INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Mathematics: applications and interpretation

MAI

EXERCISES [MAI 1.9-1.11]

COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis

A. Paper 1 questions (SHORT)

1. [Maximum mark: 8] [try to answer without GDC]

Write down the polar form of the following complex numbers

Cartesian form Polar form

x  yi rcis r  cos  i sin   re i 

1

i

8

8i

8i

2. [Maximum mark: 4] [try to answer without GDC]

Write down the Cartesian form of the following complex numbers

Polar form Cartesian form Polar form Cartesian form


4cis0 6cis
2
 
5cis 7cis   
 2

Page 1
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

3. [Maximum mark: 6]
Find the polar form rcis of the complex numbers
z1  1  i , z 2  1  i , z 3  1  i , z4  1  i
and represent them on the complex plane.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 2
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

4. [Maximum mark: 6]

Let z  3  i
(a) Find the polar form rcis of the complex numbers z and  z . [2]
(b) Find the polar form rcis of the complex numbers z and  z . [2]
(c) Represent the four complex numbers above on the Complex plane. [2]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 3
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

5. [Maximum mark: 8] [try to answer without GDC]

Let z  2cis20 and w  6cis40
(a) Express the following results in the polar form rcis

zw

w
z
z
w

z2

z3

[5]
(b) Express zw  z 3 in polar and hence in Cartesian form x  yi . [3]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

6. [Maximum mark: 4]
The complex number z is defined by
 2 2    
z  4  cos  i sin  4 3  cos  i sin 
 3 3   6 6
i
Express z in the form re .

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
Page 4
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

7. [Maximum mark: 7]
(a) Find the polar form for each of the complex numbers
1 1
z  1 i 3 w  i u  2 3  2i [3]
2 2
(b) Then find the polar form of
z
(i) zw (ii) (iii) u 2 (iv) zwu [4]
w
[use degrees for the argument]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 5
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

8. [Maximum mark: 8]
6 i 2
Let z1  , and z2  1  i .
2
z
(a) Find the value of 1 in the form a  bi , [2]
z2
π π
(a) Write z1 and z2 in the form rcis , where r  0 and – < < . [2]
2 2
z1  
(b) Show that  cos  i sin . [2]
z2 12 12
(c) Hence find the exact values of cos  and sin  . Justify your answer. [2]
12 12

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
Page 6
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

9. [Maximum mark: 4]

Let z1  a  cos   i sin   and z2  b  cos   i sin  

 4 4  3 3
2
z 
Express  2  in Cartesian form.
 z1 

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

10. [Maximum mark: 9]


Let z  rcis and. w  3cis
5
(a) Express in terms of r and  the following
z
(i) zw (ii) (ii) zw2 [6]
w
(b) Describe geometrically the effect of w on z , for the operations in question (a). [3]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 7
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

11. [Maximum mark: 6]

Given that z  (b  i) 2 , where b is real and positive, find the exact value of b when
arg z  60 .

METHOD A: Expand (b  i) 2 and then consider the argument of z .

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

METHOD B: Think of the argument of b  i first.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 8
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

12. [Maximum mark: 4]

Let
z  2cis  x  1  2e( x 1)i  2[cos  x  1  i sin  x  1]

w  3cis  x  2   3e ( x  2)i  3[cos  x  2   i sin  x  2 ]

Write down the three corresponding expressions of the polar form for the product zw .

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

13. [Maximum mark: 7]

Let
z  2cis  0.2 x   2e 0.2 xi  2[cos  0.2 x   i sin  0.2 x ]

w  8cis  0.8 x   8e 0.8 xi  8[cos  0.8 x   i sin  0.8 x ]

Write down the three corresponding expressions of the polar form
(a) for the product zw . [4]
w
(b) For the quotient [3]
z

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 9
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

14. [Maximum mark: 7]

Let z  2e(2 x 1)i and w  3e (2 x 3)i

(a) Find z  w in the form Ae (2 x  B )i [5]

(b) Hence express
(i) 2 cos(2 x  1)  3cos(2 x  3) in the form A cos(2 x  B)

(ii) 2sin(2 x  1)  3sin(2 x  3) in the form A sin(2 x  B ) [2]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 10
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

15. [Maximum mark: 7]

Let z  3e(0.2 x 1)i and w  5e 0.2 xi

(a) Find z  w in the form Ae (0.2 x  B )i [5]

(b) Hence express
(i) 3cos(0.2 x  1)  5cos(0.2 x) in the form A cos(0.2 x  B)

(ii) 3sin(0.2 x  1)  5sin(0.2 x) in the form A sin(0.2 x  B ) [2]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 11
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

16. [Maximum mark: 8]

Let A(t )  10 cos(3t  4) and B (t )  20 cos(3t  5)

A(t ) and B (t ) are the real parts of the complex numbers z A and z B respectively.

(a) Express z A and z B in the form rcis and rei , where  is in terms of t . [2]

(b) Find z A  z B in the form rei where  is in terms of t . [5]

(c) Hence, express A(t )  B (t ) in the form a cos(3t  b) [1]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 12
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

17. [Maximum mark: 10]

Let A(t )  7 sin(0.7t ) and B (t )  sin(0.7t  5)

Find A(t )  B (t ) in the form a sin(0.7t  b) by using two different methods

(a) Using complex numbers. [6]
(b) Using trigonometry, by observing the graph of the function A(t )  B (t ) . [4]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 13
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

18. [Maximum mark: 10]

Let A(t )  5.1sin(t ) and B (t )  3.2sin(t  5)

Find A(t )  B (t ) in the form a sin(t  b) by using two different methods

(a) Using complex numbers. [6]
(b) Using trigonometry, by observing the graph of y  5.1sin x  3.2sin( x  5) . [4]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 14
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

B. Paper 2 questions (LONG)

19. [Maximum mark: 12]

(a) Find the polar form of the complex numbers z  1  i and w  3  i [2]
(b) Find zw by using the Cartesian forms. [2]
(c) Find zw by using the polar forms. [2]

(d) Deduce the exact values of cos15
, sin 15
and tan 15
[6]
[use degrees for the arguments]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 15
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

20. [Maximum mark: 11]

Let z  2  3i

(a) Find zi , zi 2 and zi3 and represent them on the diagram above. [4]

2 
The Euler polar form of z is rei where tan   , 0   .
3 2
(b) Find r [2]
(c) Express zi , zi 2 and zi 3 in Euler form in terms of  and describe geometrically
the result. [5]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 16
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

21. [Maximum mark: 10]

A complex number z  x  yi is such that z  z  3i .
3
(a) Show that the imaginary part of z is . [3]
2
(b) Let z1 and z2 be the two possible values of z , such that z  3 .
(i) Sketch a diagram to show the points which represent z1 and z2 in the
complex plane, where z1 is in the first quadrant.
π
(ii) Show that arg z1  .
6
(iii) Find arg z2 .
(iv) Write down the values of z1 and z2 in polar form. [7]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Page 17
 [MAI 1.9-1.11] COMPLEX NUMBERS (POLAR FORM)

22. [Maximum mark: 15]

Let y  cos   i sin 

dy
(a) Show that  iy [ i may be treated in the same way as a real constant] [3]
d
dy
(b) Find the value of y and the value of , when   0 [2]
d
(c) Solve the differential equation in (a) to show that y  ei . [5]
(d) Use this result to deduce that
(i) (cos   i sin  )(cos   i sin  )  cos(   )  i sin(   )

cos   i sin 
(iι)  cos(   )  i sin(   )
cos   i sin 
(iii) (cos   i sin  )3  cos 3  i sin 3 [5]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
Page 18