ME Thesis Part2

A
DISERTATION REPORT ON
“ANALYSIS DESIGN OF STRUCTURE USING

COMPOSITE MEMBERS AND CONVENTIONAL
MEMBERS ALONGWITH THEIR COMPARISON”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of
Master of Engineering
in
Civil (Structures)
By
Mr. Charuhas K. Karalkar
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Uttam B. Kalwane
Department of Civil Engineering

Dr. D Y Patil School of Engineering and Technology, Lohegaon, Pune-412105
i
Certificate
This is to certify that
Has satisfactorily carried out and completed the dissertation titled

for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of

Master of Engineering in Civil (Structures),
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
for the academic year 2014-2015
Dr. Uttam B. Kalwane Dr. Sanjay K. Kulkarni

Guide Head
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Uttam B. Kalwane

Principal
Dr. D Y Patil School of Engineering and Technology, Lohegaon,
Pune-412105
ii
Dr. D Y Patil School of Engineering and Technology, Lohegaon- 412 105
Department of Civil Engineering
Examination Approval Sheet
The Dissertation Report entitled

By
University Exam No.148
Has been approved for Dissertation of M.E. Civil -Structures of
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune.
Examiners:
1. External Examiner: ..........................................................
2. Internal Examiner: ……………………………………….
Date: ………........
Place: …………...
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is synergetic product of many minds. It began in the middle of my course
that is at the end of ME-Structures Semester. I am Grateful for the inspiration and
wisdom of many thinkers and for the trans-generational sources and the roots.
I have great pleasure in presenting this project report entitled “ANALYSIS DESIGN
OF STRUCTURE USING COMPOSITE MEMBERS AND CONVENTIONAL
MEMBERS ALONGWITH THEIR COMPARISON” for partial fulfilment of the
degree of Master of Engineering.
I would like to thank to Dr. Uttam B. Kalwane, my guide and Principal, Dr. D Y
Patil School of Engineering & Technology, for their exemplary guidance, monitoring
and constant encouragement throughout the course of this dissertation work. I take
this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to Dr. Sanjay K.
Kulkarni, HOD, Department of Civil Engineering for their constant encouragement
throughout the course of this dissertation work for completion. I owe this entire work
to my guide. I would like to thank them from bottom of my heart and helping me get
the work done.
Finally, I take this opportunity to extend my deep appreciation to my family and

friends, for all that they meant to me during the crucial times of the completion of my
project.
Charuhas K. Karalkar
(ME CIVIL –STRUCTURES)
iv
ABSTRACT
There are different methods of construction for building structure. The most popular
conventional structures used are reinforced cement concrete structures, pure steel
structures and Timber Structures. In the modern age the rapid growth in population
and continuous influx of people from rural to metros; buildings are constructed on a
large scale and with great Architectural requirement. With the advancement in
knowledge of civil engineers RCC and steel construction came in a great boom with
the start of 20th century.
Today use of prestressed concrete construction is done for quick construction. The
multi-storied building with moment resisting frames; moment resisting frames along
with shear walls are the most popular type of construction today. But along same time
the composite construction also progressed from nineteenth century.
In this present study a new type of structure is introduced which involves use of
composite members. To reduce the construction time, material quantity and cost the
composite members are used. The composite members here mean use of steel sections
as structural steel along with timber. Here by using composite members for
miscellaneous Architectural building / light framed structure, lot of saving has been
done in material, construction time and cost. It saves approximately 20-25% cost of
structure if conventional type is used. Composite members used are Structural steel
and solid timber compare to conventional steel or RCC members.
Keywords: Conventional type frame structure, composite member frame structure,

Light frame structure, timber steel composite, Cost Analysis.
v
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 General 1
1.1 Applications of Composite Members 2
1.2 Objective of the Study 3
1.3 Choice of Materials 4
1.4 Composite Member Properties 5
1.5 Types of Composite Members 6
1.6 Roof Arrangement System 8
1.7 Loads acting on Structural System 11
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 13

2.1 General 13
2.2 Literature review 13
2.3 Critical appraisal of literature 19
CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Design Aspect 21
3.2 Criteria For Design 21
3.3 Stress–strain Relations (EC5, 3.1.2) 23
3.4 Check for Flexural Members 24
3.5 Check for Axially Loaded Members 24
3.6 Modeling In STAAD Pro-Conventional Type Frame 24
3.7 Modeling In SCIA - Composite Type Frame 26
3.8 Primary Loads and Load Combinations 26
vi
3.9 Load Combinations 27
3.10 Methods Of Analysis 29
CHAPTER 4 : CASE STUDY 30

4.1 Introduction 30
4.2 Structural Description 31
4.3 Site Conditions And Soil Properties 33
4.4 Problem Description 37
4.5 Conventional Type Steel Structure 42
4.6 Hybrid Steel Timber Composite Structure 60
CHAPTER 5 : RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 66

5.1 General 66
5.2 Conventional Approach & Composite approach Analysis Design 66
CHAPTER 6 : CONCLUSION 69
6.1 Summary 69
6.2 Conclusions 69
6.3 Future Scope and Further Work 69
REFERENCES
APENDIX A
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Description Page No.
Fig. 1.1 Built-up “I’ shaped primary structural framing members 2
Fig.1.2 Cold form ‘Z’ & ‘C’ shaped secondary structural members 2
Fig.1.3 Rolled formed profiled sheeting 2
Fig.1.4 Comparison of PEB & CSB 4
Fig.5.1 Structure configuration 27
Fig.6.1 Design weight of structure 40
Fig.6.2 % Reduction in tonnage 40
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Page No.
Table 1. 1 : Comparison of conventional building system 5
Table 3.1 : Countries and their design format 14
Table 4.1 Purlin with section properties 23
Table 5.3 : Description of building 26

Table 5.4 : Limiting width to thickness ration as per IS800:2007
30
Table 5.5 Limiting width to thickness ration as per BS5950 31
Table 5.6 Limiting width to thickness ration as per EURO-03 32
Table 5.5 Limiting width to thickness ration as per AISC-341 34
Table .6.1: Tension member 36
Table 6.2: Compression member 37
Table 6.3: Flexure member 38
Table 6.4: Weight comparison 39
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Sr. No. Abbreviations Description
1 ucreep Creep Deformation
2 ufin Final Deformation
3 MDOF Multi Degree of Freedom
4 Hz Hertz
5 CAE Computer Aided Engineering
x
CHAPTER 1
INTORDUCTION
1.0 General
The most important and most frequently encountered combination of construction

materials is that of steel and concrete, with applications in multi-storey commercial
buildings and factories, as well as in bridges. These materials can be used in mixed
structural systems in composite structures where members consisting of steel and
concrete act together compositely. Here, in this paper use steel and timber hybrid
structure is focused. In conventional practice RCC / structural steel members are used in
building structures. But due to Architectural requirement cladding is used in some cases
to give aesthetic looks. This increases cost of structure. Hence, if we use composite
material, then it saves a lot of material, time and ultimately costing. Benefits of using
steel in timber include increase in tensile capacity, seismic performance, and cost savings.
These essentially different materials are completely compatible and complementary to

each other. Steel and timber materials are used to form composite members which
increase the serviceability of structure during earthquake and wind prone areas. Steel has
more thermal expansion than the wood. This forms ideal combination of strength with the
timber efficient in compression and the steel in tension. By using steels connections will
allow timber buildings to survive and remain serviceable after earthquakes, reducing
death tolls as well as repair and business interruption costs.
The extent to which the components of a building structure should embody all the
steel construction, be constructed entirely in reinforced concrete, in timber construction,
or be of composite construction depends on circumstances. However engineers are
increasingly designing composite and mixed building systems of structural steel and
reinforced concrete or structural steel and timber to produce more efficient structures
when compared to designs using either material alone. Timber and steel composite
members mainly use for light frame structures.
Department of Civil Engineering, DYPSOET, Lohegaon, Pune 1

“Analysis Design of Structure using Composite Members and Conventional Members along with their
Comparison”
1.1 Applications of Composite Members
Figure 1.1 Photograph of Steel Timber Hybrid Structure
Figure 1.2 Photograph of Rupert Station

Comparison”
1.2 Objective of the Study
The light frame structures (Timber Structures) are more susceptible to damage due
to earthquake and heavy wind. Due to this fact the modern techniques of construction
involves use of moment resisting frames. The use composite members suggested in this
report may prove to be seismic and wind resistant over conventional technique used for
building construction.
The main objective of the present study is to capture the modified performance of
the building using composite member against regular members and its comparison with
conventional steel/ timber building structure. For this one miscellaneous light frame
building structure near Pune is considered. It is observed that the structure with purely
steel structure may have more efficient than timber structure, only when the overall form
of building is regular and it is possible to use bracing at least along the longer direction
without hampering the aesthetics of building. In India mostly buildings are irregular in
shapes due to which aesthetic requirements of building cannot be fulfilled by only steel
construction. Hence, a comparative study of Structural Steel and composite member
construction is carried out in this report. This includes:
a. A comparative study of Structural Steel and composite member structure.
b. To capture the modified performance of the building using composite member
against regular members and its comparison with conventional steel/ timber
building structure.
c. To check the structure for strength and deflection using conventional member
structural frame
d. To check the structure for strength and deflection using composite member
structural frame.
e. To check the cost reduction by using composite structure in place of conventional
structure.

