UCSP (STATUS AND ROLES)

STATUSES AND ROLES

any position that an individual can occupy in society.

not ranked position but simply a label that implies certain roles that must be
performed

some statuses are acknowledged and recognized as prestigious

can change depending on the context (like you are a mother and a daughter)

💡 We occupy the status and play a role

STATUS
In our society, we are not only considered as a member but we are identified in
accordance with our statues

important in positioning and locating people in a social structure

💡 We occupy the status and play a role

Status Set
statuses that a person hold at a given time e.g. one can be a female, student,
daughter, and a wife

Ascribed Status
gives at birth or assigned later in life

Achieved Status
acquired willfully and consciously through effort, talent, decisions, and
accomplishment

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 💡 DISTINCTION BETWEEN ASCRIBED AND ACHIEVED IS NOT ALWAYS
CLEAR

Master Status
status that has an exceptional importance for social identity, often shaping a
person’s entire life

e.g. one’s occupation often comprises this position like the presidency of
Noynoy Aquino, gender, age, and race are common master statuses, even your
academic bg

ROLES
refers to patterns of expected behavior attached to a particular status

the behavior of the individual doing the role should be in conformity with the status
he/she occupies

💡 We occupy the status and play a role

Role Performance
the expected behavior of people who occupy the status

some who occupy the status do not do what is expected of them to do

sometimes there is a conflict on how they should do it and how they actually do it

Role Set
a person has many more roles than statuses, as each status typically has multiples
roles attached

Robert Merton defines a role set as a number of roles attached to a single status

the role of a mother, who happens to be also a wife and a daughter to the parents

Role Conflict

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 conflicting expectations arising from multiple roles

can threaten their ability to focus on the interest of their status

e.g. the role of the president who is pressured to execute the death penalty law but
is having conflict because of his/her religious belief.

Role Strain
occurs when individuals find the expectations of a single role incompatible, so that
they have difficulty performing the role

e.g. a supervisor who is often confronted w/difficulties in mingling with his

subordinates

React to Role Strain

Conformity

Innovation

Ritualism

Retreat- stop then go back

Rebellion

Role Exit
the process by which people disengage from social roles that have been central to
their lives

Developed by Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh in 1988.

SOCIAL STRUCTURES
Our manner of interaction and relationship is characterized by social ordering

social structure gives us a system of organization and stability in our day to day
activities and interaction with people

designed to meet the needs and responsibilities of people

like the transport system in the ph (if it doesn’t perform properly then our day-to-
day activities will be interrupted)

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 Mechanisms of Social Control
Labeling Theory

when you label someone and they start to become it

controls what other people see

Gossip

always negative

Laws

laws control the society

Conformity
when ppl are free to do as they please, they usually imitate each other

Deviance
all criminal behavior is deviant, while not all behavior is criminal

deviating from the norm

interpreted according to circumstances or

can be violation or norms that have been formally enacted into criminal law

rooted in society

SOCIOLOGIST VIEW:

exist only in relation to cultural norms

actions cant be considered deviant unless it is correlated to particular norm; and

a norm that varies from one society to another

MORES
Crucial in maintenance of a decent and orderly

socially constructed and only determined by members of society\

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 Social Institutions
family, political institutions, economic system, non-state, education, religion, health

KINSHIP
The primary socialization unit in Philippine society

relations formed between members of society developed through blood or

consanguineal relationships, marriage, or affinal relationships, adoption, and other
culturally accepted rituals

TYPES OF KINSHIP
KINSHIP BY BLOOD (Consanguineal)
achieved by blood affinity or by birth

e.g. parents-children; sibligs, nieces/nephews; aunts/uncles

PRINCIPLES OF DESCENT

A. Patrilineal Form of Descent

both males and females belong the the kin grp of their Father (agnatic
succession

only males pass on their children their family identity (like the surname)

Salic law; Fur (Sudan)

B. Matrilineal Form of Descent

persons are related if they can trace their descent through females to the
same woman ancestor

only daughters can pass on the family line to their offspring

Rain Queen (province of Limpopo, South Africa) her eldest daughter is the
heir, and males are not entitled to inherit the throne at all

KINSHIP BY RITUALS

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 baptism, confirmation, and marriage

knowns as compadrazgo (godparenthood or sponsorship), dates back at least to

the introduction of Christianity and perhaps earlier

Suki Relationships

(market-exchange partnerships) may develop between two people who agree to

become regular customer and supplier

Patron-client Bonds

also are very much a part of prescribed patterns of appropriate behavior

Friendship

Filipinos also extend the circle of social alliances with friendship

KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
a socially sanctioned sexual and economic union between men and women
(Howard and Hattis, 1992)

can be economic

ASPECTS OF MATE SELECTION:

Endogamy

requires a person to marry someone from its locality, own race, own class,
own religion

Exogamy

requires mate selection outside certain grps, usually family or certain kin or
from other categories (incest is taboo)

THEORIES ON MATE SELECTION:

Homogamy

tendency to select a mate with personal’s characteristics similar to one’s

own

the idea that “like marries like”

rich marries rich (like that)

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 Heterogamy

tendency to select a mate different from one’s own

“opposite attracts” best characterize this idea

FORMS OF MARRIAGE

Monogamy

one woman and one man are married only to each other

Serial Monogamy

Several spouses in her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time (still
monogamy)

