Solution

MORDEN PHYSIC

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
According to wave theory, the light of any frequency can emit electrons from metallic surface provided the intensity of light be
sufficient to provided necessary energy for emission of electrons, but according to experimental observations, the light of
frequency less than threshold frequency can not emit electrons; whatever be the intensity of incident light. Einstein also proposed
that electromagnetic radiation is quantised.

E
If photoelectrons are ejected from a surface when light of wavelength λ 1 = 550 nm is incident on it. The stopping potential for
such electrons is Vs = 0.19 V. Suppose the radiation of wavelength λ 2 =190 nm is incident on the surface.

TP
(i) (c) A, B, C
Explanation: The existence of the frequency and the instantaneous emission of photo electrons support the quantum
nature of light.

PE
(ii) (b) frequency
Explanation: For photoelectric emission, the incident light must have a certain minimum frequency, called threshold
frequency.
(iii) (b) 4.47
ET
Explanation: 4.47
(iv) (c) 2.07
Explanation: W =
hc

λ1
− eVs
1
=
1240

550
− 0.19 = 2.07 eV

(v) (d) 500 × 1012 Hz

TP

Explanation: hν = W
E
c

−19

500 × 1012 Hz
(2.07)(1.602× 10 )
W
νc = = ≈
h −34
6.626×10
TP

2. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

PT

Electrons in an atom or a molecule absorb energy and get excited, they jump from a lower energy level to a higher energy level,
and they emit radiation when they come back to their original states. This phenomenon accounts for the emission spectrum
through hydrogen too, better known as the hydrogen emission spectra.
ET
TP

(i) (d) 3.4 eV

Explanation: 3.4 eV
(ii) (d) Angular momentum
Explanation: Angular momentum
(iii) (d) 1 : 4 : 9
Explanation: 1 : 4 : 9
(iv) (b) decrease
Explanation: decrease
(v) (d) Assumes that the angular momentum of electrons is quantized
Explanation: Assumes that the angular momentum of electrons is quantized

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 Section B
3.
(b) straight line parallel to frequency axis

Explanation:

E
Velocity of photon in vacuum is independent of frequency.
4. (a) -3 V

TP
Explanation: Kmax = hν - W0
2eV = 5eV - W0 ⇒ W0 = 3eV
∴ Vs = Vcathode - Vanode = 3V
Vanode - Vcathode = -3V

PE
⇒

5.
(b) 1.602 × 10-17 J
ET
Explanation: K = eV = 1.602 x 10-19 × 100 J
= 1.602 × 10-17 J
6.
(d) Greater than K.E. of proton
TP

Explanation: λ = h

√2mK
E
Since, wavelength of electron and proton are equal,
meKe = mpKp
TP

Ke = (mp/me)Kp
PT

Ke approximately equal to 1837 times Kp as mp = 1837 me,

Hence, Ke > Kp

7.
ET

(c) 1030
Explanation: Energy of a photon,
−34 8
hc 6.62× 10 ×3× 10
E = = J
λ 198.6

Number of photons emitted per second

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P 1000×198.6 30
N = = = 10
E −34 8
6.62× 10 ×3× 10

8.
(b) 1.8
Explanation: Longest wavelength in this series = 656.3 nm
Shortest wavelenth = 364.6 nm
Ratio = 656.3 / 364.6 = 1.8
9.
(b) h

Explanation: Angular momentum (L) is an integral multiple of h/2π where h is the Planck's constant i.e. L = nh/2π .
For second orbital electron, n=2, so
2h
L= , 2π
h
L=
π

10.
(d) Rutherford’s model

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 Explanation: The revolving electrons are constantly accelerated towards the nucleus. These accelerated electrons continuously
radiate energy in the form of e.m. waves. Hence they move in circular path of continuously decreasing radii and eventually fall
into the nucleus and doom to collapse.
11.
(d) 3.4 or less
Explanation: The energy of the electron is -3.4 eV in first excited state and the magnitude is less for higher excited states.
12.
(c) 4
Explanation: ΔE = hv = K max + W0