Comparison”
1.3 Choice of Materials
1.3.1 Types of Structural Materials

Basic framing materials for the building construction are steel, concrete and wood.
Availability of material, cost, adequate knowledge of design and construction,
maintenance and modification are some of influencing factors in selecting the material of
construction. Here, we are considering steel and timber material due to aesthetic
requirement of structure. Both the materials have their own advantages and limitations.
Combining steel and wood will increase the seismic performance of the structure. Wood
has a high strength to weight ratio therefore wood buildings tend to be lighter than other
building types. Table below shows a comparison of strength/density ratios for some
structural materials. For clear wood this ratio is significantly higher than other building
materials.
Table 1.1 Strength/density Ratios for Some Structural Materials

Wood is environmentally friendly due to its reduced carbon footprint/ emission. In
this era of global warming, sustainable development strategies are not only essential, but
are increasingly promoted by most governments. Wood, as the most sustainable, natural,
and renewable building material, needs to be more widely used in the building industry.
Structural steel has high level of recycle content compare to wood. Therefore, combining
steel and wood would result in increase in sustainability.
1.3.2 Advantages of Steel Timber Composite
The advantages of using steel timber composite members may be emulated as: -

Comparison”
a. Considerable flexibility to structure when there is sudden increase of load

by dissipating energy.
b. Ease of fabrication with skilled technique facilitates faster erection of
structure.
c. Enables easy construction schedule in congested sites.
d. Light weight of material eases the transport at remote located sites.
e. Satisfies requirement of long span construction, a modern trend in
architectural design.
f. Permits easy structural repair and modification for antique structure.
g. Ideal material in earthquake prone/ heavy wind prone locations due to high
strength, stiffness and ductility.
h. Properly designed composite steel and wood members prevent the tearing
failure mode of timber members and have significant ductility.
i. The size of the members can be made smaller thus increasing strength to
weight ratios by reducing weight.
1.4 Composite Member Properties
Structural Steel as per EURO Code

Table 1.2 Structural Steel Properties
Unit Thermal Lower Upper Fu
E mod Poisson - G mod Fy (range)
Name mass exp limit limit (range)
[MPa] nu [MPa] [MPa]
[kg/m3] [m/mK] [mm] [mm] [MPa]
0 40 235.0 360.0
S 235 7850 2.1000e+05 0.3 8.0769e+04 0.00
40 80 215.0 360.0
Structural Concrete as per EURO Code

Table 1.3 Structural Concrete Properties
Unit mass E mod G mod fck(28)
Name Type Poisson - nu
[kg/m3] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]

Comparison”
C25/30(EN1992-2) Concrete 2500.0 3.1500e+04 0.2 1.3125e+04 25.00
Structural Timber as per EURO Code

Table 1.4 Structural Timber Properties
Unit Thermal
E mod Poisson - G mod Type of
Name Type mass exp
[MPa] nu [MPa] timber
[kg/m3] [m/mK]
D40 Timber 550.0 1.3000e+04 0 8.1000e+02 0.00 Solid
D60 Timber 700.0 1.7000e+04 0 1.0600e+03 0.00 Solid
1.5 Types of Composite Members
A composite column is defined as a compression member which may either be a

concrete encased section or a concrete filled hollow section or a steel sandwich between
timber sections.
1.5.1 Steel concrete composite members

According to the shape of the cross-section, there are mainly three different types of
steel concrete composite columns as:-
 Concrete-encased sections (as shown a, b and c below)

 Concrete-filled hollow sections (as shown f, g and i below)
 Partly concreted-encased sections (as shown d and e below)

Comparison”
Fig. 1.3 Typical Cross-sections of Composite Member Made of Steel-Concrete
Concrete filled column is used for bridge piers subject to impact from traffic, columns to
support storage tanks, decks of railways, column in high-rise building and as piles for
foundations. In concrete filled hollow sections, the longitudinal reinforcement may be not
necessary, if design for fire resistance is not required.
Partly concreted encased columns have high fire resistance, due to which the concrete
part prevents the inner steel parts (structural steel as well as reinforcing bars) from
heating up too fast. Another significant advantage is that some of the steel surfaces
remain exposed and can be used for connection to other beams.
1.5.2 Steel Timber composite members
Dynamic machines are preferably located close to grade to minimize the elevation
difference between the machine dynamic forces and the center of gravity of the machine
foundation system (Fig. 1.6). The ability to use such foundation primarily depends on the
quality of near surface soils. Block foundation are nearly always designed as rigid
structures. The dynamic response of a rigid block foundation depends only on the
dynamic load, foundation’s mass, dimensions, and soil characteristics.

Comparison”
Fig. 1.4 Cross-section of Flitch Type Composite Member (Steel-timber)

Comparison”
1.6 Roof Arrangement System
Elevated support is common for large turbine-driven equipment. Elevation allows

for ducts, piping, condenser(s) and ancillary items to be located below the equipment.
Frame foundations are considered to be flexible, hence their response to dynamic loads
can be quite complex and depend both on the motion of its discreet elements (columns,
beams, and footing) and the soil upon which it is supported. Steam turbine generator
machines are usually supported on this type of foundation. The other types of equipment
supported on these types of foundations like boiler feed pumps in power plants,
compressors in petroleum refineries and air blowers in automobile industry. This type of
foundation usually consists of reinforced concrete base mat with columns or walls
supporting the tabletop (operating deck) (Fig. 1.9). The operating deck is elevated to
provide for installation of condenser(s) directly under the turbines (Fig. 1.10). This
reinforced concrete foundation rests on soil or on piles.
Steam turbine generator foundations are usually placed in a powerhouse, in other
words steam turbine generator building. Figure 1.11 shows a cross section for the steam
turbine generator foundation and the powerhouse.
Fig. 1.5 Roof Framing Structural System-Timber Housing

Comparison”
01– Roofing;
02– Tile batten;
03– Counter batten;
04– Masterfol and Isoflex underlays;
05– Thermal insulation among the rafters;
06– Additional thermal insulation under the rafters;
07– Wooden or metal support;
08 – Vapour control
Fig. 1.6 Roof Framing Structural System-Timber Housing

Comparison”
Condensation
Air can hold moisture - the warmer the air, the more moisture it can hold. If moist air is
cooled by contact with cold surfaces, such as walls, windows or mirrors, the moisture
condenses into water droplets (condensation).
Disadvantage of putting Metal Deck directly on Rafter is, there will be condensationdue
to moisture. For outside area this issue will be resolved due to sun light, but for inside, it
will have issue because of Air Conditioning.
For initial period after construction, Condensation will not create much problem.
This problem will start may be after 2~3 years when actual properties of wood takes
place.
Fig. 1.7 Connection Bolted Type -Timber Structure
(Hidden Connections and Discreet Detailing to Conceal the true Structural Support
Provided by the Steel)

Comparison”
1.7 Loads acting on Structural System
The building structure considered here in study must be designed to withstand all
the forces that may be imposed on it during the service life span of the structure. The
directions of the forces applied on the structure are shown in next sections. Actual loading
on the structure may vary from machine to machine. However, the type of loads acting on
the turbine foundation may generally be defined as shown in the following subsections.
1.7.1 Dead load

1.7.1.1 Self weight of Structure (SW)
The dead load includes the self-weight of all members of the structure itself.
1.7.1.2 Roof Sheeting dead load (DL)

The dead load includes the weight of roof sheeting shear plane and hanging utilities.
1.7.2 Live load (LL)

The live load includes the load that varies in intensity and/or occurrence. The live
load on roof considered as minimum of 1.5 KN at critical junction or as required by any
code requirement. Maintenance loads, such as roof maintenance loads are also considered
a live load.
1.7.3 Wind load (WL)

Wind is the motion of air with respect to the surface of earth. The main cause of
generation of wind is motion of earth and terrestrial radiation. The wind generally blows
horizontal to the ground at high wind speeds. The wind speeds are assessed with the aid
of anemometers or anemographs which are installed at meteorological observatories at
heights generally varying from 10 to 30 meters above ground.
Wind load is calculated based on basic wind speed given by code for the particular
region. This may vary from region to region. In IS 875 part 3, Fig. 1 gives basic wind
speed map of India, as applicable to 10 m height above mean ground level for different
zones of the country. Basic wind speed is based on peak gust velocity averaged over a
short time interval of about 3 seconds and corresponds to mean heights above ground
level in an open terrain.