Polygamy

husband or wife has more than one partner at a time. (Saudi)

a. Polygyny

Marriage of a man to several woman

b. Polyandry

Marriage of a woman to several men

FAMILY
Set of people related by blood, marriage, or agreed upon relations who share
primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society

basic and most fundamental unit in any society

FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY
Reproduction of the race and rearing the young

cultural transmission or enculturation

socialization of the child

providing affection and a sense of security

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 providing the environment for personality development and the growth of self
concept

providing social status

FAMILY STRUCTURES BASED ON FORM

NUCLEAR FAMILY

Usually consists of two generations of family

parents and their own or adopted children residing in the same household

EXTENDED FAMILY

also known as the three generation family

consists of grandparents, their children, and grandchildren

TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES

Families who live apart but who create and retain a “sense of collective welfare
and unity, in short “familyhood”, even across national borders

SEPARATED FAMILIES

Husband and wife separated from each other

SINGLE PARENT FAMILY

consists of one parent and a child or children residing in one household

RECONSTITUTED FAMILY (BLENDED FAMILY)

A family where one or more parents have been married previously and they
bring with them children from their previous marriage(s)

FAMILY CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of Lineage (Kinship Pattern)

to whom we are related in terms of property, inheritance, and emotional ties

PATRILINEAL FAMILY

Tracing kinship through the male line

MATRILINEAL FAMILY

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 Tracing kinship through the female line

BILATERAL DESCENT

Both sides are regarded as equally important

On the basis of Authority (Who Rules?)

PATRIARCHAL FAMILY

Father is the head

MATRIARCHAL FAMILY

Authority is held by the mother

EGALITARIAN FAMILY

family in which spouses are regarded as equals

On the basis of residence “Where do we live?”

PATRILOCAL

A married couple lives or near the husband’s family

MATRILOCAL

A couple lives with or near the mother’s family

NEO-LOCAL

A married couple sets up a home separate from either side of their families

On the basis of Affiliation (Sociology in our times Kendall, 2017)

FAMILY ORIENTATION

Family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually
takes place

FAMILY OF PROCREATION

Family that a person forms by having, adopting, or otherwise creating

children

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE FAMILY

FUNCTIONALIST VIEW

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 Family serves six functions for society

Reproduction

Protection

Socialization

Regulation of sexual behavior

affection and companionship

provision of social status

CONFLICT VIEW

In wide range of societies, husbands exercised power and authority within the
family

View family as economic unit that contributes to social injustice as it transfer

power, property and privilege from one generations to the next.

Inheriting the privilege or the unfortunate social and economic status

INTERACTIONIST VIEW

Interested in how individuals interact with each other, whether they are
cohabiting partners or longtime married couples, conducted studies on the
parents-child relationship

on how you interact with your children, or the children interacted with their
parents, the interaction of couples greatly effect their children

FEMINIST VIEW

Interest in family as social institution because “family” is the focus of women’s

work

urge social scientists and agencies to consider single parent, lesbian, and
single women

VARIATIONS IN FAMILY LIFE AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS

SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES:

UPPER CLASS

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 The emphasis is on the lineage and maintenance of family position

LOWER CLASS

Do not worry too much with “family name”.

more on survival and oftentimes children assume adult responsibilities—

including marriage and parenthood

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES:

Native-American Families draw on family ties to lessen many hardships they

face:

Machismo

Sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one’s maleness

Familism

pride in extended family

Muslim Marriage

is governed by complex set of social rules

INFLUENCES ON FAMILY STRUCTURE

INDUSTRIALIZATION

industrialization era increased geographical and social mobility, resulting in

the break down of extended family to the privatized nuclear family.

DIVORCE

govt providing financial assistance to single parents, many families broke

up

more single parent families were formed as well as reconstituted ones

CLASS

Low Incomes

tend to have a higher divorce rate due to financial conflicts

Lower Class Families

usually matrifocal or single parent

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 tend to contribute to the financial and social instability of the society

Middle Class families

tend to have less kids than lower class ones although there is more
financial stability

Higher Class Families

have an average of one or two children

most higher class families are nuclear ones

STATE BENEFITS

state granting benefits to pregnant teenagers and single mothers

4Ps

provides conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve

the health, nutrition, and education of children aged 0-18

PATTERNS AND TRENDS

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

PARENTHOOD AND GRANDPARENTHOOD

Most important role of parents is socialization of children

“Boomerang generation” or “full-nest syndrome”

ADOPTION

Process that “allows for the transfer of legal rights, responsibilities, and
privileges of parenthood” to a new legal parent or parents

Transracial Adoption

adoption of non-white child by white parents

DUAL INCOME FAMILIES

emerge due to opportunities given to men and women, hardships, etc

SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES

also accepted in our society

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 only one parent and child(ren)

STEPFAMILIES

self explanatory

DIVORCE/ANNULMENT

accepted in some countries (divorce is not accepted in the ph)

COHABITATION

couples who choose to live together without marrying

REMAINING SINGLE

self explanatory

MARRIAGE WITHOUT CHILDREN

self explanatory

SAME SEX MARRIAGE

self explanatory

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