1 1
13.6eV [ − ] = 10eV + 2.75eV
2 2
1 n

E
2
13.6n −13.6
or 2
= 12.75
n

or 13.6 n2-13.6 = 12.75 n2

TP
or 13.6 n2 - 12.75 n2 = 13.6
or n2(13.6 - 12.75) = 13.6
or n2(0.85) = 13.6

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n2 = 16
∴ n = 4

13.
ET
(c) the number of electrons orbiting around its nucleus
Explanation: Chemical properties are altered by addition or removal of electrons.
14.
(b) 931 MeV
Explanation: E = mc2
TP

−27 16
[(1.66× 10 )×(9× 10 )]
E
E =
−19
1.6×10

E = 931 MeV
TP

15.
PT

(c) the biological effect of radiation

Explanation: Rad is the unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. One rad is equal approximately to the absorbed dose
delivered when soft tissue is exposed to one-roentgen of medium-voltage radiation. Thus this is the biological effect of
radiation.
ET

16.
(d) fraction of a second
Explanation: The life span of atomic hydrogen is fraction of a second.

17. (a) 1015

TP

4 −10 3
π (10 )

= 1015
V ( atom )
Explanation:
3
=
V ( nucleus ) 4 −15 3
π (10 )
3

18. (a) 1 mA
Explanation: E = 5.5 V
VD = 0.4 V
R = 5.1 kΩ
The current through the circuit is
E−VD
I =
R
5.5−0.4
I =
5100

= 0.001 A = 1 mA
19.
(c) p-type having electron concentration, ne = 5 × 109 m-3
Explanation: n 2
i
= ne nh

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 = 5 × 109 m-3
2 32

∴ ne = 1.5 × 10

22
4.5×10

As nh > ne, the semiconductor is of p-type.

20.
(c) decreases
Explanation: In forward biasing, the width of the potential barrier decreases.
21.
π √3
(b) 8

Explanation: Packing fraction for a bcc lattice,

3
4 √3a
4 3 2× π( )
2× πr 3 4 π √3
= 3
= =

PE
a3 a3 8

22. (a) phosphorus

Explanation: The addition of pentavalent impurities such as antimony, arsenic or phosphorous contributes free electrons,
greatly increasing the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor.

ET
Section C
23. We have, de-Broglie wavelength,
h
λ =
√2mqV

Given, V α = Vp = V (say)

Now, m
λα

λp
=

α
√2mp qp V

√2mα qα V

= 4mp and q
= √

α
−
m−−
q−

mα qα

= 2qp
p p

TP
Thus,
−−−
PE
λα 1 1
∴ = √ =
λp 4×2 2√2

24. Yes, because wavelength of ultraviolet radiation is less than that of threshold wavelength 5000 A.
25. It does not affect the stopping potential as stopping potential only depends upon the frequency of light.
E
TT

26. Rutherford's α - particle scattering experiment.

27. According to Bohr's quantisation condition, only such circular orbits are allowed as stationary states of an electron that contain an
TP

integral multiple of de-Broglie wavelengths.

28. Heavy water is used as a moderator because its mass is nearest to that of a neutron and it has negligible chances for neutron
absorption.
TP

29. The activity of the sample will remain the same even in the solution state.
30. Let N, and N2 be the number of undecayed nuclei present at times t1 and t2 respectively. Then
dN1 dN2
R1 =
∣
∣ dt
∣
∣
= λN1 and R 2 =
∣
∣ dt
∣
∣
= λN2
E

∴ R1 − R2 = λ (N1 − N2 )
R1 − R2
or N 1 − N2 =
λ
TP

Clearly, (N1 - N2) is the number of nuclei that have disintegrated in time interval (t1 - t2).
31. The multiplication factor of fissionable material is defined as the ratio of the number of neutrons present at the beginning of a
particular generation to the number of neutrons present at the beginning of the previous generation. A chain reaction grows only
when k > 1.
32. The distribution of K.E. of electrons emitted during beta decay is shown in fig.

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 E
33. The resistance of a pure semiconductor (e.g., Ge and Si) decreases with the increase in temperature. But the resistance of a
semiconductor made from metals increases with the increase in temperature.