Comparison”
Design wind speed is calculated based on basic wind speed as below,

---------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq.1.1)
Where,
Vz = design wind speed at any height z in m/s;
Vb = basic wind speed at in the area /region in m/s;
k1 = probability factor considering basic wind speed for mean return period of 50 years;
k2 = terrain, height and structure size factor; It considers the obstructions with ground
surface roughness.
k3 = topographic factor; It considers basic wind speed at general level of site above mean
sea level;
Based on the above equation for design wind speed and relation between wind
speed and wind pressure design wind pressure at any height above mean ground level can
be obtained through below equation,
---------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq.1.2)
Where,
Pz = design wind pressure in N/m2 at height z;
Vz = design wind speed at height z in m/s;
1.7.4 Thermal loading (TL)

Changing temperatures of atmospheric conditions cause expansion and
contraction between the different surfaces of roofing members and composite members
considered here. This forces the condensation due to creation of moisture and various
parts to slide. These thermal loads do not impose a net resultant force on the foundation,
since the forces on any composite member are balanced by equal and opposite forces
between the shear connectors.
1.7.5 Seismic loads (SL)

Structures located in zone of high seismicity are analyzed for seismic loads. Light
framed structures considered here are more susceptible to wind load than seismic as these
are light in mass. Hence, there is very less mass participation during seismic condition.
Seismic analysis shall be carried out as per IS 1893(part 2)-2002.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 General
Many researchers have been carried out on composite construction. Some of these are
carried out individually on composite columns. Different compositions of materials are
considered while considering composite elements structure, for example RCC + Steel,
Timber + Steel etc. While some of these are carried out on whole high rise buildings, and
some on other miscellaneous structures. Here few of them are enumerated as below;
2.1 Literature Review
2.1.1 D. R. Panchal and P. M. Marathe, (Dec. 2011),
The present work consists of comparison among RCC, Steel and Steel concrete
composite (G+30) Storey commercial building structure. The commercial building
considered is situated in earthquake zone IV. For modeling of Composite, Steel and
R.C.C. structures, ETABS software is used and the results are compared. Equivalent
Static Method of Analysis is used.
As the results show the Steel option is better than R.C.C. But the Composite option
for high rise building is best suited among all three options. The reduction in the dead
weight of Composite framed structure is 30 % with respect to R.C.C. framed structure.
Axial forces in column have been reduced. Bending moments in secondary beams also
reduced. As the sizes of the steel members reduces about 25 % in main beams and about
60 % in secondary beams.

Comparison”
Fig. 2.1 Plan and 3D View of Building Structure Using Software
2.1.2 Cengiz Dundar, Serkan Tokgoz, ETAL (Feb. 2008),
An experimental investigation of the behavior of reinforced concrete columns and a

theoretical procedure for analysis of both short and slender reinforced and composite
columns of arbitrarily shaped cross section subjected to biaxial bending and axial load are
presented. In the proposed procedure, nonlinear stress–strain relations are assumed for
concrete, reinforcing steel and structural steel materials. The compression zone of the
concrete section and the entire section of the structural steel are divided into adequate
number of segments in order to use various stress–strain models for the analysis.
The slenderness effect of the member is taken into account by using the Moment
Magnification Method. The proposed procedure was compared with test results of 12
square and three L-shaped reinforced concrete columns subjected to short-term axial load
and biaxial bending, and also some experimental results available in the literature for
composite columns compared with the theoretical results obtained by the proposed
procedure and a good degree of accuracy was obtained.

Comparison”
The theoretical and experimental results show that the compressive strength of
concrete and its corresponding compressive strain are the most effective parameters on
the ultimate strength capacity of column members. The shape of the concrete stress–strain
relationship has little effect on the ultimate strength capacity of the column members.
2.1.3 Masanauri Fujita, Junpei Sakai ETAL(2014)
In this study, to address the global the environmental issues, the urgent need of
using timber in the building structure field to contribute towards reforestation. In the
building structure field, direct use of wood as structural timber in large buildings is not
possible as it’s too weak for the same. Hence, development of new structural system
using timber steel composite is studied here and categorized based on performances.
The studying the contact joint for structural steel –Timber composite structure the
frame joints with different load bearing capacities were categorized. Here considered that
bending strength of composite structure reaches maximum when timber fails/ fractures
under ultimate tensile stress. The following fig 2.3 shows one of the composite structure
frame system considered.
Fig. 2.2 Proposed Steel Timber Composite Frame
2.1.4 Kwesi A. Okutu (2012-2013),
In this project, the aforementioned requirements are explored and the ability of the
hybrid system to perform was evaluated. The potential environmental benefits were

Comparison”
investigated, and a comparative study was performed to gauge the relative performances
of the timber and concrete systems. The comparative study looked at how the amount of
steel required in the frame, the loads to foundations, the cost, and the environmental
impact changed when making the substitution for a range of situations.
The analysis for costs found that using timber would be a more expensive option,
mostly due to the relative cost of the slabs themselves (roughly four times the cost of
concrete for a given floor area).
With the structural performance of the concept verified, some practical

considerations were addressed, with suggested methods of enhancing robustness and fire
resistance.
2.1.5 Wolfgang Winter, Kamyar Tavoussi ETAL(2012),
Here application of timber-steel-hybrid elements in modern multi-storey buildings

is studied. It presents a very efficient construction method. Objective of study to optimize
the geometry of the timber-steel hybrid beam regarding cost effectiveness and load
bearing capacity. Use of cold formed "U" profiles made of thin steel plates for composite
steel timber member. Due to this steel to steel connections are possible. This ultimately
produces semi rigid column beam joints which were having more capacity withstand
lateral loads.
The analysis for the above found that use of timber steel composite leads to
economic and ecologic benefits as the construction height optimization. The earthquake
resistance can be improved and the assembling can be executed more efficiently. Steel
reinforced timber structures are light, fast and clean.

Comparison”
Fig. 2.3 Assembly Process of Completed Timber-Steel Hybrid Member
2.1.6 Yalda Khorasani, Zhina Siadat ETAL(April 2010),
A detailed study of timber hybrid structure and their applications in the

construction industry has been carried out here. To elaborate the advantages and
challenges, examples of steel-timber structures in Canada and around the world are
provided. New hybrid structural systems and connections for multi-storey laminated
veneer timber buildings in earthquake-prone areas are studied. Three types of
hybridization of steel and timber are presented through three case studies each belonging
to one of these types of hybridization.
In the first case study, research regarding hybrid structural systems and
connections for multistoried laminated veneer lumber (timber) buildings located in
earthquake prone areas was carried out. According to research prefabricated structural
timber elements were joined using unbonded post-tensioning tendons so that the opening
and closing of an existing gap accommodates seismic demand during an earthquake.
In the second case study, descriptive study regarding the hybrid timber-steel retail
structure-Sainsbury’s Dartmouth was carried out. Different challenges faced during
design stages were noted.
In the third case study, description regarding the Ministry of Transportation of

Ontario’s experience while choosing the hybrid timber-steel structural concept for bridge
and its implementation in three bridges.

Comparison”
By using steel timber hybrid structures increase in tensile capacity, increase

seismic performance and ultimately result in cost saving. The shape of the concrete
stress–strain relationship has little effect on the ultimate strength capacity of the column
members. A major challenge of hybridization of two different materials is connection of
between these two materials. Temperature variation causes the expansion of steel and
condensation or humidity affects the shrinkage in wood.
2.1.7 Chalmers University(2007)
The present study is an effort to investigate the viability of using Steel and Carbon
fiber reinforced polymer as reinforcements in glued laminated timber beams. This study
specifically focuses on the investigation of different configurations to come up with an
optimum reinforcement arrangement which maximizes the stiffness/strength properties of
timber beams. This divided in three different ways to investigate the properties of timber
beams.
First nonlinear model prepared in MATLAB to simulate the behavior of beam

under flexural loading.
Second FE model is prepared which find out the interfacial shear stresses in the
glue line between timber and steel/ fibre reinforcement. Also, it predicts the de-lamination
possibility due to adhesive failure in shear.
Third full scaled timber steel beams were prepared based on the results of analysis
and tested in bending for analytical results verification.
The nonlinear model developed in MATLAB considering plastification of timber

in compression zone was able to predict the global behaviour of beam under flexural
loading. It concludes that use of 25% reinforcement in compression side and remaining
75% in tension side increases stiffness and ultimate strength capacity of member. FE
model behaviour shows that shear stress in adhesive in high enough to cause adhesive
failure in glue line between composite configurations. Experimental tests show similar
results to nonlinear model. The results conclude the increase in stiffness of 80% to 107%
and increase in moment ranges 56% to 96%.

