Stories and Writing: English 10 Q1

Reviewer
Myth
A traditional story with adventures, supernatural beings or stories of important events to
explain a practice or a natural phenomenon.

ex. Arachne, Orpheus, Odin

Context Map
A diagram that depicts relationships of concepts.

Textual Aids
Refer to written texts, prints, and other ways of writing or depictions of essential words
graphs or pictures to give an idea about a certain topic.

Types of Textual Aids

Pie chart - expresses the part-whole- Bar graph - compares things from
relationships of an idea to its different groups over time.
subsections

Line graph - expresses trends as a Histogram - graphical distribution of

series of data points connected by a data over time
straight line

Graphic Organizers
Visual display of key content or information.

Examples of Graphic Organizers

1. Concept map - relationships of ideas

2. Flow chart - sequence of events

3. Element of a Plot/Plot Diagram - elements of a story

Stories and Writing: English 10 Q1 Reviewer 1

 4. Venn Diagram - similarities and differences

5. Cause and Effect

6. Main Idea and Details Chart - reading material

Public Speaking
A good public speaker is:

Well prepared Convey unique They provide actionable

messages. content.

They are good They simplify They share instead of

storytellers. complex concepts. sell.

They are always open to questions.

Tone Coherence
The attitude of the writer/speaker/audience The consistency of the speech, considering
which is seen through word choice or the the flow, and unity of words.
viewpoint of the speaker.

Cohesion Fluency Correctness

The ability to organize The ability to articulate The ability to address the
speech with proper grammar ideas into words quickly. audience in an appropriate
and lexicon. manner.

Misinformation and Disinformation

Misinformation Disinformation
Information believed as factual, such as Deliberate false information, usually for
rumors and pranks. malicious purposes

Identifying Accessible and Effective Information

1. Dictionary - definitions 6. Academic Journals - compiled and

Stories and Writing: English 10 Q1 Reviewer 2

 2. Thesaurus - synonyms written by scholars/researchers

3. Books - validated sources of 7. Encyclopedia - facts/trivia

information
8. Almanac - annual calendar
4. Internet - links
9. Newspaper - daily events, source of
5. Magazines - lifestyle. local info.

10. Letters - formal and informal

Elements of a Story
Character Plot
The sequence of events.
Types of Characters
Dynamic Character -develops along the Parts of the Plot
story
Exposition
Flat Character - shows one specific trait
Rising Action
Round Character - shows both good
Climax
and bad traits
Falling Action
Static Character - stays the same
throughout Resolution

Setting Deus ex Machina

The setting is the place, the time and the Conflict is resolved by sudden appearance
environment in which a story takes place. of a character or an implausible event

Conflict Point of View

The struggle between opposing Pinpoints the narration, who tells the story.
forces.
Types of POV
Types of Conflicts First Person - I/Me/My
Person vs Person
Second Person - You/Yours
Person vs Environment/Nature
Third Person - They/Them, He/His, She/Her
Person vs Self

Stories and Writing: English 10 Q1 Reviewer 3

 Person vs Society

Person vs Technology

Person vs Supernatural

Figures of Speech
Words or phrases deviating from their original meaning that creates a new entire meaning in
of it itself.

Simile Metaphor Personification Hyperbole

Indirect Comparison Direct Describing Exaggeration of
(like or as) Comparison something as if speech.
they are human.

Assonance Euphemism Irony

Similar Positive Scripting The opposite of what it meant.
sounding
Polite expressions in Types:
vowels with
replace of (your road)
different Situation - opposite of expectations
rude, offensive or
consonants. Verbal - opposite from meaning
disrespectful words or
phrases. Dramatic - beyond the expectation of a
character in a story.

Litotes Caesura Alliteration Allusion

An understatement A rhythmic pause Repetition of References famous
of an/the affirmative in a poetic line or initial consonant people, places,
by using a negative a sentence. sounds things, or objects.
phrase.

Metonymy Onomatopoeia Oxymoron

Substitute words to Using sounds to describe Twi words that contradict
something closely actions. but used together make a
associated with it. true and polite meaning.

Stories and Writing: English 10 Q1 Reviewer 4

 Sensory Images
Sensory organs are appealed in usage, used to connect the reader to the story.

Formula to Identify Sensory Images

1. Hint word - The word relating to the senses.

2. Images - The noun being describe.

Types of Sensory Images

Visual Aural/Auditory Tactile

Olfactory Gustatory

Expressions
Conjunction
Part of speech that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences.

ex. FANBOYS
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

Subordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions

Links a dependent and independent clause. Links parts of speech of equal importance
ex. to make complex sentences.

after, although, as, as if, as long as, because, ex.

before, even if, even though, how, until, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also
unless, since, etc.

Conjunctive Adverbs
Connects two independent clauses and can show cause and effect, sequence, contrast,
comparison, or other relationships.

ex. I understand you. However, I disagree with you.

Stories and Writing: English 10 Q1 Reviewer 5

 Adding Sequencing Illustrating
and, as well as, in addition, first, then, next, lastly, for example, such as,
too subsequently, now illustrated by, take ___, in
the case of

Comparing Qualifying Contrasting

similarly, likewise, as with, but, however, although, whereas, alternatively,
like except, apart from, as unlike, on the other hand

Cause and Effect Summary Emphasizing

because, as a result, in short, in whole, above all, especially,
consequently, therefor, thus, overall, in other words significantly, notably
due to

Parenthetical Expression
words added to a sentence without changing the overall meaning and grammar. Uses the ff.
punctuation marks: commas, parenthesis, or dashes
ex. I took a bus to the capital city—Manila—to meet my parents.

Transitions Intensifiers
Serves as bridges for ideas, sentences or Emphasize or strengthen the meaning of
paragraphs. other expressions.

ex. In my opinion, in most cases, I believe, ex. absolutely, completely, extremely,

again. highly, rather, really

Connotation Denotation
The poetic meaning of a word, in addition The true, literal, and dictionary meaning of
to its literal meaning. a word.

ex. Blue - to feel melancholic, sad. ex. Blue - adjective - of a color

intermediate between green and violet, as of
the sky or sea on a sunny day.

Stories and Writing: English 10 Q1 Reviewer 6

 Formal and Informal Definitions
Formal Definition Informal Definitions
Based on a concise and logical pattern that includes Uses known words or examples
information, used to avoid misunderstandings. to explain the term, such as
synonyms, antonyms, relations
Parts to the text/story, etc.
1. The term.

2. The classification of the term.

3. Distinguishing characteristics.

Pronouns
Words that refers to people or objects/subjects.

Antecedent
A noun or pronoun that refers a pronoun or noun.

Types of Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflects back to the subject of the sentence. Always adds information to a sentence.

1. Direct Object (receives the action of the verb)

a. Answers “Who?” and “What?”

b. ex. Michael hurt himself on the job.

2. Indirect object (receives the direct object)

a. Answers “To whom/what?” “For whom/what?”

b. ex. She pours herself another cup of tea.

3. Object of the preposition (before a preposition)

a. The children made Sunday morning breakfast all by themselves.

Intensive Pronouns

Stories and Writing: English 10 Q1 Reviewer 7

 Intensifies or emphasizes the antecedent.

Appositives

Seen right after the modified word.

He himself said that he made a mistake.

Adjunct Adverbials

Seen right after the entire clause it modifies.

She wanted to give the presentation herself.

Stories and Writing: English 10 Q1 Reviewer 8