TP
34. Only bulb B1 glows. This is because diode D1 is forward biased while D2 is reverse biased.
35. In a n-type semiconductor, energy gap decreases. Fermi-level shifts towards the conduction band where higher number of
electrons are available for conduction.
36. Einstein's photoelectric equation is given as,

PE
(K.E.)max = hν - hν 0.
The three salient features which can be explained on the basis this equation are as follows:
i. If ν 0 < ν , K.E.max is negative since K.E. can never be negative, ν 0 can never be less than ν during photoelectric emission.
ET
This brings forward the concept of threshold frequency.
ii. There is a linear dependency of K.Emax and ν .
iii. K.Emax is independent of the intensity of incident radiation.
37. If a particle is accelerated through a potential difference V, then
TP

2
1 p −−−−−
qV = mv
2
= or p = √2mqV
E
2 2m
h h
∴ λ = =
p
√2mqV

As λ
TP

p = λα
h h
or
PT

=
√2mα qα Vα
√2mp qp Vp

Vp mα qα 4mp ⋅2e
or Vα
=
mp qp
=
mp ⋅e
= 8 : 1.

38. i. Bohr's frequency condition. Art atom can emit or absorb radiation in the form of discrete energy photons only when an
ET

electron jumps from a higher to a lower orbit or from a lower to a higher orbit, respectively. If E1 and E2 are the energies
associated with these permitted orbits, then the frequency v of the emitted or absorbed photon is given by
hv = E2 - E1
ii. Six spectral lines can be emitted. These are:
TP

4 → 1 ⎫
⎪

3 → 1 ⎬ Lyman series
⎭
⎪
2 → 1

4 → 2
} Balmer series
3 → 2

4 → 3} Paschen series
39. The Rydberg formula is
4

hc/λn =
me

2 2
(
1

2
−
1

2
) where R is the Rydberg constant.
8εo h n n
f i

The wavelengths of the first four lines in the Lyman series correspond to transitions from ni = 2, 3, 4, 5 to nf = 1. We know that

= 13.6 eV = 21.76 × 10–19 J

4
me

2 2
8εo h

Therefore,
hc
λn =
−19 1 1
21.76× 10 ( − )
1 2
n
i

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 −34 8 2 2
6.625× 10 ×3× 10 × n 0.9134n
i i −7
= m= × 10 m
−19 2 2
21.76× 10 ×(n −1) (n −1)
i i
∘

= 913.4n 2
i
/ (n
2
i
− 1) A
∘

Substituting ni = 2, 3, 4, 5, we get λ 21 = 1218 A

∘ ∘ ∘

λ 31 = 1028A , λ 41 = 974.3 A ,and λ 51 = 951.4 A .

1 1 3
40. i. v 1 ∝ [
2
−
2
] or v 1 ∝
4
1 2

ii. v 2 ∝ [
1

2
−
1

2
] or v 2 ∝
1

4
2 ∞
v1 3 4
∴ = × = 3 : 1
v2 4 1

41. The nearest distance of approach of an α -particle,

PE
2
2Z e 1
x = ×
4πε0 mυ2
( )
2

1
Now energy of α -particle = 2
mυ
2
= 2.5 MeV

ET
6 −19
= 2.5 × 10 × 1.6 × 10 J

−13
= 2.5 × 1.6 × 10 J

Substituting values we get,

−38 9
2×79×1.6×1.6× 10 ×9× 10
x =
−13
2.5×1.6×10

−14
= 9.101 × 10 m

42. Ionisation energy is defined as the energy required to free an electron from the ground state of an atom.
I.E. = E∞ − E1 =

Thus the I.E. will become 200 times that of the electron.
2π
2
mk e

h
3
2 4

⇒ I.E. ∝ m
TP
43. In terms of nuclear masses, the 3-value of the reaction is given by
PE
Q = [m ( Li) + m ( H) − 2m ( He)] c
N
7
3 N
1
1 N
4
2
2

In terms of atomic masses, we can write

Q = [{m ( 7
Li) − 3me } + {m ( H) − me −2 {m ( He) − 2me }] c }
1 4 2
E
3 1 2
TT

7 1 4 2
= [m ( Li) + m ( H) − 2m ( He)] × c
3 1 2

= [7.016 + 1.008 - 2 × 4.004] × 931 MeV

TP

= 0.016 × 931 = 14.896 MeV

14.896
Energy of each α -particle = 2
= 7.448 MeV
44. Instantaneous activity, R = − dN
TP

= λN
dt

The instantaneous rate of change of the activity of a radioactive substance,

2
loge 2
dR

dt
=
d

dt
(λN ) = λ
dN

dt
= λ(−λN ) = −λ2
N = −(
T
) N
1/2

dR 1
∴ ∝
E

dt 2
(T )
1/2

The activity R decreases exponentially with time t (R = R 0e

−λt
) as shown in the graph.
TP

n
R 1
= ( )
R0 2

t/T
or 1

8
= (
1

2
)