Comparison”
2.1.8 J.D. WISENFELD, (SEPT. 1989)
This study article investigates to set the standards for designing of flitch beam as
this was the time when flitch plates are used only to reinforce the wooden beams. In the
beginning of that era flitch beams were not used for any new construction, as efficient use
of steel in the composite section was not done. During that period it’s beginning of
common practice to use flitch section of timber beams as it’s difficult to get and use large
sections of timber for houses. Based on the experiences of the concerned engineers,
Timber design handbook and AISC code of steel construction author has proposed
simplified procedure to design the flitch beam which will help in standardization.
Through use of standardize procedure for design and analysis, it’s helpful to
optimize the flitch beam sizing. This also helps to set the standards for designing of flitch
beam and make efficient use of steel in the composite section was not done.
Fig. 2.4 Proposed Flitch Beam Assembly for Standardization
2.2 Critical Appraisal of Literature
With reference to studies enlisted above from many researchers, here are the findings
as below;

Comparison”
 For high-rise structures using steel concrete composite, there is a noticeable

reduction in weight which results in good performance in seismic.
 As lateral seismic forces reduced, moment transfer also reduced.
 By studying the contact joint for structural steel –Timber composite structure the
frame joints with different load bearing capacities were categorized to develop
new frame structure which sustain the lateral loads.
 For some of the structures pure timber or steel sections are not economical, hence
timber – steel hybrid structures are become economical.
 By using steel timber hybrid structures increase in tensile capacity, increase
seismic performance and ultimately result in cost saving.

Comparison”

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Design Aspect
The design has to provide detailed knowledge of the static and dynamic behavior
of the structure and of the load transfer mechanisms (e.g. from the roof to beams, beams
to columns, columns to base raft/foundation and further to the substructure / soil). It has
also to provide a deeper understanding of the governing forces and environmental effects
for studies of the light framed structures.
Design requirements light framed structures can be summarized as following: The

roof system has to sustain the environmental effects, suitable thermal transfer mechanism
and condensation effect. We can design these types of structures by different ways.
Conventional type structures are designed based on ultimate strength and serviceability
criteria. Similar checks and criteria are followed for hybrid or composite type structures.
Additional checks required for connection between two different materials to verify the
structural integrity and bonding. This gives surety in structural performance. Based on
design we can compare these two types of structures and later on concludes the aspects
where composite type structure is superior to conventional one. Following are the aspects
foundation forces, loads on the foundation supports, overall stability, deflection Structural
stiffness, cross sectional properties etc. have to be checked separately. The main aspects
of static design studies may be summarized.
3.2 Criteria for Design
3.2.1 Conventional Type Structures –Timber Structure (EC5)
Serviceability Limit States (EC5, 2.2.3)

In EC5 the deformation of a member or structure is required at two stages:
(i) When the loading is immediately applied; this is called the instantaneous deformation:
uinst.
Comparison”
(ii) After all time-dependent displacement (i.e. creep deformation, ucreep) has taken place;
this is called the final deformation: ufin.
Deformation is calculated in two different ways, depending on the creep behaviour of
the structure:
1. Structures comprising members, components and connections having the same
creep behaviour:-
Creep behaviour in timber and wood-related products is a function of several factors,
and to simplify the design process the assumption is made in EC5 that when subjected to
a permanent load over the lifetime of a building, the instantaneous deflection (uinst) and
the creep deflection (ucreep) are related as follows,
ucreep = kdef * uinst ---------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq.3.1)
Where,
kdef = a deformation factor whose value is dependent on the type of material being
stressed as well as its moisture content.
Values for the factor have been derived for timber and wood-based materials at defined
environmental conditions when subjected to constant loading at the SLS over the design
life, and are given in EC5, Table 3.2. The environmental conditions are referred to as
service class 1, 2 or 3 and values for kdef for timber and some wood-related products at
these conditions are given in Table 2.10.
For structures or members complying with the above conditions the final deformation,
ufin, can then be written as,
ufin = uinst + ucreep = uinst (1 + kdef) -------------------------------------------------- (Eq.3.2)

Comparison”
Fig. 3.1 Values of kdef factor
2. Structures comprising members, components and connections having different

creep behaviour :-
In these situations, the creep behaviour will affect the stiffness and stress
distribution and the linear relationship between the instantaneous and the creep deflection
referred to in Eq. 3.1 will not apply.
For structures or members complying with the above conditions, the final
deformation, ufin, will be obtained from,
ufin = u(inst+creep)
Where,
u(inst+creep) = The deformation derived from a linear elastic analysis of the structure
subjected to the instantaneous loading condition and based on the reduced
stiffness properties.
3.3 Stress–strain Relations (EC5, 3.1.2)
Although the actual stress–strain relationship for timber and wood-related

products when loaded to failure is generally non-linear, the characteristic strengths of
structural timbers and wood products are derived assuming that a linear relationship

Comparison”
exists. Consequently, when calculating the design stress in a section, e.g. flexural, axial,
shear, etc., it is to be assumed that elastic behaviour will apply up to the failure condition.
Where EC5 considers that plastic behaviour can be taken into account to enhance member
strength, this is incorporated into the relevant strength validation rules given in the code.
3.4 Check for Flexural Members
Table 3.1 Main Design Requirements for Flexural Members and the Associated EC5
Limit States
Design or displacement effect EC5 limit states

Retention of static equilibrium (sliding, uplift) ULS
Bending stress and the prevention of lateral torsional instability ULS
Shear stress ULS
Bearing stress ULS
Torsion stress (where relevant) ULS
Deflection SLS
Vibration SLS
3.5 Check for Axially Loaded Members
Table 3.2 Main design requirements for axially loaded members and the associated
EC5 limit states
Design or displacement effect EC5 limit states
Retention of static equilibrium (sliding, overturning, uplift) ULS

Axial stress, including the effect of lateral instability ULS
Deflection SLS
3.6 Modeling In STAAD Pro-Conventional Type Frame
As per IS 800, the analysis and design of the light framed structures made up of
conventional type steel members shall be done using a simulated mathematical model of
linear elastic properties.

Comparison”
The model for static analysis shall contain the following information:
1) Geometry: The structure shall be modeled as a three dimensional space frame

consisting of columns, beams, rafters and purlins. The nodes in the model has six degree
of freedom, i.e. three translational and three rotational.
2) Support condition: The superstructure is rested on RCC support foundation, hence

supports considered as partially fixed. Hence, bearing pressure on the concrete under base
plate is determined by static load from structure.
3) Material constant: Young’s modulus for steel shall be computed as per IS 800 as, E =
200 GPa for static analysis. Poisson’s ratio µ is 0.3.
The Young’s Modulus of concrete for static analysis as per IS 456:2000 shall be
computed by using 5000√fck.
4) Damping: Damping is a phenomenon of energy dissipation that opposes free

vibrations of a system. Like the restoring forces, the damping forces oppose the motion,
but the energy dissipated through damping cannot be recovered. A characteristic feature
of damping forces is that they lag the displacement and are out of phase with the motion.
Damping suggested as per IS 800 is 3% of critical damping.
Fig. 3.2 Space Model in STAAD

Comparison”
3.7 Modeling In SCIA - Composite Type Frame
As per EC5, the analysis and design of the light framed structures made up of
steel timber composite shall be done using a simulated mathematical model of linear
elastic properties.
The model for static analysis shall contain the following information:
1) Geometry: The structure shall be modeled as a three dimensional space frame

consisting of columns, beams, rafters and purlins. All these elements have configuration
of steel timber composite sections. The nodes in the model has six degree of freedom, i.e.
three translational and three rotational.
2) Support condition: The superstructure is rested on RCC support foundation, hence

supports considered as partially fixed. Hence, bearing pressure on the concrete under base
plate is determined by static load from structure.
3) Material constant: Young’s modulus for steel shall be computed as per IS 800 as, E =
200 KN/mm2 for static analysis. Poisson’s ratio µ is 0.3.
The Young’s Modulus of timber is E=17 KN/mm2 as per EN338:2003.
4) Damping: Damping is a phenomenon of energy dissipation that opposes free

vibrations of a system. Like the restoring forces, the damping forces oppose the motion,
but the energy dissipated through damping cannot be recovered. A characteristic feature
of damping forces is that they lag the displacement and are out of phase with the motion.
Damping suggested as per IS 800 is 3% of critical damping.
3.8 Primary Loads and Load Combinations
Table 3.1 Primary Load Cases
Name Description Action type Load type Direction Duration
LC1 Self Weight Permanent Self weight -Z

