Intro to Philo Reviewer

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY PRE SOCRATIC

Axiology Pre-Socratic Philosophers, Greek thinkers
Study of the nature of value and valuation. from Thales of Miletus to Socrates of
Metaphysics Athens, developed independent schools
Study of the fundamental nature of reality. of thought prior to Socrates.
Epistemology
Study of the nature of value and valuation.
Ethics
SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
Study of what is right and wrong in human behavior. Plato
Aesthethic Aristotle
Study of beauty and taste. Socrates
Logic
Study of the nature and types of logic.
ETHICS: Socrates ethics assumes that
education is the key to living an
ethical life.
METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

No one desires evil.

LOGIC: Truth is derived from reasoning, critical
No one does wrong willingly and knowingly.
thinking, and argument construction, Virtue - all virtue - is knowledge.
avoiding half truths and deception. Logic Virtue = Positive moral behavior.
studies principles and criteria for valid
inference and demonstration.

THE PURPOSE OF EPISTEMOLOGY

THEREFORE IS TWO FOLD

1. TO SHOW HOW WE CAN ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE.

2. TO GIVE US A METHOD VENUS DEMONSTRATING WHETHER THE
KNOWLEDGE WE ACQUIRED IS REALLY KNOWLEDGE (I.E TRUE)

THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE

“Knowledge is a mental grasp of reality reached either by

perceptual observation or by a process of a reason based on
perceptual observation”

ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE

To know is to know something. This “something” is what

philosophers call reality, existence, being. Let us employ the term
existence. Existence is everything there is (another name for it is the
Universe

Joana Trisha T. Calara

 Intro to Philo Reviewer
PHILOSOPHERS

Thales
He contented that the universe was made up for water, he fimly believed that the principles from which
all things come to be.
Anaximander
He believed that the first principle of thing Apeiron of infinite and limitless.
Four elements are mixed together Apeiron to form an undifferentiated mass.
Anaximenes
He believe that the first principle of things was the Air.
Condensation and Vaporization.
Heraclitus
He believe that the first principle of things is Fire.
A man soul is Fire.
Pythagoras
He believed that the soul was immortal and went to the series of reincarnation.
Empedocles
He assumes that all matter was composed of four essential ingredients, Fire,
Air, Water, and Earth.
Parmenides
He believe that change is an illusion.
He claimed that change of non-being is illogical.
Xenophanes
He made a breakthrough in the conception of God.

PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD

Phenomenology is the study of structures of experience, consciousness, and the

appearances of things in our experiences, examining their meanings and
experiences.

PHILOSOPHICAL DIALOGUE
The dialogue involves two or four philosophers who respect each other and are fully
committed to the process, unlike Socrates and some passersby
The speaker is not a knowledgeable individual, nor is he a sage, nor is he a
representative of the author against a manufactured opponent.

Joana Trisha T. Calara