3 t/T
or ( 1

2
) = (
1

2
)

∴ t = 3T

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45. The fission reaction can be given as: 56
26
28
Fe → 2
13
Al

The Q value for this reaction will be given as = [m( 56

26
Fe ) - 2 × m(2
28
13
Al )] × c2
= (55.93494 - 2 × 27.98191)u × c2
= -0.02888u × c2
= -0.02888 × 931.5 (1 u = 931.5 MeV/c2)
= -26.902 MeV
The Q value is negative which suggests this reaction is endothermic, but we know fission reactions are exothermic. Hence, this
fission reaction is not energetically possible.
46. Q = [m( C ) + m( C ) - m( N e) - m( He)] × 931.5 Me V
12
6
12
6
20
10
4
2

= [2 ×
​ 12 - 19.992439 - 4.002603] × 931.5 Me V

PE
= +4.618377
+Ve Q Value represents exothermic reaction.
47. The activity of a sample is defined as the number of radioactive disintegrations taking place per second at any instant in the
sample. Its SI unit is becquerel.

ET
1 becquerel = 1 Bq = 1 decay per second.
dN 0.693
R= = λN = N
dt T
1/2

For sample 1, R 1 =
0.693

T1
N1

0.693
For sample 2, R = N2

∴
R1

R2
=
N1 T2

N2 T1
2
T2

48. p-n junction has an asymmetric voltage current relationship.

TP
It allows the current to flow through it in the forward direction and block in the reverse direction.
49. Characteristic features of n-type semiconductor:
PE
i. n-type semiconductor is doped with a pentavalent impurity. In it, the electrons are majority carriers and holes are minority
carriers or ne >> nh
ii. The donor energy level (ED) is slightly below the bottom of (Ec) conduction band. So the electron can easily jump to the
E
TT

conduction band, with a small supply of energy.

TP
TP

Characteristic features of p-type semiconductor:

i. p-type semiconductor is doped with trivalent impurity atoms. Holes are the majority carriers and electrons are the minority
carriers i.e. nh >> ne
E

ii. The acceptor energy level is slightly above the valence band EA. Thus, the electron from valence band can easily jump to this
level and holes are formed in the valence band.
TP

50. If trivalent impurity atoms of B, Al, or In are doped in a pure semiconductor of Si or Ge, we get a p-type semiconductor. Holes are
the major charge carriers in it. For the energy band diagram see.

51. Basic assumptions of Rutherford atomic model:

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 i. Atom consists of small central core, called atomic nucleus in which whole mass and positive charge is assumed to be
concentrated.
ii. Electrons revolves around the nucleus in various circular orbits and necessary centripetal force is provided by electrostatic
force of attraction between positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons.
When an electron revolves around the nucleus, then it radiates electromagnetic energy and hence, radius of orbit of electron
decreases gradually. Thus, electron revolve on spiral path of decreasing radius and finally, it should fall into nucleus, but this does
not happen. Thus, Rutherford atomic model cannot account for stability of atom.
52. Given, the radius of the innermost orbit, r1 = 5.3 × 10–11 m
Then, let r2 be the radius of an orbit at n = 2.

Then, r2 = (n)2r1

PE
As shown in the diagram:

ET
TP
PE
⇒ r2 = 22 × 5.3 × 10–11 m

⇒ r2 = 2.12 × 10–10 m
E
TT

For n = 3, we can write the corresponding electron radius as:

r3 = (n)2 r1
TP

⇒ r3 = 32 × 5.3 × 10–11 m

⇒ r3 = 4.77 × 10–10 m
TP

Hence, the radii of an electron for n = 2 and n = 3 orbits are 2.12 × 10–10 m and 4.77 × 10–10 m
53. Distance of closest approach: It is the distance of the alpha particle from the nucleus when the kinetic energy of alpha particle
becomes equal to electrical potential energy between nucleus and alpha particle.
KE ∝ 1
E

if KE is doubled r decreases by half ( 1

2
)