Comparison”
LC2 DL Permanent Standard
LC3 LL Variable Static Short
LC4 WL Variable Static Short
LC5 WL upp Variable Static Short
LC6 WL Torsion1 Variable Static Short
LC7 WL Torsion2 Variable Static Short
3.9 Load Combinations
Table 3.2 Load Combination Table
Coeff.
Name Type Load cases
[-]
LC1 - Self Weight 1.50
1.5DL+1.5LL Linear - ultimate LC2 - DL 1.50
LC3 - LL 1.50
LC2 - DL 1.50
1.5DL+1.5LL+1.5WL Linear - ultimate
LC3 - LL 1.50
LC4 - WL 1.50
LC2 - DL 1.50
1.5DL+1.5LL+1.5WL upp Linear - ultimate
LC3 - LL 1.50
LC5 - WL upp 1.50

Comparison”
LC2 - DL 1.50
1.5DL+1.5LL+1.5WL Torsion1 Linear - ultimate
LC3 - LL 1.50
LC6 - WL Torsion1 1.50
LC2 - DL 1.50
1.5DL+1.5LL+1.5WL Torsion2 Linear - ultimate
LC3 - LL 1.50
DL+LL Linear - serviceability LC2 - DL 1.00
LC3 - LL 1.00
LC2 - DL 1.00
DL+LL+WL Linear - serviceability
LC3 - LL 1.00
LC4 - WL 1.00
LC2 - DL 1.00
DL+LL+WL upp Linear - serviceability
LC3 - LL 1.00
LC5 - WL upp 1.00
LC2 - DL 1.00
DL+LL+WL Torsion1 Linear - serviceability
LC3 - LL 1.00

Comparison”
LC2 - DL 1.00
DL+LL+WL Torsion2 Linear - serviceability
LC3 - LL 1.00

DL Linear - serviceability
LC2 - DL 1.00
3.10 Methods Of Analysis
Here, two option for concept design of light framed structures. First option will
base on purely wooden structure framing design. Check the overall feasibility/stability by
considering the limit state of strength and for limit strength of serviceability of
superstructure for various loading condition as mention above. If the purely wooden
member will satisfy the requirement base on various codal provisions then it will be
possible to use purely wooden member only, if not then the type 2 will proposed.
Type 2, will based on composite/sandwich type of framing. It is suggested to use

steel plate in between the two wooden members. By doing this it will increase the
strength of wooden member for strength and for serviceability. By considering composite
effect in design cross section size of member may reduced.
Here, we use simplified procedure for connection by assuming all secondary

member connection will be pinned connection. We try to avoid fixed type of connection,
because practically from erecting point of view it will take more time, and theoretically
we will not get 100% fixity in practice as well.
To make all superstructures as simple and feasible for erecting and design point of view,
it may need additional planned bracing.

Comparison”

CHAPTER 4
CASE STUDY
4.1 Introduction
To study the cost comparative analysis design of composite member structure and
conventional structure for light framed structure, a residential building project at
Lonawala, Pune is considered. This building is light framed structural with luxurious villa
type. It is located at the foot of Tung fort means hilly area. This building has made up of
mainly 5 parts; Living Area, 2 Bedroom areas, Kitchen area and large pool deck or
swimming pool area. Each part has divided into superstructure and substructure. For
superstructure above plinth level, it is requirement that the entire framed member should
have compact in size and having looks of Timber member. Therefore options for
superstructure are proposed as below;
 Conventional pure Timber framed and along with timber sheeted roof can be used
to get the effect.
 Conventional structural Steel framed and roof supporting system can be designed.
But for timber effect, timber sections should be connected to steel
 Hybrid structural system made of Steel Timber composite member which gives
both i.e. timber looks and cost saving in material.
Substructure to be constructed by RCC as it is below ground and sliding/ sloppy area.
The general arrangement is as per shown in subsequent sections. The substructure
proposed is of RCC frame structure. Analysis & Design is carried out as per Indian
Standards as per IS 456. For conventional type framed superstructure made up of
structural steel, analysis & design is carried out as per Indian Standards as per IS 800. For
hybrid structural system made up of steel timber composite elements framed
superstructure, analysis & design is carried out as per Indian Standards as per IS 800. The
Superstructure is modeled as a three-dimensional space frame in which the columns &
beams are idealized as 3-D beam elements with six degrees of freedom at each node.
Roof supporting structure consists of Sheeting, purlins and Rafters. Structure is analyzed
& designed for various loads & combinations of loads as stated in further sections.

Comparison”
4.2 Structural Description
The type of structure studied here is considered as light framed structural building, as
there are no multi-storeys laid above. Normally these types of structures are not seen,
hence considered as miscellaneous type. For construction of such building, choice of
structure become more critical, as conventional type takes more time for construction.
Hence, it’s more logical to find the midway and more suitable to choose cost saving
technique. The configuration of the building aesthetics itself imposes the type of the
structure supporting it. In the study there is a complicated structure which is supported by
conventional type and hybrid type structural arrangement.
Fig. 4.1 Roof Arragement– Metal Deck Roof
It consists of roof sheeting consists of arrangement as shown in fig. 4.1 above. Profile
sheeting is supported by purlins, above profile sheeting vapour barrier and insulation will
be provided to reduce thermal effect. Above profile metal sheet synthetic mesh is
provided and top zinc roof panel will be provided.
The roof system is supported by purlins and rafter. Rafter is supported by beams and
beam transfers the loads to props or columns i.e. vertical or inclined member. In
conventional practice all these members are made up of steel or timber member. In other
case means hybrid system these members made up of steel timber composite.

Comparison”
Fig. 4.2 Plot layout with topography by Architect
Fig. 4.3 Proposed location of Living Room-Verandah Part

Comparison”
Fig. 4.4 3D View of Living Room-Verandah Part
4.3 Site Conditions And Soil Properties
Design data:- Living Area
1. Finished ground level (FGL) = EL (+) 92.50 m

2. Foundation Level = EL (+) 89.75 m
3. Top level of plinth slab = EL (+) 92.95 m
4. Grade of Concrete
For Foundation = M25
For Plinth Beams = M20
For RCC Footing Columns = M25
For Base Raft / Mat = M25
For Retaining Wall = M25
5. Clear cover to reinforcement ….( As per IS 456)
For Foundation = 50 mm
For Columns = 40 mm
For beams = 30 mm.
6. SBC for Soil at 3 m = 80 kN/m2
7. Wind Speed in the Area = 39 m/s
8. Seismic Zone = III
9. Timber Properties = D60 (Refer Fig. 4.5 below)

Comparison”
Fig. 4.5 Timber Properties

Comparison”
Fig. 4.6 Foundation Plan Layout for Living Room Area

Comparison”
Fig. 4.7 Plan View at Top roof level of Living room

Comparison”
4.4 Problem Description
For this light frame miscellaneous structure, analysis is done by using STAAD Pro
software to check conventional type structure. This is followed by designing these
members in STAAD Pro by using IS 800. Welded connections are considered for the
frame. The designed steel members are additionally connected by timber sections to
follow the aesthetics. For composite frame analysis SCIA software is used and EC5 Euro-
code is used. Here, wind load considered as governing than seismic due to mass
consideration. Analysis and design is performed using two approaches: (1) by using
conventional type structure (2) by using hybrid or composite type structure. Support
conditions considered as partially fixed.
4.4.1 Loads considered acting on Structure for analysis members
Dead Load
The self-weight of structure is considered under dead load. Additional 10% of dead
load is increase by considering the effect of connection plates and fasteners.
 Self-weight of Structure = from Model

 Dead load of Roof sheeting = 0.2 kN/sq m
 Shear plane loads = 0.20KN/sq m
 Dead load of hangings/utilities = 0.15 kN/sq m
 Total load on roof = 0.55 kN/sq m
Live Load
For roof live load consider as = 1.5KN per critical location
Wind Load
Location of Structure = Lonawala, India
Basic Wind Pressure (Vb) = 39 m/s
Probability factor k1 =1
Category of Structure =2
Class of Structure =B

Comparison”
Topography factor, k3 =1
Table 4.1 Design Wind Pressure Calculation
Height Terrain, height and Design Wind Design Wind

structural size factor,K2 Speed Pressure
Vz = Vb x k1 Pz = 0.6 Vz2
x k2 x k3
(kN/m2)
(m/s)
Upto 10m 0.98 43.12 1.12
10-15 m 1.02 44.88 1.21
15-20 m 1.05 46.20 1.28
20-30m 1.10 48.40 1.41
30-50m 1.15 50.60 1.54
Wind load will be applied base on IS 875 part 3_Table 7 and 8 pressure coefficient for
free standing double sloped roofs.

