , where i 2  1 .
u 3 1 3 1
(a) (i) Show that   i.
v 2 2
(ii) By expressing both u and v in modulus-argument form show that
u  π π
 2  cos  i sin  .
v  12 12 
π
(iii) Hence find the exact value of tan in the form a  b 3 where a, b  . [15]
12
(b) Use mathematical induction to prove that for n  +.
,
 nπ
1  3i  nπ
n
 2n  cos  i sin . [7]
 3 3 
2v  u
(c) Let z  .
2v  u
Show that Re z  0 . [6]
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Page 35

(a) (i) Factorize t 3  3t 2  3t  1 , giving your answer as a product of a linear factor
and a quadratic factor.
(ii) Hence find all the exact solutions to the equation t 3  3t 2  3t  1  0 . [5]
(b) Using de Moivre’s theorem and the binomial expansion.
(i) show that cos 3  cos3   3cos  sin 2  ;
(ii) write down a similar expression for sin 3 . [7]
3 tan   tan 3 
(c) (i) Hence show that tan 3  .
1  3 tan 2 
(ii) Find the values of  , 0    180 , for which this identity is not valid. [7]
(d) Using th results from parts (a) and (c), find the exact values of tan15 and
tan 75 . [7]
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Page 37
40*. [Maximum mark: 20] [without GDC] [needs differentiation]

Let y  cos   i sin 
dy
(a) Show that  iy [ i may be treated in the same way as a real constant] [3]
d
(b) Solve the differential equation in (a) to show that y  ei . [5]
(c) Use this result to deduce de Moivre’s theorem. [2]
sin 6
(d) (i) Given that  a cos5   b cos3   c cos  , where sin   0 , use
sin 
de Moivre’s theorem with n  6 to find the values of the constants a, b and c .
sin 6
(ii) Hence deduce the value of lim . [10]
 0 sin 
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Page 39
41. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC] [needs integration]

Consider the complex number z  cos   i sin  .
1
(a) Using De Moivre’s theorem show that zn   2 cos n . [2]
zn
4
 1 1
 show that cos  = (cos 4  4 cos 2  3)
4
(b) By expanding  z  [4]
 z 8
a
(c) Find  0
cos 4 d . [4]
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Page 40

(Maa 1.13-1.15) Complex Numbers (Polar Form)

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(Maa 1.13-1.15) Complex Numbers (Polar Form)

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

EXERCISES [MAA 1.13-1.15]

POLAR FORM – DE MOIVRE

1. [Maximum mark: 16] [with / without GDC]

Cartesian form Polar form

2. [Maximum mark: 4] [with / without GDC]

Polar form Cartesian form Polar form Cartesian form

3. [Maximum mark: 10] [with / without GDC]

4. [Maximum mark: 18] [without GDC]

(c) Find the minimum positive integer n such that z n

5. [Maximum mark: 14] [without GDC]

A. Exam style questions (SHORT)

6. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

7. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]

8. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

9. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

(a) Find the polar form of z  1  i 3

10. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

11. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

(b) Find the value of r if z1 z2 3  2 [3]

(c) Find the argument of z1 z23 . [2]

12. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

13. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]

(a) Find z 3 by using de Moivre's theorem [1]

14. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]

(a) Find z 4 by using de Moivre's theorem. [1]

15. [Maximum mark: 16] [without GDC]

16. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

17. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

METHOD A: Expand  b  i  and then consider the argument of z

METHOD B: Think of the argument of b  i first

18*. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

19*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

20. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

21. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

22. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

23. [Maximum mark: 11] [without GDC]

b are exact real numbers. [5]

24. [Maximum mark: 15] [without GDC]

z5  1 (only Polar form here)

25. [Maximum mark: 15] [without GDC]

A. Exam style questions (SHORT)

26. [Maximum mark: 16] [without GDC]

(a) z 4  16 , (b) z 4  16 , (c) z 4  16i (d) z 4  8 2  8 2i

27. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the equation z 5  16 2  16 2i

28. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

29*. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

30*. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

(c) Express z 4  z 3  z 2  z  1 as a product of two real quadratic factors. [5]

31. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

32. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

33. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

B. Exam style questions (LONG)

34. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

(b) (i) Find the binomial expansion of ( z  z 1 )5 .

35*. [Maximum mark: 13] [without GDC]

in the Argand diagram, show that 1  b  b 2  b3  b 4  0 . [3]

(c) If u  b  b 4 and v  b 2  b3 show that

(ii) u  v  5 , given that u  v  0 . [8]

36. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]