54. Energy E = -3.4eV

TP

a. r = ke

2E
as PE = 2 × E
9 −19 2
9× 10 × (1.6× 10 )
r =
−19
2×3.4×1.6×10

r = 2.11 × 10-10 m
nh
b. L = 2π
13.6
E = −
2
n
−13.6
−3.4 =
2
n

n=2
−34
2×6.63×10
L=
2×π

L = 2.11 × 10-34 js
c. KE = -E = 3.4 eV
PE = 2 × E = -2 × 3.4
= -6.8 eV

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55. The Rutherford nuclear model of the atom describes the atom as an electrically neutral sphere consisting of a very small, massive
and positively charged nucleus at the centre surrounded by the revolving electrons in their respective dynamically stable orbits.
The electrostatic force of attraction F, between the revolving electrons and the nucleus provides the requisite centripetal force (Fc)
to keep them in their orbits. Thus, for a dynamically stable orbit in a hydrogen atom
Fc = Fe
2 2
mv

r
=
1
⋅
e
[ Z = 1]
4πε0 r2

Thus, the relation between the orbit radius and the electron velocity is
2
e
r =
2
4π ε0 m v

The kinetic energy (K) and electrostatic potential energy (U) of the electron in hydrogen atom are
2
1 2 e
K = mv =

PE
2 8π ε0 r
2

and U = − e

4π ε0 r

(The negative sign in U signifies that the electrostatic force is attractive in nature.)
Thus, the total mechanical energy E of the electron in a hydrogen atom is

ET
2 2 2
e e e
E = K + U = − = −
8π ε0 r 4π ε0 r 8π ε0 r

The total energy of the electron is negative. This implies the fact that the electron is bound to the nucleus. If E were positive, an
electron will not follow a dosed orbit around the nucleus and it would leave the atom.
56. Radius of nucleus is determined by Rutherford α−particle scattering experiment by using the concept of distance of closest
approach.
The relation between radius and mass number of the nucleus is R = R0 A1/3

where, R0 = 1.1× 10-15 is the range of nuclear force, R = radius of nucleus and A = mass number
TP
The expression for radius of nucleus can be used to compute the density of the nucleus. Let us find the density of the nucleus of an
PE
atom, whose mass number is A.
Now, Density of the nucleus, ρ = =
Mass of nucleus mA

3
Volume of nucleus 4 1/3
π ( R0 A )
3
E
mA m
TT

ρ = ⇒ ρ =
4 3 4 3
πR A πR
3 0 3 0

So as per above formula, density of nucleus does not depend on mass number of nucleus rather it is same for all the atoms and it is
TP

roughly in the order of 1017 kg/m3 which is very large as compared to our everyday observed densities.
57. i. The nuclear force binds nucleons into atomic nuclei. Characteristics properties of nuclear force are:
TP

a. Nuclear forces act between a pair of neutrons, a pair of protons and also between a neutron-proton pair, with the same
strength. This shows that nuclear forces are independent of charge.
b. The nuclear forces are dependent on spin or angular momentum of nuclei.
c. Nuclear forces are non-central forces. This shows that the distribution of nucleons in a nucleus is not spherically
E

symmetric.
ii. A plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation is shown below:
TP

From the plot, it is concluded that

i. The potential energy is minimum at a distance r 0
(≈ 0.8f m) which means that the force is attractive for distances larger
than 0.8 fm and repulsive for the distance less than 0.8 fm between the nucleons

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 ii. Nuclear forces are negligible when the distances between the nucleons is more than 10 fm.