Comparison”
Fig 4.7 Pressure Coefficient Table from IS 875: Part 3

Comparison”
Table 4.2 Pressure coefficient for Roof
Roof Solidity ratio Maximum +ve Minimum –ve

angle(Degrees) pressure pressure
coefficient coefficient
10 0 +0.7 -0.7
Final design wind load will be = design pressure x pressure coefficient
= 1.12 x 0.7
= 0.784 kN/ sq m
The roof wind load will be applied in UDL format of main framing member, by
considering consecutive load area in plan.
c/c spacing of Purlin = 2m (average spacing considered)
Actual wind load on member = 0.784x2
= 1.568 KN/m
Temperature
As per climatic condition at Lonawala, we can consider maximum 200 temperature
variation, to check the effect of temperature stress on structure.
Seismic Load:
The following input is considered for generation of Earthquake Loads.
Location of Structure = Lonawala, India
Seismic Zone = III
Seismic Zone factor, Z = 0.16
Importance factor of structure, I =1
Response reduction factor factor, R = 3 (min value considered)
Type of Soil Site = II
Height of Building, H = 10 m

Comparison”
Fundamental time period of the
Structure in seconds, T = 0.09/√d = 0.49 (d=30 m considered)
Multiplying Factors for Spectral Acc. Coeff. = 1.4
Avg Response Acceleration coefficient, Sa/g = 2.5
Design Horizontal Seismic coefficient, Ah = (Z x I x Sa)/(2 x R x g)
= 0.066
Design Seismic base Shear, Vb = Ah x W
Total Seismic Weight of Structure, W
Seismic Weight of Structure = Dead Load + 25% of Roof Live Load
4.4.2 Cross Sections used in the Structures are as below: -
Table 4.3 Cross Sections Used for Hybrid Structure
Area Depth Thickness

No Cross Section
cm2 cm cm
1 ISA50X50X6 11.36 5 0.6
2 Rect 0.20x0.05 100 20 5
3 Rect 0.20x0.05 100 20 5
4 Rect 0.20x0.08 150.00 20 7.5
5 Rect 0.20x0.03 50 20 2.5
Table 4.4 Cross Sections Used for Hybrid Structure
2T40x134+16thk Steel – Composite Cross Section
2-40x250+1-25x200 - Composite Cross Section
Beam150x150 - RECT (150; 150) -Timber Section
W-80x100 - RECT (80; 100) -Timber Section
Rafter 100x200 - RECT (100; 200) -Timber Section

Comparison”
2T40x100+25thk Steel - Composite Cross Section
2T40x150+16thk Steel - Composite Cross Section
T - 2T40x200+16thk Steel - T - Composite Cross Section
T - 2T40x200+25thk Steel - T - Composite Cross Section
2T40x200+50thk Steel - General cross-section
Fig 4.8 3D Structural View of Living Verandah Part
Following are the results obtained from the above two approaches.
4.5 Conventional Type Steel Structure
Following are the design results obtained from the above conventional type structure
approach.
4.5.1 Member Design Results
Table 4.5 Member Design Results from STAAD

Comparison”
Member Analysis Actual Allowable Normalised Design

No. Property Ratio Ratio Ratio Clause
Rect
27 0.181 1 0.181 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
32 0.027 1 0.027 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
35 0.228 1 0.228 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
1570 0.071 1 0.071 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
1771 0.758 1 0.758 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2235 0.001 1 0.001 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
2238 0.608 1 0.608 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2324 0.859 1 0.859 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2437 0.272 1 0.272 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2438 0.586 1 0.586 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2439 0.103 1 0.103 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2440 0.798 1 0.798 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2441 1.455 1 1.455 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2442 0.364 1 0.364 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2443 0.375 1 0.375 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2444 0.588 1 0.588 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2445 0.383 1 0.383 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2446 0.827 1 0.827 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2447 0.507 1 0.507 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2448 0.315 1 0.315 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2449 0.649 1 0.649 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2450 0.52 1 0.52 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05

Comparison”

Rect
2451 0.534 1 0.534 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2464 0.786 1 0.786 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2465 0.254 1 0.254 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2466 0.395 1 0.395 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2467 0.337 1 0.337 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2468 0.382 1 0.382 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2469 0.334 1 0.334 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2470 0.272 1 0.272 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2472 0.301 1 0.301 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2473 0.34 1 0.34 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2474 0.331 1 0.331 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2475 0.837 1 0.837 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2481 0.508 1 0.508 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2482 0.251 1 0.251 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2483 0.261 1 0.261 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2484 0.249 1 0.249 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2485 0.199 1 0.199 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2486 0.241 1 0.241 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2500 0.112 1 0.112 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2501 0.184 1 0.184 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2502 0.527 1 0.527 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2503 0.542 1 0.542 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03

Comparison”

Rect
2505 0.756 1 0.756 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2506 0.458 1 0.458 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2507 0.438 1 0.438 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2508 0.414 1 0.414 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2509 0.497 1 0.497 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2510 0.426 1 0.426 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2511 0.401 1 0.401 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2512 0.553 1 0.553 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2513 0.419 1 0.419 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2514 0.441 1 0.441 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2515 0.63 1 0.63 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2516 0.4 1 0.4 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2528 0.438 1 0.438 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2534 0.576 1 0.576 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2535 0.657 1 0.657 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2536 0.291 1 0.291 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2537 0.528 1 0.528 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2538 0.184 1 0.184 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2539 0.614 1 0.614 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2540 0.524 1 0.524 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2541 0.2 1 0.2 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2542 0.226 1 0.226 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05

Comparison”

Rect
2543 0.206 1 0.206 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2544 0.189 1 0.189 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2545 0.27 1 0.27 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2546 0.065 1 0.065 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2547 0.092 1 0.092 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2548 0.146 1 0.146 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
2549 0.509 1 0.509 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2551 0.419 1 0.419 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2552 0.368 1 0.368 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2553 0.144 1 0.144 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
2578 0.189 1 0.189 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2579 0.107 1 0.107 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2621 0.468 1 0.468 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2644 0.457 1 0.457 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2645 0.415 1 0.415 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
2648 0.864 1 0.864 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2650 1.426 1 1.426 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2652 0.856 1 0.856 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
2679 0.614 1 0.614 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
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Rect
3160 0.604 1 0.604 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3161 1.251 1 1.251 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
3163 0.277 1 0.277 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3167 1.599 1 1.599 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3169 0.257 1 0.257 IS-7.1.1(B)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3170 0.942 1 0.942 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3171 0.02 1 0.02 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3172 0.019 1 0.019 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
3174 0.772 1 0.772 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.08
Rect
3176 0.435 1 0.435 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.08
Rect
3177 0.179 1 0.179 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.08
Rect
3178 0.269 1 0.269 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.08
Rect
3180 0.29 1 0.29 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.08
Rect
3181 0.402 1 0.402 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.08
Rect
3182 0.137 1 0.137 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.08
Rect
3183 0.078 1 0.078 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.08
Rect
3186 0.132 1 0.132 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3187 0.163 1 0.163 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3188 0.439 1 0.439 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3189 0.199 1 0.199 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3190 0.24 1 0.24 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05

Comparison”

Rect
3191 0.396 1 0.396 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3198 0.141 1 0.141 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3199 0.131 1 0.131 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3200 0.097 1 0.097 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3201 0.116 1 0.116 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3202 0.369 1 0.369 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3203 0.558 1 0.558 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3204 0.159 1 0.159 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3205 0.138 1 0.138 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3206 0.128 1 0.128 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3207 0.13 1 0.13 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3208 0.125 1 0.125 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.05
Rect
3209 0.141 1 0.141 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3210 0.165 1 0.165 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3211 0.178 1 0.178 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3212 0.207 1 0.207 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
Rect
3213 0.419 1 0.419 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.03
Rect
3220 0.097 1 0.097 IS-7.1.2
0.20x0.03
Rect
3229 0.025 1 0.025 IS-7.1.1(A)
0.20x0.05
4.5.2 Displacement Results
Table 4.6 Nodal Displacement Results from STAAD

Comparison”
Resulta Rotational
Hor. Vert. Hor.
nt
rY rZ
Node L/C X mm Y mm Z mm mm rX rad
rad rad
700 -
1767 8.722 -10.03 5.466 14.372 -0.003 0.002
1.0(DL+LL) 0.002
700
1964 -3.146 -3.057 -13.357 14.059 -0.001 0 0.005
1.0(DL+LL)
702 D.L + -
783 -0.726 18.014 4.559 18.596 -0.004 0.002
W.L. 0.001
700 - -
783 1.468 -18.675 78.6 0.015 0.004
1.0(DL+LL) 76.335 0.012
700 -
1767 8.722 -10.03 5.466 14.372 -0.003 0.002
1.0(DL+LL) 0.002
700 - -
783 1.468 -18.675 78.6 0.015 0.004
1.0(DL+LL) 76.335 0.012
700 - -
783 1.468 -18.675 78.6 0.015 0.004
1.0(DL+LL) 76.335 0.012
700 - -
1683 3.677 -27.46 -2.479 27.816 -0.007
1.0(DL+LL) 0.002 0.002
700 - -
1497 1.196 -14.943 64.296 0.014 0.004
1.0(DL+LL) 62.524 0.016
700 -
1739 0.466 2.821 0.309 2.875 -0.001 0.001
1.0(DL+LL) 0.003
700 -
1858 2.175 -9.976 26.909 0 0.002 0.01
1.0(DL+LL) 24.896
700 - -
1549 0.44 -6.905 25.051 0.006 0.004
1.0(DL+LL) 24.076 0.017
700 - -
783 1.468 -18.675 78.6 0.015 0.004
1.0(DL+LL) 76.335 0.012
4.6 Hybrid Steel Timber Composite Structure
4.6.1 Rafter Design - Timber Section
Design of Rafter is done by using TEDDS Calculation and EURO Code.
Timber Rafter Design EN1995-1-1:2004

Timber member designTimber member designTimber Member design to EN1995-1-
1:2004
In accordance with EN1995-1-1:2004 + A1:2008 and Corrigendum No.1 and the

recommended values

Comparison”
TEDDS calculation version 1.5.07

Analysis results
Design moment in major axis; My = 15.000 kNm

Design shear; F = 13.000 kN
Design axial tension; P = 10.000 kN
Timber section details
Breadth of timber sections; b = 100 mm

Depth of timber sections; h = 200 mm
Number of timber sections in member; N=1
Overall breadth of timber member; bb = N  b = 100 mm
Timber strength class - EN 338:2009 Table 1; D60
Member details
Load duration - cl.2.3.1.2; Long-term

Service class of timber - cl.2.3.1.3; 3
Section properties
Cross sectional area of member; A = N  b  h = 20000 mm2

Section modulus; Wy = N  b  h2 / 6 = 666667 mm3
Wz = h  (N  b)2 / 6 = 333333 mm3
Second moment of area; Iy = N  b  h3 / 12 = 66666667 mm4
Iz = h  (N  b)3 / 12 = 16666667 mm4
Radius of gyration; ry = (Iy / A) = 57.7 mm
rz = (Iz / A) = 28.9 mm
g = 0.229
Torsional moment of inertia; Itor = g (N  b)3 h = 45740000 mm4
Partial factor for material properties and resistances

Comparison”
Partial factor for material properties - Table 2.3; gM = 1.300

Modification factors
Modification factor for load duration and moisture content - Table 3.1
kmod = 0.550
Deformation factor for service classes - Table 3.2; kdef = 2.000
Depth factor for bending - exp.3.1; kh.m = 1.000
Depth factor for tension - exp.3.1; kh.t = 1.000
Bending stress re-distribution factor - cl.6.1.6(2); km = 0.700
Crack factor for shear resistance - cl.6.1.7(2); kcr = 0.670
Load configuration factor - exp.6.4; kc.90 = 1.000
System strength factor - cl.6.6; ksys = 1.000
Effective length - Table 6.1; Lef = 1.0 ´ Ls = 4200 mm
Critical bending stress - exp.6.31; sm.crit = p´Ö[E0.05´ Iz´ G0.05´ Itor] / (Lef´ Wy)
= 110.749 N/mm2
Relative slenderness for bending - exp.6.30; lrel.m = Ö[fm.k
/ sm.crit] = 0.736
Lateral buckling factor - exp.6.34; kcrit = 1.000
Bending - cl 6.1.6
Design bending stress; sm.d = My / Wy = 22.500 N/mm2

Design bending strength; fm.d = kh.m´ kmod´ ksys´ kcrit´ fm.k / gM =
25.385 N/mm2
sm.d / fm.d = 0.886
PASS - Design bending strength exceeds design bending stress
Tension parallel to the grain - cl.6.1.2
Design tensile stress; st.0.d = P / A = 0.500 N/mm2

Design tensile strength; ft.0.d = kh.t´ kmod´ ksys´ ft.0.k / gM = 15.231
N/mm2
st.0.d / ft.0.d = 0.033
PASS - Design tensile strength exceeds design tensile stress
Combined bending and axial tension - cl.6.2.3
Combined loading checks - eq.6.19 & 6.20; st.0.d / ft.0.d +

sm.d / fm.d = 0.919
st.0.d / ft.0.d + km´sm.d / fm.d = 0.653

Comparison”
PASS - Member design meets combined bending and axial tension criteria
Members subjected to either bending or combined bending and compression - cl.6.3.3
Lateral torsional stability check - eq.6.33; sm.d / fm.d = 0.886

PASS - Member design meets lateral torsional stability criteria
Shear - cl.6.1.7
Applied shear stress; td = 3 ´ F / (2 ´ kcr´ A) = 1.455 N/mm2

Permissible shear stress; fv.d = kmod´ ksys´ fv.k / gM = 1.904 N/mm2
td / fv.d = 0.764
PASS - Design shear strength exceeds design shear stress
4.6.2 Rafter Design: Steel Timber Composite Section
Composite Rafter designed according to EN1995-1-1:2004
Composite Section capacity check

Area of composite section (A) 92750 mm2
Design Compressive strength (fcok/fcod) 13.538 MPa
Instability factors min of kcy/kcz 0.638
Design
Compressive force F 26 KN
Design Moment KN
major axis My 50 m
Design Shear Vd 33 KN
Buckling resistance
length (L) 4100 mm
Slenderness ratio L/ryy 71.93
Compressive
resistance Fr 801.1 KN
Fr>F,SAF
IF Fr> F, then it's SAFE E
Bending- Cl. 6.1.6

Design Bending
Stress ϭm.d =My/Wey 21.57 MPa
Design Bending
Strength fm.d 25.39 Mpa
ϭm.d /fm.d 0.85
AS RATIO <1, IT'S PASS IN BENDING

Comparison”
STRENGTH
Compression parallel to grain, CL.6.1.4

Design
compressive Stress ϭco.d =F/A 0.28 MPa
Design
compressive
Strength fco.d 13.54 Mpa
ϭco.d /fco.d 0.02
AS RATIO <1, IT'S PASS IN COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
Column subjected to either compression or combined compression

and bending- cl.6.3.2
Instability factors
kc,y 0.638
kc,z 0.938
Column Stability Checks
(ϭco.d /(kcy*fco.d))+(ϭm.d /fm.d) 0.88
AS RATIO <1, IT'S PASS IN STABILITY

CHECK
(ϭco.d /(kcz*fco.d))+(ϭm.d /fm.d) 0.87
AS RATIO <1, IT'S PASS IN STABILITY

CHECK
Combined bending and axial compression

Combined loading checks
Bending stress re-distribution factor
(km) 0.7
(ϭco.d /fco.d)2+(ϭm.d /fm.d) 0.85
AS RATIO <1, IT'S PASS IN COMBINED BENDING AND
AXIAL COMPRESSION CHECK
(ϭco.d /fco.d)2+km*(ϭm.d /fm.d) 0.6
AS RATIO <1, IT'S PASS IN COMBINED BENDING AND
AXIAL COMPRESSION CHECK
Lateral torsional stability checks Cl. 6.3.3

Comparison”
0.74
AS RATIO <1, IT'S PASS IN LATERAL TORSIONAL

STABILITY CHECK
Check for Shear Cl.6.1.7

Crack factor for Shear Resistance, kcr 0.67
Applied Shear Stress
Τd = 3 x Vd / (2 x kcr x A) 0.8 MPa
Permissible Shear Stress

fu.d = kmod x ksys x fu.k / γM 1.904 MPa
(Τd /fu.d) = 0.42
AS RATIO <1, IT'S PASS IN SHEAR STRESS
CHECK

Comparison”

CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 General
In the present study results are obtained for Conventional approach and
Composite structure approach have different cross sections according to design for
different load combinations. The cases considered and results obtained are discussed as
below:
5.2 Conventional Approach & Composite approach Analysis Design
Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 show the results obtained for frequency and amplitude for
various damping ratios respectively. From Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 it is observed that the
change in the damping ratio has no effect on natural frequency and amplitude in both the
directions of Turbo Generator foundation whereas minor changes observed on horizontal
deflection from Table 5.3.
Overall from the analysis it is observed that dead and dynamic loads of Turbine Generator
foundation are dominating as compared to the seismic forces. Thus the change in
damping ratio does not affect the frequency variation. Whereas for each increment in the
damping ration the horizontal deflection decreases for 9% to 10%.
Table 5.1: Quantities obtained for Structure by conventional approach
Quantities for Structure_By Conventional Approch

Steel quantities
Component Length (m) Weight (kg) Weight (MT) Cost
Column 38.70 4547.2 4.55 INR 545,666
Beam 94.94 9910.8 9.91 INR 1,189,299
Rafter 61.57 2411.7 2.41 INR 289,408
Purlin 107.44 956.1 0.96 INR 114,730
Deck Steel 6.30 INR 756,000
Connections 15% 3.62 INR 434,266