58.

a. At ro the potential energy is minimum. Nuclear forces are attractive for r greater than ro and repulsive for lesser than ro. So

PE
P.E. is increasing when they repel and P.E. decreases as the come close till ro.
b. 56
26
Fe ⟶ 2
28

13
Al

Q = [m(( 56
26
F e) - 2 m(
28
13
A) ] × 931.5 M ev
= [55.93494 - 2 × 27.98191] × 931.5 M ev

ET
= -26.90172 M ev
-ve value of Q represents fission not possible.
59. i. In a nuclear reaction, the sum of the masses of the target nucleus ( 2
1
H) and the bombarding particle (
2
1
H) may be greater or
less than the sum of the masses of the product nucleus ( He) and the outgoing particle ( n). So, from the law of conservation
3
2
1
0

nuclear reaction. TP
of mass-energy, some energy (3.27 MeV) is evolved or involved in a nuclear reaction. This energy is called Q - value of the

ii. The relation between radius and mass number of the nucleus is R = R0 A1/3

where, R0 = 1.1× 10-15 is the range of nuclear force, R = radius of nucleus and A = mass number
PE
Nuclear density,
Mass of nucleus mA
ρ = =
Volume of nucleus 3
4 1/3
π ( R0 A )
E
3
TT

mA m
Or ρ = 4 3
⇒ ρ =
4 3
πR A πR
3 0 3 0
TP

So as per above formula, density of nucleus does not depend on mass number of nucleus rather it is same for all the atoms and
it is roughly in the order of 1017 kg/m3 which is very large as compared to our everyday observed densities.
60. i. The forward-bias connections of a p-n junction are as shown in Fig.
E TP
TP

When the p-n junction is forward biased, the depletion layer becomes thin. It is because, the polarity of the external d.c. source
opposes the fictitious battery developed across the junction. As a result, the potential drop across the junction decreases
making the depletion layer thin. It leads to the low resistance of the junction diode during forward bias.

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 ii. The reverse-bias connections of a p-n junction are as shown in Fig.

When the p-n junction is reverse biased, the depletion layer becomes thick. It is because, the external d.c. source aids the

PE
fictitious battery. It results in the increase of potential drop across the junction and the depletion layer appears thick. Because
of the increased thickness of the depletion layer, the p-n junction offers high resistance during reverse bias.
61. Electrical mobility: The drift velocity acquired by a charge carrier in a unit electric field is called its electrical mobility and is

ET
denoted by μ. In a semiconductor,
Drift velocity of a charge carrier α Applied electric field
v
μ=
E

Hence, the electrical mobility μ is the drift velocity per unit electric field.
The mobility of an electron in the conduction band of a semiconductor is greater than the mobility of a hole in the valence band.
TP
The electrons in the conduction band are almost free. They get easily accelerated by an electric field. But the electrons in the
valence band are bound between the atoms of a semiconductor. They are less accelerated by an electric field and so acquire drift
velocity smaller than that of electrons in the conduction band. The mobility of electrons in the valence band is less than the
mobility of electrons in the conduction band. As the motion of an electron in the valence band is equivalent to the motion of a hole
PE
in the opposite direction, hence the mobility of a hole in the valence band is smaller than the mobility of an electron in the
conduction band.
62. According to Einstein's theory of photoelectric effect,
E
TT

Energy of incident photon

= Maximum K.E. of emitted photo-electron + Work function of metal
TP

1 2
hν = mvmax + W0
2

If V0 is the stopping potential, then

1 2
TP

mvmax = eV0
2

∴ hν = eV0 + W0

or eV = hν − W
0 0

This is the required relation between stopping potential V0 and the frequency ν of the incident radiation.
o
E

Numerical. Here λ = 0.82A = 0.82 × 10 −10

m , W0 = 0
From Einstein's photo-electric equation,
TP

K.E. of photo-electron,
1 2
mv = hν − W0 = hν − 0
2
2hc
or mv 2
= 2hν =
λ
−−−−
or mv = √ 2hcm

∴ de-Broglie wavelength associated with the electron is

−−−
h h hλ
λe = = = √
mv 2cm
√2hcm/λ

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−34 −10
6.6× 10 ×0.82× 10
= √
8 −31
2×3× 10 ×9.1× 10

= 0.0995 × 10-10 m
o

= 0.0995 A
63. a. variable X is accelerating collector plate potential.
b. A is stopping potential for the given photosensitive material.

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 c. Graph for different frequencies:

d. Graph for three different intensities :

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64. i. In an nucleus we know that the centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction, therefore,
2 (Z e)×e 2
mv
=
1
⋅ or mv
2
=
Ze
...................(i)
r 4πε0 r2

From the first postulate of Bohr's atomic model, the angular momentum of the electron is
mvr = n .............(ii)
h

2π

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

4π ε0 r

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2
h ε0
...........(iii)
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2
r = n
2
πmZ e

This is the equation for the radii of the permitted orbits.

According to this equation, r ∝ n n
2

ii. Force acting on electron due to nucleus is, F = Ze /4πε 2 2

E
0
r
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The acceleration of electron = v2/r (towards the centre)

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From Newton's second law,

2 2
2 ze v
F = m (v /r) ⇒ = m( )
2 r
4πε0 r

⇒ r = Ze /4πε0 mv
2 2
................(i)
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From Bohr's quantisation rules,

mvr = n ..........(ii)
h

2π

Substituting the value of r from Eq (i), we get

2

mv
Ze
= n
h
⇒ v = Ze /2ε0 hn
2
..........(iii)
E

4π ε0 (m v2 ) 2π

2 4

So, kinetic energy, K = 1

2
mv
2
=
Z

2
e

2
............(iv)
8ε h n2
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0
2

Potential energy of the atom, U = − Ze

4π ε0 r
...........(v)
Using value of r from (iii) in Eq. (v), we get
2 2 4
−Z e −Z e m
U = =
2 2 2 2
2 2 4ε h n
4π ε0 ( ε0 h n /πmZ e ) 0

The total energy in nth energy level of hydrogen atom is given by:
2 4 2 4 2 4
mZ e mZ e Z e m
E = K + U = + − = −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8ε h n 4ε h n 8ε h n
0 0 0

i.e total energy of electron varies as 1

2
.
n

65. a. The decay of a free neutron at rest can be represented as

1 1 0
0n ⟶ 1H +−1 e

According to the principle of conservation of linear momentum, the electron and proton will acquire equal and opposite
momentum. This means the energy of an electron in the above decay is fixed in terms of the masses of the particles involved.
Therefore, it is impossible for the electron in the above decay to have a continuous distribution of energy. However, if an
additional particle were present, the available energy can be shared by the electron and the additional particle. This simple
logic was among the several arguments which led Pauli to postulate the existence of the third particle unobserved till then in

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 the phenomenon of β -decay. The correct equation for β -decay is, therefore
1 1 0
0n ⟶ 1H + −1 e + ν̄ e

where the symbol ν̄ represents the new particle, called the (electron) antineutrino. It is a neutral particle of negligibly small
e

1
rest mass and intrinsic spin = 2
. It was extremely difficult to detect a neutrino because of its weak interaction with
(h/2π)

matter.
b. A free neutron has rest mass greater than that of a proton. Thus β -decay is energetically allowed. But the β + decay of a free
proton is not allowed energetically i.e.
1 1 0
1H ⟶ 0n + 1e + νe

is not allowed in case of a free proton. But in a nucleus, individual neutrons and protons are not free. That is why β + decay of
proton occurs side by side. The energy needed for this decay comes from the appropriate difference in binding energies of a
proton and a neutron in the nucleus. In a stable nucleus with Z protons and (A - Z) neutrons, the two reciprocal processes

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(neutron decay and proton decay) are in dynamic equilibrium.
66. Nuclear reactor is a device in which a nuclear chain reaction is initiated, maintained and controlled. It works on the principle of
controlled chain reaction and provides energy at a constant rate.

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Moderator: In the fission of uranium, fast neutrons of energy 2 MeV are released. These fast neutrons have more tendency to
escape instead of triggering another fission reaction. Also, slow neutrons are more efficient in inducing fission in U nuclei than235
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fast neutrons. By the use of a moderator, the fast neutrons are slowed to thermal velocities. Usually, heavy water, graphite and
beryllium oxide are used as moderators.
Control rods: To start, stop or control the chain reaction, rods of neutron absorbing material like cadmium or boron are inserted
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TT

into the reactor core. The rate of neutron production is controlled by adjusting the depth of control rods.
Coolant: It is the material used to cool the fuel rods and the moderator and is capable of carrying away large amount of heat
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produced in the fission process. The coolant transfers heat to the working liquid like water and produces steam. The steam drives a
turbine which, in turn, runs a generator to generate electric power. The coolant must have a high boiling point and high specific
heat. Heavy water and liquid sodium are good coolants.
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Section D
67. i. (c) 13.6V
ii. (b) Balmer series
iii. (b) 1 × 10-10 m
E

iv. (a) Lyman series

v. (a) 4:1
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