Comparison”
Total 27.74 INR 3,329,369
Timber quantities
Component Length (m) c/s area (m2) Volume (m3) Cost
Column 38.70 0.020 0.77 INR 87,075
Beam 94.94 0.020 1.90 INR 213,615
Rafter 61.57 0.020 1.23 INR 138,533
Purlin 0 0.020 0.00 INR -
Deck Steel 0.00 INR -
Connections 0.00 INR -
Total 3.90 INR 439,223
Total Cost = INR 3,768,592
Table 5.2: Quantities obtained for Structure by Composite approach
Quantities for Deck + Deck Structure_By composite Approch

Steel quantities
Component Length (m) Weight (kg) Weight (MT) Cost
Column 47.00 78.5 3.69 INR 442,740
Beam 103.4 62.8 6.49 INR 779,222
Rafter 61.57 39.3 2.42 INR 289,995
Purlin 107.44 0.00 INR -
Deck Steel 4.20 INR 504,000
Connections 15% 2.52 INR 302,394
Total 19.32 INR 2,318,351
Timber quantities
Component Length (m) c/s area (m2) Volume (m3) Cost
Column 47.00 0.020 0.94 INR 105,750
Beam 103.4 0.020 2.07 INR 232,650
Rafter 72.2 0.020 1.44 INR 162,450
Purlin 190 0.008 1.52 INR 171,000
Deck Steel 0.00 INR -
Connections 0.00 INR -
Total 5.97 INR 671,850
Total Cost = INR 2,990,201

Comparison”
Steel Cost = Rs. 120000/tone

Timber cost = Rs. 112500/cum
Total Cost Saving = INR 3,768,592 - INR 2,990,201 = 20%

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
6.1 Summary
The purpose of this study is to highlight on the Turbo-Generator foundations types,

applied loads and behavior under dynamic loading in general and to study the response of
large framed foundation in particular. The famous example of the large framed machine
foundation is the steam turbine generator foundation. The case study introduced in this
thesis is a 45 MW generator Captive Power Plant. Such large framed foundation is model
by using STAAD Pro. The main analyses performed are Response Spectrum Analysis.
6.2 Conclusions
The comparison of Analysis and design results of building using composite members and
steel members shows that:-
 Overall of costing of structure by using composite member is reduced by 15% to

25% than that of steel / timber members.
 Cross-section dimension of composite members are lesser than that of pure timber
members by 5% to 15%.
 Load and moment carrying capacity are increased by 5% to 20% than that of
timber members.
 Good fire resistance and corrosion protection are achieved due to use of flitch type
sections than that of steel / timber members.
6.3 Future Scope and Further Work
 A complete life cycle cost analysis of the composite structure can be performed.
 In addition to axial loads, composite columns may be experimentally checked for
their lateral load carrying capacity and their behavior.
 Push over analysis of composite building.
 Seismic performance of the light frame structures made of composite members

Comparison”
REFERENCES
1. Design loads, “Code of Practice for Design Loads for Buildings and
Structures”, IS: 875 - 1987, Parts 1 to 5.
2. IS : 1893 – 2002 Part 1, Seismic Design base shear, “Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design of Structures”
3. Member design “Design of timber structures”, Eurocode 5: EN 1995-1-Part 1,
Part 2.
4. Yalda Khorasani, Zhina Siadat , University of British Columbia “Steel Timber
Hybrid Structures”, Civl 510, pg. 1-26.
5. Richard Persaud, Dr Digby Symons, University of Cambridge, Department of
Engineering, Trumpington Street,Cambridge, CB2 1PZ “Design and testing of
a composite timber and concrete floor system”, The Structural Engineer – 21
February 2006, pp. 22-30.
6. Parvez Alam, Martin Ansell (2012); “The Effects of Varying Nailing Density
upon the Flexural Properties of Flitch Beams”, Journal of Civil Engineering
Research 2012, 2(1), pp. 7-13
7. Parvez Alam (2004); “The Reinforcement of Timber for structural applications
and repair”, University of Bath, 2004, pg. 33-307
8. Jobin Jacob, Olga Lucia Garzon Barragan (2007); “Flexural Strengthening of
Glued Laminated Timber Beams with Steel and Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Polymers”, Chalmers University Of Technology, Master’s Thesis, pg. 13-164
9. Eva Frühwald, Erik Serrano, Tomi Toratti, Arne Emilsson, Sven Thelandersson
(2007); “Design of safe timber structures”, Report, Lund Institute of
Technology, Lund University, pg. 17-39
10. Parvez Alam, Martin Ansell and Dave Smedley (2012); “Effects of
Reinforcement Geometry on Strength and Stiffness in Adhesively Bonded
Steel-Timber Flexural Beams”, Buildings 2012, 2, pp 231-244;
doi:10.3390/buildings2030231
11. J D Wiesenfled (1989); “Glitches in Flitch Beam Design”, Article, Civil
Engineering, September 1989, pg. 65-66
12. NAHB Builder’s Beam Manual, Flitch Plate-and Steel I-Beams, Washington,
D.C. 20005 , 1981
13. Flitch beam types, [Online]. Available : http://www.betterheader.com/

Comparison”
14. Timber steel hybrid beams for multi storey buildings,

https://www.woodsolutions.com.au/Blog/Timber-steel-hybrid-beams-for-
multi-storey-buildings

Comparison”
APPENDIX A: LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
On the present work the following papers are presented and published in the
International conferences,
1. Charuhas K. Karalkar, Dr. Uttam B. Kalwane, “Comparative Study of Structure using

Composite Members and Conventional Members”, International Journal of Engineering
Research & Application (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622,IJERAV4IS050554 www.ijera.com
( This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
Vol. 4 Issue 05, May-2015
2. Charuhas K. Karalkar, Dr. Uttam B. Kalwane, “Analysis and Design of Structure using
Composite Members and using Conventional Members and their Comparison”,
Proceedings of the Civil Engineering PG Conference 2015, Held at MAEER’s MIT,
Pune-411038, 24-25 April 2015.

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A

“ANALYSIS DESIGN OF STRUCTURE USING

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

Mr. Charuhas K. Karalkar

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Uttam B. Kalwane

Department of Civil Engineering

Mr. Charuhas K. Karalkar

Has satisfactorily carried out and completed the dissertation titled

“ANALYSIS DESIGN OF STRUCTURE USING

for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of

Dr. Uttam B. Kalwane Dr. Sanjay K. Kulkarni

Dr. Uttam B. Kalwane

Department of Civil Engineering

Examination Approval Sheet

The Dissertation Report entitled

“ANALYSIS DESIGN OF STRUCTURE USING

Mr. Charuhas K. Karalkar

University Exam No.148

Has been approved for Dissertation of M.E. Civil -Structures of

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune.

2. Internal Examiner: ……………………………………….

Finally, I take this opportunity to extend my deep appreciation to my family and

Keywords: Conventional type frame structure, composite member frame structure,

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 13

CHAPTER 4 : CASE STUDY 30

CHAPTER 5 : RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 66

Fig. 1.1 Built-up “I’ shaped primary structural framing members 2

Fig.1.3 Rolled formed profiled sheeting 2

Fig.1.4 Comparison of PEB & CSB 4

Fig.5.1 Structure configuration 27

Fig.6.1 Design weight of structure 40

Fig.6.2 % Reduction in tonnage 40

Table 1. 1 : Comparison of conventional building system 5

Table 3.1 : Countries and their design format 14

Table 4.1 Purlin with section properties 23

Table 5.3 : Description of building 26

The most important and most frequently encountered combination of construction

These essentially different materials are completely compatible and complementary to

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPSOET, Lohegaon, Pune 1

1.1 Applications of Composite Members

Figure 1.1 Photograph of Steel Timber Hybrid Structure

Figure 1.2 Photograph of Rupert Station

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPSOET, Lohegaon, Pune 2

1.2 Objective of the Study

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPSOET, Lohegaon, Pune 3

1.3 Choice of Materials

1.3.1 Types of Structural Materials

Table 1.1 Strength/density Ratios for Some Structural Materials

1.3.2 Advantages of Steel Timber Composite

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPSOET, Lohegaon, Pune 4

a. Considerable flexibility to structure when there is sudden increase of load

1.4 Composite Member Properties

Structural Steel as per EURO Code

Structural Concrete as per EURO Code

Department of Civil Engineering, DYPSOET, Lohegaon, Pune 5

C25/30(EN1992-2) Concrete 2500.0 3.1500e+04 0.2 1.3125e+04 25.00

Structural Timber as per EURO Code

D40 Timber 550.0 1.3000e+04 0 8.1000e+02 0.00 Solid

D60 Timber 700.0 1.7000e+04 0 1.0600e+03 0.00 Solid

1.5 Types of Composite Members

A composite column is defined as a compression member which may either be a

1.5.1 Steel concrete composite members

 Concrete-encased sections (as shown a, b and c below)